2006 Census Topic-based tabulations

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Topic-based tabulation: Ethnic Origin (101), Age Groups (8), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (309), for the Total Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data

About this tabulation

General information

Catalogue number :97-564-XCB2006007
Release date :December 9, 2008
Topic :Ethnic origin and visible minorities
Data dimensions :

Note

Additional information about this table is available in the Dimension Summary Box of the 'Selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics (309)' variable.

Note: Data Quality - Age at immigration

There was a slight overestimation of age at immigration in the 2006 Census. For more information on the age at immigration variable, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, 2006 Census, catalogue number 97-557-GWE2006003.

Note: Data Quality - Relationship of Census Income Estimates to the National Accounts and Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics

Census income estimates of aggregate income in 2005 were compared to similar personal income estimates from the national accounts. After adjustments to the personal income estimates for differences in concepts and coverage, the census estimate of aggregate income in 2005 from comparable sources was 1.2% lower than the national accounts estimate. As in the past, census estimates for some income components and for some provinces compared more favourably than for others.

Census estimates of aggregate wages and salaries, the largest component of income, were slightly higher (1.0%) than the national accounts estimates. This was partially offset by the difference (-7.8%) between the census estimates of aggregate self-employment income from both farm and non-farm self-employment and the adjusted national accounts figures. Overall, estimates of aggregate employment income or earnings were nearly identical (0.3% difference).

Census estimates of Old Age Security pensions and the Guaranteed Income Supplement were slightly lower (-1.4%), as they were for Canada/Quebec Pension Plan benefits (-0.9%), than adjusted national accounts estimates. Employment Insurance benefits reported in the census were smaller by 6.1%. Census estimates of aggregate child benefits were 2.0% higher than the adjusted national accounts estimates. Census estimates of other government transfer payments, which include such items as social welfare benefits, provincial income supplements to seniors, veterans' pensions and GST/HST/QST refunds, were significantly below (-39.2%) the estimates from the national accounts. Overall, census estimates of aggregate income from all government transfer payments were lower by 12.0%. The census estimate of aggregate investment income in 2005 was slightly lower (-2.7%) than the comparable national accounts estimate. This is a significant improvement when compared to previous census comparisons.

Census income statistics were also compared with similar statistics from the annual Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID). SLID estimates reflect adjustments made for population undercoverage, while census estimates do not include such an adjustment. This adjustment contributes to census estimates showing fewer income recipients (-2.1%) and earners (-1.4%) than SLID estimates. However, due to higher average amounts, census estimates of aggregate earnings are 2.8% higher than the SLID estimate, while the census estimate of aggregate total income of individuals is 2.3% higher. Most of the observed provincial differences were considered acceptable in the light of sampling errors in the Survey. The all-person low income prevalence rates for Canada (excluding the Territories) were almost identical in both sources for the before-tax measure at 15.3% and only slightly higher (0.6 percentage points) in census than SLID for the after-tax rate.

Note: Broad occupational category A - Management occupations

Census data for occupation groups in Broad occupational category A - Management occupations should be used with caution. Some coding errors were made in assigning the appropriate level of management, e.g., senior manager as opposed to middle manager, and in determining the appropriate area of specialization or activity, e.g., a manager of a health care program in a hospital as opposed to a government manager in health policy administration. Some non-management occupations have also been miscoded to management due to confusion over titles such as program manager and project manager. Data users may wish to use data for management occupations in conjunction with other variables such as Income, Age and Education.

Note: Consistency of earnings and labour estimates

Changes to the collection methodology for income data and to the editing procedures create an apparent inconsistency for more records in 2006 compared to 2001. For example, a larger amount of full-year, full-time workers (or part-year workers) are without reported earnings. There are also more persons with earnings that do not report work activity during the previous calendar year.

These impacts are also visible for wages and salaries and net income from self-employment.

For more information, please consult the Income and Earnings Reference Guide, 2006 Census, Catalogue no. 97-563-GWE2006003.

Note: Data on knowledge of official languages

According to studies on data certification, the 2006 Census statistics on knowledge of official languages could underestimate the category 'English and French' and overestimate the category 'French only,' particularly for the francophone population and, therefore, for the whole population. More information on the subject is available in the Languages Reference Guide, 2006 Census, Catalogue no. 97-555-GWE2006003.


Note: Ethnic origin

In 2006, the Ethnic origin question asked: 'What were the ethnic or cultural origins of this person's ancestors?' Respondents were asked to specify as many origins as applicable. Four write-in spaces were provided and up to six ethnic origins were retained.

Since 1981, when respondents were first permitted to report more than one ethnic origin in the census, a distinction has been made between single and multiple ethnic origin responses. A 'single' response is given when a respondent provides one ethnic origin only. A 'multiple' response is given when a respondent provides two or more ethnic origins. A 'total response' indicates the sum of single and multiple responses for each specific group.

It must be noted that the measurement of ethnicity is affected by changes in the social environment in which the question is asked, and changes in the respondent's understanding or views about the topic. Awareness of family background or length of time since immigration can affect responses to the ethnic origin question. Some respondents may confuse or combine the concept of ethnic origin with other concepts such as citizenship, nationality, language or cultural identity.

As well, some respondents may choose to provide very specific ethnic origins in the census, while others may choose to give more general responses. This means that two respondents with the same ethnic ancestry could have different response patterns and thus could be counted as having different ethnic origins. For example, one respondent may report 'East Indian' ethnic origin while another respondent, with a similar ancestral background, may report 'Punjabi' or 'South Asian' origins; one respondent may report 'Black' while another, similar respondent, may report 'Ghanaian' or 'African.' As a result, ethnic origin data are very fluid, and counts for certain origins, such as 'East Indian' and 'Black,' may seem lower than initially expected. Users who wish to obtain broader response counts may wish to combine data for two or more ethnic origins together or use counts for ethnic categories such as 'South Asian origins' or 'African origins.'

For additional information on issues related to the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, and on the comparability of ethnic origin data over time, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, 2006 Census, Catalogue number 97-562-GWE2006025.

Note: Income Data for Seniors in Collective Dwellings

In the 2006 Census, individuals who resided in institutions or residences with distinct, separate living quarters, and who were able to complete the census questionnaire, received their own census form to complete. These individuals were excluded from measurements of income in prior censuses. This census their incomes have been set to zero. This results in a slight overestimation in the count of population 15 years and over, and primarily the age group 65 years and over, without income (or without earnings). Counts and income statistics for families or persons not in families are not affected, as individuals in these types of collective dwellings have always, and continue to be excluded from those populations.

Note: Income suppression

Area suppression is the deletion of all characteristic data for geographic areas with populations below a specified size. Income distributions and related statistics are suppressed if the population in the area, excluding institutional residents, is less than 250 from either the 100% or the 20% database, or if the number of private households is less than 40 from the 20% database.

Tables with income, after-tax income or earnings distributions

Income, after-tax income and earnings distributions have been suppressed where the estimated total number of units (persons, families or households) in the reference year is less than 250. All suppressed cells and associated averages, medians and standard errors of average income, average after-tax income or average earnings have been replaced with zeroes or symbols.

In all cases, suppressed data are included in the appropriate higher aggregate subtotals and totals.

Tables with number and median or average income, after-tax income or earnings

Statistics have been suppressed if the estimated total number of persons (males, females or both sexes) with income, after-tax income or earnings in the reference year is less than 250 persons. All suppressed counts and associated averages and medians have been replaced by zeroes or symbols.

In all cases, suppressed data are included in the appropriate higher aggregate subtotals and totals.

Note: Institutional residents

People in seniors' residences in the 2006 Census are classified as 'not living in an institution'. This is a change from the 2001 Census where they were classified as institutional residents, specifically, 'living in an institution, resident under care or custody'.

Note: Labour force growth for the Northwest Territories

Care should be exercised in comparing the Northwest Territories 2006 Census population counts with those from the 2001 Census. In 2001, the net undercount for the Northwest Territories was estimated at 8.11%, substantially higher than the national level of 2.99%, and almost double its 1996 level. The increase in the labour force, the employed, unemployed and not in the labour force populations between 2001 and 2006 is likely overstated due to improvements in coverage of the Northwest Territories in 2006.

Data table

Select data categories for this table


This table details ethnic origin , age groups , sex and selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics , for the total population in Windsor
Selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics (309) Sex (3)
Total - Sex Male Female
Total population 15 years and over by legal marital statusFootnote 2 259,210 125,965 133,240
Never legally married (single) 81,935 43,940 37,995
Legally married (and not separated)Footnote 3 134,765 67,315 67,450
Separated, but still legally married 7,830 3,305 4,525
Divorced 19,490 8,540 10,950
Widowed 15,195 2,865 12,325
Total population in private households by census family statusFootnote 4 320,070 157,255 162,820
Number of family persons 273,050 134,725 138,325
Husbands or wives 132,820 66,390 66,440
Common-law partners 16,555 8,325 8,230
Lone parents 15,660 2,900 12,760
Children in census families 108,010 57,115 50,895
Number of persons not in census families 47,025 22,530 24,495
Living with relatives 6,050 2,665 3,385
Living with non-relatives only 7,140 4,140 3,000
Living alone 33,835 15,725 18,110
Total population aged 1 year and over by mobility status 1 year agoFootnote 5 316,820 155,715 161,110
Non-movers 279,065 137,455 141,610
Movers 37,760 18,250 19,500
Non-migrants 25,290 12,025 13,265
Migrants 12,465 6,225 6,235
Internal migrants 9,765 4,915 4,850
Intraprovincial migrants 8,910 4,475 4,435
Interprovincial migrants 860 445 415
External migrants 2,700 1,310 1,390
Total population aged 5 years and over by mobility status 5 years agoFootnote 6 301,435 147,650 153,785
Non-movers 185,940 90,910 95,030
Movers 115,495 56,740 58,760
Non-migrants 72,415 35,480 36,930
Migrants 43,085 21,260 21,825
Internal migrants 29,740 14,765 14,975
Intraprovincial migrants 26,555 13,185 13,370
Interprovincial migrants 3,185 1,575 1,605
External migrants 13,350 6,500 6,850
Total population by mother tongueFootnote 7 320,730 157,640 163,085
English 230,920 114,040 116,880
French 11,100 5,050 6,050
Non-official language 73,755 36,200 37,560
English and French 1,115 485 630
English and non-official language 3,420 1,665 1,755
French and non-official language 330 175 160
English, French and non-official language 80 25 55
Total population by language spoken most often at homeFootnote 8 320,730 157,640 163,085
English 271,870 133,800 138,070
French 2,950 1,365 1,590
Non-official language 39,050 19,050 19,995
English and French 710 280 425
English and non-official language 5,875 3,040 2,840
French and non-official language 65 30 40
English, French and non-official language 210 80 130
Total population by knowledge of official languagesFootnote 9 320,730 157,645 163,090
English only 282,525 140,845 141,680
French only 395 145 250
English and French 33,575 14,965 18,615
Neither English nor French 4,230 1,690 2,545
Total population 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2005 by language used most often at workFootnote 10 176,760 92,870 83,890
English 173,405 91,545 81,860
French 1,135 305 830
Non-official language 1,210 535 680
English and French 370 155 215
English and non-official language 605 310 300
French and non-official language 0 0 0
English, French and non-official language 35 20 15
Total - Immigrant status and place of birthFootnote 11 320,730 157,645 163,085
Non-immigrantsFootnote 12 242,450 119,670 122,780
Born in province of residence 227,345 112,580 114,760
Born outside province of residence 15,100 7,085 8,015
ImmigrantsFootnote 13 74,770 36,080 38,690
United States of America 6,630 2,455 4,175
Central America 1,770 790 975
Caribbean and Bermuda 1,070 530 540
South America 1,010 495 510
Europe 33,945 16,660 17,285
Western Europe 2,835 1,340 1,495
Eastern Europe 8,015 3,740 4,270
Southern Europe 17,410 8,875 8,535
Italy 8,080 4,145 3,935
Other Southern Europe 9,330 4,730 4,605
Northern Europe 5,685 2,705 2,985
United Kingdom 5,310 2,525 2,785
Other Northern Europe 375 180 200
Africa 3,450 1,855 1,595
Western Africa 900 460 435
Eastern Africa 1,145 610 535
Northern Africa 1,035 630 410
Central Africa 85 40 45
Southern Africa 280 110 170
Asia and the Middle East 26,610 13,165 13,445
West Central Asia and the Middle East 10,090 5,215 4,875
Eastern Asia 5,145 2,455 2,685
China, People's Republic of 3,775 1,805 1,975
Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region 750 380 370
Other Eastern Asia 615 275 340
Southeast Asia 4,670 2,075 2,590
Philippines 2,265 910 1,355
Other Southeast Asia 2,405 1,170 1,245
Southern Asia 6,705 3,415 3,285
India 4,285 2,210 2,075
Other Southern Asia 2,415 1,205 1,210
Oceania and otherFootnote 14 280 130 155
Non-permanent residentsFootnote 15 3,515 1,895 1,620
Total - CitizenshipFootnote 16 320,730 157,640 163,090
Canadian citizens 299,910 148,120 151,790
Canadian citizens only 290,475 143,480 146,995
Citizens of Canada and at least one other country 9,430 4,640 4,790
Not Canadian citizensFootnote 17 20,820 9,525 11,295
Total immigrant population by age at immigrationFootnote 18 74,770 36,080 38,690
Under 5 years 8,175 4,325 3,855
5 to 14 years 13,800 6,885 6,915
15 to 24 years 17,855 7,885 9,965
25 to 44 years 29,360 14,565 14,795
45 years and over 5,585 2,425 3,160
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigrationFootnote 19 320,730 157,645 163,090
Non-immigrantsFootnote 20 242,445 119,670 122,775
ImmigrantsFootnote 21 74,770 36,080 38,690
Before 1991 40,430 19,680 20,750
1991 to 2000 20,510 9,800 10,710
1991 to 1995 9,085 4,280 4,800
1996 to 2000 11,425 5,515 5,910
2001 to 2006Footnote 22 13,830 6,600 7,225
Non-permanent residentsFootnote 23 3,515 1,890 1,620
Total population 15 years and over by generation statusFootnote 24 259,210 125,970 133,240
1st generationFootnote 25 72,420 34,905 37,515
2nd generationFootnote 26 51,505 25,415 26,090
3rd generation or moreFootnote 27 135,280 65,645 69,640
Total population 15 years and over by labour force activityFootnote 28 259,205 125,965 133,240
In the labour force 166,895 87,940 78,955
Employed 152,990 80,925 72,065
Unemployed 13,905 7,015 6,890
Not in the labour force 92,310 38,025 54,285
Participation rate 64.4 69.8 59.3
Employment rate 59.0 64.2 54.1
Unemployment rate 8.3 8.0 8.7
Total labour force 15 years and over by class of workerFootnote 29 166,895 87,940 78,955
Class of worker - Not applicableFootnote 30 4,305 1,930 2,375
All classes of workerFootnote 31 162,595 86,010 76,580
Wage earners 149,320 77,355 71,965
Self-employedFootnote 32 12,955 8,520 4,435
Unpaid family workers 320 135 185
Total labour force 15 years and over by industry - North American Industry Classification System 2002Footnote 33 166,895 87,940 78,960
Industry - Not applicableFootnote 34 4,305 1,930 2,375
All industriesFootnote 35 162,590 86,010 76,585
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 1,560 1,010 550
21 Mining and oil and gas extraction 305 285 15
22 Utilities 725 560 165
23 Construction 7,785 6,785 1,000
31-33 Manufacturing 39,510 29,850 9,660
41 Wholesale trade 4,570 3,310 1,260
44-45 Retail trade 18,555 7,925 10,630
48-49 Transportation and warehousing 6,645 4,615 2,025
51 Information and cultural industries 2,275 1,220 1,060
52 Finance and insurance 4,515 1,355 3,160
53 Real estate and rental and leasing 2,315 1,355 960
54 Professional, scientific and technical services 7,690 3,930 3,765
55 Management of companies and enterprises 150 100 45
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services 5,385 3,005 2,380
61 Educational services 11,450 3,975 7,470
62 Health care and social assistance 16,410 2,610 13,800
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation 6,545 2,810 3,735
72 Accommodation and food services 13,140 5,125 8,010
81 Other services (except public administration) 7,205 3,155 4,050
91 Public administration 5,865 3,025 2,840
Total labour force 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification for Statistics 2006Footnote 36 166,900 87,940 78,955
Occupation - Not applicableFootnote 37 4,305 1,930 2,370
All occupationsFootnote 38 162,590 86,010 76,585
A Management occupations 12,980 8,250 4,730
B Business, finance and administrative occupations 22,880 5,940 16,935
C Natural and applied sciences and related occupations 9,375 7,580 1,800
D Health occupations 10,425 1,905 8,520
E Occupations in social science, education, government service and religion 12,795 4,045 8,750
F Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport 3,095 1,350 1,740
G Sales and service occupations 42,395 17,050 25,345
H Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations 24,590 22,950 1,640
I Occupations unique to primary industry 2,735 2,120 615
J Occupations unique to processing, manufacturing and utilities 21,330 14,830 6,500
Total population 15 years and over by highest certificate, diploma or degreeFootnote 39 259,210 125,965 133,245
No certificate, diploma or degree 57,040 27,005 30,035
Certificate, diploma or degree 202,170 98,965 103,205
High school certificate or equivalentFootnote 40 78,440 36,820 41,625
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma 21,375 14,580 6,800
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diplomaFootnote 41 47,620 20,820 26,800
University certificate or diploma below bachelor levelFootnote 42 8,500 3,860 4,640
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor's level or aboveFootnote 43 46,235 22,885 23,350
Bachelor's degree 27,835 12,945 14,895
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level 6,365 2,765 3,605
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry 1,545 1,020 525
Master's degree 8,620 4,850 3,770
Earned doctorate 1,865 1,305 560
Total population 15 years and over with postsecondary qualifications by major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs, 2000Footnote 44 123,730 62,140 61,585
Education 8,725 2,440 6,290
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies 2,695 1,135 1,565
Humanities 5,215 1,995 3,220
Social and behavioural sciences and law 13,075 4,450 8,625
Business, management and public administration 23,470 8,825 14,645
Physical and life sciences and technologies 3,580 1,800 1,780
Mathematics, computer and information sciences 5,170 3,135 2,035
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies 32,980 30,500 2,485
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation 1,205 720 490
Health, parks, recreation and fitness 19,735 3,725 16,010
Personal, protective and transportation services 7,860 3,415 4,440
Other fields of studyFootnote 45 10 0 15
Total population 15 years and over by location of studyFootnote 46 259,205 125,965 133,240
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree 135,480 63,820 71,655
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree 123,730 62,145 61,585
Inside Canada 98,230 48,030 50,195
Newfoundland-and-Labrador 155 75 80
Prince-Edward-Island 55 30 30
Nova Scotia 465 250 215
New Brunswick 260 110 150
Quebec 905 405 510
Ontario 94,780 46,290 48,485
Manitoba 270 140 130
Saskatchewan 280 155 125
Alberta 645 375 270
British Columbia 410 205 200
Yukon Territory 10 0 0
Northwest Territories 0 0 0
Nunavut 10 0 0
Outside CanadaFootnote 47 25,500 14,110 11,390
United States of America 7,015 3,925 3,090
United KingdomFootnote 48 1,710 1,170 540
India 1,850 995 850
Philippines 1,310 420 890
China, People's Republic of 1,460 725 730
Germany 545 355 200
France 150 105 45
Poland 1,000 525 475
Pakistan 670 345 320
Korea, SouthFootnote 49 205 95 110
Other 9,580 5,445 4,135
Total population 15 years and over by employment income and work activityFootnote 50 259,205 125,965 133,245
Did not work or had no employment income in 2005Footnote 51 94,605 39,255 55,350
Worked full year full time with employment incomeFootnote 52 91,920 54,045 37,870
Average employment income $ 56,382 64,862 44,282
Median employment income $ 48,348 57,441 39,693
Standard error of average employment income $ 402 590 463
Worked part year or part time with employment incomeFootnote 53 72,685 32,665 40,020
Average employment income $ 23,672 29,821 18,652
Median employment income $ 13,019 15,280 11,613
Standard error of average employment income $ 242 462 214
Total population 15 years and over by employment incomeFootnote 54 259,210 125,965 133,245
Without employment income 78,875 30,545 48,330
With employment incomeFootnote 55 180,330 95,420 84,910
Under $5,000Footnote 56 29,620 14,885 14,730
$5,000 to $9,999 17,005 6,740 10,270
$10,000 to $19,999 23,980 9,845 14,135
$20,000 to $29,999 18,905 7,980 10,925
$30,000 to $39,999 18,865 8,145 10,720
$40,000 to $49,999 17,460 8,855 8,605
$50,000 to $59,999 13,185 7,895 5,295
$60,000 to $74,999 15,605 10,340 5,270
$75,000 and over 25,695 20,735 4,965
Average employment income $Footnote 57 38,969 47,549 29,326
Median employment income $Footnote 58 30,060 40,030 22,770
Standard error of average employment income $Footnote 59 244 395 252
Total population 15 years and over with income in 2005 by composition of total income %Footnote 60 100 100 100
Market income % 89.1 92.3 84.1
Employment income % 76.6 80.4 70.6
Wages and salaries % 72.6 75.4 68.1
Self-employment income % 4.0 5.0 2.5
Investment income % 2.7 2.2 3.5
Retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities % 8.3 8.5 7.9
Other money income % 1.6 1.2 2.1
Government transfer payments % 10.9 7.7 15.9
Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplement % 2.6 1.7 4.1
Canada/Quebec Pension Plan benefits % 3.3 2.8 4.2
Child benefits % 1.0 0.1 2.5
Employment Insurance benefits % 1.2 0.8 1.7
Other income from government sources % 2.7 2.3 3.4
Income taxes paid % 17.0 19.2 13.4
Total population 15 years and over by wages and salaries in 2005Footnote 61 259,210 125,970 133,240
Without wages and salaries 88,380 36,200 52,175
With wages and salaries 170,830 89,765 81,065
Under $5,000 27,055 13,690 13,365
$5,000 to $9,999 15,805 6,095 9,705
$10,000 to $19,999 22,285 8,940 13,345
$20,000 to $29,999 17,880 7,355 10,525
$30,000 to $39,999 18,290 7,760 10,540
$40,000 to $49,999 17,080 8,625 8,455
$50,000 to $59,999 12,730 7,510 5,215
$60,000 and over 39,715 29,785 9,925
Average wages and salaries $Footnote 62 38,982 47,405 29,657
Median wages and salaries $Footnote 63 31,100 40,907 23,762
Standard error of average wages and salaries $Footnote 64 240 387 253
Total population 15 years and over by total income in 2005Footnote 65 259,210 125,965 133,240
Without income 13,485 5,540 7,950
With income 245,720 120,425 125,295
Under $5,000Footnote 66 27,600 11,730 15,870
$5,000 to $9,999 23,600 8,155 15,450
$10,000 to $19,999 44,180 15,400 28,780
$20,000 to $29,999 32,320 13,255 19,065
$30,000 to $39,999 29,900 14,520 15,385
$40,000 to $49,999 23,760 12,700 11,060
$50,000 to $79,999 40,680 25,500 15,180
$80,000 and over 23,680 19,185 4,500
Average income $Footnote 67 37,330 46,874 28,157
Median income $Footnote 68 28,279 37,883 21,049
Standard error of average income $Footnote 69 193 332 190
Total persons in private households by income status in 2005Footnote 70 320,035 157,240 162,795
Total persons in economic familiesFootnote 71 279,100 137,395 141,705
Persons in economic families below low income cut-off before tax 31,430 14,075 17,360
Prevalence of low income before tax in 2005 for economic family members % 11.3 10.2 12.2
Persons in economic families below low income cut-off after tax 23,880 10,810 13,070
Prevalence of low income after tax in 2005 for economic family members % 8.6 7.9 9.2
Total persons 15 years and over not in economic families 40,935 19,850 21,090
Persons not in economic families below before-tax low income cut-off 13,565 6,260 7,300
Prevalence of low income before tax in 2005 for persons not in economic families % 33.1 31.5 34.6
Persons not in economic families below after-tax low income cut-off 10,855 5,415 5,440
Prevalence of low income after tax in 2005 for persons not in economic families % 26.5 27.3 25.8

Footnotes

Footnote 1

This is a total population count. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Legal marital status
Part A - Plain language definition
A person's conjugal status under the law (e.g., single, married, widowed). Legal marital status data are derived from the responses to Question 4 (Marital status) in the census questionnaires.
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the legal conjugal status of a person.
The various responses are defined as follows:
Never legally married (single)
Persons who have never married (including all persons less than 15 years of age) and persons whose marriage has been annulled and who have not remarried.
Legally married (and not separated)
Persons whose spouse is living, unless the couple is separated or a divorce has been obtained.
Separated, but still legally married
Persons currently married, but who are no longer living with their spouse (for any reason other than illness or work) and have not obtained a divorce.
Divorced
Persons who have obtained a legal divorce and who have not remarried.
Widowed
Persons who have lost their spouse through death and who have not remarried.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

In 2006, this category includes spouses in same-sex marriages.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Census family status
Part A - Plain language definition
Classification of persons according to whether or not they are members of a census family and the status they have in the census family (a census family is composed of a married couple or two persons living common-law, with or without children, or of a lone parent living with at least one child in the same dwelling). A person can be a spouse, a common-law partner, a lone parent, a child or a person not in a census family.
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the classification of the population according to whether or not the persons are members of a census family.
Family persons refer to household members who belong to a census family. They, in turn, are further classified as follows:

Spouses refer to two persons of opposite sex or of the same sex who are legally married to each other and living in the same dwelling.

Common-law partners are two persons of opposite sex or of the same sex who are not legally married to each other, but live together as a couple in the same dwelling.

Lone parent refers to a mother or a father, with no spouse or common-law partner present, living in a dwelling with one or more children.

Children refer to blood, step- or adopted sons and daughters (regardless of age or marital status) who are living in the same dwelling as their parent(s), as well as grandchildren in households where there are no parents present. Sons and daughters who are living with their spouse or common-law partner, or with one or more of their own children, are not considered to be members of the census family of their parent(s), even if they are living in the same dwelling. In addition, those sons and daughters who do not live in the same dwelling as their parent(s) are not considered members of the census family of their parent(s). The category of 'children' can be further distinguished as follows:

Never-married sons and/or daughters in a census family, as used in censuses prior to 2001.

Other sons and/or daughters in a census family who would not have been included in the census family of their parents according to the previous concept.

Grandchildren living in the same household as their grandparent(s), with no parents present.

Persons not in census families refer to household members who do not belong to a census family.

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Footnote 5

Refers to the relationship between a person's usual place of residence on Census Day and his or her usual place of residence one year earlier. A person is classified as a non-mover if no difference exists. Otherwise, a person is classified as a mover and this categorization is called Mobility status (1 year ago). Within the category of movers, a further distinction is made between non-migrants and migrants; this difference is called migration status.

Non-movers are persons who, on Census Day, were living at the same address as the one at which they resided one year earlier.

Movers are persons who, on Census Day, were living at a different address from the one at which they resided one year earlier.

Non-migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were living at a different address, but in the same census subdivision (CSD) as the one they lived in one year earlier.

Migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were residing in a different CSD one year earlier (internal migrants) or who were living outside Canada one year earlier (external migrants).

Intraprovincial migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were living in a different census subdivision from the one at which they resided one year earlier, in the same province.

Interprovincial migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were living in a different census subdivision from the one at which they resided one year earlier, in a different province.

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Footnote 6

Refers to the relationship between a person's usual place of residence on Census Day and his or her usual place of residence five years earlier. A person is classified as a non-mover if no difference exists. Otherwise, a person is classified as a mover and this categorization is called Mobility status (5 years ago). Within the movers category, a further distinction is made between non-migrants and migrants; this difference is called migration status.

Non-movers are persons who, on Census Day, were living at the same address as the one at which they resided five years earlier.

Movers are persons who, on Census Day, were living at a different address from the one at which they resided five years earlier.

Non-migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were living at a different address, but in the same census subdivision (CSD) as the one they lived in five years earlier.

Migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were residing in a different CSD five years earlier (internal migrants) or who were living outside Canada five years earlier (external migrants).

Intraprovincial migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were living in a different census subdivision from the one in which they resided five years earlier, in the same province.

Interprovincial migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were living in a different census subdivision from the one in which they resided five years earlier, in a different province.

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Footnote 7

Mother tongue
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual at the time of the census.

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Footnote 8

Refers to the language spoken most often at home by the individual at the time of the census. Data on other languages spoken on a regular basis at home are also collected.

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Footnote 9

Knowledge of Official Languages
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the ability to conduct a conversation in English only, in French only, in both English and French, or in neither English nor French.

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Footnote 10

Refers to the language used most often at work by the individual at the time of the census. Data on other languages used at work on a regular basis are also collected.

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Footnote 11

For information on the specific countries included in each regional grouping in this variable, please refer to Appendix J in the 2006 Census Dictionary.

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Footnote 12

Non-immigrants are persons who are Canadian citizens by birth. Although most Canadian citizens by birth were born in Canada, a small number were born outside Canada to Canadian parents.

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Footnote 13

Immigrants are persons who are, or have ever been, landed immigrants in Canada. A landed immigrant is a person who has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others are recent arrivals. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number were born in Canada. Includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to Census Day, May 16, 2006.

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Footnote 14

'Other' includes Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the category 'Other country,' as well as immigrants born in Canada.

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Footnote 15

Non-permanent residents are persons from another country who, at the time of the census, held a Work or Study Permit or who were refugee claimants, as well as family members living with them in Canada.

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Footnote 16

Includes persons who are stateless.

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Citizenship
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the legal citizenship status of the respondent. Persons who are citizens of more than one country were instructed to provide the name of the other country(ies).

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Footnote 17

Includes persons who are stateless. Prior to the 2006 Census, this category was called 'Citizens of other countries.' The content of the category remains unchanged in 2006 compared with previous censuses.

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Footnote 18

Age at immigration
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the age at which the respondent first obtained landed immigrant status. A landed immigrant is a person who has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

The derivation of the data on age at immigration in 2006 was slightly different from that of 2001 due to an omission of an estimation process. The result of this omission was an increase of the age at immigration estimate by one year for many records. As such, the overall mean age at immigration for the total weighted immigrant population was estimated as 24.9 years, whereas the correct estimate should be 24.4 years. The median age for the total weighted immigrant population was estimated at 25 years, whereas the correct estimate should be 24 years.

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Footnote 19

Landed immigrant status
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to whether or not the person is a landed immigrant in Canada. Landed immigrants are people who have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

Non-immigrant population
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to people who are Canadian citizens by birth. Although most were born in Canada, a small number of them were born outside Canada to Canadian parents.

Immigrant population
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to people who are, or have been, landed immigrants in Canada. A landed immigrant is a person who has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number were born in Canada.

Non-permanent resident
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to people from another country who had a Work or Study Permit, or who were refugee claimants at the time of the census, and family members living in Canada with them.

Period of immigration
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to ranges of years based on the year of immigration question. Year of immigration refers to the year in which landed immigrant status was first obtained. A landed immigrant is a person who has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

Year of immigration
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the year in which landed immigrant status was first obtained. A landed immigrant is a person who has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

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Footnote 20

Non-immigrants are persons who are Canadian citizens by birth. Although most Canadian citizens by birth were born in Canada, a small number were born outside Canada to Canadian parents.

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Footnote 21

Immigrants are persons who are, or have ever been, landed immigrants in Canada. A landed immigrant is a person who has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others are recent arrivals. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number were born in Canada. Includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to Census Day, May 16, 2006.

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Footnote 22

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to Census Day, May 16, 2006.

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Footnote 23

Non-permanent residents are persons from another country who, at the time of the census, held a Work or Study Permit or who were refugee claimants, as well as family members living with them in Canada.

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Footnote 24

Generation status
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the generational status of a person, that is, 1st generation, 2nd generation or 3rd generation or more.

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Footnote 25

Persons born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or have ever been, landed immigrants in Canada. Also included in the first generation are a small number of people born outside Canada to parents who are Canadian citizens by birth. In addition, the first generation includes people who are non-permanent residents (defined as people from another country living in Canada on Work or Study Permits or as refugee claimants, and any family members living with them in Canada).

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Footnote 26

Persons born inside Canada with at least one parent born outside Canada. This includes (a) persons born in Canada with both parents born outside Canada and (b) persons born in Canada with one parent born in Canada and one parent born outside Canada (these persons may have grandparents born inside or outside Canada as well).

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Footnote 27

Persons born inside Canada with both parents born inside Canada (these persons may have grandparents born inside or outside Canada as well).

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Footnote 28

Labour force activity
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the labour market activity of the population 15 years of age and over in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day (May 16, 2006). Respondents were classified as Employed, Unemployed, or Not in the labour force. The labour force includes the employed and the unemployed.

Employed
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Persons who, during the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day (May 16, 2006):
(a) did any work at all for pay or in self-employment or without pay in a family farm, business or professional practice
(b) were absent from their job or business, with or without pay, for the entire week because of a vacation, an illness, a labour dispute at their place of work, or any other reasons.

Unemployed
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Persons who, during the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day (May 16, 2006), were without paid work or without self-employment work and were available for work and either:
(a) had actively looked for paid work in the past four weeks; or
(b) were on temporary lay-off and expected to return to their job; or
(c) had definite arrangements to start a new job in four weeks or less.

Not in the labour force
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to persons who, in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day (May 16, 2006), were neither employed nor unemployed. It includes students, homemakers, retired workers, seasonal workers in an 'off' season who were not looking for work, and persons who could not work because of a long term illness or disability.

Participation rate
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the labour force in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day (May 16, 2006), expressed as a percentage of the population 15 years of age and over.

The participation rate for a particular group (age, sex, marital status, geographic area, etc.) is the total labour force in that group, expressed as a percentage of the population 15 years of age and over, in that group.

Employment rate
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the number of persons employed in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day (May 16, 2006), expressed as a percentage of the total population 15 years of age and over.

The employment rate for a particular group (age, sex, marital status, geographic area, etc.) is the number employed in that group, expressed as a percentage of the population 15 years of age and over, in that group.

Unemployment rate
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the unemployed expressed as a percentage of the labour force in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day (May 16, 2006).

The unemployment rate for a particular group (age, sex, marital status, geographic area, etc.) is the unemployed in that group, expressed as a percentage of the labour force in that group, in the week prior to enumeration.

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Footnote 29

Class of worker
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
This variable classifies persons who reported a job into the following categories:
(a) persons who worked mainly for wages, salaries, commissions, tips, piece-rates, or payments 'in kind' (payments in goods or services rather than money);
(b) persons who worked mainly for themselves, with or without paid help, operating a business, farm or professional practice, alone or in partnership;
(c) persons who worked without pay in a family business, farm or professional practice owned or operated by a related household member; unpaid family work does not include unpaid housework, unpaid childcare, unpaid care to seniors and volunteer work.
The job reported was the one held in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to enumeration (May 16, 2006) if the person was employed, or the job of longest duration since January 1, 2005, if the person was not employed during the reference week. Persons with two or more jobs in the reference week were asked to provide information for the job at which they worked the most hours.

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Footnote 30

Unemployed persons 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2005 only.

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Footnote 31

Refers to the experienced labour force population: includes persons who were employed and persons who were unemployed who worked for pay or in self-employment since January 1, 2005.

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Footnote 32

Includes self-employed unincorporated and incorporated.

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Footnote 33

Industry (based on the 2002 North American Industry Classification System [NAICS])
Part A - Plain language definition
General nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The 2006 Census data on industry (based on the 2002 NAICS) can be compared with data from Canada's NAFTA partners (United States and Mexico).
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. If the person did not have a job during the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to enumeration (May 16, 2006), the data relate to the job of longest duration since January 1, 2005. Persons with two or more jobs were required to report the information for the job at which they worked the most hours.
The 2006 Census industry data are produced according to the 2002 NAICS. The NAICS provides enhanced industry comparability among the three North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) trading partners (Canada, United States and Mexico). This classification consists of a systematic and comprehensive arrangement of industries structured into 20 sectors, 103 subsectors and 328 industry groups. The criteria used to create these categories are similarity of input structures, labour skills or production processes used by the establishment. For further information on the classification, see North American Industry Classification System, Canada, 2002, Catalogue no. 12-501-XPE.

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Footnote 34

Unemployed persons 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2005 only.

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Footnote 35

Refers to the experienced labour force population: includes persons who were employed and persons who were unemployed who worked for pay or in self-employment since January 1, 2005.

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Footnote 36

Occupation (based on the National Occupational Classification for Statistics 2006 [NOC-S 2006])
Part A - Plain language definition
Kind of work done by persons aged 15 and over. Occupation is based on the type of job the person holds and the description of his or her duties. The 2006 Census data on occupation are classified according to the National Occupational Classification for Statistics 2006 (NOC-S 2006). For comparisons with data from the 1991 and 1996 censuses, the variable Occupation (historical) should be used.
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the kind of work persons were doing during the reference week, as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. If the person did not have a job during the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to enumeration (May 16, 2006), the data relate to the job of longest duration since January 1, 2005. Persons with two or more jobs were to report the information for the job at which they worked the most hours.
The 2006 Census occupation data are classified according to the National Occupational Classification for Statistics 2006 (NOC-S 2006). This classification is composed of four levels of aggregation. There are 10 broad occupational categories containing 47 major groups that are further subdivided into 140 minor groups. At the most detailed level, there are 520 occupation unit groups. Occupation unit groups are formed on the basis of the education, training, or skill level required to enter the job, as well as the kind of work performed, as determined by the tasks, duties and responsibilities of the occupation.
For information on the NOC-S 2006, see the National Occupational Classification for Statistics 2006, Catalogue No. 12-583-XIE.

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Footnote 37

Unemployed persons 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2005 only.

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Footnote 38

Refers to the experienced labour force population: includes persons who were employed and persons who were unemployed who worked for pay or in self-employment since January 1, 2005.

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Footnote 39

'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' refers to the highest certificate, diploma or degree completed based on a hierarchy which is generally related to the amount of time spent 'in-class'. For postsecondary completers, a university education is considered to be a higher level of schooling than a college education, while a college education is considered to be a higher level of education than in the trades. Although some trades requirements may take as long or longer to complete than a given college or university program, the majority of time is spent in on-the-job paid training and less time is spent in the classroom.

Census questions relating to education changed substantially between 2001 and 2006, principally to reflect developments in Canada's education system. These changes improved the quality of data and provided more precise information on the level of educational attainment as well as fields of study.

However, users should be aware that changes to the education portion of the 2006 Census questionnaire have affected the comparability of some 2006 Census data with data from previous censuses. More information on the historical comparability of specific categories of 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' is available in the Education Reference Guide, 2006 Census, catalogue number 97-560-GWE2006003.

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Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Part A - Plain language definition
Information indicating the person's most advanced certificate, diploma or degree.
Part B - Detailed definition
This is a derived variable obtained from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported. There is an implied hierarchy in this variable (secondary school graduation, registered apprenticeship and trades, college, university) which is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. However, at the detailed level a registered apprenticeship graduate may not have completed a secondary school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a master's degree necessarily have a certificate or diploma above the bachelor's degree level. Therefore, although the sequence is more or less hierarchical, it is a general rather than an absolute gradient measure of academic achievement.

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Footnote 40

'High school certificate or equivalent' includes persons who have graduated from a secondary school or equivalent. Excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree. Examples of postsecondary institutions include community colleges, institutes of technology, CEGEPs, private trade schools, private business colleges, schools of nursing and universities.

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Footnote 41

'College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' replaces the category 'Other non university certificate or diploma' in previous censuses. This category includes accreditation by non degree-granting institutions such as community colleges, CEGEPs, private business colleges and technical institutes.

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Footnote 42

The overall quality of the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable from the 2006 Census is acceptable. However, users of the 'University certificate or diploma below the bachelor level' category should know that an unexpected growth in this category was noted compared to the 2001 Census.

In fact, in the 2001 Census, 2.5% of respondents aged 15 years or over declared such a diploma, compared to 4.4% in 2006, representing 89% growth. This phenomenon was not found in other sources like the Labour Force Survey.

We recommend users interpret the 2006 Census results for this category with caution.

For more information on factors that may explain such variances in census data, such as response errors and processing errors, please refer to the 2006 Census Dictionary, Appendix B: Data quality, sampling and weighting, confidentiality and random rounding.

More information is available in the Education Reference Guide, 2006 Census, catalogue number 97-560-GWE2006003.

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Footnote 43

Questions pertaining to university degrees attained in 2006 (for example bachelor's degrees or master's degrees) were similar to those asked in 2001. Data for the university categories (bachelor's degree through to earned doctorate) are comparable over time.

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Footnote 44

'Field of study' is defined as the main discipline or subject of learning. It is collected for the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school or secondary school level.

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Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP)
Part A - Plain language definition
Main subject area of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree after high school.
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree. The Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP [Canada 2000]) major field of study classification structure consists of 13 major categories or primary groupings, 12 of which are used for the census (the category which includes courses in personal development is not used). The 12 primary groupings are: education; visual and performing arts, and communications technologies; humanities; social and behavioural sciences and law; business, management and public administration; physical and life sciences and technologies; mathematics, computer and information sciences; architecture, engineering and related technologies; agriculture, natural resources and conservation; health, parks, recreation and fitness; personal, protective and transportation services; other.

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Footnote 45

Includes Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, Other.

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Footnote 46

'Location of study' refers to the province, territory or country where the highest certificate, diploma or degree above the high school level was completed.

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Location of study
Part A - Plain language definition
Indicates the province, territory or country where the highest certificate, diploma or degree was obtained.
Part B - Detailed definition
This variable indicates the province, territory (in Canada) or country (outside Canada) where the highest certificate, diploma or degree was obtained. It is only reported for individuals who had completed a certificate, diploma or degree above the secondary (high) school level.

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Footnote 47

Refers to the 10 locations of studies outside Canada most often reported.

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Footnote 48

The official name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

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Footnote 49

The official name is the Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 50

Earnings or employment income - Refers to total income received by persons 15 years of age and over during calendar year 2005 as wages and salaries, net income from a non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice, and/or net farm self-employment income.

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2005. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.

Net farm income - Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 2005 from the operation of a farm, either on the respondent's own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was reported. Included with gross receipts are cash advances received in 2005, dividends from cooperatives, rebates and farm support payments to farmers from federal, provincial and regional agricultural programs (for example, milk subsidies and marketing board payments) and gross insurance proceeds such as payments from the Net Income Stabilization Account (NISA). The value of income 'in kind,' such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm, is excluded.

Net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice - Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents and depreciation) received during calendar year 2005 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share was reported. Also included is net income from persons babysitting in their own homes, persons providing room and board to non relatives, self-employed fishers, hunters and trappers, operators of direct distributorships such as those selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as freelance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc.

Receipts not counted as income - The income concept excludes gambling gains and losses, lottery prizes, money inherited during the year in a lump sum, capital gains or losses, receipts from the sale of property, income tax refunds, loan payments received, lump sum settlements of insurance policies, rebates received on property taxes, refunds of pension contributions as well as all income 'in kind,' such as free meals and living accommodations, or agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm.

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals 15 years of age and over who reported income for 2005. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males 45 to 54 years of age) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the unrounded number of individuals (e.g., males 45 to 54 years of age) with income in that group.

Standard error of average income - Refers to the estimated standard error of average income for an income size distribution. If interpreted as shown below, it serves as a rough indicator of the precision of the corresponding estimate of average income. For about 68% of the samples which could be selected from the sample frame, the difference between the sample estimate of average income and the corresponding figure based on complete enumeration would be less than one standard error. For about 95% of the possible samples, the difference would be less than two standard errors and, in about 99% of the samples, the difference would be less than approximately two and one half standard errors.

Average and median incomes and standard errors of average income of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least 15 years of age and who have an income (positive or negative). For all other universes (families [census/economic], persons 15 years of age and over not in families or private households), these statistics will be calculated over all units, whether or not they reported any income.

These statistics can be derived for after-tax income, earnings, wages and salaries, or any other particular source of income in the same manner.

Work activity - Refers to the number of weeks in which a person worked for pay or in self-employment in the reference year at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (1 to 29 hours per week). Persons with a part-time job for part of the year and a full-time job for another part of the year were to report the information for the job at which they worked the most weeks. The term 'Full-year full-time workers' refers to persons 15 years of age and over who worked 49 to 52 weeks (mostly full time) in the reference year for pay or in self-employment.

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Footnote 51

Includes persons who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2005 only, persons who worked in 2006 only, as well as persons who worked in 2005 but had no employment income.

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Footnote 52

Was an earner or employment income recipient and worked 49 to 52 weeks in 2005, mostly full time.

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Footnote 53

Was an earner or employment income recipient and worked less than 49 weeks or worked mostly part time in 2005.

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Footnote 54

Earnings or employment income - Refers to total income received by persons 15 years of age and over during calendar year 2005 as wages and salaries, net income from a non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice, and/or net farm self-employment income.

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2005. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.

Net farm income - Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 2005 from the operation of a farm, either on the respondent's own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was reported. Included with gross receipts are cash advances received in 2005, dividends from cooperatives, rebates and farm support payments to farmers from federal, provincial and regional agricultural programs (for example, milk subsidies and marketing board payments) and gross insurance proceeds such as payments from the Net Income Stabilization Account (NISA). The value of income 'in kind,' such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm, is excluded.

Net non-farm income for unincorporated business and/or professional practice - Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents and depreciation) received during calendar year 2005 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share was reported. Also included is net income from persons babysitting in their own homes, persons providing room and board to non relatives, self-employed fishers, hunters and trappers, operators of direct distributorships such as those selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as freelance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc.

Receipts not counted as income - The income concept excludes gambling gains and losses, lottery prizes, money inherited during the year in a lump sum, capital gains or losses, receipts from the sale of property, income tax refunds, loan payments received, lump-sum settlements of insurance policies, rebates received on property taxes, refunds of pension contributions as well as all income 'in kind,' such as free meals and living accommodations, or agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm.

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals 15 years of age and over who reported income for 2005. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males 45 to 54 years of age) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the unrounded number of individuals (e.g., males 45 to 54 years of age) with income in that group.

Standard error of average income - Refers to the estimated standard error of average income for an income size distribution. If interpreted as shown below, it serves as a rough indicator of the precision of the corresponding estimate of average income. For about 68% of the samples which could be selected from the sample frame, the difference between the sample estimate of average income and the corresponding figure based on complete enumeration would be less than one standard error. For about 95% of the possible samples, the difference would be less than two standard errors and, in about 99% of the samples, the difference would be less than approximately two and one half standard errors.

Average and median incomes and standard errors of average income of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least 15 years of age and who have an income (positive or negative). For all other universes (families [census/economic], persons 15 years of age and over not in families or private households), these statistics will be calculated over all units, whether or not they reported any income.

These statistics can be derived for after-tax income, earnings, wages and salaries, or any other particular source of income in the same manner.

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Footnote 55

Earner or employment income recipient - Refers to a person 15 years of age and over who received wages and salaries, net income from a non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice, and/or net farm self-employment income during calendar year 2005.

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Footnote 56

Including loss.

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Footnote 57

For persons with employment income.

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Footnote 58

For persons with employment income.

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Footnote 59

For persons with employment income.

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Footnote 60

Composition of income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

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Footnote 61

Wages and salaries - Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and Employment Insurance. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, benefits from wage-loss replacement plans or income-maintenance insurance plans, supplementary unemployment benefits from an employer or union as well as all types of casual earnings during calendar year 2005. Other employment income such as taxable benefits, research grants and royalties are included.

Receipts not counted as income - The income concept excludes gambling gains and losses, lottery prizes, money inherited during the year in a lump sum, capital gains or losses, receipts from the sale of property, income tax refunds, loan payments received, lump-sum settlements of insurance policies, rebates received on property taxes, refunds of pension contributions, as well as all income 'in kind,' such as free meals and living accommodations, or agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm.

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals 15 years of age and over who reported income for 2005. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males 45 to 54 years of age) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the unrounded number of individuals (e.g., males 45 to 54 years of age) with income in that group.

Standard error of average income - Refers to the estimated standard error of average income for an income size distribution. If interpreted as shown below, it serves as a rough indicator of the precision of the corresponding estimate of average income. For about 68% of the samples which could be selected from the sample frame, the difference between the sample estimate of average income and the corresponding figure based on complete enumeration would be less than one standard error. For about 95% of the possible samples, the difference would be less than two standard errors and, in about 99% of the samples, the difference would be approximately two and one half standard errors.

Average and median incomes and standard errors for average income of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least 15 years of age and who have an income (positive or negative). For all other universes (families [census/economic], persons not in families or private households), these statistics will be calculated over all units, whether or not they reported any income.

These statistics can be derived for after-tax income, earnings, wages and salaries, or any other particular source of income in the same manner.

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Footnote 62

For persons with wages and salaries.

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Footnote 63

For persons with wages and salaries.

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Footnote 64

For persons with wages and salaries.

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Footnote 65

'Total income' refers to the total money income received from the following sources during calendar year 2005 by persons 15 years of age and over:

- wages and salaries (total)
- net farm income
- net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice
- child benefits
- Old Age Security pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement
- benefits from Canada or Quebec Pension Plan
- benefits from Employment Insurance
- other income from government sources
- dividends, interest on bonds, deposits and savings certificates, and other investment income
- retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from RRSPs and RRIFs
- other money income.

'After-tax income' refers to total income from all sources minus federal, provincial and territorial income taxes paid for 2005.

Receipts not counted as income - The income concept excluded gambling gains and losses, lottery prizes, money inherited during the year in a lump sum, capital gains or losses, receipts from the sale of property, income tax refunds, loan payments received, lump sum settlements of insurance policies, rebates received on property taxes, refunds of pension contributions, as well as all income 'in kind,' such as free meals and living accommodations, or agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm.

Average income of individuals - Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals 15 years of age and over who reported income for 2005. Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals (e.g., males 45 to 54 years of age) by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Median income of individuals - The median income of a specified group of income recipients is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e., the incomes of the first half of individuals are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. Median income is calculated from the unrounded number of individuals (e.g., males 45 to 54 years of age) with income in that group.

Standard error of average income - Refers to the estimated standard error of average income for an income size distribution. If interpreted as shown below, it serves as a rough indicator of the precision of the corresponding estimate of average income. For about 68% of the samples which could be selected from the sample frame, the difference between the sample estimate of average income and the corresponding figure based on complete enumeration would be less than one standard error. For about 95% of the possible samples, the difference would be less than two standard errors and, in about 99% of the samples, the difference would be less than approximately two and one half standard errors.

Average and median incomes and standard errors of average income of individuals will be calculated for those individuals who are at least 15 years of age and who have an income (positive or negative). For all other universes (families [census/economic]), persons 15 years of age and over not in families or private households), these statistics will be calculated over all units, whether or not they reported any income.

These statistics can be derived for after-tax income, earnings, wages and salaries, or any other particular source of income in the same manner.

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Footnote 66

Including loss.

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Footnote 67

For persons with income.

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Footnote 68

For persons with income.

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Footnote 69

For persons with income.

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Footnote 70

Income status before tax - Refers to the position of an economic family or a person 15 years of age and over not in an economic family in relation to Statistics Canada's low income before tax cut-offs (LICOs).

Income status after tax - Refers to the position of an economic family or a person 15 years of age and over in relation to Statistics Canada's low income after-tax cut-offs (LICO-AT).

Measures of low income known as 'low income (before tax) cut-offs (LICOs)' were first introduced in Canada in 1968 based on 1961 Census income data and 1959 family expenditure patterns. At that time, expenditure patterns indicated that Canadian families spent about 50% of their total income on food, shelter and clothing. It was arbitrarily estimated that families spending 70% or more of their income (20 percentage points more than the average) on these basic necessities would be in 'straitened' circumstances. With this assumption, low income cut-off points were set for five different sizes of families.

Subsequent to these initial cut-offs, revised low income before tax cut-offs were established based on national family expenditure data from 1969, 1978, 1986 and 1992. The initial LICOs were based upon the total income, before tax, of families and persons 15 years and over not in economic families.

After a comprehensive review of low income cut-offs completed in 1991, low income cut-offs based upon after-tax income were published for the first time in Income After Tax, Distributions by Size in Canada, 1990 (Catalogue no. 13-210). Income after tax cut-offs are estimated independently for economic families and persons 15 years of age and over not in economic families based upon family expenditure and income after tax. Consequently, the low income after-tax cut-offs are set at after-tax income levels, differentiated by size of family and area of residence, where families spend 20 percentage points more of their after-tax income than the average family on food, shelter and clothing.

For the purposes of low income statistics (before or after tax), economic families and persons 15 years of age and over not in economic families in the Yukon Territory, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut and on Indian reserves were excluded. The low income cut-offs are based on certain expenditure-income patterns which are not available from survey data for the entire population.

The incidence of low income is not calculated for economic families and persons not in economic families living in the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and on Indian reserves. In addition, low income data are available for two census subdivisions (CSDs) in Saskatchewan (Denare Beach, Sandy Bay) which Indian and Northern Affairs Canada considers as First Nation communities but which are not Indian reserves. The data for these communities have been included in the incidence of low income calculations for the Saskatchewan and Canada level data. However, they are not shown as part of the 'On reserve' column in the tables for Saskatchewan and Canada.

Prevalence of low income (before or after tax) can also be derived for census families, persons not in census families and the population in private households. See Low Income Statistics for Census Families and Households, Staff Report no. 1991-1, Labour and Household Surveys Analysis Division, Statistics Canada.

Prevalence of low income rates are calculated from rounded counts of low income persons or families and the total number of persons or families. These counts have been rounded independently of the rounded counts shown in the table; thus, there may be a small difference between the rate shown and the one derived from the counts shown. Users are advised to interpret prevalence of low income rates based upon small counts with caution.

Since its initial publication, Statistics Canada has clearly and consistently emphasized that the LICOs are not measures of poverty. Rather, LICOs reflect a consistent and well-defined methodology that identifies those who are substantially worse-off than average. These measures have enabled Statistics Canada to report important trends, such as the changing composition of those below the LICOs over time.

Low income before tax cut-offs (LICOs) - Income levels at which families or persons not in economic families spend 20% more than average of their before tax income on food, shelter and clothing. For additional information and a table of low income cut-offs, please refer to the 2006 Census Dictionary, Catalogue no. 92-566-XWE.

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Footnote 71

Economic family
Part A - Plain language definition
Not applicable
Part B - Detailed definition
Refers to a group of two or more persons who live in the same dwelling and are related to each other by blood, marriage, common-law or adoption. A couple may be of opposite or same sex. For 2006, foster children are included.

Persons not in economic families - Household members who do not belong to an economic family. Persons living alone are included in this category.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 97-564-XCB2006007.

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Footnote c

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Footnote d

XML (SDMX - ML) - Is a statistical data and metadata exchange standard for the electronic exchange of statistical information. Two extensible mark-up language (XML) files are provided in a compressed bundle.

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