Tabulation: Visible Minority (15), Age Groups (10), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (315) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey

• Visible minority (15): Total - Population by visible minority
• Age groups (10): Total - Age groups

This table details visible minority , age groups , sex and selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics for the population in private households in Cornwall
Global non-response rate (GNR)^{Footnote 1} = 29.5 %

Selected demographic, cultural, educational, labour force and income characteristics (315)	Sex (3)
	Total - Sex	Male	Female
Total population aged 15 years and over in private households by marital status^Footnote 2	48,200	23,045	25,150
Married or living with a common-law partner	28,285	14,145	14,135
Married (and not separated)	22,890	11,435	11,455
Living common law	5,390	2,710	2,685
Not married and not living with a common-law partner	19,915	8,900	11,010
Single (never legally married)	11,755	6,115	5,650
Separated	1,750	835	915
Divorced	3,130	1,360	1,770
Widowed	3,275	595	2,680
Total - Census family status^Footnote 3	57,420	27,750	29,670
Married spouses	22,580	11,285	11,295
Common-law partners	5,395	2,710	2,680
Lone parents	3,065	635	2,435
Children in census families	16,200	8,485	7,715
Persons not in census families^Footnote 4	10,175	4,635	5,545
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago^Footnote 5	56,795	27,405	29,385
Non-movers	50,000	24,225	25,780
Movers	6,795	3,190	3,610
Non-migrants	4,345	2,030	2,315
Migrants	2,450	1,155	1,295
Internal migrants	2,355	1,095	1,255
Intraprovincial migrants	1,770	820	950
Interprovincial migrants	585	280	310
External migrants	90	55	35
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago^Footnote 6	54,375	26,340	28,035
Non-movers	34,005	16,600	17,410
Movers	20,365	9,745	10,625
Non-migrants	13,020	6,090	6,935
Migrants	7,340	3,650	3,690
Internal migrants	6,840	3,370	3,470
Intraprovincial migrants	5,240	2,560	2,680
Interprovincial migrants	1,595	810	785
External migrants	500	285	220
Total population by mother tongue^Footnote 7	57,420	27,745	29,670
English	41,235	20,025	21,215
French	11,965	5,620	6,340
Non-official language	3,470	1,785	1,685
English and French	545	190	350
English and non-official language	175	120	60
French and non-official language	35	10	25
English, French and non-official language	0	0	0
Total population by language spoken most often at home^Footnote 8	57,415	27,745	29,670
English	49,010	23,905	25,105
French	5,825	2,635	3,190
Non-official language	1,735	845	885
English and French	485	165	330
English and non-official language	360	200	160
French and non-official language	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language	0	0	0
Total population by knowledge of official languages^Footnote 9	57,420	27,750	29,670
English only	33,980	16,800	17,180
French only	485	170	310
English and French	22,800	10,730	12,070
Neither English nor French	150	45	100
Total population aged 15 years and over by language used most often at work^Footnote 10	29,465	14,990	14,475
English	26,725	13,775	12,950
French	1,275	505	775
Non-official language	20	15	0
Aboriginal	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal	20	10	0
English and French	1,420	690	735
English and non-official language	20	0	10
French and non-official language	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language	0	0	0
Total population by citizenship^Footnote 11	57,420	27,750	29,670
Canadian citizens	56,305	27,305	29,000
Canadian citizens only	55,560	26,915	28,650
Citizens of Canada and at least one other country	745	390	355
Not Canadian citizens^Footnote 12	1,115	440	670
Total population in private households by immigrant status and period of immigration^Footnote 13	57,420	27,745	29,670
Non-immigrants^Footnote 14	52,580	25,395	27,180
Immigrants^Footnote 15	4,745	2,310	2,430
Before 1971	1,615	800	815
1971 to 1980	675	375	295
1981 to 1990	375	175	205
1991 to 2000	1,015	435	580
2001 to 2011^Footnote 16	1,065	520	545
2001 to 2005	480	205	280
2006 to 2011^Footnote 17	585	325	265
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 18	95	40	55
Total immigrant population in private households by age at immigration^Footnote 19	4,745	2,310	2,430
Under 5 years	585	280	305
5 to 14 years	1,115	560	555
15 to 24 years	1,090	495	600
25 to 44 years	1,720	885	830
45 years and over	235	85	145
Total population in private households by immigrant status and selected places of birth^Footnote 20	57,420	27,745	29,670
Non-immigrants^Footnote 21	52,580	25,395	27,185
Born in province of residence	44,745	21,680	23,065
Born outside province of residence	7,835	3,715	4,115
Immigrants^Footnote 22	4,740	2,315	2,430
Americas	795	305	495
United States	570	170	390
Jamaica	0	0	0
Guyana	0	0	0
Haiti	50	40	0
Mexico	0	0	0
Trinidad and Tobago	20	0	0
Colombia	0	0	0
El Salvador	0	0	0
Peru	0	0	0
Chile	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	110	55	55
Europe	2,200	1,145	1,055
United Kingdom^Footnote 23	1,165	550	615
Italy	195	125	60
Germany	150	80	75
Poland	70	35	30
Portugal	0	0	0
Netherlands	175	100	70
France	15	0	0
Romania	55	35	0
Russian Federation	0	0	0
Greece	105	85	25
Ukraine	25	0	0
Croatia	0	0	0
Hungary	30	0	25
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Serbia	0	0	0
Ireland, Republic of	40	30	0
Other places of birth in Europe	145	75	75
Africa	100	40	65
Morocco	0	0	0
Algeria	0	0	0
Egypt	25	10	0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Nigeria	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Kenya	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	40	0	30
Asia	1,620	810	810
India	170	90	80
China^Footnote 24	105	40	65
Philippines	45	0	25
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region	0	0	0
Viet Nam^Footnote 25	70	30	40
Pakistan	435	205	230
Sri Lanka	480	260	215
Iran^Footnote 26	25	0	0
Korea, South^Footnote 27	0	0	0
Lebanon	0	0	0
Taiwan	25	0	0
Iraq	65	0	40
Bangladesh	10	0	0
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Japan	20	0	0
Turkey	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Asia	120	70	50
Oceania and other^Footnote 28	20	20	0
Fiji	0	0	0
Other places of birth^Footnote 29	25	15	0
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 30	90	40	55
Total population in private households by generation status^Footnote 31	57,420	27,745	29,670
First generation^Footnote 32	4,885	2,385	2,500
Second generation^Footnote 33	6,175	3,050	3,125
Third generation or more^Footnote 34	46,360	22,310	24,045
Total population by selected religions^Footnote 35	57,420	27,745	29,670
Buddhist	150	70	80
Christian	48,025	22,740	25,280
Anglican	3,225	1,625	1,595
Baptist	640	260	380
Catholic	33,935	16,175	17,760
Christian Orthodox	275	175	100
Lutheran	400	180	220
Pentecostal	805	425	375
Presbyterian	2,215	1,090	1,120
United Church	3,300	1,345	1,950
Other Christian	3,245	1,465	1,780
Hindu	695	360	330
Jewish	50	35	0
Muslim	1,100	560	545
Sikh	0	0	0
Traditional (Aboriginal) Spirituality	90	40	50
Other religions	215	65	150
No religious affiliation	7,090	3,870	3,220
Total population aged 25 to 64 years by highest certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 36	30,755	14,715	16,040
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,210	2,685	2,525
High school diploma or equivalent^Footnote 37	9,685	4,735	4,955
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 38	15,865	7,295	8,565
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma^Footnote 39	3,420	2,130	1,295
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	8,420	3,275	5,145
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level^Footnote 40	660	320	345
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	3,360	1,580	1,780
Bachelor's degree	2,145	1,005	1,140
University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level^Footnote 41	1,215	575	640
Total population aged 15 years and over by major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2011^Footnote 42	48,200	23,045	25,150
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 43	27,025	13,035	13,985
Education	1,955	565	1,385
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	385	190	200
Humanities	845	415	425
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,700	510	1,195
Business, management and public administration	4,395	1,455	2,945
Physical and life sciences and technologies	475	270	205
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	595	290	300
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	4,770	4,395	375
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	365	285	80
Health and related fields^Footnote 44	3,860	605	3,250
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,835	1,025	805
Other fields of study^Footnote 45	0	0	0
Total population aged 15 years and over by location of study compared with province or territory of residence^Footnote 46	48,200	23,045	25,150
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	27,020	13,035	13,985
With postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	21,175	10,010	11,165
Location of study inside Canada	19,635	9,150	10,485
Same as province or territory of residence	17,560	8,205	9,355
Another province or territory	2,075	950	1,125
Location of study outside Canada	1,540	860	680
Total population aged 15 years and over by labour force status^Footnote 47	48,195	23,045	25,150
In the labour force	27,630	14,225	13,405
Employed	24,885	12,625	12,265
Unemployed	2,745	1,605	1,140
Not in the labour force	20,565	8,815	11,745
Participation rate	57.3	61.7	53.3
Employment rate	51.6	54.8	48.8
Unemployment rate	9.9	11.3	8.5
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker^Footnote 48	27,635	14,230	13,405
Class of worker - not applicable^Footnote 49	840	430	405
All classes of worker^Footnote 50	26,795	13,795	13,005
Employee	24,790	12,630	12,165
Self-employed^Footnote 51	2,005	1,165	840
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2011^Footnote 52	27,635	14,230	13,405
Occupation - not applicable^Footnote 53	835	435	405
All occupations^Footnote 54	26,795	13,795	13,005
0 Management occupations	2,010	1,240	775
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	3,500	1,180	2,315
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	915	760	155
3 Health occupations	1,890	375	1,515
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	3,250	1,070	2,180
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	285	135	150
6 Sales and service occupations	7,765	3,170	4,595
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	4,455	3,985	470
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	435	315	120
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,285	1,565	720
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2007^Footnote 55	27,635	14,230	13,405
Industry - not applicable^Footnote 56	835	430	405
All industries^Footnote 57	26,800	13,795	13,005
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	195	160	40
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	35	30	0
22 Utilities	140	110	0
23 Construction	1,640	1,500	135
31-33 Manufacturing	3,420	2,315	1,110
41 Wholesale trade	905	685	220
44-45 Retail trade	3,380	1,605	1,775
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	1,880	1,510	370
51 Information and cultural industries	390	215	170
52 Finance and insurance	645	165	485
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	460	285	170
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	785	390	395
55 Management of companies and enterprises	45	20	0
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,115	1,085	1,025
61 Educational services	1,730	540	1,190
62 Health care and social assistance	3,525	605	2,925
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	395	240	155
72 Accommodation and food services	1,925	685	1,240
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,230	580	655
91 Public administration	1,955	1,075	885
Population aged 15 years and over who worked full year, full time and with employment income in 2010^Footnote 58	14,760	8,320	6,440
Median employment income in 2010 $	39,352	43,005	35,978
Average employment income in 2010 $	44,740	48,104	40,393
Total income in 2010 of population aged 15 years and over^Footnote 59	48,200	23,045	25,150
Without income	2,285	990	1,295
With income	45,910	22,055	23,855
Under $5,000^Footnote 60	3,780	1,785	1,995
$5,000 to $9,999	3,815	1,220	2,600
$10,000 to $14,999	4,910	1,715	3,195
$15,000 to $19,999	4,775	1,790	2,985
$20,000 to $29,999	8,805	4,165	4,645
$30,000 to $39,999	6,950	3,485	3,465
$40,000 to $49,999	4,570	2,505	2,070
$50,000 to $59,999	2,900	1,865	1,035
$60,000 to $79,999	3,080	2,040	1,040
$80,000 to $99,999	1,445	870	575
$100,000 and over	875	620	255
$100,000 to $124,999	485	325	160
$125,000 and over	390	295	95
Median income $^Footnote 61	25,777	31,015	21,997
Average income $^Footnote 62	32,070	36,917	27,588
After-tax income in 2010 of population 15 years and over^Footnote 63	48,195	23,050	25,150
Without after-tax income	2,285	995	1,295
With after-tax income	45,910	22,055	23,855
Under $5,000^Footnote 64	3,965	1,800	2,165
$5,000 to $9,999	3,940	1,290	2,650
$10,000 to $14,999	4,935	1,760	3,175
$15,000 to $19,999	5,205	1,995	3,210
$20,000 to $29,999	10,070	4,895	5,180
$30,000 to $39,999	7,375	3,820	3,550
$40,000 to $49,999	4,720	2,745	1,975
$50,000 to $59,999	2,480	1,680	800
$60,000 to $79,999	2,290	1,405	885
$80,000 to $99,999	615	430	180
$100,000 and over	315	230	85
Median after-tax income $^Footnote 65	24,303	28,219	21,024
Average after-tax income $^Footnote 66	28,271	32,082	24,747
Composition of total income in 2010 of population 15 years and over %^Footnote 67	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income %^Footnote 68	78.4	82.2	73.7
Employment income %^Footnote 69	63.3	66.3	59.6
Wages and salaries %^Footnote 70	60.9	63.2	58.0
Self-employment income %^Footnote 71	2.4	3.1	1.6
Investment income %^Footnote 72	2.6	2.5	2.8
Retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities %^Footnote 73	11.2	12.2	9.9
Other money income %^Footnote 74	1.3	1.3	1.4
Government transfer payments %^Footnote 75	21.6	17.8	26.3
Canada/Quebec Pension Plan benefits %^Footnote 76	6.1	6.0	6.1
Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplement %^Footnote 77	5.2	4.0	6.6
Employment Insurance benefits %^Footnote 78	1.9	1.8	2.1
Child benefits %^Footnote 79	2.1	0.2	4.4
Other income from government sources %^Footnote 80	6.4	5.8	7.0
Income taxes paid as a % of total income^Footnote 81	11.8	13.1	10.3
After-tax income as a % of total income^Footnote 82	88.2	86.9	89.7
Net capital gains or losses as a % of total income^Footnote 83	1.6	2.3	0.7
Total population by income status in 2010 based on after-tax low-income measure^Footnote 84	57,415	27,745	29,670
Population for the income status based on after-tax low-income measure	57,420	27,750	29,670
Low-income population	11,285	4,960	6,320
Prevalence of low income %	19.7	17.9	21.3
Other population	46,135	22,785	23,350
Concept not applicable^Footnote 85	0	0	0

Symbol(s)

Symbol ..

not available for a specific reference period

Symbol ...

not applicable

Symbol x

suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Symbol F

too unreliable to be published

Footnote(s)

Footnote 1

For the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) estimates, the global non-response rate (GNR) is used as an indicator of data quality. This indicator combines complete non-response (household) and partial non-response (question) into a single rate. The value of the GNR is presented to users. A smaller GNR indicates a lower risk of non-response bias and as a result, lower risk of inaccuracy. The threshold used for estimates' suppression is a GNR of 50% or more. For more information, please refer to the National Household Survey User Guide, 2011.

Footnote 2

Marital status
Refers to the marital status of the person, taking into account his/her common-law status. Persons who are married or living common law may be of opposite sex or of the same sex. The classification is as follows:
Married (and not separated): A person who is married and has not separated or obtained a divorce, and whose spouse is living.

Common-law: A person who is living with another person as a couple but who is not legally married to that person.

Separated: A person who is married but who no longer lives with his/her spouse (for any reason other than illness, work or school) and who has not obtained a divorce. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Divorced: A person who has obtained a legal divorce and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Widowed: A person who has lost his/her spouse through death and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Single (never legally married): A person who has never married or a person whose marriage has been annulled and who has not remarried. Persons living common law are not included in this category.

Footnote 3

Classification of persons according to whether or not they are members of a census family and the status they have in the census family (a census family is composed of a married couple or two persons living common law, with or without children, or of a lone parent living with at least one child in the same dwelling). A person can be a married spouse, a common-law partner, a lone parent, a child or a person not in a census family.

Footnote 4

Persons not in census families may live with relatives (without forming a census family with them), they may live with non-relatives only or they may live alone.

Footnote 5

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2011, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 6

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2011, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 7

Refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual on May 10, 2011.

Footnote 8

Refers to the language spoken most often at home by the individual on May 10, 2011.

Footnote 9

Refers to the ability to conduct a conversation in English only, in French only, in both English and French, or in neither English nor French.

Footnote 10

Population by language used most often at work.

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2011 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2010.

Footnote 11

Citizenship refers to the legal citizenship status of a person. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship.

Footnote 12

Includes persons who are stateless.

Footnote 13

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained his or her landed immigrant/permanent resident status. A landed immigrant/permanent resident refers to a person who has been granted the right to live permanently in Canada by immigration authorities.

Footnote 14

Non-immigrant refers to a person who is a Canadian citizen by birth.

Footnote 15

Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. Some immigrants are Canadian citizens, while others are not. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number are born in Canada. In the 2011 National Household Survey, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 16

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 17

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 18

Non-permanent resident refers to a person from another country who has a work or study permit, or who is a refugee claimant, and any non-Canadian-born family member living in Canada with them.

Footnote 19

Age at immigration refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant/permanent resident status. Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live permanently in Canada by immigration authorities.

Footnote 20

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by immigrants at the Canada level.

Footnote 21

Non-immigrant refers to a person who is a Canadian citizen by birth.

Footnote 22

Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. Some immigrants are Canadian citizens, while others are not. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number are born in Canada. In the 2011 National Household Survey, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Footnote 23

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 24

China excludes Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region.

Footnote 25

The official name of Viet Nam is Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.

Footnote 26

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

Footnote 27

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

Footnote 28

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

Footnote 29

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

Footnote 30

Non-permanent resident refers to a person from another country who has a work or study permit, or who is a refugee claimant, and any non-Canadian-born family member living in Canada with them.

Footnote 31

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada. It identifies persons as being first generation, second generation or third generation or more.

Footnote 32

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or have ever been, immigrants to Canada.

Footnote 33

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

Footnote 34

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

Footnote 35

Religion refers to the person's self-identification as having a connection or affiliation with any religious denomination, group, body, sect, cult or other religiously defined community or system of belief. Religion is not limited to formal membership in a religious organization or group. Persons without a religious connection or affiliation can self-identify as atheist, agnostic or humanist, or can provide another applicable response.

Footnote 36

'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' refers to the highest certificate, diploma or degree completed based on a hierarchy which is generally related to the amount of time spent 'in-class.' For postsecondary completers, a university education is considered to be a higher level of schooling than a college education, while a college education is considered to be a higher level of education than in the trades. Although some trades requirements may take as long or longer to complete than a given college or university program, the majority of time is spent in on-the-job paid training and less time is spent in the classroom.

For further definitions, refer to the National Household Survey Dictionary, Catalogue no. 99-000-X. For any comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 37

'High school diploma or equivalent' includes persons who have graduated from a secondary school or equivalent. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 38

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificates or diplomas,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificates or diplomas' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

Footnote 39

'Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma' includes Registered Apprenticeship certificates (including Certificate of Qualification, Journeyperson's designation) and other trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres, and similar institutions.

Footnote 40

Comparisons with other data sources suggest that the category 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor's level' was over-reported in the NHS. This category likely includes some responses that are actually college certificates or diplomas, bachelor's degrees or other types of education (e.g., university transfer programs, bachelor's programs completed in other countries, incomplete bachelor's programs, non-university professional designations). We recommend users interpret the results for the 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor's level' category with caution.

Footnote 41

'University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level' includes the categories 'University certificate or diploma above bachelor level,' 'Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry,' 'Master's degree' and 'Earned doctorate.'

Footnote 42

'Major field of study' is defined as the main discipline or subject of learning. It is collected for the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school or secondary school level and classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2011. This variable shows the 'primary groupings,' a CIP variant.



For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2011, Catalogue no. 12-590-X available from: www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/classification-eng.htm.



For any comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 43

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed a registered apprenticeship certificate (including Certificate of Qualification, Journeyperson's designation) or other trades certificate or diploma, a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma, or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 44

Called 'Health, parks, recreation and fitness' in CIP Canada 2000.

Footnote 45

Includes 'Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other.'

Footnote 46

'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence' indicates whether the 'Location of study' is the same as the province or territory of residence in 2011, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. 'Location of study' refers to the province, territory or country of the institution where the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school level was completed.



Users should be aware that some respondents may have reported the physical location of study rather than the location of the certificate, diploma or degree-granting institution. This could affect the responses of those who obtained a certificate, diploma or degree through a joint program or by distance learning with credentials granted in another province or country. In particular, a number of persons reported a location of study for a university credential in one of the territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), even though there were no educational institutions in the territories with the authority to grant university degrees.



For any other comments on collection, dissemination or data quality for this variable or 'Location of study,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011006.

Footnote 47

Refers to whether a person was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

Footnote 48

Refers to whether an employed person is an employee or is self-employed. The self-employed include persons with or without a business, as well as unpaid family workers.

Footnote 49

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 50

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 51

Includes self-employed with an incorporated business and self-employed with an unincorporated business. Also included among the self-employed are unpaid family workers.

Footnote 52

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The 2011 National Household Survey occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2011.

Footnote 53

Unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 54

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 55

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The 2011 National Household Survey industry data are produced according to the NAICS 2007.

Footnote 56

Unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2010 only.

Footnote 57

Experienced labour force refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2010 or 2011.

Footnote 58

Earnings or employment income - Refers to total income received by persons 15 years of age and over during calendar year 2010 as wages and salaries, net income from a non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice, and/or net farm self-employment income.

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2010. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.


Net non-farm income from unincorporated business or professional practice - Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents and depreciation) received during calendar year 2010 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share was reported. Also included is net income from persons babysitting in their own homes, persons providing room and board to non-relatives, self-employed fishers, hunters and trappers, operators of direct distributorships such as those selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as freelance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc.

Net farm income - Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 2010 from the operation of a farm, either on the respondent's own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was reported. Included with gross receipts are cash advances received in 2010, dividends from cooperatives, rebates and farm-support payments to farmers from federal, provincial and regional agricultural programs (for example, milk subsidies and marketing board payments) and gross insurance proceeds such as payments from the AgriInvest and AgriStability programs. The value of income 'in kind,' such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm, is excluded.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution, ranked by size of income, into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the unrounded number of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) with income in that group.

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

The above concept and procedures also apply in the calculation of these statistics for earnings.

Work activity in 2010 - Refers to the number of weeks in which a person worked for pay or in self-employment in 2010 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 59

Total income - Total income refers to monetary receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during calendar year 2010. It includes employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities); income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, employment insurance, old age security pension, Canada or Quebec pension plan benefits and disability income; income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and RRIFs; income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, GICs and mutual funds; and other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. It excludes one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump sum insurance settlements, capital gains and RRSP withdrawals. Capital gains are excluded because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are less likely to be fully spent in the period in which they are received, unlike income that is regular and recurring. Also excluded are employer's contributions to registered pension plans, Canada and Quebec pension plans, and employment insurance. Finally, voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter, and goods produced for own consumption are excluded from this total income definition.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the individuals with income in that group (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years).

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 60

Including loss.

Footnote 61

For population with income.

Footnote 62

For population with income.

Footnote 63

After-tax income - Refers to total income from all sources minus federal, provincial and territorial income taxes paid for 2010.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the individuals with income in that group (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years).

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals aged 15 years and over who reported income for 2010. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males aged 45 to 54 years) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median and average incomes of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least aged 15 years and who have an income (positive or negative).

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 64

Including loss.

Footnote 65

For population with after-tax income.

Footnote 66

For population with after-tax income.

Footnote 67

Composition of income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

Total income - Total of income from all sources, including employment income, income from government programs, pension income, investment income and any other money income.

Age - Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011.

Footnote 68

Market income - Refers to the sum of employment income (wages and salaries, net farm income and net income from non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities (including those from RRSPs and RRIFs) and other money income. It is equivalent to total income before tax minus all government transfers and is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Footnote 69

Earnings or employment income - Total wages and salaries and net income from self-employment.

Footnote 70

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2010. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.

Footnote 71

Self-employment net income - Refers to the total amount received by persons aged 15 years and over during calendar year 2010 as net farm income from self-employment, or net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice.

Net farm income - Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 2010 from the operation of a farm, either on the respondent's own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was reported. Included with gross receipts are cash advances received in 2010, dividends from cooperatives, rebates and farm-support payments to farmers from federal, provincial and regional agricultural programs (for example, milk subsidies and marketing board payments) and gross insurance proceeds such as payments from the AgriInvest and AgriStability programs. The value of income 'in kind,' such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm, is excluded.

Net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice - Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents and depreciation) received during calendar year 2010 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share was reported. Also included is net income from persons babysitting in their own homes, persons providing room and board to non-relatives, self-employed fishers, hunters and trappers, operators of direct distributorships such as those selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as freelance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc.

Footnote 72

Investment income - Refers to interest received during calendar year 2010 from deposits in banks, trust companies, cooperatives, credit unions, caisses populaires, etc., as well as interest on savings certificates, bonds and debentures, and all dividends from both Canadian and foreign corporate stocks and mutual funds. Also included is other investment income from either Canadian or foreign sources, such as net rents from real estate, mortgage and loan interest received, regular income from an estate or trust fund, and interest from insurance policies. Does not include capital gains or losses.

Footnote 73

Retirement pensions - Refers to all regular income received by the respondent during calendar year 2010 as the result of having been a member of a pension plan of one or more employers. It includes payments received from all annuities, including payments from a Registered Retirement Income Fund (RRIF), a matured Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) in the form of a life annuity, a fixed-term annuity, or an income-averaging annuity contract; pensions paid to widow(er)s or other relatives of deceased pensioners; pensions of retired civil servants, Armed Forces personnel and Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers; annuity payments received from the Canadian Government Annuities Fund, an insurance company, etc. Does not include lump-sum death benefits, lump-sum benefits or withdrawals from a pension plan or RRSP, or refunds of over-contributions.

Footnote 74

Other money income - Refers to regular cash income received during calendar year 2010 and not reported in any of the other sources listed on the questionnaire. For example, severance pay and retirement allowances, alimony, child support, periodic support from other persons not in the household, income from abroad (excluding dividends and interest), non refundable scholarships, bursaries, fellowships and study grants, and artists' project grants are included.

Footnote 75

Government transfer payments - Refers to all cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during 2010. This variable is derived by summing the amounts reported in:

- the Old Age Security pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance and Allowance for the Survivor
- benefits from Canada Pension Plan or Quebec Pension Plan
- benefits from Employment Insurance
- child benefits
- other income from government sources.

Footnote 76

Benefits from Canada or Quebec pension plan - Refers to benefits received during calendar year 2010 from the Canada or Quebec Pension Plan (For example, retirement pensions, survivors' benefits and disability pensions). Does not include lump-sum death benefits.

Footnote 77

Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplement - Refers to Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplements paid to persons aged 65 years and over, and to the Allowance or Allowance for the survivor paid to 60- to 64-year-old spouses of old age security recipients or widow(er)s by the federal government during the calendar year 2010.

Footnote 78

Benefits from employment insurance - Refers to total Employment Insurance benefits received during calendar year 2010, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, work sharing, retraining and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal Employment Insurance Program or the Quebec Parental Insurance Program.

Footnote 79

Child benefits - Refers to payments received under the Canada Child Tax Benefit program during calendar year 2010 by parents with dependent children under 18 years of age. Included with the Canada Child Tax Benefit is the National Child Benefit Supplement (NCBS) for low-income families with children. The NCBS is the federal contribution to the National Child Benefit (NCB), a joint initiative of federal, provincial and territorial governments. Also included in this variable are child benefits, child disability benefits and earned income supplements provided by certain provinces and territories and the Universal Child Care Benefit (UCCB).

Footnote 80

Other income from government sources - Refers to all transfer payments, excluding those covered as a separate income source (Canada Pension Plan or Quebec Pension Plan benefits, Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplements, Employment Insurance benefits and child benefits) received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal programs during 2010.

Footnote 81

Income tax paid - Refers to all federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid on 2010 income. Federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid refer to taxes on income, after taking into account exemptions, deductions, non-refundable tax credits and the Quebec abatement. These taxes are obtained from the income tax files for persons who allowed access to their income tax data and from direct responses on the questionnaire for others.

Footnote 82

After-tax income - Refers to total income from all sources minus federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid for 2010.

Footnote 83

Net capital gains or losses -
Refers to the net gains received or losses incurred during calendar year 2010 from the sale of capital property. This represents the proceeds of disposition minus the adjusted cost base of the property and outlays and expenses incurred to sell the property. Capital property includes depreciable property and any property which, if sold, would result in a capital gain or loss (for example, cottages, buildings and securities such as mutual funds).

Non-taxable capital gains or losses on the sale of a principal residence are excluded.

Net capital gains or losses are not included in the definition of Total income as published in standard products.

Net capital gains or losses are not included in the concept of total income but are expressed here as a percentage to obtain a relative measure of size.

Footnote 84

Low income can be measured in several different ways in household surveys. For the standard products of the National Household Survey, the line chosen is a relative measure: the after-tax low-income measure (LIM-AT).

For this measure, the income used is after-tax income of households. There are no regional variations to account for prices or cost of living differences: all applicable households in Canada face the same line adjusted for household size. This line is set at half the median of adjusted household after-tax income. To account for potential economies of scale, the income of households with more than one member is divided by the square root of the size of the household.

All household members are considered to share the household income and are attributed the same income status.

Note: Low-income estimates in the 2011 National Household Survey

For the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS), low-income statistics are presented based on the after-tax low-income measure (LIM-AT). This measure is not related to the low-income cut-offs (LICO) presented in the 2006 Census and prevalence rates are conceptually not comparable. Because of the sensitivity of certain income indicators to differences in methodology and response patterns, direct comparisons to establish trends with low-income estimates from other household surveys, administrative programs or the 2006 Census are discouraged. The prevalence rates observed in the NHS at the national level are generally 1 to 2 percentage points higher than seen for similar concepts in other programs. However, analysis of the NHS data suggests that it is valid to compare low-income data for different sub-populations within the NHS (i.e., for different geographic areas or demographic groups). For more information, refer to the Income Reference Guide, National Household Survey, Catalogue no. 99-014-X2011006.

Footnote 85

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting or fishing) could have made the interpretation of low-income rates more difficult.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2011 National Household Survey, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 99-010-X2011038.