Census Profile, 2016 Census
Montréal [Population centre], Quebec and Ontario [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Montréal Quebec [Population centre]			Ontario [Province]
	Data quality , Montréal [Population centre], Quebec Map : Montréal [Population centre], Quebec Change geography 1			Data quality : Ontario [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	3,519,595	...	...	13,448,494	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	3,387,653 ^r	...	...	12,851,821	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	3.9	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	1,580,731	...	...	5,598,391	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	1,493,381	...	...	5,169,174	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,719.9	...	...	14.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,293.99	...	...	908,699.33	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	3,519,590	1,713,590	1,806,000	13,448,495	6,559,390	6,889,105
0 to 14 years	585,840	299,205	286,635	2,207,970	1,131,615	1,076,350
0 to 4 years	196,790	100,715	96,075	697,360	357,300	340,055
5 to 9 years	204,905	104,675	100,230	756,085	387,320	368,765
10 to 14 years	184,145	93,815	90,330	754,530	387,000	367,530
15 to 64 years	2,354,450	1,165,705	1,188,750	8,988,865	4,412,115	4,576,750
15 to 19 years	192,170	97,570	94,595	811,670	416,730	394,945
20 to 24 years	237,215	118,825	118,385	894,390	457,815	436,570
25 to 29 years	238,190	117,865	120,320	874,350	436,345	438,010
30 to 34 years	243,475	118,610	124,865	864,765	420,800	443,965
35 to 39 years	255,405	125,335	130,070	842,485	402,900	439,585
40 to 44 years	238,965	118,885	120,085	871,875	418,465	453,415
45 to 49 years	238,225	119,210	119,010	937,385	453,105	484,275
50 to 54 years	257,720	129,160	128,565	1,056,345	517,170	539,175
55 to 59 years	246,300	121,155	125,140	989,460	482,280	507,180
60 to 64 years	206,790	99,080	107,710	846,145	406,505	439,640
65 years and over	579,305	248,685	330,620	2,251,655	1,015,655	1,236,000
65 to 69 years	178,130	82,885	95,245	737,745	352,475	385,270
70 to 74 years	138,680	62,735	75,945	528,645	250,455	278,185
75 to 79 years	102,540	44,265	58,270	393,010	179,810	213,195
80 to 84 years	78,850	32,370	46,480	291,185	126,825	164,360
85 years and over	81,105	26,425	54,680	301,075	106,090	194,985
85 to 89 years	51,695	18,625	33,070	188,470	73,045	115,425
90 to 94 years	22,830	6,465	16,365	88,390	27,400	60,990
95 to 99 years	5,690	1,215	4,480	21,210	5,150	16,060
100 years and over	890	125	765	3,005	495	2,520
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.6	17.5	15.9	16.4	17.3	15.6
15 to 64 years	66.9	68.0	65.8	66.8	67.3	66.4
65 years and over	16.5	14.5	18.3	16.7	15.5	17.9
85 years and over	2.3	1.5	3.0	2.2	1.6	2.8
Average age of the population	40.6	39.4	41.7	41.0	40.0	41.9
Median age of the population	40.2	39.2	41.1	41.3	40.2	42.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	1,493,380	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Single-detached house	418,120	...	...	2,807,380	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	149,890	...	...	886,705	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	923,225	...	...	1,460,200	...	...
Semi-detached house	75,200	...	...	289,975	...	...
Row house	52,900	...	...	460,425	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	131,860	...	...	176,080	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	658,300	...	...	522,810	...	...
Other single-attached house	4,965	...	...	10,910	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	2,150	...	...	14,890	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	1,493,385	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
1 person	508,245	...	...	1,341,300	...	...
2 persons	467,480	...	...	1,693,525	...	...
3 persons	220,090	...	...	834,260	...	...
4 persons	196,450	...	...	796,320	...	...
5 or more persons	101,120	...	...	503,775	...	...
Number of persons in private households	3,441,575	...	...	13,242,160	...	...
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	2,933,755	1,414,385	1,519,370	11,240,525	5,427,775	5,812,750
Married or living common law	1,559,025	781,930	777,095	6,438,085	3,219,290	3,218,795
Married	1,070,195	535,640	534,560	5,531,930	2,764,275	2,767,655
Living common law	488,825	246,285	242,540	906,155	455,015	451,145
Not married and not living common law	1,374,730	632,455	742,270	4,802,440	2,208,485	2,593,955
Never married	950,390	500,795	449,590	3,182,785	1,689,180	1,493,605
Separated	52,445	21,910	30,540	328,675	138,140	190,535
Divorced	214,545	78,405	136,140	653,835	252,900	400,935
Widowed	157,355	31,345	126,005	637,150	128,265	508,880
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	934,075	...	...	3,782,540	...	...
2 persons	454,390	...	...	1,815,000	...	...
3 persons	208,935	...	...	844,545	...	...
4 persons	190,725	...	...	792,435	...	...
5 or more persons	80,020	...	...	330,560	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	934,070	...	...	3,782,545	...	...
Total couple families	757,285	...	...	3,137,570	...	...
Married couples	513,195	...	...	2,684,735	...	...
Common-law couples	244,095	...	...	452,840	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	176,785	...	...	644,975	...	...
Female parent	139,100	...	...	518,480	...	...
Male parent	37,685	...	...	126,495	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	757,290	...	...	3,137,565	...	...
Couples without children	344,810	...	...	1,428,575	...	...
Couples with children	412,485	...	...	1,708,995	...	...
1 child	158,240	...	...	658,305	...	...
2 children	177,995	...	...	738,710	...	...
3 or more children	76,250	...	...	311,975	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	176,780	...	...	644,975	...	...
1 child	109,585	...	...	386,425	...	...
2 children	50,700	...	...	186,240	...	...
3 or more children	16,500	...	...	72,310	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	716,190	343,140	373,050	2,139,825	990,525	1,149,300
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	1,493,380	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
One-census-family households	902,120	...	...	3,481,885	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	333,155	...	...	1,311,575	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	568,960	...	...	2,170,315	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	15,690	...	...	145,615	...	...
Non-census-family households	575,575	...	...	1,541,665	...	...
One-person households	508,245	...	...	1,341,305	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	67,325	...	...	200,365	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	3,479,655	1,697,540	1,782,120	13,312,865	6,503,875	6,808,990
English only	274,085	137,190	136,900	11,455,500	5,689,830	5,765,665
French only	1,165,990	519,805	646,185	40,040	17,340	22,705
English and French	1,977,310	1,016,000	961,315	1,490,390	665,850	824,540
Neither English nor French	62,270	24,540	37,720	326,935	130,850	196,085
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	3,479,655	1,697,540	1,782,115	13,312,865	6,503,880	6,808,995
English	721,875	360,670	361,200	12,394,325	6,095,970	6,298,355
French	2,458,705	1,189,905	1,268,800	504,130	236,875	267,250
English and French	238,595	123,280	115,315	92,940	42,910	50,030
Neither English nor French	60,480	23,680	36,800	321,480	128,125	193,355
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	841,175	422,315	418,855	550,600	258,330	292,270
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	24.2	24.9	23.5	4.1	4.0	4.3
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	3,479,655	1,697,540	1,782,115	13,312,870	6,503,875	6,808,990
Single responses	3,341,910	1,628,755	1,713,155	12,946,960	6,327,630	6,619,330
Official languages	2,453,405	1,197,530	1,255,875	9,393,040	4,637,520	4,755,520
English	408,250	204,510	203,745	8,902,320	4,406,210	4,496,110
French	2,045,155	993,025	1,052,130	490,715	231,310	259,410
Non-official languages	888,505	431,225	457,280	3,553,920	1,690,110	1,863,810
Aboriginal languages	690	240	450	22,765	10,815	11,950
Algonquian languages	350	135	215	21,235	10,175	11,060
Blackfoot	5	0	0	10	5	5
Cree-Montagnais languages	300	110	190	5,080	2,485	2,595
Atikamekw	25	5	20	5	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	60	20	35	5	5	5
Moose Cree	0	0	0	85	40	45
Naskapi	15	10	10	10	5	5
Northern East Cree	50	20	30	55	25	30
Plains Cree	0	0	5	35	5	30
Southern East Cree	10	5	5	5	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	355	135	225
Woods Cree	0	0	0	15	10	5
Cree, n.o.s.	135	50	85	4,500	2,255	2,245
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	10	10	90	40	50
Malecite	0	0	0	10	5	0
Mi'kmaq	20	5	15	85	35	50
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	30	15	15	16,025	7,620	8,400
Algonquin	25	20	10	65	30	35
Ojibway	0	0	0	9,505	4,515	4,985
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	6,310	3,015	3,300
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	145	65	80
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	30	20	10
Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	60	20	40
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	55	20	35
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	5	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	5	0	5
Chilcotin	0	0	0	5	0	5
Dene	0	0	0	20	10	10
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	5	5	5
Gwich'in	0	0	5	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	10	0	5
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	5	0	5	5	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0	0	5
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	5
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	5	0	5
Haida	0	0	0	0	5	0
Inuit languages	255	65	185	475	165	305
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	5	5	5	5
Inuktitut	220	55	165	425	145	280
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	35	10	20	45	20	25
Iroquoian languages	40	20	20	710	300	410
Cayuga	0	0	0	40	20	20
Mohawk	35	20	20	590	255	335
Oneida	0	0	0	55	15	40
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	20	5	15
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	25	15	15
Salish languages	5	5	0	5	0	5
Comox	0	0	5	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	10	5	5
Dakota	0	0	0	5	5	5
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	5	5
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	5	5	5	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	5
Nisga'a	0	0	0	5	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	5	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	5
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	5	5	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	30	15	10	235	130	105
Non-Aboriginal languages	887,815	430,985	456,830	3,531,160	1,679,300	1,851,865
Afro-Asiatic languages	174,390	91,400	82,985	253,830	127,720	126,110
Berber languages	18,570	9,825	8,745	725	405	320
Kabyle	11,125	5,880	5,250	425	225	200
Berber languages, n.i.e.	7,445	3,950	3,495	305	180	120
Cushitic languages	755	365	395	24,605	10,730	13,870
Bilen	10	5	5	250	140	110
Oromo	5	5	0	1,445	720	730
Somali	720	335	385	22,680	9,755	12,925
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	5	225	115	110
Semitic languages	154,820	81,080	73,740	227,985	116,320	111,665
Amharic	655	305	350	10,720	4,960	5,760
Arabic	149,820	78,525	71,295	171,370	88,400	82,965
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	125	65	60	14,555	7,135	7,420
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5	4,795	2,365	2,425
Harari	5	5	5	1,030	485	545
Hebrew	3,775	1,965	1,805	11,575	6,220	5,350
Maltese	10	5	5	5,175	2,575	2,600
Tigrigna	340	160	180	7,345	3,470	3,870
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35	1,435	705	730
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	240	130	110	520	265	250
Austro-Asiatic languages	32,865	15,440	17,430	78,125	35,880	42,240
Khmer (Cambodian)	7,700	3,585	4,115	7,355	3,330	4,020
Vietnamese	25,155	11,850	13,305	70,690	32,520	38,165
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	5	5	85	30	50
Austronesian languages	19,930	7,245	12,690	194,380	76,060	118,315
Bikol	110	35	70	595	260	330
Cebuano	740	250	490	6,545	2,500	4,045
Fijian	0	0	5	80	45	40
Hiligaynon	400	130	270	2,750	1,030	1,725
Ilocano	2,030	735	1,290	11,285	4,430	6,860
Malagasy	795	370	420	100	45	55
Malay	585	235	350	5,760	2,520	3,240
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	200	90	105	1,505	670	840
Pangasinan	90	40	50	535	215	315
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	14,670	5,225	9,445	163,415	63,665	99,755
Waray-Waray	40	5	35	405	140	270
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	275	115	155	1,400	550	850
Creole languages	53,320	23,475	29,855	11,255	5,095	6,165
Haitian Creole	1,935	915	1,020	630	290	340
Creole, n.o.s.	50,505	22,120	28,390	8,025	3,580	4,440
Creole languages, n.i.e.	880	440	440	2,605	1,225	1,380
Dravidian languages	14,635	7,305	7,330	148,605	73,530	75,075
Kannada	235	125	105	2,670	1,365	1,305
Malayalam	405	215	190	17,140	8,795	8,350
Tamil	13,430	6,620	6,815	117,630	57,310	60,320
Telugu	550	335	215	10,820	5,895	4,925
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	340	165	175
Hmong-Mien languages	25	10	10	525	250	270
Indo-European languages	478,390	232,280	246,110	2,024,365	980,200	1,044,165
Albanian	2,350	1,195	1,155	19,045	9,535	9,510
Armenian	16,085	7,790	8,290	15,070	7,305	7,765
Balto-Slavic languages	55,670	25,050	30,620	410,725	188,695	222,025
Baltic languages	690	255	435	9,080	3,785	5,295
Latvian	230	85	145	3,910	1,650	2,260
Lithuanian	460	170	290	5,175	2,135	3,035
Slavic languages	54,975	24,795	30,185	401,645	184,915	216,730
Belarusan	65	35	25	515	230	280
Bosnian	435	210	225	6,370	3,125	3,245
Bulgarian	6,200	2,995	3,210	9,095	4,355	4,740
Croatian	1,775	885	895	31,875	15,460	16,410
Czech	1,115	510	600	10,670	4,930	5,740
Macedonian	165	80	80	15,635	7,470	8,165
Polish	11,570	5,000	6,575	121,075	54,675	66,405
Russian	25,105	11,205	13,900	101,100	45,630	55,470
Serbian	1,850	910	940	41,740	20,585	21,150
Serbo-Croatian	630	295	330	4,875	2,310	2,570
Slovak	850	365	485	10,280	4,710	5,565
Slovene (Slovenian)	655	295	360	6,740	2,995	3,745
Ukrainian	4,435	1,945	2,495	40,375	17,760	22,610
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	125	65	65	1,310	670	635
Celtic languages	100	60	35	1,110	505	605
Scottish Gaelic	15	10	5	450	210	240
Welsh	25	15	10	435	180	260
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	60	40	15	225	120	110
Germanic languages	20,175	9,690	10,490	200,640	94,475	106,165
Afrikaans	85	40	45	2,295	1,125	1,170
Danish	260	125	135	4,265	2,010	2,250
Dutch	1,615	805	810	51,720	24,875	26,840
Frisian	10	5	5	1,240	630	620
German	8,340	3,760	4,580	131,525	61,520	70,005
Icelandic	60	25	30	210	100	110
Norwegian	135	70	70	940	405	540
Swedish	420	190	230	2,395	1,040	1,350
Vlaams (Flemish)	245	100	145	2,150	925	1,225
Yiddish	8,915	4,525	4,390	3,735	1,765	1,970
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	100	55	40	170	80	85
Greek	37,170	18,515	18,655	55,415	27,305	28,110
Indo-Iranian languages	70,115	36,155	33,960	707,845	357,350	350,495
Indo-Aryan languages	43,355	22,590	20,765	565,600	285,720	279,875
Bengali	10,655	5,445	5,220	46,810	23,615	23,195
Gujarati	5,990	2,935	3,050	76,675	38,740	37,940
Hindi	2,870	1,550	1,315	58,735	29,805	28,930
Kashmiri	20	15	5	345	170	175
Konkani	100	60	50	2,510	1,195	1,315
Marathi	235	135	95	5,490	2,805	2,685
Nepali	250	125	120	7,870	3,915	3,960
Oriya (Odia)	35	20	15	715	380	335
Punjabi (Panjabi)	12,100	6,560	5,535	197,060	100,160	96,895
Sindhi	305	150	160	6,840	3,225	3,615
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	600	295	310	10,165	4,925	5,235
Urdu	10,205	5,310	4,900	152,385	76,795	75,595
Iranian languages	26,430	13,385	13,050	139,675	70,270	69,405
Kurdish	770	415	350	6,665	3,615	3,050
Pashto	1,190	625	560	10,950	5,630	5,315
Persian (Farsi)	24,475	12,340	12,135	122,070	61,025	61,040
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	330	185	145	2,565	1,350	1,215
Italic (Romance) languages	276,730	133,825	142,900	614,525	295,030	319,490
Catalan	250	125	125	285	150	135
Italian	98,925	48,320	50,605	231,040	112,440	118,600
Portuguese	29,810	14,325	15,485	150,000	72,280	77,715
Romanian	32,040	15,340	16,705	41,755	19,565	22,190
Spanish	115,615	55,670	59,945	191,025	90,390	100,630
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	95	55	40	420	200	215
Japanese	2,020	625	1,395	13,260	4,590	8,670
Kartvelian languages	160	75	80	1,200	635	565
Georgian	160	75	85	1,200	635	565
Korean	4,805	2,130	2,675	69,775	32,035	37,740
Mongolic languages	180	75	110	405	180	220
Mongolian	180	75	110	405	180	225
Niger-Congo languages	18,485	9,355	9,130	35,760	16,705	19,050
Akan (Twi)	985	490	500	9,695	4,510	5,190
Bamanankan	935	515	420	140	60	80
Edo	60	35	25	1,140	475	670
Ewe	475	265	210	560	270	295
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	1,565	805	755	365	180	185
Ga	75	40	35	600	275	325
Ganda	15	10	10	760	360	400
Igbo	90	50	40	2,090	1,080	1,010
Lingala	1,915	890	1,020	850	365	485
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,575	740	835	1,430	640	785
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,350	605	745	1,330	545	785
Shona	70	35	35	1,455	660	790
Swahili	1,230	590	640	5,525	2,540	2,985
Wolof	2,380	1,270	1,105	290	145	150
Yoruba	200	125	75	4,365	2,260	2,105
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5,565	2,900	2,670	5,155	2,345	2,810
Nilo-Saharan languages	165	95	70	1,610	810	800
Dinka	5	5	0	345	170	175
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	165	90	70	1,260	635	625
Sign languages	700	365	335	3,030	1,570	1,455
American Sign Language	40	25	15	1,305	640	670
Quebec Sign Language	370	180	185	20	10	15
Sign languages, n.i.e	285	160	125	1,700	925	780
Sino-Tibetan languages	70,805	32,970	37,840	611,795	284,865	326,935
Chinese languages	70,590	32,860	37,730	602,610	280,340	322,270
Cantonese	23,245	10,950	12,290	275,315	128,090	147,220
Hakka	455	200	250	6,985	3,140	3,840
Mandarin	39,605	18,310	21,295	283,735	132,275	151,460
Min Dong	25	10	15	855	405	450
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	3,085	1,425	1,660	13,545	6,240	7,300
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,015	445	570	6,300	2,825	3,470
Chinese, n.o.s.	3,085	1,480	1,605	15,645	7,235	8,410
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	80	40	40	240	120	120
Tibeto-Burman languages	220	115	105	9,185	4,520	4,660
Burmese	55	25	30	1,640	775	865
Karenic languages	0	0	0	1,730	865	860
Tibetan	95	55	45	5,115	2,530	2,585
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	70	40	30	700	345	350
Tai-Kadai languages	3,950	1,795	2,155	8,485	3,535	4,945
Lao	3,440	1,665	1,775	5,190	2,480	2,710
Thai	505	130	375	3,270	1,045	2,220
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	5	0	5	25	10	15
Turkic languages	7,160	3,650	3,510	22,615	11,745	10,870
Azerbaijani	260	145	115	1,990	1,070	920
Turkish	6,460	3,300	3,165	18,415	9,610	8,810
Uyghur	145	75	75	515	255	260
Uzbek	120	60	60	1,055	515	545
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	165	70	95	640	295	345
Uralic languages	5,365	2,445	2,925	50,670	23,095	27,570
Estonian	165	65	100	4,205	1,810	2,400
Finnish	260	80	180	9,720	4,140	5,580
Hungarian	4,940	2,295	2,645	36,740	17,150	19,590
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	480	260	215	1,475	780	690
Multiple responses	137,745	68,785	68,965	365,910	176,250	189,660
English and French	41,765	21,230	20,540	54,045	25,165	28,880
English and non-official language	24,820	12,190	12,630	288,285	140,345	147,940
French and non-official language	55,325	27,215	28,115	12,565	5,735	6,830
English, French and non-official language	15,830	8,155	7,680	11,010	5,000	6,005
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	3,479,655	1,697,540	1,782,115	13,312,865	6,503,875	6,808,990
Single responses	3,221,100	1,571,355	1,649,745	12,522,045	6,123,955	6,398,085
Official languages	2,735,685	1,338,620	1,397,065	10,605,725	5,214,425	5,391,300
English	579,550	288,690	290,865	10,328,680	5,084,885	5,243,800
French	2,156,130	1,049,930	1,106,200	277,045	129,540	147,500
Non-official languages	485,420	232,735	252,680	1,916,315	909,530	1,006,780
Aboriginal languages	255	110	145	9,210	4,600	4,610
Algonquian languages	145	65	80	8,685	4,370	4,320
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	140	65	75	2,370	1,205	1,165
Atikamekw	5	0	5	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	20	5	15	5	5	5
Moose Cree	0	0	0	10	10	5
Naskapi	10	5	5	10	5	5
Northern East Cree	30	15	15	20	10	15
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	5	0	5	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	105	50	55
Woods Cree	0	0	0	5	5	0
Cree, n.o.s.	70	30	35	2,220	1,135	1,085
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	5	0	5	5	5
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	0	5	5	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	5	6,305	3,155	3,145
Algonquin	10	0	0	5	0	0
Ojibway	0	0	0	3,315	1,695	1,620
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	2,905	1,420	1,490
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	75	40	35
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	20	10	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	5	15	10	10
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	5	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	5	0	5
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	5
Gwich'in	0	0	0	5	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	5	5	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	0	5	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	5	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	75	25	50	160	60	90
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	5
Inuktitut	65	25	45	140	60	80
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	15	5	10
Iroquoian languages	15	10	5	210	90	120
Cayuga	0	0	0	5	5	5
Mohawk	15	5	5	185	80	100
Oneida	0	0	0	20	5	10
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	5	5	0
Salish languages	5	5	5	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	5	0	5
Dakota	0	0	0	5	5	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	5
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	15	5	10	120	55	65
Non-Aboriginal languages	485,165	232,625	252,535	1,907,105	904,930	1,002,170
Afro-Asiatic languages	81,700	41,455	40,250	138,460	66,865	71,590
Berber languages	6,725	3,490	3,235	345	175	170
Kabyle	4,540	2,360	2,180	255	125	130
Berber languages, n.i.e.	2,185	1,130	1,055	90	50	45
Cushitic languages	360	155	205	14,460	6,100	8,360
Bilen	5	0	5	170	80	85
Oromo	0	5	0	805	380	425
Somali	350	150	200	13,370	5,590	7,780
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	110	50	65
Semitic languages	74,550	37,780	36,770	123,410	60,475	62,940
Amharic	310	145	170	5,625	2,540	3,085
Arabic	72,245	36,615	35,625	94,195	46,505	47,695
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	90	50	45	9,515	4,595	4,920
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	2,915	1,410	1,500
Harari	5	0	0	555	250	305
Hebrew	1,670	860	810	4,850	2,505	2,345
Maltese	5	0	0	1,090	505	580
Tigrigna	185	85	100	3,920	1,805	2,115
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	755	360	395
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	70	30	35	245	115	125
Austro-Asiatic languages	23,190	10,830	12,360	50,245	23,105	27,140
Khmer (Cambodian)	4,590	2,095	2,495	3,770	1,650	2,120
Vietnamese	18,595	8,735	9,860	46,435	21,435	25,000
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	40	20	20
Austronesian languages	9,375	3,760	5,610	85,370	36,525	48,845
Bikol	15	10	10	90	35	55
Cebuano	215	100	120	2,325	1,020	1,315
Fijian	0	0	0	15	10	10
Hiligaynon	125	55	75	910	385	530
Ilocano	745	305	435	4,100	1,780	2,320
Malagasy	250	130	115	35	15	20
Malay	160	80	80	1,810	860	945
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	60	30	30	445	200	250
Pangasinan	15	5	10	90	40	50
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	7,730	3,030	4,700	75,070	31,965	43,105
Waray-Waray	10	5	5	90	35	55
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	20	30	380	175	200
Creole languages	19,735	8,350	11,380	5,325	2,355	2,970
Haitian Creole	770	345	430	355	165	190
Creole, n.o.s.	18,550	7,820	10,735	3,995	1,735	2,255
Creole languages, n.i.e.	410	190	225	975	455	520
Dravidian languages	11,290	5,535	5,755	96,250	46,575	49,680
Kannada	145	80	65	1,060	540	520
Malayalam	185	90	95	8,760	4,460	4,295
Tamil	10,635	5,170	5,465	80,600	38,460	42,140
Telugu	315	190	130	5,705	3,050	2,655
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	125	55	70
Hmong-Mien languages	15	10	5	200	95	105
Indo-European languages	265,385	127,145	138,235	978,300	469,640	508,670
Albanian	1,390	680	710	9,190	4,580	4,605
Armenian	11,810	5,590	6,220	8,630	4,065	4,560
Balto-Slavic languages	33,675	15,800	17,870	192,945	90,585	102,365
Baltic languages	165	70	95	2,305	950	1,355
Latvian	60	30	30	860	350	515
Lithuanian	100	40	60	1,440	600	840
Slavic languages	33,510	15,730	17,775	190,645	89,635	101,005
Belarusan	20	10	10	175	80	90
Bosnian	250	120	130	3,220	1,595	1,620
Bulgarian	4,605	2,235	2,370	4,830	2,350	2,480
Croatian	750	355	395	11,125	5,275	5,855
Czech	360	170	190	3,070	1,480	1,595
Macedonian	100	50	50	6,255	2,965	3,285
Polish	5,170	2,325	2,850	52,555	24,510	28,045
Russian	18,420	8,700	9,725	63,570	29,655	33,920
Serbian	1,050	520	530	23,175	11,335	11,840
Serbo-Croatian	260	125	140	1,925	920	1,010
Slovak	200	100	105	3,520	1,680	1,845
Slovene (Slovenian)	215	90	125	1,465	645	815
Ukrainian	2,065	925	1,140	15,415	6,995	8,420
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	355	160	190
Celtic languages	20	15	5	120	65	55
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	60	30	25
Welsh	5	0	5	30	10	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	35	20	15
Germanic languages	8,515	4,315	4,200	44,515	21,630	22,880
Afrikaans	10	5	5	755	365	390
Danish	35	15	20	280	135	150
Dutch	225	100	120	4,450	2,145	2,305
Frisian	0	0	0	90	45	45
German	1,460	655	810	37,255	18,140	19,120
Icelandic	30	10	20	45	20	30
Norwegian	15	10	10	70	30	40
Swedish	80	40	40	385	190	190
Vlaams (Flemish)	20	5	15	145	60	85
Yiddish	6,625	3,465	3,165	370	190	185
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	655	315	340
Greek	18,125	8,650	9,475	21,700	10,160	11,535
Indo-Iranian languages	49,340	24,765	24,580	435,835	215,755	220,080
Indo-Aryan languages	29,755	15,095	14,665	344,050	171,125	172,920
Bengali	7,980	3,960	4,020	29,590	14,595	14,995
Gujarati	3,805	1,840	1,960	45,445	22,410	23,035
Hindi	1,465	750	710	28,960	14,485	14,475
Kashmiri	0	0	0	65	30	35
Konkani	30	15	15	540	260	280
Marathi	75	40	35	2,420	1,230	1,190
Nepali	165	80	90	5,640	2,815	2,820
Oriya (Odia)	10	10	5	325	160	165
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,710	4,620	4,090	132,135	66,410	65,725
Sindhi	130	60	70	2,880	1,320	1,560
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	340	175	165	4,595	2,250	2,345
Urdu	7,035	3,545	3,495	91,450	45,160	46,295
Iranian languages	19,440	9,585	9,850	90,730	44,090	46,640
Kurdish	390	205	185	3,675	1,900	1,770
Pashto	875	435	440	6,750	3,360	3,395
Persian (Farsi)	18,180	8,945	9,225	80,305	38,830	41,475
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	140	80	60	1,050	540	515
Italic (Romance) languages	142,515	67,330	75,190	265,375	122,790	142,585
Catalan	90	40	50	135	60	75
Italian	32,010	14,140	17,860	72,960	31,195	41,770
Portuguese	14,240	6,780	7,465	67,415	32,065	35,355
Romanian	22,300	10,895	11,410	19,920	9,380	10,535
Spanish	73,850	35,455	38,395	104,820	50,035	54,785
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	110	50	60
Japanese	865	355	510	6,040	2,590	3,450
Kartvelian languages	70	35	35	770	420	355
Georgian	75	40	35	775	420	355
Korean	3,365	1,545	1,820	48,540	22,685	25,855
Mongolic languages	145	65	70	225	115	110
Mongolian	140	65	75	230	120	110
Niger-Congo languages	4,435	2,120	2,315	12,120	5,400	6,725
Akan (Twi)	435	210	230	4,415	1,915	2,495
Bamanankan	215	115	95	25	15	15
Edo	10	5	5	305	120	180
Ewe	95	40	55	135	60	80
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	430	205	225	110	55	55
Ga	15	5	10	175	80	100
Ganda	0	0	0	195	85	110
Igbo	10	5	5	540	265	275
Lingala	470	190	275	225	100	130
Rundi (Kirundi)	445	205	240	475	230	240
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	325	135	190	420	160	260
Shona	20	10	10	455	210	245
Swahili	360	180	180	2,085	925	1,160
Wolof	745	395	345	130	65	65
Yoruba	45	20	25	1,300	625	675
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	815	395	420	1,120	500	625
Nilo-Saharan languages	55	30	25	550	260	290
Dinka	0	0	0	120	60	65
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	425	195	225
Sign languages	925	525	400	4,425	2,485	1,940
American Sign Language	60	30	35	1,605	830	770
Quebec Sign Language	400	200	195	25	15	15
Sign languages, n.i.e	465	295	170	2,795	1,640	1,150
Sino-Tibetan languages	56,025	26,715	29,310	448,200	210,560	237,640
Chinese languages	55,905	26,655	29,255	441,615	207,305	234,310
Cantonese	17,235	8,145	9,080	198,745	91,545	107,200
Hakka	155	75	80	2,870	1,305	1,575
Mandarin	33,840	16,240	17,600	220,535	105,360	115,175
Min Dong	0	0	0	265	115	145
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,765	805	965	5,775	2,635	3,140
Wu (Shanghainese)	755	345	410	3,690	1,735	1,955
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,120	1,020	1,100	9,630	4,565	5,070
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20	100	45	55
Tibeto-Burman languages	120	60	60	6,580	3,250	3,330
Burmese	20	10	10	1,010	480	530
Karenic languages	0	0	0	1,360	685	675
Tibetan	65	35	25	3,875	1,925	1,945
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	335	165	170
Tai-Kadai languages	2,020	980	1,045	3,865	1,845	2,020
Lao	1,855	905	945	2,535	1,220	1,315
Thai	170	70	100	1,315	615	695
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	10	5	10
Turkic languages	4,645	2,305	2,340	12,435	6,200	6,230
Azerbaijani	90	45	50	770	385	380
Turkish	4,310	2,140	2,170	10,545	5,245	5,300
Uyghur	100	55	45	290	150	140
Uzbek	95	45	45	585	290	295
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	250	130	120
Uralic languages	1,820	795	1,020	15,330	6,990	8,340
Estonian	25	10	15	790	290	500
Finnish	40	15	25	1,835	780	1,050
Hungarian	1,750	775	980	12,700	5,915	6,790
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	105	60	40	465	245	225
Multiple responses	258,550	126,180	132,370	790,825	379,925	410,905
English and French	55,395	28,110	27,280	45,655	20,895	24,755
English and non-official language	50,005	24,120	25,890	719,595	347,730	371,865
French and non-official language	115,640	55,130	60,500	6,725	2,930	3,795
English, French and non-official language	37,520	18,820	18,705	18,855	8,365	10,490
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	3,479,655	1,697,540	1,782,115	13,312,865	6,503,875	6,808,990
None	2,624,250	1,274,015	1,350,235	11,071,665	5,436,665	5,635,000
English	279,380	141,520	137,860	896,170	437,015	459,155
French	233,550	115,230	118,320	243,970	108,390	135,580
Non-official language	265,980	128,905	137,075	1,056,960	501,315	555,645
Aboriginal	330	125	205	14,315	6,580	7,735
Non-Aboriginal	265,645	128,780	136,870	1,042,645	494,735	547,910
English and French	32,275	16,240	16,040	8,150	3,755	4,395
English and non-official language	22,075	10,825	11,250	19,105	9,370	9,735
French and non-official language	20,875	10,160	10,715	16,435	7,165	9,270
English, French and non-official language	1,270	650	625	415	205	215
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	2,856,570	1,385,430	1,471,135	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	2,742,430	1,331,835	1,410,600	10,556,935	5,115,460	5,441,475
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,535	36,504	29,148	33,539	39,889	28,676
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	2,742,935	1,331,915	1,411,025	10,559,805	5,115,825	5,443,975
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	29,319	32,185	26,759	30,641	35,753	26,585
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	2,422,145	1,200,630	1,221,515	9,391,800	4,650,130	4,741,675
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,531	35,538	26,010	32,871	39,831	27,012
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	2,120,085	959,120	1,160,965	7,632,575	3,402,810	4,229,770
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	5,667	3,540	7,483	4,206	2,034	5,463
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	1,998,115	1,024,295	973,820	7,790,680	3,998,335	3,792,350
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,856	35,548	28,452	33,946	39,490	29,413
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	2,857,030	1,385,465	1,471,565	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	2,742,500	1,331,435	1,411,065	10,556,925	5,114,340	5,442,580
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	44,907	52,008	38,207	47,915	56,780	39,585
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	2,743,015	1,331,510	1,411,510	10,559,935	5,114,725	5,445,210
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	36,221	40,777	31,923	39,318	45,443	33,564
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	2,422,145	1,200,245	1,221,905	9,391,645	4,649,230	4,742,415
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	43,885	52,241	35,677	47,890	57,511	38,459
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	2,119,805	958,580	1,161,230	7,632,220	3,402,745	4,229,475
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,955	6,826	8,887	7,346	6,763	7,815
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	1,998,375	1,024,315	974,060	7,790,680	3,995,700	3,794,985
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	43,596	50,180	36,673	47,369	55,263	39,057
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	2,857,035	1,385,465	1,471,565	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	877,695	479,085	398,605	3,737,385	2,082,480	1,654,900
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	49,397	53,619	45,129	55,121	60,345	49,713
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	61,611	68,817	52,950	68,628	76,536	58,676
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	86.3	90.5	80.9	88.9	92.1	84.7
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	70.7	74.1	66.3	72.9	76.0	68.7
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	13.7	9.5	19.1	11.1	7.9	15.3
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	2,856,565	1,385,430	1,471,140	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Without total income	114,135	53,600	60,535	481,500	227,390	254,115
With total income	2,742,435	1,331,830	1,410,600	10,556,940	5,115,460	5,441,475
Percentage with total income	96.0	96.1	95.9	95.6	95.7	95.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	381,980	181,360	200,625	1,615,790	711,105	904,685
$10,000 to $19,999	501,560	207,285	294,270	1,829,355	742,710	1,086,645
$20,000 to $29,999	400,305	173,950	226,355	1,410,760	589,975	820,785
$30,000 to $39,999	337,555	159,045	178,510	1,147,510	519,550	627,955
$40,000 to $49,999	294,060	139,610	154,445	1,021,880	489,595	532,285
$50,000 to $59,999	218,165	108,980	109,185	809,115	415,950	393,165
$60,000 to $69,999	156,985	83,255	73,735	630,635	348,525	282,110
$70,000 to $79,999	124,000	67,715	56,285	479,890	277,725	202,165
$80,000 to $89,999	86,040	49,210	36,825	378,185	222,095	156,095
$90,000 to $99,999	57,645	36,030	21,610	324,810	181,815	142,995
$100,000 and over	184,130	125,380	58,750	909,005	616,420	292,585
$100,000 to $149,999	117,875	77,795	40,080	600,995	394,410	206,590
$150,000 and over	66,255	47,585	18,670	308,010	222,010	86,000
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	2,856,570	1,385,430	1,471,140	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Without after-tax income	113,630	53,520	60,115	478,635	227,025	251,610
With after-tax income	2,742,935	1,331,915	1,411,025	10,559,805	5,115,825	5,443,980
Percentage with after-tax income	96.0	96.1	95.9	95.7	95.8	95.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	394,555	184,405	210,150	1,659,280	722,040	937,235
$10,000 to $19,999	524,800	219,045	305,755	1,906,875	777,330	1,129,540
$20,000 to $29,999	482,720	215,670	267,055	1,623,230	690,290	932,940
$30,000 to $39,999	435,320	208,720	226,600	1,377,100	642,645	734,450
$40,000 to $49,999	321,405	159,455	161,955	1,166,040	585,490	580,555
$50,000 to $59,999	211,225	112,595	98,630	845,305	464,610	380,700
$60,000 to $69,999	138,220	77,355	60,870	604,005	354,015	249,985
$70,000 to $79,999	78,590	48,375	30,215	465,485	268,140	197,345
$80,000 and over	156,095	106,300	49,800	912,490	611,260	301,230
$80,000 to $89,999	46,750	30,175	16,570	299,315	183,410	115,905
$90,000 to $99,999	28,790	19,210	9,580	174,110	116,330	57,785
$100,000 and over	80,565	56,910	23,650	439,070	311,525	127,540
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	2,856,570	1,385,425	1,471,140	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Without employment income	858,455	361,135	497,320	3,247,760	1,344,515	1,903,245
With employment income	1,998,115	1,024,295	973,820	7,790,680	3,998,335	3,792,350
Percentage with employment income	69.9	73.9	66.2	70.6	74.8	66.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	258,865	129,000	129,865	1,094,860	546,920	547,940
$5,000 to $9,999	160,610	73,025	87,585	635,305	281,135	354,165
$10,000 to $19,999	292,790	134,985	157,805	1,027,910	464,445	563,465
$20,000 to $29,999	243,810	113,855	129,960	827,805	372,185	455,625
$30,000 to $39,999	229,640	110,295	119,345	767,840	351,925	415,910
$40,000 to $49,999	195,230	94,965	100,265	709,775	341,320	368,450
$50,000 to $59,999	151,650	79,915	71,740	588,220	310,155	278,065
$60,000 to $69,999	115,265	63,620	51,645	465,670	263,430	202,240
$70,000 to $79,999	99,765	55,425	44,335	369,085	218,570	150,515
$80,000 and over	250,500	169,220	81,285	1,304,210	848,245	455,970
$80,000 to $89,999	64,590	40,190	24,400	307,660	182,660	125,005
$90,000 to $99,999	44,635	29,445	15,190	280,530	156,440	124,090
$100,000 and over	141,275	99,580	41,690	716,015	509,140	206,875
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	1,493,385	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	60,609	...	...	74,287	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	52,838	...	...	65,285	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	508,245	...	...	1,341,300	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	33,049	...	...	36,900	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	29,605	...	...	33,219	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	985,135	...	...	3,827,875	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	80,227	...	...	90,967	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	69,097	...	...	79,528	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	1,493,440	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	82,466	...	...	97,856	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	66,528	...	...	80,322	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	508,225	...	...	1,341,115	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	42,605	...	...	49,571	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	34,853	...	...	40,830	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	985,215	...	...	3,828,060	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	103,028	...	...	114,773	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	82,867	...	...	94,157	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	1,493,380	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Under $5,000	29,440	...	...	86,720	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	27,450	...	...	70,245	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	50,475	...	...	134,395	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	74,000	...	...	185,245	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	73,640	...	...	200,770	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	64,980	...	...	189,450	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	70,615	...	...	202,580	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	74,015	...	...	207,180	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	73,600	...	...	206,605	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	70,350	...	...	202,015	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	130,685	...	...	388,820	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	112,165	...	...	363,580	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	98,075	...	...	335,770	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	83,990	...	...	309,105	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	71,265	...	...	282,740	...	...
$100,000 and over	388,640	...	...	1,803,955	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	134,105	...	...	560,090	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	87,960	...	...	394,570	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	89,465	...	...	449,885	...	...
$200,000 and over	77,115	...	...	399,410	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	1,493,380	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Under $5,000	31,175	...	...	92,220	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	27,850	...	...	71,480	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	50,975	...	...	136,550	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	77,820	...	...	192,920	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	82,970	...	...	222,605	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	77,895	...	...	211,440	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	90,115	...	...	232,755	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	91,635	...	...	244,335	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	87,235	...	...	247,645	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	84,225	...	...	241,965	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	150,280	...	...	463,170	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	125,890	...	...	422,695	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	102,920	...	...	388,720	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	84,930	...	...	342,330	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	69,010	...	...	290,720	...	...
$100,000 and over	258,460	...	...	1,367,630	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	116,775	...	...	539,915	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	61,205	...	...	334,420	...	...
$150,000 and over	80,485	...	...	493,295	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	935,490	...	...	3,689,580	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	81,469	...	...	91,089	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	69,946	...	...	79,531	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	326,075	...	...	1,280,890	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	74,868	...	...	81,459	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	63,595	...	...	71,237	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	414,015	...	...	1,716,115	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	104,694	...	...	115,381	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	88,599	...	...	99,205	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.0	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	168,810	...	...	584,180	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	53,914	...	...	54,363	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	48,788	...	...	50,317	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	935,345	...	...	3,689,080	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	104,779	...	...	115,328	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	84,022	...	...	94,410	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	325,740	...	...	1,280,580	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	97,081	...	...	104,425	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	76,913	...	...	84,952	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	414,500	...	...	1,717,295	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	129,051	...	...	140,590	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	102,708	...	...	114,144	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	168,475	...	...	581,945	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	64,515	...	...	67,748	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	54,846	...	...	58,742	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	642,400	311,885	330,515	1,818,815	867,175	951,640
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	29,654	30,644	28,864	32,097	33,925	30,753
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	27,081	27,600	26,672	29,417	30,678	28,442
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	641,600	310,655	330,940	1,814,575	864,020	950,555
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	39,204	40,679	37,820	44,298	46,765	42,057
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	32,365	33,039	31,732	36,874	38,228	35,644
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	3,441,575	1,684,145	1,757,425	13,242,160	6,472,205	6,769,955
In the bottom half of the distribution	1,961,905	939,675	1,022,235	6,335,170	3,016,275	3,318,895
In the bottom decile	379,670	187,715	191,950	1,346,645	651,310	695,335
In the second decile	383,565	174,535	209,035	1,280,675	581,380	699,290
In the third decile	424,315	202,190	222,125	1,237,415	583,840	653,575
In the fourth decile	403,050	194,180	208,865	1,223,510	589,740	633,770
In the fifth decile	371,310	181,055	190,255	1,246,925	610,000	636,930
In the top half of the distribution	1,479,670	744,475	735,190	6,906,990	3,455,930	3,451,060
In the sixth decile	347,270	172,080	175,190	1,279,095	629,635	649,465
In the seventh decile	325,310	162,625	162,680	1,321,220	655,840	665,375
In the eighth decile	302,375	152,520	149,850	1,382,795	691,630	691,165
In the ninth decile	260,815	132,605	128,210	1,464,415	736,030	728,385
In the top decile	243,900	124,645	119,255	1,459,465	742,795	716,670
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	3,441,575	1,684,150	1,757,425	13,184,055	6,442,930	6,741,130
0 to 17 years	694,385	354,435	339,950	2,656,535	1,361,905	1,294,630
0 to 5 years	237,140	121,340	115,800	835,000	428,025	406,975
18 to 64 years	2,229,410	1,099,655	1,129,760	8,418,960	4,110,615	4,308,345
65 years and over	517,780	230,060	287,715	2,108,560	970,405	1,138,155
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	554,710	261,605	293,105	1,898,975	886,530	1,012,445
0 to 17 years	115,500	59,195	56,305	489,905	251,830	238,080
0 to 5 years	40,365	20,605	19,760	165,140	84,825	80,310
18 to 64 years	348,340	170,145	178,195	1,155,315	538,535	616,780
65 years and over	90,865	32,265	58,600	253,755	96,170	157,585
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	16.1	15.5	16.7	14.4	13.8	15.0
0 to 17 years (%)	16.6	16.7	16.6	18.4	18.5	18.4
0 to 5 years (%)	17.0	17.0	17.1	19.8	19.8	19.7
18 to 64 years (%)	15.6	15.5	15.8	13.7	13.1	14.3
65 years and over (%)	17.5	14.0	20.4	12.0	9.9	13.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	454,010	219,685	234,325	1,298,590	627,935	670,650
0 to 17 years	85,345	43,760	41,585	304,390	156,575	147,815
0 to 5 years	29,860	15,235	14,620	102,750	52,810	49,935
18 to 64 years	307,720	155,015	152,710	887,640	430,545	457,095
65 years and over	60,940	20,905	40,030	106,555	40,815	65,740
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	13.2	13.0	13.3	9.8	9.7	9.9
0 to 17 years (%)	12.3	12.3	12.2	11.5	11.5	11.4
0 to 5 years (%)	12.6	12.6	12.6	12.3	12.3	12.3
18 to 64 years (%)	13.8	14.1	13.5	10.5	10.5	10.6
65 years and over (%)	11.8	9.1	13.9	5.1	4.2	5.8
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	3,441,490	1,683,830	1,757,660	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,925
Official languages	3,379,530	1,659,680	1,719,850	12,918,075	6,342,930	6,575,145
English	2,235,665	1,145,250	1,090,415	12,879,045	6,326,225	6,552,825
French	3,108,310	1,523,560	1,584,750	1,521,020	677,505	843,510
Non-official languages	1,289,660	621,780	667,885	4,431,270	2,115,510	2,315,760
Aboriginal languages	885	400	485	33,855	15,815	18,035
Algonquian languages	370	210	160	30,630	14,505	16,125
Blackfoot	0	0	0	15	15	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	290	145	150	6,560	3,160	3,395
Atikamekw	15	0	10	10	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	70	35	40	10	0	10
Moose Cree	0	0	0	145	70	75
Naskapi	0	0	0	25	10	10
Northern East Cree	70	40	30	65	25	45
Plains Cree	10	10	0	105	50	50
Southern East Cree	0	10	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	10	0	0	605	255	350
Woods Cree	0	0	0	45	25	25
Cree, n.o.s.	120	50	70	5,620	2,760	2,865
Eastern Algonquian languages	30	30	0	180	95	85
Malecite	0	0	0	20	20	0
Mi'kmaq	35	30	10	160	75	85
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	35	30	10	23,980	11,285	12,690
Algonquin	30	20	10	205	95	105
Ojibway	0	0	0	16,220	7,600	8,630
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	7,515	3,585	3,935
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	200	105	100
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	85	40	50
Athabaskan languages	10	10	10	85	25	65
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	10	10	80	25	55
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	10	0	10
Chilcotin	0	0	0	10	0	10
Dene	10	0	10	45	20	30
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Gwich'in	0	0	0	10	0	10
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	10	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	10
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	10	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	420	135	285	840	320	525
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Inuktitut	375	125	260	730	285	445
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	45	15	30	105	35	70
Iroquoian languages	75	55	20	1,940	810	1,125
Cayuga	0	0	0	120	35	85
Mohawk	70	55	10	1,625	710	915
Oneida	0	0	0	180	55	125
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	50	25	25
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	180	65	110
Salish languages	0	0	0	10	0	10
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	10	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Siouan languages	0	0	0	40	10	30
Dakota	0	0	0	20	10	10
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	0	15
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	10	0	0	10	0	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Nisga'a	10	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	10	0	10
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	10	10	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	10
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	10	0	10	210	100	110
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,288,840	621,410	667,425	4,397,690	2,099,820	2,297,865
Afro-Asiatic languages	267,820	139,520	128,300	362,645	183,050	179,595
Berber languages	24,400	12,855	11,540	925	505	415
Kabyle	14,305	7,565	6,740	530	280	255
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10,235	5,360	4,875	390	225	165
Cushitic languages	1,100	535	565	34,160	15,155	19,000
Bilen	35	20	15	355	200	160
Oromo	30	20	10	2,075	905	1,175
Somali	1,030	485	545	31,535	13,925	17,610
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	370	170	205
Semitic languages	255,455	132,985	122,470	330,315	168,750	161,570
Amharic	970	470	505	16,010	7,565	8,445
Arabic	237,485	123,665	113,820	246,015	127,015	119,000
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	160	80	75	17,825	8,775	9,050
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	10	6,185	3,045	3,140
Harari	10	10	10	1,310	660	645
Hebrew	17,550	9,195	8,350	43,255	22,165	21,090
Maltese	15	10	10	7,020	3,455	3,570
Tigrigna	360	165	195	9,385	4,320	5,065
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	170	80	90	1,985	1,010	975
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	595	310	290	1,125	535	590
Austro-Asiatic languages	41,735	19,910	21,825	99,830	46,210	53,620
Khmer (Cambodian)	10,280	4,885	5,395	10,045	4,490	5,550
Vietnamese	31,790	15,195	16,595	90,265	41,965	48,300
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	60	10	50
Austronesian languages	28,685	10,890	17,795	249,435	98,295	151,150
Bikol	105	50	55	755	340	425
Cebuano	875	310	565	9,475	3,650	5,830
Fijian	15	10	0	110	40	65
Hiligaynon	500	185	315	3,110	1,205	1,910
Ilocano	2,430	870	1,560	15,235	5,940	9,295
Malagasy	1,385	650	730	215	115	100
Malay	960	415	545	9,780	4,500	5,280
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	195	100	95	1,935	855	1,080
Pangasinan	55	15	40	565	245	320
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	25,220	9,335	15,890	232,935	91,110	141,820
Waray-Waray	45	10	30	410	125	285
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	395	195	200	1,785	755	1,030
Creole languages	106,715	47,760	58,955	30,260	13,525	16,735
Haitian Creole	4,320	2,000	2,320	1,430	605	830
Creole, n.o.s.	100,615	44,925	55,690	19,375	8,480	10,895
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,355	1,125	1,225	9,685	4,525	5,155
Dravidian languages	18,360	9,325	9,035	196,315	97,975	98,335
Kannada	390	200	190	5,775	2,930	2,845
Malayalam	485	270	210	22,880	11,535	11,345
Tamil	16,990	8,555	8,430	157,700	77,975	79,730
Telugu	885	520	370	16,315	8,925	7,390
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	495	250	240
Hmong-Mien languages	35	15	25	545	265	280
Indo-European languages	719,495	345,180	374,315	2,608,060	1,265,535	1,342,525
Albanian	2,780	1,400	1,380	22,375	11,180	11,195
Armenian	19,880	9,555	10,325	18,435	8,860	9,575
Balto-Slavic languages	72,175	33,515	38,655	473,565	221,450	252,120
Baltic languages	905	405	500	10,545	4,495	6,050
Latvian	260	110	150	4,675	2,070	2,610
Lithuanian	645	295	350	5,875	2,430	3,445
Slavic languages	71,425	33,190	38,235	465,170	217,885	247,285
Belarusan	295	130	170	1,360	680	680
Bosnian	540	260	285	9,915	4,905	5,010
Bulgarian	6,625	3,220	3,400	10,410	5,060	5,350
Croatian	2,695	1,300	1,390	46,580	22,880	23,700
Czech	1,595	730	865	14,045	6,615	7,430
Macedonian	225	100	120	21,505	10,365	11,140
Polish	14,585	6,485	8,100	142,985	65,415	77,575
Russian	40,590	19,210	21,380	138,735	64,355	74,380
Serbian	2,370	1,100	1,265	53,250	26,725	26,525
Serbo-Croatian	945	415	530	5,815	2,845	2,965
Slovak	1,160	560	600	12,035	5,550	6,490
Slovene (Slovenian)	860	410	450	7,935	3,550	4,390
Ukrainian	7,710	3,290	4,415	54,615	24,125	30,490
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	120	55	65	1,750	935	815
Celtic languages	350	210	140	3,800	1,880	1,920
Scottish Gaelic	100	55	40	1,480	720	765
Welsh	60	35	25	685	300	390
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	200	125	75	1,650	870	785
Germanic languages	44,775	22,230	22,545	274,305	130,610	143,700
Afrikaans	290	190	105	7,360	3,625	3,735
Danish	525	250	275	5,440	2,455	2,980
Dutch	3,075	1,615	1,450	63,410	29,875	33,535
Frisian	10	10	0	1,655	820	835
German	28,000	13,900	14,100	189,035	90,730	98,305
Icelandic	100	65	30	285	130	155
Norwegian	330	160	170	2,140	975	1,165
Swedish	1,135	540	595	5,125	2,345	2,785
Vlaams (Flemish)	410	130	280	2,275	1,050	1,225
Yiddish	12,225	6,125	6,095	7,175	3,535	3,640
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	155	65	85	3,290	1,645	1,645
Greek	48,615	24,160	24,455	80,690	40,105	40,590
Indo-Iranian languages	86,210	44,270	41,940	915,765	463,175	452,585
Indo-Aryan languages	56,120	29,130	26,990	759,390	384,940	374,450
Bengali	12,450	6,390	6,055	59,685	30,420	29,265
Gujarati	7,805	3,795	4,020	103,890	52,380	51,510
Hindi	14,710	7,835	6,875	250,095	127,765	122,335
Kashmiri	45	35	15	600	300	300
Konkani	145	75	75	5,490	2,515	2,975
Marathi	460	235	220	10,360	5,380	4,980
Nepali	240	125	115	10,245	5,115	5,135
Oriya (Odia)	55	35	20	1,090	515	570
Punjabi (Panjabi)	17,335	9,415	7,920	282,065	145,050	137,015
Sindhi	455	225	230	11,515	5,385	6,130
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,255	575	670	18,555	9,230	9,330
Urdu	15,775	8,270	7,505	231,500	117,305	114,190
Iranian languages	31,345	15,760	15,580	163,490	81,710	81,785
Kurdish	945	480	465	8,795	4,755	4,040
Pashto	1,620	895	725	15,315	8,145	7,170
Persian (Farsi)	29,210	14,660	14,550	145,465	72,275	73,190
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	615	330	285	4,665	2,495	2,175
Italic (Romance) languages	472,760	222,975	249,785	880,330	418,225	462,105
Catalan	655	395	260	515	275	240
Italian	156,690	75,670	81,015	333,645	161,190	172,455
Portuguese	43,920	22,065	21,855	193,520	93,885	99,635
Romanian	38,205	18,360	19,845	49,635	23,205	26,430
Spanish	261,895	120,390	141,505	337,615	156,040	181,580
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	325	215	110	1,355	745	605
Japanese	5,265	2,400	2,860	25,675	11,535	14,140
Kartvelian languages	200	100	100	1,555	775	780
Georgian	200	100	100	1,555	770	785
Korean	5,710	2,615	3,095	79,175	36,930	42,245
Mongolic languages	225	120	110	515	225	285
Mongolian	225	115	110	515	225	285
Niger-Congo languages	35,895	17,930	17,965	70,570	33,620	36,945
Akan (Twi)	1,695	890	805	15,950	7,520	8,435
Bamanankan	1,715	880	835	385	195	185
Edo	165	80	85	2,130	930	1,195
Ewe	965	610	355	880	435	445
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,670	1,390	1,285	700	320	375
Ga	280	145	135	1,340	645	695
Ganda	55	20	30	1,225	550	675
Igbo	220	145	75	4,025	2,105	1,920
Lingala	7,370	3,285	4,080	4,885	2,165	2,720
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,110	985	1,125	2,555	1,080	1,475
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,860	835	1,025	2,220	885	1,330
Shona	130	55	70	2,350	1,055	1,300
Swahili	4,005	1,960	2,045	16,750	8,110	8,640
Wolof	4,630	2,485	2,140	730	355	375
Yoruba	675	370	305	10,495	5,345	5,150
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	12,245	6,310	5,940	11,210	5,255	5,950
Nilo-Saharan languages	300	180	120	2,025	1,020	1,010
Dinka	0	0	0	415	220	200
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	300	180	120	1,615	805	810
Sign languages	3,665	1,470	2,200	18,865	7,645	11,220
American Sign Language	380	145	240	10,220	3,695	6,525
Quebec Sign Language	2,195	805	1,390	235	60	180
Sign languages, n.i.e.	1,230	565	660	8,690	4,005	4,680
Sino-Tibetan languages	82,355	38,765	43,595	689,145	324,575	364,565
Chinese languages	82,175	38,655	43,515	679,170	319,635	359,530
Cantonese	30,155	14,080	16,080	341,875	159,280	182,600
Hakka	515	225	295	7,865	3,445	4,420
Mandarin	53,410	24,795	28,620	385,395	179,890	205,510
Min Dong	20	10	10	810	330	480
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,010	1,785	2,225	16,980	7,650	9,330
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,185	515	670	8,305	3,860	4,440
Chinese, n.o.s.	4,195	2,035	2,155	16,455	7,710	8,745
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	90	35	50	185	95	90
Tibeto-Burman languages	210	125	85	10,460	5,200	5,260
Burmese	70	45	25	2,215	1,055	1,165
Karenic languages	0	0	0	1,820	905	920
Tibetan	50	35	10	5,695	2,845	2,850
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	95	45	45	1,245	645	605
Tai-Kadai languages	6,020	2,855	3,165	11,120	4,945	6,180
Lao	4,975	2,440	2,535	6,740	3,215	3,520
Thai	1,635	655	980	5,195	2,065	3,135
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	30	10	20
Turkic languages	11,155	5,545	5,610	33,335	17,310	16,025
Azerbaijani	445	240	210	3,260	1,710	1,550
Turkish	10,280	5,115	5,165	27,850	14,510	13,340
Uyghur	190	85	100	700	350	345
Uzbek	180	80	105	1,405	700	705
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	195	100	95	915	450	465
Uralic languages	6,630	3,075	3,560	58,370	27,060	31,310
Estonian	120	50	75	4,785	2,155	2,625
Finnish	325	125	200	11,145	4,865	6,280
Hungarian	6,180	2,895	3,285	42,545	20,070	22,480
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,415	800	610	3,675	1,950	1,725
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	3,441,485	1,683,825	1,757,660	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	3,135,275	1,532,635	1,602,635	12,223,065	5,987,360	6,235,705
Canadian citizens aged under 18	647,960	330,550	317,415	2,546,075	1,305,820	1,240,255
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	2,487,310	1,202,085	1,285,230	9,676,990	4,681,540	4,995,445
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	306,210	151,190	155,020	1,019,095	484,880	534,215
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	3,441,490	1,683,825	1,757,660	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	2,464,970	1,208,785	1,256,190	9,188,815	4,555,270	4,633,545
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	906,835	438,335	468,495	3,852,145	1,814,665	2,037,480
Before 1981	199,205	95,870	103,340	1,077,745	507,500	570,240
1981 to 1990	109,740	54,190	55,550	513,995	246,235	267,755
1991 to 2000	158,650	75,415	83,235	834,510	390,315	444,195
2001 to 2010	263,385	127,160	136,225	953,730	446,895	506,835
2001 to 2005	114,605	55,380	59,230	490,560	230,950	259,610
2006 to 2010	148,780	71,780	77,000	463,170	215,945	247,225
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	175,855	85,705	90,145	472,170	223,715	248,450
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	69,685	36,700	32,980	201,200	102,305	98,895
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	906,830	438,340	468,490	3,852,145	1,814,665	2,037,485
Under 5 years	86,215	42,510	43,705	369,955	184,255	185,705
5 to 14 years	143,490	71,640	71,850	685,085	345,865	339,225
15 to 24 years	181,795	82,600	99,200	855,475	381,025	474,450
25 to 44 years	432,620	213,190	219,430	1,579,500	741,340	838,160
45 years and over	62,710	28,400	34,310	362,130	162,180	199,945
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	906,830	438,335	468,495	3,852,145	1,814,665	2,037,480
Americas	202,820	92,675	110,145	598,950	265,930	333,025
Brazil	5,590	2,690	2,900	14,705	6,700	8,010
Colombia	15,690	7,160	8,535	28,815	13,085	15,730
El Salvador	9,685	4,790	4,895	20,920	10,165	10,750
Guyana	2,335	1,005	1,335	79,745	35,325	44,420
Haiti	74,475	32,445	42,030	10,195	4,410	5,785
Jamaica	4,115	1,795	2,320	119,840	51,320	68,525
Mexico	12,505	5,640	6,870	30,075	13,895	16,185
Peru	11,530	5,185	6,345	10,550	4,660	5,895
Trinidad and Tobago	3,665	1,675	1,990	52,810	23,515	29,300
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	16,665	8,505	8,160	109,005	47,170	61,830
Other places of birth in Americas	46,560	21,790	24,770	122,280	55,685	66,600
Europe	242,700	118,610	124,090	1,144,295	546,250	598,050
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,025	490	540	21,300	10,655	10,645
Croatia	1,540	790	755	27,330	13,495	13,835
France	52,715	27,840	24,865	13,385	6,310	7,070
Germany	5,980	2,590	3,390	63,460	29,685	33,775
Greece	17,695	8,665	9,025	36,575	18,225	18,350
Hungary	2,930	1,390	1,545	22,085	10,495	11,590
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	610	355	255	15,275	7,415	7,860
Italy	47,855	23,255	24,605	157,815	78,510	79,305
Netherlands	1,160	630	535	47,400	23,910	23,490
Poland	8,965	3,840	5,125	96,000	43,155	52,845
Portugal	15,835	7,625	8,210	103,025	50,240	52,785
Romania	25,410	12,050	13,355	42,720	19,720	23,000
Russian Federation	9,780	4,265	5,515	42,980	18,540	24,440
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	1,290	585	705	23,695	11,610	12,085
Ukraine	7,400	3,205	4,190	39,945	18,150	21,795
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	9,280	4,800	4,475	264,125	125,730	138,390
Other places of birth in Europe	33,230	16,230	17,000	127,190	60,395	66,790
Africa	199,510	102,665	96,845	226,770	109,585	117,185
Algeria	53,320	27,715	25,605	2,925	1,480	1,450
Egypt	18,240	9,490	8,750	34,510	18,000	16,510
Ethiopia	860	425	430	15,570	7,230	8,340
Kenya	600	285	315	14,940	6,910	8,025
Morocco	53,270	27,340	25,930	5,485	2,690	2,795
Nigeria	1,085	590	490	20,630	10,285	10,345
Somalia	470	225	240	16,970	6,845	10,125
South Africa, Republic of	655	350	305	19,390	9,545	9,840
Other places of birth in Africa	71,020	36,240	34,780	96,355	46,610	49,745
Asia	260,760	123,820	136,940	1,869,805	886,570	983,240
Afghanistan	6,125	3,055	3,075	33,145	16,490	16,655
Bangladesh	7,665	3,855	3,815	39,410	19,970	19,440
China^{Census data footnote 59}	42,270	17,980	24,290	317,225	143,705	173,515
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	4,490	2,200	2,290	108,030	50,945	57,090
India	17,255	8,905	8,355	360,540	179,950	180,590
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	16,345	8,120	8,225	86,810	43,445	43,360
Iraq	2,925	1,570	1,360	50,390	25,280	25,115
Japan	1,405	345	1,060	8,145	2,550	5,585
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	3,520	1,625	1,890	57,085	26,660	30,425
Lebanon	35,350	18,710	16,645	34,545	18,145	16,405
Pakistan	9,440	4,960	4,475	142,265	71,925	70,345
Philippines	22,880	8,620	14,260	231,760	93,730	138,030
Sri Lanka	10,515	5,225	5,285	109,855	53,640	56,215
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	16,225	8,010	8,215	22,680	11,405	11,270
Taiwan	2,450	1,020	1,430	17,840	7,775	10,065
Viet Nam	23,155	10,720	12,435	80,525	36,545	43,985
Other places of birth in Asia	38,735	18,905	19,835	169,555	84,400	85,160
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	1,045	570	480	12,330	6,330	5,990
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	175,850	85,710	90,145	472,170	223,720	248,450
Americas	39,210	18,630	20,580	60,700	29,005	31,700
Brazil	2,245	1,135	1,120	3,180	1,505	1,675
Colombia	5,120	2,420	2,695	4,520	2,005	2,520
Cuba	1,840	930	910	1,950	910	1,045
Haiti	15,580	7,085	8,495	2,575	1,140	1,435
Jamaica	155	110	45	8,935	4,840	4,090
Mexico	3,355	1,565	1,795	5,670	2,745	2,925
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	3,175	1,785	1,390	14,635	7,225	7,405
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	1,680	805	875	2,460	1,120	1,340
Other places of birth in Americas	6,055	2,805	3,250	16,775	7,510	9,265
Europe	30,620	15,510	15,110	45,295	22,250	23,045
France	14,495	7,795	6,700	2,010	1,025	985
Germany	435	200	230	1,695	885	805
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	100	75	30	1,900	1,185	715
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	3,535	1,605	1,930	880	400	480
Romania	2,615	1,120	1,495	2,425	995	1,430
Russian Federation	1,740	775	960	4,905	1,790	3,115
Ukraine	2,070	950	1,125	4,455	2,005	2,445
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	640	425	215	7,780	4,515	3,265
Other places of birth in Europe	4,995	2,565	2,430	19,245	9,450	9,795
Africa	58,845	29,255	29,590	39,380	19,045	20,330
Algeria	14,910	7,290	7,620	415	180	240
Cameroon	5,535	2,690	2,845	1,390	640	750
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	2,075	985	1,090	1,835	845	990
Côte d'Ivoire	3,580	1,755	1,820	605	245	360
Egypt	4,185	2,165	2,020	8,220	4,290	3,935
Eritrea	45	30	20	2,055	1,010	1,045
Ethiopia	115	60	60	2,505	1,115	1,385
Morocco	11,720	5,805	5,915	655	275	375
Nigeria	430	225	200	5,910	2,895	3,015
Somalia	70	40	35	2,065	965	1,100
South Africa, Republic of	130	80	50	1,410	715	695
Tunisia	4,620	2,330	2,290	310	155	150
Other places of birth in Africa	11,415	5,800	5,615	12,010	5,715	6,295
Asia	46,910	22,145	24,760	324,820	152,205	172,615
Afghanistan	1,035	470	565	5,785	2,845	2,945
Bangladesh	840	440	400	8,180	4,055	4,125
China^{Census data footnote 59}	9,715	4,415	5,305	58,840	26,025	32,815
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	100	35	60	1,985	800	1,190
India	2,865	1,505	1,360	69,325	35,060	34,265
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	7,070	3,340	3,725	21,225	10,300	10,930
Iraq	635	315	320	14,645	7,315	7,330
Israel	595	355	245	2,050	1,085	970
Japan	285	30	255	1,385	370	1,015
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	730	310	420	6,320	2,855	3,470
Lebanon	3,610	1,930	1,680	3,230	1,685	1,545
Nepal	60	30	30	3,395	1,725	1,665
Pakistan	1,565	805	765	25,435	12,425	13,015
Philippines	5,135	2,210	2,925	53,190	21,740	31,450
Saudi Arabia	425	200	225	3,140	1,615	1,530
Sri Lanka	855	375	480	8,185	3,580	4,605
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	6,320	3,175	3,150	12,710	6,590	6,120
Taiwan	120	50	75	1,015	435	580
Turkey	490	250	235	2,590	1,440	1,145
United Arab Emirates	280	145	130	4,290	2,230	2,055
Viet Nam	1,295	485	810	3,885	1,520	2,365
Other places of birth in Asia	2,895	1,290	1,610	13,995	6,505	7,485
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	265	165	100	1,980	1,215	765
Australia	140	90	50	1,535	965	565
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	125	75	50	445	250	200
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	3,441,485	1,683,830	1,757,660	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	993,665	483,955	509,710	4,122,840	1,953,095	2,169,740
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	616,115	310,495	305,625	3,049,835	1,525,300	1,524,540
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	1,831,710	889,380	942,330	6,069,485	2,993,845	3,075,640
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	720,305	348,470	371,840	2,825,480	1,331,730	1,493,750
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	398,125	206,130	191,995	1,364,380	677,695	686,685
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	190,085	115,490	74,590	540,795	338,460	202,335
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	208,045	90,640	117,405	823,580	339,240	484,350
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	197,715	78,420	119,300	940,405	382,890	557,520
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	114,490	59,200	55,290	482,665	253,750	228,910
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	9,970	4,720	5,250	38,035	17,400	20,640
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	3,441,485	1,683,830	1,757,660	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	26,875	12,605	14,275	374,395	179,970	194,420
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	25,130	11,810	13,320	361,125	173,685	187,445
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	12,180	5,780	6,405	236,680	112,840	123,845
Métis	12,080	5,725	6,355	120,585	59,015	61,570
Inuk (Inuit)	870	310	560	3,860	1,835	2,030
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	625	300	325	5,730	2,680	3,045
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	1,125	495	630	7,540	3,615	3,930
Non-Aboriginal identity	3,414,610	1,671,225	1,743,385	12,867,765	6,292,265	6,575,500
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	3,441,485	1,683,830	1,757,660	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,925
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	6,785	3,305	3,475	170,895	81,560	89,335
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	3,434,700	1,680,520	1,754,185	13,071,265	6,390,680	6,680,585
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	3,441,490	1,683,825	1,757,660	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	15,330	6,975	8,355	112,875	54,840	58,035
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	14,810	6,750	8,060	111,575	54,180	57,395
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	12,075	5,480	6,600	97,430	47,130	50,305
Métis single ancestry	2,235	1,095	1,145	12,925	6,490	6,435
Inuit single ancestry	500	180	315	1,220	565	655
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	515	220	295	1,295	665	640
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	410	170	235	1,055	545	510
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	105	55	55	145	70	75
Métis and Inuit ancestries	0	0	0	65	25	40
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	0	0	0	30	20	10
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	77,950	35,250	42,705	405,425	192,320	213,100
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	76,715	34,615	42,100	395,205	187,695	207,510
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	66,730	30,105	36,620	276,920	130,810	146,110
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	9,010	4,100	4,915	113,785	54,830	58,955
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	975	410	570	4,500	2,050	2,450
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	1,235	635	600	10,215	4,620	5,590
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	985	535	455	9,305	4,205	5,100
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	185	75	110	595	290	305
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	60	25	35	300	125	170
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	0	0	10	15	0	10
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	3,348,210	1,641,610	1,706,605	12,723,865	6,225,080	6,498,785
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	3,441,490	1,683,825	1,757,660	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	880,010	430,060	449,950	3,885,585	1,878,075	2,007,505
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	84,410	43,705	40,705	1,150,415	582,010	568,400
Chinese	87,390	40,155	47,240	754,550	359,230	395,315
Black	261,175	124,755	136,420	627,715	296,270	331,445
Filipino	32,480	13,235	19,245	311,675	132,440	179,230
Latin American	105,570	50,975	54,590	195,950	93,645	102,310
Arab	187,785	98,980	88,805	210,435	109,585	100,850
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	54,485	26,075	28,410	133,855	63,255	70,605
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	28,530	14,230	14,295	154,670	77,385	77,280
Korean	6,835	3,240	3,595	88,935	42,445	46,495
Japanese	3,705	1,420	2,290	30,830	13,595	17,235
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	7,945	3,755	4,195	97,970	46,105	51,860
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	19,690	9,535	10,160	128,585	62,105	66,485
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	2,561,475	1,253,765	1,307,715	9,356,575	4,594,165	4,762,410
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	3,441,485	1,683,825	1,757,660	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
North American Aboriginal origins	93,280	42,220	51,055	518,300	247,160	271,135
First Nations (North American Indian)	80,495	36,415	44,075	385,505	183,075	202,430
Inuit	1,835	740	1,090	6,870	3,150	3,720
Métis	12,705	5,920	6,785	137,485	66,245	71,235
Other North American origins	1,448,695	700,880	747,810	3,220,595	1,585,255	1,635,340
Acadian	12,270	5,740	6,530	16,580	8,135	8,450
American	24,080	11,545	12,535	140,165	67,480	72,690
Canadian	1,359,895	656,570	703,325	3,109,770	1,531,645	1,578,125
New Brunswicker	360	185	180	320	190	125
Newfoundlander	335	150	185	10,850	5,520	5,325
Nova Scotian	270	115	155	1,485	685	800
Ontarian	565	270	300	2,165	1,085	1,075
Québécois	75,475	37,835	37,640	5,390	2,730	2,665
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	115	55	55	675	375	300
European origins	1,502,485	739,290	763,195	8,151,470	3,978,900	4,172,570
British Isles origins	351,250	168,795	182,455	4,900,430	2,380,595	2,519,835
Channel Islander	375	170	200	1,120	530	590
Cornish	40	20	20	755	370	385
English	119,795	58,530	61,265	2,808,805	1,357,650	1,451,160
Irish	201,615	94,930	106,685	2,095,460	991,625	1,103,835
Manx	130	70	60	2,450	1,320	1,130
Scottish	107,560	51,340	56,220	2,107,295	1,016,260	1,091,030
Welsh	6,955	3,325	3,630	198,475	94,555	103,920
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	21,980	10,410	11,570	323,185	152,525	170,660
French origins	729,090	361,085	368,000	1,350,520	643,360	707,160
Alsatian	515	225	285	1,235	495	740
Breton	4,160	2,025	2,140	290	175	120
Corsican	865	505	365	205	125	85
French	725,705	359,390	366,315	1,349,255	642,790	706,470
Western European origins (except French origins)	130,245	62,930	67,315	1,766,975	864,010	902,970
Austrian	9,305	4,500	4,810	72,475	35,415	37,065
Bavarian	35	15	15	450	225	230
Belgian	26,665	13,085	13,585	57,890	28,460	29,430
Dutch	14,045	6,855	7,195	527,750	259,585	268,165
Flemish	685	340	345	4,005	2,005	1,995
Frisian	0	10	0	2,705	1,400	1,305
German	75,875	36,030	39,845	1,189,670	579,315	610,355
Luxembourger	540	260	275	915	500	415
Swiss	11,635	5,955	5,680	59,835	29,395	30,440
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	95	60	40	1,095	560	530
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	14,380	6,965	7,410	266,085	127,885	138,195
Danish	3,370	1,565	1,800	53,555	26,355	27,195
Finnish	1,905	860	1,045	76,755	36,955	39,800
Icelandic	615	330	290	13,215	6,325	6,895
Norwegian	3,960	1,960	2,005	59,335	28,350	30,980
Swedish	4,360	2,085	2,270	71,035	32,705	38,325
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	1,115	545	570	12,540	6,400	6,140
Eastern European origins	201,045	97,360	103,685	1,339,610	644,610	695,000
Bulgarian	8,070	3,900	4,165	16,750	8,230	8,525
Byelorussian	2,055	1,005	1,050	11,690	5,645	6,045
Czech	4,820	2,285	2,540	42,340	20,815	21,530
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	1,565	805	760	14,810	6,820	7,990
Estonian	735	385	350	15,075	7,255	7,825
Hungarian	23,130	11,495	11,635	163,500	79,850	83,655
Latvian	1,430	680	750	18,095	8,615	9,480
Lithuanian	5,410	2,715	2,695	35,100	16,965	18,135
Moldovan	7,075	3,450	3,625	3,905	1,910	1,995
Polish	60,900	29,655	31,245	523,490	251,575	271,910
Romanian	46,430	22,625	23,805	98,235	46,825	51,410
Russian	47,120	22,340	24,785	220,850	103,650	117,200
Slovak	3,575	1,810	1,770	40,535	19,645	20,885
Ukrainian	32,465	15,550	16,910	376,440	181,725	194,715
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	2,655	1,375	1,275	10,330	4,940	5,390
Southern European origins	434,525	215,445	219,085	1,772,160	880,335	891,830
Albanian	3,180	1,640	1,540	25,980	13,085	12,895
Bosnian	870	430	440	14,680	7,255	7,425
Catalan	545	270	275	285	180	110
Croatian	4,920	2,435	2,490	82,220	41,350	40,875
Cypriot	420	210	205	4,400	2,170	2,230
Greek	64,400	32,690	31,710	148,555	74,830	73,720
Italian	260,155	128,795	131,355	931,805	467,100	464,705
Kosovar	310	170	140	1,305	655	650
Macedonian	590	320	265	39,440	19,820	19,625
Maltese	830	435	395	35,255	17,525	17,730
Montenegrin	340	190	150	2,545	1,295	1,250
Portuguese	52,935	26,595	26,340	324,930	160,970	163,960
Serbian	3,515	1,650	1,860	66,835	34,035	32,800
Sicilian	950	485	465	4,190	2,090	2,100
Slovenian	1,965	945	1,015	26,485	13,215	13,275
Spanish	63,970	31,020	32,950	171,145	78,880	92,265
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	2,005	945	1,060	20,245	9,785	10,460
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	210	130	80	965	425	540
Other European origins	30,295	15,480	14,815	105,865	53,050	52,820
Basque	2,070	1,100	970	1,585	805	780
Jewish	23,055	11,795	11,255	77,280	38,860	38,425
Roma (Gypsy)	330	200	130	2,295	1,050	1,245
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	260	125	135	2,065	1,110	955
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	4,810	2,405	2,405	23,290	11,540	11,750
Caribbean origins	177,195	82,035	95,160	462,600	213,660	248,940
Antiguan	310	140	165	3,275	1,480	1,800
Bahamian	360	180	180	2,305	1,190	1,115
Barbadian	4,735	2,190	2,545	26,625	12,375	14,250
Bermudan	60	20	45	2,010	925	1,085
Carib	365	140	220	2,295	855	1,440
Cuban	7,360	3,605	3,755	14,490	6,625	7,865
Dominican	9,490	4,335	5,155	9,180	4,420	4,760
Grenadian	1,790	710	1,080	14,690	6,420	8,275
Guadeloupean	775	375	405	70	20	50
Haitian	129,010	59,435	69,575	17,715	8,085	9,630
Jamaican	11,775	5,550	6,225	257,060	119,100	137,955
Kittitian/Nevisian	315	170	150	2,260	1,090	1,175
Martinican	1,340	640	700	195	65	125
Montserratan	220	125	95	620	300	325
Puerto Rican	395	200	195	1,495	755	740
St. Lucian	730	365	360	7,170	3,195	3,985
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	5,685	2,570	3,115	59,560	27,850	31,710
Vincentian/Grenadinian	3,665	1,510	2,150	12,155	5,250	6,905
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	5,020	2,270	2,750	56,865	25,380	31,480
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	3,475	1,640	1,835	16,970	7,770	9,195
Latin, Central and South American origins	128,475	62,155	66,315	322,210	153,045	169,165
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	4,625	2,165	2,455	10,795	5,040	5,750
Arawak	135	35	100	1,055	470	585
Argentinian	4,010	2,010	2,000	11,460	5,620	5,840
Belizean	45	20	20	810	395	415
Bolivian	1,300	645	650	1,885	935	955
Brazilian	6,265	3,065	3,210	18,395	8,760	9,635
Chilean	11,400	5,715	5,675	14,625	7,015	7,610
Colombian	21,445	10,015	11,435	40,820	19,345	21,480
Costa Rican	870	405	460	2,790	1,380	1,410
Ecuadorian	2,155	980	1,180	20,385	9,650	10,735
Guatemalan	8,245	4,275	3,975	10,040	4,870	5,170
Guyanese	3,255	1,590	1,670	73,360	34,050	39,315
Hispanic	850	435	410	5,805	2,790	3,015
Honduran	3,755	1,880	1,880	3,360	1,590	1,765
Maya	1,255	720	540	2,500	1,285	1,215
Mexican	19,765	9,520	10,245	43,120	20,735	22,380
Nicaraguan	2,010	965	1,045	7,100	3,440	3,665
Panamanian	1,245	655	590	2,475	1,125	1,355
Paraguayan	260	120	140	600	280	320
Peruvian	16,650	7,815	8,835	14,780	6,985	7,800
Salvadorean	16,715	8,250	8,470	27,595	13,530	14,070
Uruguayan	1,420	665	755	4,200	2,150	2,050
Venezuelan	6,460	2,925	3,535	11,750	5,320	6,430
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	4,805	2,430	2,370	14,095	6,745	7,350
African origins	312,085	159,925	152,165	414,095	203,260	210,835
Central and West African origins	62,370	31,995	30,375	85,735	42,745	42,990
Akan	505	270	235	965	540	425
Angolan	740	345	390	1,635	815	820
Ashanti	105	75	25	1,205	620	585
Beninese	2,800	1,485	1,315	555	280	270
Burkinabe	1,675	900	780	415	190	225
Cameroonian	12,925	6,495	6,435	4,700	2,330	2,370
Chadian	750	375	380	645	320	325
Congolese	13,765	6,625	7,135	10,425	4,960	5,460
Edo	95	50	45	1,025	545	480
Ewe	330	190	140	180	95	80
Gabonese	655	290	365	170	80	90
Gambian	115	75	50	630	305	330
Ghanaian	2,825	1,440	1,385	24,850	12,060	12,790
Guinean	4,135	2,175	1,960	1,105	550	560
Ibo	165	80	80	1,940	1,035	905
Ivorian	6,015	3,035	2,980	1,350	600	745
Liberian	85	30	50	770	365	405
Malian	2,460	1,230	1,230	490	250	240
Malinké	520	280	240	345	160	185
Nigerian	2,250	1,220	1,035	26,560	13,620	12,940
Peulh	1,725	880	845	135	80	55
Senegalese	5,775	3,110	2,665	1,000	500	495
Sierra Leonean	105	55	55	1,175	585	585
Togolese	2,770	1,470	1,305	670	370	300
Wolof	490	290	200	80	45	35
Yoruba	350	175	175	4,055	2,155	1,900
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	4,480	2,430	2,050	4,745	2,340	2,410
North African origins	196,985	102,430	94,555	86,665	44,970	41,695
Algerian	53,495	27,540	25,950	4,065	2,035	2,030
Berber	29,440	15,420	14,020	1,845	985	860
Coptic	660	365	295	2,305	1,185	1,120
Dinka	20	10	15	205	110	95
Egyptian	26,465	13,735	12,730	52,845	27,465	25,375
Libyan	920	500	415	3,785	2,015	1,760
Maure	410	230	180	290	160	125
Moroccan	75,540	38,925	36,615	12,305	6,310	6,000
Sudanese	280	150	130	8,975	4,600	4,375
Tunisian	17,225	9,335	7,885	2,295	1,210	1,085
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	2,885	1,615	1,275	1,755	920	830
Southern and East African origins	18,965	9,240	9,730	128,910	61,680	67,230
Afrikaner	95	65	30	560	285	275
Amhara	40	20	20	720	360	360
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	1,275	675	600	870	455	415
Burundian	2,930	1,385	1,545	3,105	1,465	1,640
Djiboutian	235	105	130	1,035	460	575
Eritrean	505	255	250	11,870	5,740	6,125
Ethiopian	1,350	685	665	22,560	10,755	11,800
Harari	15	10	10	475	255	215
Kenyan	430	220	210	5,860	2,780	3,080
Malagasy	2,455	1,220	1,240	430	200	230
Mauritian	3,195	1,485	1,705	3,600	1,830	1,770
Oromo	20	10	10	1,290	610	685
Rwandan	2,835	1,340	1,490	3,215	1,380	1,830
Seychellois	705	320	385	350	140	205
Somali	1,350	660	685	40,995	19,200	21,795
South African	675	350	320	19,760	9,790	9,970
Tanzanian	165	95	70	2,610	1,300	1,315
Tigrian	70	25	45	770	395	375
Ugandan	150	70	80	2,950	1,445	1,505
Zambian	30	10	20	805	410	395
Zimbabwean	255	135	120	3,425	1,595	1,830
Zulu	45	25	20	440	225	215
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	995	475	520	8,475	3,900	4,570
Other African origins	37,040	17,995	19,045	119,670	57,245	62,420
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	2,840	1,350	1,490	17,380	7,720	9,660
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	34,720	16,910	17,815	103,560	50,150	53,410
Asian origins	497,295	243,865	253,435	3,100,450	1,506,795	1,593,655
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	210,610	108,180	102,430	523,340	265,615	257,730
Afghan	9,170	4,670	4,500	54,535	27,255	27,280
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	38,355	20,120	18,235	44,705	23,345	21,360
Armenian	25,810	12,675	13,130	29,675	14,570	15,105
Assyrian	345	195	155	12,075	6,140	5,935
Azerbaijani	505	270	235	4,105	1,995	2,110
Georgian	545	255	295	2,815	1,415	1,395
Hazara	350	165	190	680	390	290
Iranian	23,060	11,570	11,485	117,065	58,995	58,065
Iraqi	4,575	2,305	2,270	50,460	25,420	25,035
Israeli	5,745	3,055	2,695	17,080	8,890	8,185
Jordanian	1,365	725	640	9,660	5,110	4,545
Kazakh	540	260	280	1,325	610	715
Kurd	1,830	985	845	9,210	4,880	4,330
Kuwaiti	75	35	40	1,510	795	715
Kyrgyz	210	110	100	340	130	210
Lebanese	67,300	35,160	32,135	86,245	43,700	42,545
Palestinian	6,230	3,190	3,040	28,480	15,215	13,270
Pashtun	480	270	215	3,010	1,635	1,375
Saudi Arabian	610	365	245	3,660	1,975	1,685
Syrian	24,250	12,245	12,005	31,440	15,570	15,870
Tajik	315	140	180	1,850	880	970
Tatar	790	375	415	2,135	930	1,205
Turk	13,145	6,450	6,695	34,165	17,340	16,825
Turkmen	40	30	15	695	345	355
Uighur	325	150	175	755	385	375
Uzbek	395	180	215	2,400	1,155	1,240
Yemeni	695	375	320	4,225	2,065	2,155
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	2,190	1,225	965	16,270	8,395	7,875
South Asian origins	88,930	45,485	43,445	1,182,845	595,480	587,370
Bangladeshi	6,805	3,495	3,315	29,195	14,965	14,230
Bengali	4,035	1,990	2,050	15,235	7,795	7,445
Bhutanese	50	30	20	1,450	710	735
East Indian	47,235	24,255	22,975	774,500	390,015	384,480
Goan	195	100	100	4,775	2,245	2,525
Gujarati	405	205	205	5,915	3,055	2,860
Kashmiri	260	155	105	1,795	900	895
Nepali	280	150	125	8,150	4,070	4,080
Pakistani	12,900	6,645	6,255	149,060	75,860	73,200
Punjabi	2,950	1,665	1,285	55,455	28,580	26,875
Sinhalese	260	110	150	5,195	2,545	2,645
Sri Lankan	14,440	7,130	7,300	124,270	60,685	63,585
Tamil	3,045	1,585	1,460	42,760	21,705	21,050
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	2,080	1,150	925	58,705	29,705	29,005
East and Southeast Asian origins	200,540	91,440	109,100	1,422,890	659,650	763,245
Burmese	220	130	90	4,420	2,105	2,315
Cambodian (Khmer)	13,100	6,275	6,820	14,655	6,810	7,845
Chinese	106,040	48,825	57,215	849,345	403,280	446,065
Filipino	34,895	14,290	20,600	337,760	144,830	192,930
Hmong	30	10	20	650	340	305
Indonesian	1,040	440	600	9,325	4,305	5,025
Japanese	5,115	2,045	3,075	41,620	18,530	23,090
Karen	0	0	0	1,645	830	815
Korean	7,370	3,490	3,880	93,420	44,585	48,835
Laotian	6,350	3,215	3,135	9,875	4,865	5,015
Malaysian	515	235	280	7,310	3,370	3,935
Mongolian	725	330	395	2,940	1,390	1,545
Singaporean	100	60	40	1,260	565	700
Taiwanese	1,915	820	1,095	10,060	4,595	5,465
Thai	1,870	765	1,105	6,865	2,725	4,135
Tibetan	65	35	30	6,365	3,175	3,185
Vietnamese	37,935	18,285	19,650	107,640	51,350	56,290
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	240	110	130	4,375	2,165	2,210
Other Asian origins	1,605	835	770	13,430	6,575	6,855
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	1,605	835	770	13,430	6,575	6,855
Oceania origins	2,320	1,240	1,080	20,680	10,435	10,240
Australian	1,545	870	675	13,315	6,780	6,530
New Zealander	335	165	165	4,250	2,255	2,000
Pacific Islands origins	510	240	270	3,490	1,625	1,860
Fijian	60	25	35	1,610	665	945
Hawaiian	40	20	20	470	235	240
Maori	60	35	20	485	255	230
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	160	70	90	275	115	165
Samoan	15	15	0	225	140	85
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	210	100	110	555	265	290
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	1,493,440	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Owner	792,165	...	...	3,601,825	...	...
Renter	701,275	...	...	1,559,720	...	...
Band housing	0	...	...	7,635	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	1,493,440	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
Condominium	257,170	...	...	680,495	...	...
Not condominium	1,236,270	...	...	4,488,680	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	1,493,445	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
No bedrooms	15,695	...	...	33,950	...	...
1 bedroom	319,095	...	...	699,980	...	...
2 bedrooms	478,475	...	...	1,122,145	...	...
3 bedrooms	443,605	...	...	1,876,905	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	236,570	...	...	1,436,185	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	1,493,440	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	652,580	...	...	1,369,660	...	...
5 rooms	260,010	...	...	718,020	...	...
6 rooms	154,685	...	...	770,730	...	...
7 rooms	141,880	...	...	713,595	...	...
8 or more rooms	284,290	...	...	1,597,165	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.4	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	1,493,445	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,462,860	...	...	5,046,810	...	...
More than 1 person per room	30,580	...	...	122,360	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	1,493,440	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Suitable	1,400,980	...	...	4,858,170	...	...
Not suitable	92,465	...	...	311,005	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	1,493,445	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
1960 or before	408,255	...	...	1,293,135	...	...
1961 to 1980	489,690	...	...	1,449,585	...	...
1981 to 1990	210,540	...	...	709,135	...	...
1991 to 2000	139,245	...	...	622,565	...	...
2001 to 2005	82,045	...	...	396,130	...	...
2006 to 2010	89,310	...	...	368,235	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	74,350	...	...	330,390	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	1,493,440	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	1,393,340	...	...	4,851,335	...	...
Major repairs needed	100,100	...	...	317,840	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	1,493,440	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
1 household maintainer	940,735	...	...	2,962,065	...	...
2 household maintainers	523,875	...	...	2,059,710	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	28,830	...	...	147,400	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	1,493,445	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
15 to 24 years	51,085	...	...	135,835	...	...
25 to 34 years	228,605	...	...	681,685	...	...
35 to 44 years	282,645	...	...	880,070	...	...
45 to 54 years	301,455	...	...	1,113,885	...	...
55 to 64 years	281,400	...	...	1,047,185	...	...
65 to 74 years	199,555	...	...	738,445	...	...
75 to 84 years	110,325	...	...	414,210	...	...
85 years and over	38,365	...	...	157,860	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	1,491,345	...	...	5,106,290	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,111,925	...	...	3,694,385	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	379,420	...	...	1,411,900	...	...
30% to less than 100%	326,480	...	...	1,208,010	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	792,065	...	...	3,557,485	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	63.7	...	...	61.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	16.0	...	...	19.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,194	...	...	1,299	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,283	...	...	1,463	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	324,403	...	...	400,496	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	383,731	...	...	506,409	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	701,275	...	...	1,554,940	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	8.2	...	...	15.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	36.1	...	...	45.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	781	...	...	1,045	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	848	...	...	1,109	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	2,857,030	1,385,465	1,471,565	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
No certificate, diploma or degree	491,785	240,535	251,245	1,935,355	961,690	973,670
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	611,030	295,005	316,025	3,026,100	1,485,320	1,540,770
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,754,215	849,920	904,300	6,076,985	2,895,745	3,181,235
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	358,465	207,255	151,210	664,180	471,055	193,120
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	259,375	133,375	126,000	324,370	199,510	124,855
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	99,090	73,880	25,205	339,810	271,545	68,260
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	497,000	223,425	273,570	2,298,715	981,785	1,316,930
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	115,785	48,355	67,425	242,005	107,065	134,945
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	782,965	370,880	412,085	2,872,085	1,335,845	1,536,250
Bachelor's degree	482,435	220,110	262,335	1,911,530	854,135	1,057,395
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	73,335	34,170	39,170	189,370	83,670	105,695
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	21,590	10,810	10,780	79,760	42,295	37,460
Master's degree	174,310	87,200	87,115	593,645	294,180	299,470
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	31,290	18,595	12,695	97,790	61,560	36,230
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	1,912,585	940,435	972,145	7,229,120	3,498,620	3,730,495
No certificate, diploma or degree	206,950	110,950	96,005	752,995	404,770	348,225
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	341,735	171,985	169,750	1,768,955	895,020	873,935
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,363,900	657,500	706,390	4,707,165	2,198,830	2,508,335
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	273,400	154,245	119,155	446,390	315,975	130,420
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	200,515	100,170	100,345	218,980	134,685	84,295
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	72,885	54,075	18,815	227,410	181,290	46,120
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	347,985	160,640	187,345	1,782,530	762,505	1,020,030
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	87,310	37,135	50,175	170,925	75,935	94,995
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	655,200	305,480	349,725	2,307,320	1,044,420	1,262,895
Bachelor's degree	401,200	182,205	218,990	1,519,850	668,450	851,400
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	60,400	27,015	33,380	148,960	62,370	86,590
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	17,110	7,535	9,575	63,790	30,895	32,895
Master's degree	151,140	74,420	76,720	500,415	239,160	261,255
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	25,355	14,310	11,050	74,310	43,545	30,765
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	2,857,030	1,385,465	1,471,565	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	1,102,810	535,545	567,270	4,961,455	2,447,010	2,514,445
Education	102,085	22,195	79,890	349,745	79,245	270,505
13. Education	102,085	22,195	79,890	349,750	79,245	270,505
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	94,275	44,290	49,985	246,075	109,955	136,120
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	13,840	10,310	3,530	38,745	28,735	10,010
50. Visual and performing arts	80,430	33,980	46,450	207,325	81,220	126,110
Humanities	116,935	44,455	72,485	359,560	133,350	226,210
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	20,775	4,560	16,215	37,900	8,170	29,730
23. English language and literature/letters	10,015	3,030	6,985	98,440	28,290	70,145
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	50,080	20,005	30,070	95,345	32,940	62,410
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	435	190	250	2,165	805	1,365
38. Philosophy and religious studies	6,135	3,780	2,350	24,255	13,425	10,830
39. Theology and religious vocations	3,905	2,555	1,345	28,175	17,120	11,055
54. History	9,590	5,365	4,225	57,295	30,015	27,280
55. French language and literature/letters	16,000	4,955	11,040	15,990	2,590	13,400
Social and behavioural sciences and law	214,200	74,870	139,330	810,410	269,735	540,670
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,660	720	1,945	10,765	2,210	8,560
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	29,730	10,390	19,340	81,500	31,825	49,675
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	33,100	3,125	29,975	141,750	11,775	129,975
22. Legal professions and studies	39,735	15,560	24,175	128,860	45,275	83,590
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	4,545	1,105	3,440	16,210	3,400	12,815
42. Psychology	29,500	7,225	22,275	122,545	29,640	92,905
45. Social sciences	74,925	36,750	38,180	308,775	145,620	163,155
Business, management and public administration	421,125	173,085	248,040	1,279,665	527,085	752,580
30.16 Accounting and computer science	405	160	245	2,725	895	1,830
44. Public administration and social service professions	17,875	4,005	13,875	108,935	21,405	87,530
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	402,845	168,920	233,925	1,168,005	504,780	663,225
Physical and life sciences and technologies	79,455	42,570	36,885	253,905	124,050	129,850
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	29,100	11,835	17,265	110,950	45,120	65,835
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	14,900	8,725	6,180	54,745	24,800	29,945
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	8,800	4,465	4,330	3,830	1,190	2,640
40. Physical sciences	23,670	15,945	7,725	72,355	48,145	24,205
41. Science technologies/technicians	2,990	1,600	1,390	12,025	4,795	7,235
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	87,380	61,300	26,075	290,045	185,310	104,730
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	71,550	53,710	17,840	220,550	150,765	69,790
25. Library science	5,630	1,065	4,560	15,220	2,450	12,770
27. Mathematics and statistics	8,870	5,530	3,345	49,025	28,515	20,515
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	1,330	995	330	5,235	3,580	1,655
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	318,500	281,185	37,315	1,173,030	1,055,050	117,985
04. Architecture and related services	16,935	9,875	7,065	51,845	34,590	17,265
14. Engineering	100,950	81,795	19,160	334,085	271,010	63,070
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	53,920	48,495	5,425	237,775	214,500	23,275
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	35	10	25	160	30	125
46. Construction trades	58,165	56,225	1,940	198,790	194,555	4,235
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	55,545	53,570	1,980	225,860	220,545	5,315
48. Precision production	32,945	31,220	1,730	124,515	119,820	4,695
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	17,360	9,155	8,205	106,895	67,015	39,880
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	11,715	5,995	5,725	66,035	41,790	24,240
03. Natural resources and conservation	5,640	3,160	2,480	40,860	25,230	15,635
Health and related fields	202,960	44,940	158,020	865,970	173,780	692,185
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	11,855	5,975	5,875	75,715	37,005	38,705
51. Health professions and related programs	184,595	35,435	149,155	767,680	124,280	643,400
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	6,515	3,530	2,985	22,575	12,490	10,075
Personal, protective and transportation services	99,745	51,810	47,940	340,285	170,915	169,375
12. Personal and culinary services	58,480	17,360	41,120	183,925	49,390	134,535
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	100	90	10	2,135	1,815	320
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	380	370	15	2,610	2,385	225
43. Security and protective services	21,495	16,710	4,785	98,325	68,625	29,695
49. Transportation and materials moving	19,285	17,275	2,015	53,290	48,695	4,595
Other	205	70	130	1,405	260	1,145
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	200	70	135	1,405	255	1,145
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	1,912,580	940,435	972,145	7,229,120	3,498,625	3,730,500
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	548,685	282,930	265,755	2,521,950	1,299,790	1,222,160
Education	71,150	14,685	56,470	243,635	52,670	190,965
13. Education	71,150	14,680	56,470	243,635	52,670	190,965
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	74,475	35,380	39,095	192,630	85,175	107,450
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	10,710	7,805	2,905	28,705	21,070	7,635
50. Visual and performing arts	63,760	27,575	36,190	163,925	64,105	99,815
Humanities	78,605	29,915	48,690	266,665	95,805	170,855
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	16,430	3,580	12,850	29,210	5,775	23,435
23. English language and literature/letters	7,685	2,305	5,380	73,110	20,225	52,885
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	28,550	12,130	16,420	72,145	24,330	47,815
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	295	125	175	1,665	615	1,045
38. Philosophy and religious studies	4,375	2,710	1,670	17,755	9,925	7,830
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,400	1,595	805	19,390	11,790	7,605
54. History	7,025	4,020	3,000	42,315	21,735	20,585
55. French language and literature/letters	11,835	3,450	8,390	11,075	1,415	9,655
Social and behavioural sciences and law	169,075	57,940	111,135	648,285	207,200	441,085
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,180	570	1,610	8,630	1,785	6,845
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	24,825	8,795	16,035	67,115	26,015	41,105
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	26,505	2,155	24,350	111,550	8,405	103,145
22. Legal professions and studies	32,380	11,895	20,485	108,895	34,250	74,650
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	3,130	775	2,355	12,875	2,705	10,170
42. Psychology	22,735	5,345	17,385	93,770	21,045	72,725
45. Social sciences	57,325	28,410	28,920	245,445	113,000	132,445
Business, management and public administration	341,060	137,975	203,080	1,026,975	414,425	612,550
30.16 Accounting and computer science	325	135	195	2,225	715	1,510
44. Public administration and social service professions	14,395	3,185	11,205	88,130	16,590	71,540
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	326,335	134,655	191,685	936,620	397,120	539,500
Physical and life sciences and technologies	53,615	27,870	25,745	190,235	88,535	101,700
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	24,020	9,525	14,495	84,580	33,150	51,425
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	7,635	4,415	3,225	41,255	18,020	23,240
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	1,880	1,085	790	3,135	975	2,165
40. Physical sciences	17,795	11,625	6,170	52,490	33,175	19,310
41. Science technologies/technicians	2,280	1,220	1,055	8,775	3,215	5,555
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	76,745	54,155	22,590	252,275	162,360	89,915
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	64,640	48,500	16,140	198,775	136,120	62,655
25. Library science	4,430	880	3,550	10,755	1,765	8,995
27. Mathematics and statistics	6,695	4,080	2,610	38,160	21,440	16,720
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	980	695	290	4,580	3,030	1,550
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	250,200	217,215	32,980	878,300	779,075	99,225
04. Architecture and related services	14,265	8,120	6,145	42,115	27,365	14,745
14. Engineering	86,415	68,905	17,510	266,040	211,240	54,800
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	41,310	36,800	4,510	178,830	160,160	18,675
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	35	10	20	140	25	115
46. Construction trades	42,255	40,600	1,655	141,515	138,160	3,360
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	41,825	40,155	1,670	162,855	158,770	4,080
48. Precision production	24,090	22,620	1,470	86,805	83,355	3,450
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	14,475	7,435	7,040	82,775	49,710	33,065
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	9,610	4,745	4,865	50,160	30,065	20,095
03. Natural resources and conservation	4,865	2,695	2,170	32,615	19,650	12,965
Health and related fields	156,205	34,180	122,020	664,880	133,665	531,220
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	9,755	4,855	4,900	58,160	27,950	30,205
51. Health professions and related programs	141,345	26,875	114,470	589,085	96,720	492,365
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	5,100	2,455	2,650	17,640	8,990	8,645
Personal, protective and transportation services	78,130	40,700	37,430	259,400	129,985	129,415
12. Personal and culinary services	45,060	13,130	31,935	137,250	36,225	101,030
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	65	55	10	1,685	1,405	280
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	245	230	10	1,415	1,270	145
43. Security and protective services	16,750	12,945	3,805	77,190	52,840	24,345
49. Transportation and materials moving	16,010	14,335	1,670	41,855	38,245	3,610
Other	170	45	120	1,125	220	900
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	170	50	120	1,125	225	900
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	2,857,030	1,385,465	1,471,565	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,102,815	535,545	567,270	4,961,460	2,447,010	2,514,445
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	1,754,220	849,920	904,295	6,076,985	2,895,745	3,181,240
Location of study inside Canada	1,449,780	694,595	755,185	4,786,950	2,261,260	2,525,690
Same as province or territory of residence	1,398,585	667,795	730,785	4,414,485	2,081,525	2,332,960
Different than province or territory of residence	51,195	26,800	24,395	372,470	179,735	192,730
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	304,435	155,325	149,110	1,290,035	634,485	655,545
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	20,200	11,950	8,245	167,260	89,350	77,910
Philippines	11,735	3,385	8,350	115,410	39,750	75,655
India	6,475	3,485	2,990	169,340	85,500	83,840
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	8,760	5,040	3,720	115,690	66,215	49,470
China^{Census data footnote 162}	15,430	6,990	8,435	98,415	46,230	52,185
France	49,795	28,030	21,765	10,775	5,800	4,975
Other	192,050	96,455	95,600	613,145	301,635	311,510
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	1,912,585	940,435	972,145	7,229,120	3,498,620	3,730,500
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	548,685	282,930	265,750	2,521,955	1,299,795	1,222,160
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	1,363,895	657,505	706,395	4,707,170	2,198,830	2,508,335
Location of study inside Canada	1,113,230	532,330	580,900	3,713,145	1,728,610	1,984,540
Same as province or territory of residence	1,073,585	511,835	561,750	3,432,015	1,593,170	1,838,850
Different than province or territory of residence	39,645	20,490	19,150	281,130	135,440	145,690
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	250,670	125,175	125,495	994,025	470,225	523,800
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	14,585	8,310	6,275	127,005	65,045	61,960
Philippines	9,840	2,745	7,095	97,230	32,925	64,300
India	4,620	2,345	2,275	143,205	70,040	73,175
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	5,830	3,330	2,500	62,325	34,315	28,010
China^{Census data footnote 162}	13,835	6,185	7,650	82,020	37,900	44,125
France	41,955	23,255	18,695	8,705	4,630	4,070
Other	160,005	79,015	80,990	473,530	225,365	248,160
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	2,857,030	1,385,465	1,471,565	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,680
In the labour force	1,876,245	968,165	908,080	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,055
Employed	1,731,345	889,975	841,370	6,612,150	3,414,255	3,197,895
Unemployed	144,895	78,190	66,705	529,525	275,370	254,160
Not in the labour force	980,785	417,300	563,485	3,896,765	1,653,130	2,243,630
Participation rate	65.7	69.9	61.7	64.7	69.1	60.6
Employment rate	60.6	64.2	57.2	59.9	63.9	56.1
Unemployment rate	7.7	8.1	7.3	7.4	7.5	7.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	2,857,030	1,385,465	1,471,565	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	939,280	397,870	541,410	3,696,235	1,561,475	2,134,755
Worked	1,917,745	987,595	930,155	7,342,205	3,781,280	3,560,925
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	900,485	494,500	405,980	3,837,565	2,148,635	1,688,935
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	1,017,265	493,090	524,175	3,504,645	1,632,645	1,871,995
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.4	42.8	42.0	42.9	43.4	42.3
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	1,876,245	968,165	908,080	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,055
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	55,950	28,015	27,935	171,050	81,735	89,315
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	1,820,295	940,150	880,145	6,970,625	3,607,890	3,362,735
Employee	1,605,355	806,625	798,725	6,146,035	3,084,740	3,061,295
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	214,945	133,525	81,415	824,595	523,145	301,445
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	1,876,245	968,165	908,080	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,050
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	55,950	28,015	27,935	171,045	81,735	89,315
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	1,820,295	940,150	880,145	6,970,625	3,607,890	3,362,735
0 Management occupations	195,940	121,825	74,115	790,880	483,240	307,635
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	328,325	112,295	216,030	1,124,770	357,215	767,555
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	150,130	117,385	32,745	516,110	399,195	116,915
3 Health occupations	123,630	27,345	96,285	447,045	90,495	356,550
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	223,385	67,350	156,035	831,340	265,075	566,265
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	80,795	39,825	40,970	225,720	104,445	121,275
6 Sales and service occupations	446,655	218,635	228,020	1,632,085	709,375	922,710
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	188,645	177,420	11,225	927,820	866,870	60,950
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	10,395	8,765	1,630	113,405	88,150	25,260
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	72,400	49,305	23,095	361,455	243,835	117,620
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	1,876,240	968,165	908,080	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,050
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	55,950	28,010	27,940	171,050	81,730	89,315
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	1,820,295	940,150	880,140	6,970,625	3,607,890	3,362,735
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	5,575	3,470	2,105	102,070	67,005	35,070
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	2,160	1,615	545	32,340	27,920	4,415
22 Utilities	11,975	7,575	4,395	50,820	38,195	12,630
23 Construction	84,025	72,805	11,225	476,835	419,600	57,230
31-33 Manufacturing	176,725	121,710	55,015	683,335	482,800	200,530
41 Wholesale trade	85,240	52,785	32,455	270,745	178,945	91,800
44-45 Retail trade	217,870	105,690	112,185	783,540	367,175	416,365
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	88,900	66,225	22,675	329,240	242,045	87,190
51 Information and cultural industries	67,355	40,170	27,185	176,715	101,045	75,670
52 Finance and insurance	92,360	41,210	51,155	380,765	169,590	211,180
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	34,100	19,885	14,215	144,275	77,385	66,890
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	172,105	98,800	73,310	567,825	316,685	251,140
55 Management of companies and enterprises	2,425	915	1,510	12,365	5,290	7,075
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	88,710	53,180	35,530	338,640	190,210	148,430
61 Educational services	142,910	47,570	95,335	528,470	163,680	364,795
62 Health care and social assistance	221,370	45,755	175,610	754,555	134,270	620,275
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	42,295	22,175	20,115	147,425	75,330	72,095
72 Accommodation and food services	123,345	63,030	60,315	478,070	201,260	276,805
81 Other services (except public administration)	79,135	34,005	45,135	296,960	133,220	163,745
91 Public administration	81,695	41,575	40,125	415,635	216,250	199,385
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	1,731,345	889,975	841,375	6,612,150	3,414,255	3,197,900
Worked at home	115,440	59,135	56,310	480,290	242,495	237,795
Worked outside Canada	6,240	4,425	1,815	39,145	25,995	13,150
No fixed workplace address	147,265	106,145	41,125	736,715	536,140	200,570
Worked at usual place	1,462,395	720,270	742,130	5,355,995	2,609,620	2,746,375
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	1,462,395	720,270	742,130	5,356,000	2,609,625	2,746,375
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	749,930	353,160	396,760	3,109,070	1,418,260	1,690,810
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	206,610	101,195	105,415	857,565	419,960	437,605
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	500,850	262,820	238,030	1,350,375	749,770	600,605
Commute to a different province or territory	5,010	3,090	1,920	38,990	21,630	17,355
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	1,609,665	826,410	783,255	6,092,710	3,145,765	2,946,945
Car, truck, van - as a driver	1,013,430	563,125	450,305	4,375,215	2,392,270	1,982,945
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	51,850	17,375	34,475	372,480	151,880	220,600
Public transit	405,265	175,440	229,825	888,920	376,690	512,235
Walked	89,475	40,060	49,415	320,015	143,885	176,130
Bicycle	36,415	23,180	13,235	75,460	50,200	25,260
Other method	13,235	7,235	5,995	60,620	30,835	29,785
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	1,609,660	826,415	783,255	6,092,715	3,145,765	2,946,950
Less than 15 minutes	272,975	126,840	146,135	1,463,845	675,540	788,310
15 to 29 minutes	521,490	271,540	249,950	1,964,690	991,525	973,165
30 to 44 minutes	428,470	234,340	194,135	1,295,375	706,155	589,225
45 to 59 minutes	202,860	103,215	99,645	612,415	336,090	276,325
60 minutes and over	183,860	90,470	93,395	756,385	436,455	319,930
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	1,609,665	826,410	783,250	6,092,715	3,145,765	2,946,950
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	112,530	83,300	29,230	413,515	296,265	117,245
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	272,180	156,545	115,625	1,039,255	640,810	398,445
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	451,420	205,525	245,895	1,571,230	778,100	793,130
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	340,865	152,480	188,385	1,354,870	577,565	777,310
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	195,405	91,290	104,120	740,330	328,410	411,920
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	237,265	137,265	100,000	973,515	524,620	448,895
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	1,978,240	1,016,915	961,325	7,579,085	3,895,880	3,683,200
Single responses	1,726,980	883,560	843,425	7,434,675	3,828,665	3,606,015
Official languages	1,708,380	874,295	834,080	7,319,360	3,767,405	3,551,955
English	387,615	208,840	178,775	7,225,210	3,732,550	3,492,655
French	1,320,765	665,460	655,305	94,145	34,850	59,295
Non-official languages	18,605	9,260	9,345	115,320	61,255	54,060
Aboriginal languages	55	10	40	1,485	765	715
Algonquian languages	25	10	15	1,420	745	675
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	30	10	15	370	220	150
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	15	15	10	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	0	0	0	0	0	10
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	10	360	215	145
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	1,050	525	525
Algonquin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway	0	0	0	495	235	265
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	545	290	260
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	25	0	25	25	0	20
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	30	0	25	25	10	20
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	25	10	20
Cayuga	0	0	0	10	0	10
Mohawk	0	0	0	20	10	10
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	18,550	9,245	9,300	113,835	60,490	53,340
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,760	1,030	730	3,305	1,995	1,310
Berber languages	35	0	25	0	0	0
Kabyle	20	0	15	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	125	45	80
Bilen	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0	15	10	10
Somali	0	0	0	110	35	70
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,725	1,020	705	3,175	1,955	1,225
Amharic	0	0	0	75	30	45
Arabic	1,585	955	630	2,430	1,605	825
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	10	145	110	40
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	35	20	15
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	140	70	70	395	140	260
Maltese	0	0	0	20	15	10
Tigrigna	0	0	0	60	30	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	10	0	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,585	795	795	2,575	1,065	1,510
Khmer (Cambodian)	255	115	140	95	50	50
Vietnamese	1,335	685	650	2,480	1,015	1,465
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	135	65	70	1,280	495	790
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	10	0	0	25	10	15
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	10	10	0
Ilocano	10	10	0	40	20	20
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0	55	20	30
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	0	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	115	50	60	1,145	435	705
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	10	0	10
Creole languages	255	80	175	60	35	30
Haitian Creole	10	0	10	15	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	240	70	170	50	25	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	10	10	0
Dravidian languages	150	75	75	1,980	945	1,035
Kannada	0	0	0	10	0	10
Malayalam	0	0	0	75	45	30
Tamil	145	75	70	1,870	900	975
Telugu	0	0	10	35	10	20
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	8,020	3,890	4,135	38,960	21,375	17,580
Albanian	20	15	0	275	170	105
Armenian	280	135	145	145	75	75
Balto-Slavic languages	1,020	445	575	6,655	3,165	3,495
Baltic languages	15	10	10	70	25	40
Latvian	10	0	10	20	10	10
Lithuanian	0	0	0	45	20	25
Slavic languages	1,000	435	565	6,595	3,135	3,455
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0	100	55	40
Bulgarian	45	10	30	120	85	40
Croatian	10	10	10	155	100	50
Czech	10	0	10	25	20	10
Macedonian	0	0	0	85	35	45
Polish	155	60	95	1,925	960	960
Russian	665	310	350	2,905	1,240	1,670
Serbian	15	10	0	390	240	145
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	20	10	10
Slovak	0	0	0	55	40	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	15	0	10
Ukrainian	110	40	70	780	320	460
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	15	10	10
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	10	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Germanic languages	1,090	450	630	6,905	3,655	3,250
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0	0	0
Danish	10	10	10	30	15	20
Dutch	20	10	15	790	425	365
Frisian	0	0	0	25	20	10
German	195	70	120	5,690	3,005	2,690
Icelandic	0	0	0	0	10	0
Norwegian	0	0	0	30	10	20
Swedish	10	0	10	55	15	35
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	10	10	10
Yiddish	850	370	480	20	0	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	240	155	80
Greek	515	260	255	405	240	165
Indo-Iranian languages	1,225	705	520	11,880	6,560	5,315
Indo-Aryan languages	635	365	275	9,205	4,900	4,310
Bengali	100	75	30	335	160	170
Gujarati	20	10	10	730	255	475
Hindi	35	25	15	800	380	415
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0	30	10	20
Nepali	0	0	0	80	30	50
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	410	225	190	6,025	3,480	2,550
Sindhi	0	0	0	20	10	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	30	15	10
Urdu	75	40	35	1,150	555	600
Iranian languages	585	335	245	2,660	1,655	1,005
Kurdish	10	0	10	105	95	15
Pashto	0	0	0	20	10	15
Persian (Farsi)	570	340	230	2,530	1,555	975
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Italic (Romance) languages	3,885	1,885	2,005	12,680	7,505	5,170
Catalan	10	0	10	10	0	10
Italian	560	300	260	945	505	445
Portuguese	510	300	215	5,815	3,865	1,950
Romanian	305	135	165	300	140	160
Spanish	2,500	1,140	1,360	5,590	2,985	2,605
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	10	10
Japanese	215	75	140	1,010	360	655
Kartvelian languages	10	0	0	15	0	10
Georgian	10	0	10	15	0	10
Korean	295	145	150	4,945	2,505	2,445
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	20	15	10	120	55	65
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	20	0	20
Bamanankan	0	10	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0	0	10	0
Ganda	0	0	0	25	15	15
Igbo	0	0	0	10	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	15	0	10
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	15	10	0	20	10	0
Wolof	0	0	0	10	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0	10	0	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	20	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	95	35	70	810	295	515
American Sign Language	0	0	0	575	170	410
Quebec Sign Language	60	10	55	10	0	10
Sign languages, n.i.e	35	25	10	225	130	100
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,795	2,970	2,820	57,620	30,735	26,890
Chinese languages	5,795	2,970	2,825	57,535	30,690	26,840
Cantonese	2,600	1,290	1,310	26,955	14,190	12,770
Hakka	0	0	0	30	10	25
Mandarin	2,910	1,530	1,380	29,090	15,730	13,360
Min Dong	0	0	0	30	15	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	70	35	35	250	155	90
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	10	35	20	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	200	105	95	1,145	565	580
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	90	50	45
Burmese	0	0	0	10	10	10
Karenic languages	0	0	0	30	10	20
Tibetan	0	0	0	45	30	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	25	40	235	95	145
Lao	50	20	25	80	40	35
Thai	15	0	10	160	55	105
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	100	50	45	465	315	150
Azerbaijani	10	0	0	15	15	0
Turkish	90	45	50	440	295	140
Uyghur	0	0	0	10	10	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	10	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	40	0	30	420	205	220
Estonian	0	0	0	45	10	35
Finnish	0	0	0	75	25	50
Hungarian	40	10	35	295	165	130
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	10	0	10
Multiple responses	251,260	133,360	117,895	144,405	67,215	77,185
English and French	229,525	122,235	107,295	63,665	26,760	36,900
English and non-official language	5,745	3,285	2,460	78,240	39,330	38,910
French and non-official language	5,355	2,480	2,875	175	75	100
English, French and non-official language	10,630	5,360	5,270	2,325	1,055	1,270
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	1,978,240	1,016,915	961,320	7,579,080	3,895,880	3,683,200
None	1,138,970	572,880	566,090	6,975,415	3,605,485	3,369,930
English	560,025	296,475	263,550	109,150	48,930	60,220
French	223,325	118,290	105,040	260,050	118,655	141,395
Non-official language	37,570	19,885	17,685	226,490	119,130	107,360
Aboriginal	150	60	90	5,970	2,480	3,490
Non-Aboriginal	37,420	19,825	17,595	220,520	116,650	103,870
English and French	1,470	690	780	245	100	150
English and non-official language	11,175	5,485	5,690	1,620	780	845
French and non-official language	5,645	3,180	2,470	6,080	2,780	3,300
English, French and non-official language	45	30	15	35	25	10
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	3,403,225	1,664,265	1,738,960	13,106,990	6,403,470	6,703,520
Non-movers	2,974,895	1,452,100	1,522,800	11,475,985	5,603,290	5,872,695
Movers	428,325	212,165	216,160	1,631,005	800,180	830,820
Non-migrants	265,230	131,400	133,830	941,380	460,170	481,210
Migrants	163,090	80,765	82,325	689,625	340,015	349,610
Internal migrants	114,820	56,515	58,300	535,180	263,055	272,120
Intraprovincial migrants	103,915	50,710	53,210	467,890	229,080	238,810
Interprovincial migrants	10,905	5,810	5,095	67,290	33,980	33,315
External migrants	48,270	24,245	24,030	154,445	76,955	77,490
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	3,244,940	1,583,295	1,661,650	12,546,040	6,116,715	6,429,325
Non-movers	1,979,750	960,675	1,019,075	7,887,825	3,845,945	4,041,880
Movers	1,265,195	622,620	642,575	4,658,215	2,270,770	2,387,445
Non-migrants	716,775	352,890	363,890	2,545,875	1,238,055	1,307,820
Migrants	548,415	269,735	278,685	2,112,340	1,032,710	1,079,630
Internal migrants	356,905	173,875	183,025	1,562,375	761,630	800,740
Intraprovincial migrants	330,025	160,425	169,600	1,380,900	672,540	708,360
Interprovincial migrants	26,880	13,455	13,425	181,480	89,090	92,390
External migrants	191,515	95,855	95,660	549,965	271,080	278,885

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

^r

revised. The 2011 count for this area has been revised.

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 40 referrer

Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 41 referrer

Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

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Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Montréal [Population centre], Quebec and Ontario [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 25, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Montréal [Population centre], Quebec and Ontario [Province]

Census Profile, 2016 Census Montréal [Population centre], Quebec and Ontario [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Montréal [Population centre], Quebec and Ontario [Province]