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2011 National Household Survey: Data tables

Tabulation: Visible Minority (15), Age Groups (10), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (315) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey

Data table

Select data categories for this table


This table details visible minority , age groups , sex and selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics for the population in private households in MontréalFootnote 1
Global non-response rate (GNR)Footnote 2 = 19.7 %
Selected demographic, cultural, educational, labour force and income characteristics (315) Sex (3)
Total - Sex Male Female
Total population aged 15 years and over in private households by marital statusFootnote 3 3,120,055 1,512,355 1,607,705
Married or living with a common-law partner 1,717,905 860,955 856,955
Married (and not separated) 1,164,550 582,385 582,165
Living common law 553,355 278,560 274,790
Not married and not living with a common-law partner 1,402,150 651,400 750,750
Single (never legally married) 978,020 518,170 459,855
Separated 53,960 22,240 31,715
Divorced 224,285 82,455 141,825
Widowed 145,890 28,530 117,355
Total - Census family statusFootnote 4 3,752,470 1,835,450 1,917,020
Married spouses 1,139,535 570,505 569,025
Common-law partners 553,355 278,565 274,790
Lone parents 188,430 39,390 149,035
Children in census families 1,126,195 595,375 530,830
Persons not in census familiesFootnote 5 744,960 351,620 393,345
Total - Mobility status 1 year agoFootnote 6 3,708,305 1,812,685 1,895,625
Non-movers 3,238,990 1,581,100 1,657,890
Movers 469,320 231,585 237,730
Non-migrants 272,190 134,605 137,585
Migrants 197,130 96,980 100,145
Internal migrants 150,790 73,905 76,880
Intraprovincial migrants 139,935 68,230 71,705
Interprovincial migrants 10,855 5,675 5,175
External migrants 46,340 23,075 23,265
Total - Mobility status 5 years agoFootnote 7 3,529,300 1,721,460 1,807,840
Non-movers 2,107,035 1,022,655 1,084,375
Movers 1,422,270 698,805 723,460
Non-migrants 756,765 371,520 385,245
Migrants 665,500 327,285 338,215
Internal migrants 475,905 231,745 244,160
Intraprovincial migrants 442,530 215,190 227,340
Interprovincial migrants 33,375 16,555 16,820
External migrants 189,595 95,540 94,060
Total population by mother tongueFootnote 8 3,752,475 1,835,450 1,917,025
English 434,625 215,080 219,545
French 2,371,080 1,154,825 1,216,260
Non-official language 862,615 423,340 439,275
English and French 14,030 6,875 7,155
English and non-official language 23,985 11,785 12,195
French and non-official language 43,435 22,055 21,380
English, French and non-official language 2,700 1,490 1,215
Total population by language spoken most often at homeFootnote 9 3,752,475 1,835,450 1,917,025
English 609,020 300,685 308,335
French 2,497,750 1,220,610 1,277,135
Non-official language 499,875 242,365 257,510
English and French 19,555 9,765 9,785
English and non-official language 40,990 20,055 20,935
French and non-official language 78,440 38,510 39,925
English, French and non-official language 6,845 3,455 3,390
Total population by knowledge of official languagesFootnote 10 3,752,470 1,835,450 1,917,025
English only 272,925 134,465 138,460
French only 1,379,785 618,315 761,475
English and French 2,039,400 1,058,950 980,450
Neither English nor French 60,365 23,725 36,640
Total population aged 15 years and over by language used most often at workFootnote 11 2,156,175 1,111,585 1,044,585
English 401,075 214,440 186,635
French 1,543,440 784,840 758,600
Non-official language 18,390 9,030 9,360
Aboriginal 20 10 10
Non-Aboriginal 18,370 9,020 9,355
English and French 177,215 94,860 82,355
English and non-official language 4,085 2,325 1,760
French and non-official language 3,790 1,765 2,025
English, French and non-official language 8,180 4,330 3,855
Total population by citizenshipFootnote 12 3,752,475 1,835,450 1,917,020
Canadian citizens 3,464,175 1,693,110 1,771,070
Canadian citizens only 3,294,750 1,606,985 1,687,755
Citizens of Canada and at least one other country 169,430 86,120 83,310
Not Canadian citizensFootnote 13 288,295 142,345 145,955
Total population in private households by immigrant status and period of immigrationFootnote 14 3,752,470 1,835,455 1,917,020
Non-immigrantsFootnote 15 2,847,205 1,391,685 1,455,520
ImmigrantsFootnote 16 846,645 413,005 433,640
Before 1971 133,400 65,100 68,300
1971 to 1980 100,720 49,335 51,380
1981 to 1990 117,075 57,150 59,925
1991 to 2000 172,415 83,205 89,210
2001 to 2011Footnote 17 323,040 158,210 164,825
2001 to 2005 133,305 65,180 68,130
2006 to 2011Footnote 18 189,730 93,035 96,695
Non-permanent residentsFootnote 19 58,615 30,760 27,860
Total immigrant population in private households by age at immigrationFootnote 20 846,645 413,005 433,640
Under 5 years 79,325 39,380 39,950
5 to 14 years 133,945 67,065 66,885
15 to 24 years 186,135 85,770 100,365
25 to 44 years 387,290 193,885 193,405
45 years and over 59,945 26,905 33,040
Total population in private households by immigrant status and selected places of birthFootnote 21 3,752,475 1,835,450 1,917,020
Non-immigrantsFootnote 22 2,847,210 1,391,690 1,455,520
Born in province of residence 2,728,125 1,335,370 1,392,760
Born outside province of residence 119,085 56,320 62,765
ImmigrantsFootnote 23 846,645 413,005 433,640
Americas 189,655 86,500 103,150
United States 18,475 9,000 9,480
Jamaica 5,070 1,990 3,080
Guyana 2,560 1,070 1,485
Haiti 65,140 28,485 36,655
Mexico 12,820 6,035 6,785
Trinidad and Tobago 4,310 1,910 2,390
Colombia 12,840 5,855 6,990
El Salvador 8,830 4,570 4,260
Peru 10,555 4,820 5,740
Chile 7,105 3,495 3,605
Other places of birth in Americas 41,950 19,270 22,680
Europe 250,855 123,065 127,790
United KingdomFootnote 24 11,740 5,845 5,895
Italy 55,380 27,690 27,695
Germany 7,120 3,200 3,915
Poland 10,675 4,500 6,175
Portugal 16,200 7,590 8,610
Netherlands 1,635 835 805
France 46,540 24,315 22,225
Romania 23,650 11,465 12,185
Russian Federation 10,060 4,395 5,670
Greece 20,280 10,270 10,005
Ukraine 6,395 2,780 3,615
Croatia 1,325 660 665
Hungary 4,040 1,945 2,100
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,425 700 720
Serbia 1,045 525 520
Ireland, Republic of 810 370 440
Other places of birth in Europe 32,525 15,975 16,550
Africa 157,860 83,425 74,430
Morocco 43,790 22,880 20,905
Algeria 43,545 23,050 20,495
Egypt 16,490 8,550 7,940
South Africa, Republic of 605 300 305
Nigeria 1,055 645 415
Ethiopia 760 360 405
Kenya 655 325 330
Other places of birth in Africa 50,960 27,320 23,640
Asia 247,270 119,495 127,780
India 16,535 8,590 7,950
ChinaFootnote 25 37,980 16,295 21,680
Philippines 21,785 8,220 13,565
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 4,700 2,265 2,435
Viet NamFootnote 26 25,370 12,135 13,230
Pakistan 8,810 4,835 3,975
Sri Lanka 12,150 6,200 5,955
IranFootnote 27 10,890 5,565 5,325
Korea, SouthFootnote 28 3,820 1,725 2,100
Lebanon 35,440 19,240 16,200
Taiwan 2,605 1,215 1,390
Iraq 3,160 1,575 1,580
Bangladesh 7,885 4,025 3,855
Afghanistan 4,915 2,410 2,510
Japan 1,470 375 1,090
Turkey 6,790 3,485 3,310
Other places of birth in Asia 42,965 21,340 21,625
Oceania and otherFootnote 29 1,010 515 490
Fiji 65 0 0
Other places of birthFootnote 30 950 490 455
Non-permanent residentsFootnote 31 58,620 30,760 27,860
Total population in private households by generation statusFootnote 32 3,752,475 1,835,450 1,917,020
First generationFootnote 33 913,715 448,105 465,610
Second generationFootnote 34 566,910 284,570 282,335
Third generation or moreFootnote 35 2,271,845 1,102,770 1,169,075
Total population by selected religionsFootnote 36 3,752,475 1,835,450 1,917,025
Buddhist 47,355 22,260 25,090
Christian 2,790,920 1,327,805 1,463,115
Anglican 34,280 15,605 18,675
Baptist 23,775 10,525 13,240
Catholic 2,380,255 1,133,810 1,246,445
Christian Orthodox 122,110 59,955 62,155
Lutheran 5,200 2,455 2,745
Pentecostal 26,345 11,605 14,740
Presbyterian 8,250 3,695 4,550
United Church 18,385 8,235 10,155
Other Christian 172,325 81,915 90,410
Hindu 32,275 16,420 15,865
Jewish 83,195 40,520 42,680
Muslim 221,040 116,500 104,545
Sikh 9,205 5,075 4,135
Traditional (Aboriginal) Spirituality 205 55 150
Other religions 7,620 3,730 3,885
No religious affiliation 560,650 303,095 257,560
Total population aged 25 to 64 years by highest certificate, diploma or degreeFootnote 37 2,123,420 1,041,920 1,081,505
No certificate, diploma or degree 263,045 135,885 127,160
High school diploma or equivalentFootnote 38 407,055 196,545 210,515
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degreeFootnote 39 1,453,320 709,485 743,830
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diplomaFootnote 40 315,850 179,350 136,500
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma 376,755 171,530 205,225
University certificate or diploma below bachelor levelFootnote 41 131,945 58,440 73,510
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above 628,770 300,165 328,600
Bachelor's degree 389,380 179,160 210,220
University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor levelFootnote 42 239,385 121,010 118,375
Total population aged 15 years and over by major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2011Footnote 43 3,120,055 1,512,355 1,607,705
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degreeFootnote 44 1,293,340 616,590 676,755
Education 115,690 26,265 89,430
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies 97,130 45,380 51,750
Humanities 118,560 45,865 72,700
Social and behavioural sciences and law 201,740 71,080 130,665
Business, management and public administration 436,630 173,960 262,665
Physical and life sciences and technologies 75,860 40,730 35,130
Mathematics, computer and information sciences 88,965 60,920 28,045
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies 357,255 320,020 37,240
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation 19,935 11,590 8,345
Health and related fieldsFootnote 45 209,635 45,355 164,280
Personal, protective and transportation services 105,055 54,525 50,525
Other fields of studyFootnote 46 255 75 175
Total population aged 15 years and over by location of study compared with province or territory of residenceFootnote 47 3,120,055 1,512,355 1,607,700
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree 1,293,340 616,585 676,755
With postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree 1,826,715 895,765 930,945
Location of study inside Canada 1,537,820 745,185 792,635
Same as province or territory of residence 1,485,305 717,475 767,825
Another province or territory 52,520 27,710 24,810
Location of study outside Canada 288,895 150,585 138,310
Total population aged 15 years and over by labour force statusFootnote 48 3,120,060 1,512,355 1,607,705
In the labour force 2,056,135 1,064,780 991,360
Employed 1,897,610 978,670 918,940
Unemployed 158,525 86,110 72,415
Not in the labour force 1,063,920 447,575 616,345
Participation rate 65.9 70.4 61.7
Employment rate 60.8 64.7 57.2
Unemployment rate 7.7 8.1 7.3
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of workerFootnote 49 2,056,135 1,064,780 991,360
Class of worker - not applicableFootnote 50 61,420 31,700 29,715
All classes of workerFootnote 51 1,994,715 1,033,080 961,640
Employee 1,784,540 899,010 885,530
Self-employedFootnote 52 210,175 134,065 76,110
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2011Footnote 53 2,056,135 1,064,780 991,360
Occupation - not applicableFootnote 54 61,415 31,695 29,720
All occupationsFootnote 55 1,994,715 1,033,080 961,640
0 Management occupations 216,750 136,400 80,355
1 Business, finance and administration occupations 364,530 119,315 245,210
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations 161,375 125,290 36,085
3 Health occupations 127,455 27,575 99,885
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services 234,615 73,065 161,550
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport 77,420 37,215 40,205
6 Sales and service occupations 485,335 231,870 253,470
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations 229,590 215,330 14,260
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations 12,200 10,050 2,145
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities 85,435 56,970 28,465
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2007Footnote 56 2,056,135 1,064,780 991,355
Industry - not applicableFootnote 57 61,415 31,700 29,715
All industriesFootnote 58 1,994,715 1,033,080 961,640
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 8,905 5,825 3,075
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 2,405 1,755 650
22 Utilities 16,510 10,840 5,670
23 Construction 99,550 86,305 13,245
31-33 Manufacturing 213,660 147,145 66,515
41 Wholesale trade 105,935 66,305 39,630
44-45 Retail trade 242,920 116,220 126,700
48-49 Transportation and warehousing 97,585 72,305 25,275
51 Information and cultural industries 70,020 40,410 29,615
52 Finance and insurance 94,380 37,300 57,075
53 Real estate and rental and leasing 36,625 21,365 15,255
54 Professional, scientific and technical services 178,740 102,515 76,220
55 Management of companies and enterprises 2,280 1,240 1,040
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services 86,545 50,320 36,230
61 Educational services 153,025 51,430 101,595
62 Health care and social assistance 232,200 47,930 184,270
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation 42,120 22,130 19,995
72 Accommodation and food services 121,235 61,765 59,470
81 Other services (except public administration) 87,870 38,840 49,030
91 Public administration 102,195 51,130 51,070
Population aged 15 years and over who worked full year, full time and with employment income in 2010Footnote 59 1,037,725 569,820 467,910
Median employment income in 2010 $ 44,052 48,539 39,777
Average employment income in 2010 $ 53,817 60,303 45,918
Total income in 2010 of population aged 15 years and overFootnote 60 3,120,060 1,512,355 1,607,705
Without income 157,935 69,645 88,285
With income 2,962,125 1,442,710 1,519,415
Under $5,000Footnote 61 276,665 141,905 134,755
$5,000 to $9,999 241,025 94,895 146,125
$10,000 to $14,999 307,695 120,850 186,840
$15,000 to $19,999 294,295 118,305 175,985
$20,000 to $29,999 426,915 189,800 237,105
$30,000 to $39,999 387,035 184,720 202,315
$40,000 to $49,999 300,675 148,045 152,630
$50,000 to $59,999 215,460 116,840 98,620
$60,000 to $79,999 259,110 152,075 107,035
$80,000 to $99,999 112,480 73,355 39,125
$100,000 and over 140,785 101,910 38,870
$100,000 to $124,999 62,900 43,980 18,915
$125,000 and over 77,880 57,930 19,955
Median income $Footnote 62 28,306 32,887 24,361
Average income $Footnote 63 38,281 44,800 32,090
After-tax income in 2010 of population 15 years and overFootnote 64 3,120,055 1,512,355 1,607,700
Without after-tax income 157,870 69,720 88,150
With after-tax income 2,962,185 1,442,640 1,519,550
Under $5,000Footnote 65 284,255 143,630 140,625
$5,000 to $9,999 246,615 95,615 150,995
$10,000 to $14,999 313,025 124,065 188,960
$15,000 to $19,999 324,965 133,930 191,035
$20,000 to $29,999 527,470 242,165 285,305
$30,000 to $39,999 464,565 228,630 235,930
$40,000 to $49,999 320,550 169,770 150,780
$50,000 to $59,999 197,115 112,940 84,180
$60,000 to $79,999 167,690 107,340 60,355
$80,000 to $99,999 55,580 39,075 16,500
$100,000 and over 60,360 45,475 14,880
Median after-tax income $Footnote 66 25,806 29,284 22,746
Average after-tax income $Footnote 67 31,454 35,841 27,290
Composition of total income in 2010 of population 15 years and over %Footnote 68 100.0 100.0 100.0
Market income %Footnote 69 86.6 90.7 81.3
Employment income %Footnote 70 73.7 76.9 69.4
Wages and salaries %Footnote 71 68.4 70.9 65.1
Self-employment income %Footnote 72 5.3 6.0 4.2
Investment income %Footnote 73 4.6 5.0 4.0
Retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities %Footnote 74 6.6 7.0 6.1
Other money income %Footnote 75 1.8 1.8 1.7
Government transfer payments %Footnote 76 13.4 9.3 18.7
Canada/Quebec Pension Plan benefits %Footnote 77 3.4 2.9 4.0
Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplement %Footnote 78 3.3 2.3 4.6
Employment Insurance benefits %Footnote 79 2.0 1.6 2.5
Child benefits %Footnote 80 2.2 0.2 4.8
Other income from government sources %Footnote 81 2.5 2.3 2.8
Income taxes paid as a % of total incomeFootnote 82 17.8 20.0 15.0
After-tax income as a % of total incomeFootnote 83 82.2 80.0 85.0
Net capital gains or losses as a % of total incomeFootnote 84 1.8 2.2 1.4
Total population by income status in 2010 based on after-tax low-income measureFootnote 85 3,752,470 1,835,450 1,917,025
Population for the income status based on after-tax low-income measure 3,752,470 1,835,450 1,917,020
Low-income population 672,520 312,780 359,745
Prevalence of low income % 17.9 17.0 18.8
Other population 3,079,950 1,522,675 1,557,280
Concept not applicableFootnote 86 0 0 0

Symbol(s)

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not available for a specific reference period

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not applicable

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suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

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too unreliable to be published

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Footnote(s)

Footnote 1

Excludes National Household Survey data for one or more incompletely enumerated Indian reserves or Indian settlements.

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Footnote 2

For the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) estimates, the global non-response rate (GNR) is used as an indicator of data quality. This indicator combines complete non-response (household) and partial non-response (question) into a single rate. The value of the GNR is presented to users. A smaller GNR indicates a lower risk of non-response bias and as a result, lower risk of inaccuracy. The threshold used for estimates' suppression is a GNR of 50% or more. For more information, please refer to the National Household Survey User Guide, 2011.

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Footnote 3

Marital status
Refers to the marital status of the person, taking into account his/her common-law status. Persons who are married or living common law may be of opposite sex or of the same sex. The classification is as follows:
Married (and not separated): A person who is married and has not separated or obtained a divorce, and whose spouse is living.

Common-law: A person who is living with another person as a couple but who is not legally married to that person.

Separated: A person who is married but who no longer lives with his/her spouse (for any reason other than illness, work or school) and who has not obtained a divorce. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Divorced: A person who has obtained a legal divorce and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Widowed: A person who has lost his/her spouse through death and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Single (never legally married): A person who has never married or a person whose marriage has been annulled and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

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Footnote 4

Classification of persons according to whether or not they are members of a census family and the status they have in the census family (a census family is composed of a married couple or two persons living common law, with or without children, or of a lone parent living with at least one child in the same dwelling). A person can be a married spouse, a common-law partner, a lone parent, a child or a person not in a census family.

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Footnote 5

Persons not in census families may live with relatives (without forming a census family with them), they may live with non-relatives only or they may live alone.

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Footnote 6

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2011, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 7

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2011, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 8

Refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual on May 10, 2011.

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Footnote 9

Refers to the language spoken most often at home by the individual on May 10, 2011.

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Footnote 10

Refers to the ability to conduct a conversation in English only, in French only, in both English and French, or in neither English nor French.

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Footnote 11

Population by language used most often at work.

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2011 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2010.

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Footnote 12

Citizenship refers to the legal citizenship status of a person. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship.

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Footnote 13

Includes persons who are stateless.

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Footnote 14

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained his or her landed immigrant/permanent resident status. A landed immigrant/permanent resident refers to a person who has been granted the right to live permanently in Canada by immigration authorities.

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Footnote 15

Non-immigrant refers to a person who is a Canadian citizen by birth.

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Footnote 16

Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. Some immigrants are Canadian citizens, while others are not. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number are born in Canada. In the 2011 National Household Survey, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

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Footnote 17

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

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Footnote 18

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

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Footnote 19

Non-permanent resident refers to a person from another country who has a work or study permit, or who is a refugee claimant, and any non-Canadian-born family member living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 20

Age at immigration refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant/permanent resident status. Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live permanently in Canada by immigration authorities.

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Footnote 21

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by immigrants at the Canada level.

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Footnote 22

Non-immigrant refers to a person who is a Canadian citizen by birth.

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Footnote 23

Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. Some immigrants are Canadian citizens, while others are not. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number are born in Canada. In the 2011 National Household Survey, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

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Footnote 24

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 25

China excludes Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region.

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Footnote 26

The official name of Viet Nam is Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.

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Footnote 27

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 28

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 29

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 30

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 31

Non-permanent resident refers to a person from another country who has a work or study permit, or who is a refugee claimant, and any non-Canadian-born family member living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 32

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada. It identifies persons as being first generation, second generation or third generation or more.

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Footnote 33

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or have ever been, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 34

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 35

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 36

Religion refers to the person's self-identification as having a connection or affiliation with any religious denomination, group, body, sect, cult or other religiously defined community or system of belief. Religion is not limited to formal membership in a religious organization or group. Persons without a religious connection or affiliation can self-identify as atheist, agnostic or humanist, or can provide another applicable response.

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Footnote 37

'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' refers to the highest certificate, diploma or degree completed based on a hierarchy which is generally related to the amount of time spent 'in-class.' For postsecondary completers, a university education is considered to be a higher level of schooling than a college education, while a college education is considered to be a higher level of education than in the trades. Although some trades requirements may take as long or longer to complete than a given college or university program, the majority of time is spent in on-the-job paid training and less time is spent in the classroom.

For further definitions, refer to the National Household Survey Dictionary, Catalogue no. 99-000-X. For any comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

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Footnote 38

'High school diploma or equivalent' includes persons who have graduated from a secondary school or equivalent. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 39

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificates or diplomas,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificates or diplomas' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 40

'Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma' includes Registered Apprenticeship certificates (including Certificate of Qualification, Journeyperson's designation) and other trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres, and similar institutions.

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Footnote 41

Comparisons with other data sources suggest that the category 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor's level' was over-reported in the NHS. This category likely includes some responses that are actually college certificates or diplomas, bachelor's degrees or other types of education (e.g., university transfer programs, bachelor's programs completed in other countries, incomplete bachelor's programs, non-university professional designations). We recommend users interpret the results for the 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor's level' category with caution.

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Footnote 42

'University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level' includes the categories 'University certificate or diploma above bachelor level,' 'Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry,' 'Master's degree' and 'Earned doctorate.'

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Footnote 43

'Major field of study' is defined as the main discipline or subject of learning. It is collected for the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school or secondary school level and classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2011. This variable shows the 'primary groupings,' a CIP variant.



For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2011, Catalogue no. 12-590-X available from: www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/classification-eng.htm.



For any comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

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Footnote 44

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed a registered apprenticeship certificate (including Certificate of Qualification, Journeyperson's designation) or other trades certificate or diploma, a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma, or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 45

Called 'Health, parks, recreation and fitness' in CIP Canada 2000.

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Footnote 46

Includes 'Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other.'

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Footnote 47

'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence' indicates whether the 'Location of study' is the same as the province or territory of residence in 2011, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. 'Location of study' refers to the province, territory or country of the institution where the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school level was completed.



Users should be aware that some respondents may have reported the physical location of study rather than the location of the certificate, diploma or degree-granting institution. This could affect the responses of those who obtained a certificate, diploma or degree through a joint program or by distance learning with credentials granted in another province or country. In particular, a number of persons reported a location of study for a university credential in one of the territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), even though there were no educational institutions in the territories with the authority to grant university degrees.



For any other comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable or 'Location of study,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

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Footnote 48

Refers to whether a person was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011.

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In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 49

Refers to whether an employed person is an employee or is self-employed. The self-employed include persons with or without a business, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 50

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

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Footnote 51

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

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Footnote 52

Includes self-employed with an incorporated business and self-employed with an unincorporated business. Also included among the self-employed are unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 53

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The 2011 National Household Survey occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2011.

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Footnote 54

Unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

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Footnote 55

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

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Footnote 56

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The 2011 National Household Survey industry data are produced according to the NAICS 2007.

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Footnote 57

Unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

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Footnote 58

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

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Footnote 59

Earnings or employment income - Refers to total income received by persons 15 years of age and over during calendar year 2010 as wages and salaries, net income from a non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice, and/or net farm self-employment income.

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2010. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.


Net non-farm income from unincorporated business or professional practice - Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents and depreciation) received during calendar year 2010 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share was reported. Also included is net income from persons babysitting in their own homes, persons providing room and board to non-relatives, self-employed fishers, hunters and trappers, operators of direct distributorships such as those selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as freelance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc.

Net farm income - Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 2010 from the operation of a farm, either on the respondent's own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was reported. Included with gross receipts are cash advances received in 2010, dividends from cooperatives, rebates and farm-support payments to farmers from federal, provincial and regional agricultural programs (for example, milk subsidies and marketing board payments) and gross insurance proceeds such as payments from the AgriInvest and AgriStability programs. The value of income 'in kind,' such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm, is excluded.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution, ranked by size of income, into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the unrounded number of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) with income in that group.

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

The above concept and procedures also apply in the calculation of these statistics for earnings.

Work activity in 2010 - Refers to the number of weeks in which a person worked for pay or in self-employment in 2010 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

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Footnote 60

Total income - Total income refers to monetary receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during calendar year 2010. It includes employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities); income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, employment insurance, old age security pension, Canada or Quebec pension plan benefits and disability income; income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and RRIFs; income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, GICs and mutual funds; and other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. It excludes one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump sum insurance settlements, capital gains and RRSP withdrawals. Capital gains are excluded because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are less likely to be fully spent in the period in which they are received, unlike income that is regular and recurring. Also excluded are employer's contributions to registered pension plans, Canada and Quebec pension plans, and employment insurance. Finally, voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter, and goods produced for own consumption are excluded from this total income definition.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the individuals with income in that group (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years).

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

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Footnote 61

Including loss.

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Footnote 62

For population with income.

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Footnote 63

For population with income.

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Footnote 64

After-tax income - Refers to total income from all sources minus federal, provincial and territorial income taxes paid for 2010.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the individuals with income in that group (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years).

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

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Footnote 65

Including loss.

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Footnote 66

For population with after-tax income.

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Footnote 67

For population with after-tax income.

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Footnote 68

Composition of income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

Total income - Total of income from all sources, including employment income, income from government programs, pension income, investment income and any other money income.

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

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Footnote 69

Market income - Refers to the sum of employment income (wages and salaries, net farm income and net income from non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities (including those from RRSPs and RRIFs) and other money income. It is equivalent to total income before tax minus all government transfers and is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

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Footnote 70

Earnings or employment income - Total wages and salaries and net income from self-employment.

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Footnote 71

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2010. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.

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Footnote 72

Self-employment net income - Refers to the total amount received by persons aged 15 years and over during calendar year 2010 as net farm income from self-employment, or net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice.

Net farm income - Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 2010 from the operation of a farm, either on the respondent's own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was reported. Included with gross receipts are cash advances received in 2010, dividends from cooperatives, rebates and farm-support payments to farmers from federal, provincial and regional agricultural programs (for example, milk subsidies and marketing board payments) and gross insurance proceeds such as payments from the AgriInvest and AgriStability programs. The value of income 'in kind,' such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm, is excluded.

Net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice - Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents and depreciation) received during calendar year 2010 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share was reported. Also included is net income from persons babysitting in their own homes, persons providing room and board to non-relatives, self-employed fishers, hunters and trappers, operators of direct distributorships such as those selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as freelance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc.

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Footnote 73

Investment income - Refers to interest received during calendar year 2010 from deposits in banks, trust companies, cooperatives, credit unions, caisses populaires, etc., as well as interest on savings certificates, bonds and debentures, and all dividends from both Canadian and foreign corporate stocks and mutual funds. Also included is other investment income from either Canadian or foreign sources, such as net rents from real estate, mortgage and loan interest received, regular income from an estate or trust fund, and interest from insurance policies. Does not include capital gains or losses.

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Footnote 74

Retirement pensions - Refers to all regular income received by the respondent during calendar year 2010 as the result of having been a member of a pension plan of one or more employers. It includes payments received from all annuities, including payments from a Registered Retirement Income Fund (RRIF), a matured Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) in the form of a life annuity, a fixed-term annuity, or an income-averaging annuity contract; pensions paid to widow(er)s or other relatives of deceased pensioners; pensions of retired civil servants, Armed Forces personnel and Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers; annuity payments received from the Canadian Government Annuities Fund, an insurance company, etc. Does not include lump-sum death benefits, lump-sum benefits or withdrawals from a pension plan or RRSP, or refunds of over-contributions.

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Footnote 75

Other money income - Refers to regular cash income received during calendar year 2010 and not reported in any of the other sources listed on the questionnaire. For example, severance pay and retirement allowances, alimony, child support, periodic support from other persons not in the household, income from abroad (excluding dividends and interest), non refundable scholarships, bursaries, fellowships and study grants, and artists' project grants are included.

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Footnote 76

Government transfer payments - Refers to all cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during 2010. This variable is derived by summing the amounts reported in:

- the Old Age Security pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance and Allowance for the Survivor
- benefits from Canada Pension Plan or Quebec Pension Plan
- benefits from Employment Insurance
- child benefits
- other income from government sources.

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Footnote 77

Benefits from Canada or Quebec pension plan - Refers to benefits received during calendar year 2010 from the Canada or Quebec Pension Plan (For example, retirement pensions, survivors' benefits and disability pensions). Does not include lump-sum death benefits.

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Footnote 78

Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplement - Refers to Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplements paid to persons aged 65 years and over, and to the Allowance or Allowance for the survivor paid to 60- to 64-year-old spouses of old age security recipients or widow(er)s by the federal government during the calendar year 2010.

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Footnote 79

Benefits from employment insurance - Refers to total Employment Insurance benefits received during calendar year 2010, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, work sharing, retraining and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal Employment Insurance Program or the Quebec Parental Insurance Program.

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Footnote 80

Child benefits - Refers to payments received under the Canada Child Tax Benefit program during calendar year 2010 by parents with dependent children under 18 years of age. Included with the Canada Child Tax Benefit is the National Child Benefit Supplement (NCBS) for low-income families with children. The NCBS is the federal contribution to the National Child Benefit (NCB), a joint initiative of federal, provincial and territorial governments. Also included in this variable are child benefits, child disability benefits and earned income supplements provided by certain provinces and territories and the Universal Child Care Benefit (UCCB).

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Footnote 81

Other income from government sources - Refers to all transfer payments, excluding those covered as a separate income source (Canada Pension Plan or Quebec Pension Plan benefits, Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplements, Employment Insurance benefits and child benefits) received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal programs during 2010.

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Footnote 82

Income tax paid - Refers to all federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid on 2010 income. Federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid refer to taxes on income, after taking into account exemptions, deductions, non-refundable tax credits and the Quebec abatement. These taxes are obtained from the income tax files for persons who allowed access to their income tax data and from direct responses on the questionnaire for others.

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Footnote 83

After-tax income - Refers to total income from all sources minus federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid for 2010.

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Footnote 84

Net capital gains or losses -
Refers to the net gains received or losses incurred during calendar year 2010 from the sale of capital property. This represents the proceeds of disposition minus the adjusted cost base of the property and outlays and expenses incurred to sell the property. Capital property includes depreciable property and any property which, if sold, would result in a capital gain or loss (for example, cottages, buildings and securities such as mutual funds).

Non-taxable capital gains or losses on the sale of a principal residence are excluded.

Net capital gains or losses are not included in the definition of Total income as published in standard products.

Net capital gains or losses are not included in the concept of total income but are expressed here as a percentage to obtain a relative measure of size.

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Footnote 85

Low income can be measured in several different ways in household surveys. For the standard products of the National Household Survey, the line chosen is a relative measure: the after-tax low-income measure (LIM-AT).

For this measure, the income used is after-tax income of households. There are no regional variations to account for prices or cost of living differences: all applicable households in Canada face the same line adjusted for household size. This line is set at half the median of adjusted household after-tax income. To account for potential economies of scale, the income of households with more than one member is divided by the square root of the size of the household.

All household members are considered to share the household income and are attributed the same income status.

Note: Low-income estimates in the 2011 National Household Survey

For the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS), low-income statistics are presented based on the after-tax low-income measure (LIM-AT). This measure is not related to the low-income cut-offs (LICO) presented in the 2006 Census and prevalence rates are conceptually not comparable. Because of the sensitivity of certain income indicators to differences in methodology and response patterns, direct comparisons to establish trends with low-income estimates from other household surveys, administrative programs or the 2006 Census are discouraged. The prevalence rates observed in the NHS at the national level are generally 1 to 2 percentage points higher than seen for similar concepts in other programs. However, analysis of the NHS data suggests that it is valid to compare low-income data for different sub-populations within the NHS (i.e., for different geographic areas or demographic groups). For more information, refer to the Income Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-014-X2011006.

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Footnote 86

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting or fishing) could have made the interpretation of low-income rates more difficult.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2011 National Household Survey, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 99-010-X2011038.

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