Data tables, 2016 Census

Visible Minority (15), Age (15A), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (900) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data

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This table details visible minority , age , sex and selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics for the population in private households in British Columbia / Colombie-Britannique
Data quality
Selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics (900) Sex (3)
Total - Sex Male Female
Total - Household type of person for the population in private households - 25% sample data 4,560,235 2,237,485 2,322,750
Persons in one-census-family households without additional persons 3,060,990 1,517,380 1,543,615
In a couple census family without children (no other persons present in the household) 1,001,380 501,950 499,430
In a couple census family with children (no other persons present in the household) 1,688,765 865,340 823,425
In a lone-parent census family (no other persons present in the household) 370,850 150,090 220,760
Persons in multigenerational householdsFootnote 2 383,090 179,265 203,820
Persons in other census family householdsFootnote 3 370,165 181,980 188,180
Persons in two-or-more-person non-census-family households 204,070 110,980 93,095
Persons living alone (one-person households) 541,925 247,880 294,040
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample dataFootnote 4 3,870,375 1,882,770 1,987,610
Married or living common law 2,276,815 1,134,550 1,142,255
Married 1,905,060 948,160 956,905
Living common law 371,750 186,395 185,355
Not married and not living common law 1,593,565 748,215 845,350
Never married 1,054,145 569,400 484,745
Separated 102,085 42,965 59,115
Divorced 253,780 97,265 156,515
Widowed 183,560 38,590 144,970
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample dataFootnote 5 4,516,810 2,215,520 2,301,295
Non-movers 3,811,370 1,868,420 1,942,950
Movers 705,440 347,095 358,345
Non-migrants 386,620 189,765 196,855
Migrants 318,820 157,330 161,490
Internal migrants 249,965 123,420 126,540
Intraprovincial migrants 188,225 92,150 96,075
Interprovincial migrants 61,740 31,270 30,465
External migrants 68,860 33,910 34,950
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample dataFootnote 6 4,339,960 2,124,780 2,215,185
Non-movers 2,490,535 1,220,630 1,269,905
Movers 1,849,420 904,145 945,280
Non-migrants 940,890 460,185 480,710
Migrants 908,530 443,965 464,565
Internal migrants 672,800 329,695 343,105
Intraprovincial migrants 503,685 245,890 257,795
Interprovincial migrants 169,115 83,805 85,310
External migrants 235,730 114,265 121,465
Total - First official language spoken for the population in private households - 25% sample dataFootnote 7 4,560,240 2,237,485 2,322,745
English 4,336,075 2,138,590 2,197,490
French 55,315 28,080 27,235
English and French 17,775 8,185 9,590
Neither English nor French 151,070 62,635 88,430
Official language minority (number)Footnote 8 64,205 32,170 32,030
Official language minority (percentage)Footnote 9 1.4 1.4 1.4
Total - Mother tongue for the population in private households - 25% Sample DataFootnote 10 4,560,235 2,237,490 2,322,745
English 3,142,275 1,572,415 1,569,860
French 57,105 28,925 28,180
Non-official language 1,261,220 588,670 672,550
English and French 9,575 4,590 4,980
English and non-official language 86,240 41,105 45,135
French and non-official language 1,900 960 935
English, French and non-official language 1,930 830 1,100
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the population in private households - 25% Sample DataFootnote 11 4,560,240 2,237,490 2,322,750
English 3,601,100 1,785,610 1,815,490
French 16,490 8,015 8,475
Non-official language 714,820 335,855 378,965
English and French 6,110 3,015 3,095
English and non-official language 218,260 103,475 114,780
French and non-official language 625 275 350
English, French and non-official language 2,835 1,240 1,590
Total - Number of languages known for the population in private households - 25% sample dataFootnote 12 4,560,235 2,237,490 2,322,750
Knowledge of one language 2,928,350 1,467,600 1,460,755
English only 2,794,335 1,411,690 1,382,645
French only 1,005 490 515
Non-official language only 133,010 55,420 77,590
Knowledge of more than one language 1,631,885 769,890 861,995
English and French only 218,345 98,110 120,230
English, French and one or more non-official languages 94,135 41,170 52,965
English and one or more non official languages 1,298,570 622,070 676,495
French and one or more non official languages 740 310 430
Multiple non-official languages only 20,095 8,230 11,875
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample dataFootnote 13 4,560,235 2,237,490 2,322,750
Canadian citizensFootnote 14 4,138,300 2,038,285 2,100,015
Canadian citizens only 3,924,715 1,934,715 1,990,000
Citizens of Canada and at least one other country 213,585 103,570 110,015
Not Canadian citizensFootnote 15 421,935 199,200 222,735
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample dataFootnote 16 4,560,235 2,237,490 2,322,750
Non-immigrantsFootnote 17 3,167,160 1,584,305 1,582,855
ImmigrantsFootnote 18 1,292,670 603,800 688,870
Before 1981 356,155 171,330 184,830
1981 to 1990 152,225 70,475 81,750
1991 to 2000 287,505 132,185 155,315
2001 to 2010 321,240 147,250 173,985
2001 to 2005 147,735 67,425 80,305
2006 to 2010 173,505 79,825 93,680
2011 to 2016Footnote 19 175,550 82,555 92,995
Non-permanent residentsFootnote 20 100,405 49,385 51,020
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample dataFootnote 21 1,292,675 603,800 688,875
Under 5 years 112,670 56,490 56,180
5 to 14 years 212,710 108,980 103,735
15 to 24 years 279,495 126,685 152,805
25 to 44 years 537,500 242,185 295,315
45 years and over 150,305 69,455 80,845
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample dataFootnote 22 955,960 442,040 513,915
Economic immigrantsFootnote 23 537,875 258,560 279,315
Principal applicantsFootnote 24 209,685 123,645 86,040
Secondary applicantsFootnote 25 328,190 134,915 193,275
Immigrants sponsored by familyFootnote 26 323,440 133,770 189,665
RefugeesFootnote 27 82,360 44,250 38,105
Other immigrantsFootnote 28 12,280 5,455 6,830
Total - Place of birth for the population in private households - 25% sample dataFootnote 29 4,560,240 2,237,490 2,322,745
Born in Canada 3,133,785 1,567,050 1,566,740
Born outside Canada 1,426,450 670,445 756,010
Americas 138,435 65,110 73,330
North America 74,790 35,445 39,345
Greenland 35 15 20
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 0 0 10
United StatesFootnote 30 74,750 35,425 39,320
Central America 24,560 11,545 13,010
Belize 150 75 70
Costa Rica 665 270 400
El Salvador 5,645 2,830 2,810
Guatemala 2,090 1,060 1,030
Honduras 1,340 635 700
Mexico 13,160 5,995 7,165
Nicaragua 1,280 595 685
Panama 230 80 150
Caribbean and Bermuda 11,535 5,645 5,890
Anguilla 0 0 0
Antigua and Barbuda 150 80 70
Aruba 100 55 50
Bahamas 240 115 130
Barbados 725 350 375
Bermuda 435 215 230
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba 0 0 0
Cayman Islands 135 90 45
Cuba 755 395 355
Curaçao 45 30 25
Dominica 65 30 40
Dominican Republic 525 215 310
Grenada 215 115 95
Guadeloupe 15 10 0
Haiti 600 270 330
Jamaica 4,105 2,135 1,970
Martinique 10 0 0
Montserrat 0 0 10
Puerto Rico 120 50 65
Saint Barthélemy 0 0 0
Saint Kitts and Nevis 105 40 65
Saint Lucia 150 60 85
Saint Martin (French part) 0 0 0
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 265 110 155
Sint Maarten (Dutch part) 25 10 20
Trinidad and Tobago 2,710 1,260 1,455
Turks and Caicos Islands 0 0 0
Virgin Islands, British 35 20 15
Virgin Islands, United States 0 0 0
South America 27,555 12,475 15,085
Argentina 2,150 1,065 1,090
BoliviaFootnote 31 400 165 235
Brazil 6,965 3,045 3,915
Chile 3,635 1,650 1,980
Colombia 4,570 2,060 2,510
Ecuador 705 350 355
Falkland Islands (Malvinas) 10 0 0
French Guiana 20 15 0
Guyana 1,335 620 710
Paraguay 1,880 905 975
Peru 3,570 1,495 2,075
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 0 0 0
Suriname 130 80 55
Uruguay 340 165 170
VenezuelaFootnote 32 1,855 850 1,005
Europe 342,920 169,240 173,680
Western Europe 76,290 37,995 38,300
Austria 3,880 1,845 2,035
Belgium 1,775 940 840
France 7,490 3,855 3,630
Germany 38,960 18,905 20,055
Liechtenstein 35 10 25
Luxembourg 110 65 50
Monaco 20 15 10
Netherlands 18,960 9,735 9,220
Switzerland 5,065 2,625 2,435
Eastern Europe 65,390 30,635 34,760
Belarus 1,050 525 525
Bulgaria 2,090 975 1,115
Czech Republic 5,915 2,800 3,115
Estonia 470 210 260
Hungary 6,315 3,220 3,095
Latvia 650 355 295
Lithuania 450 205 245
MoldovaFootnote 33 900 435 465
Poland 15,460 7,185 8,270
Romania 9,155 4,460 4,695
Russian Federation 11,695 5,030 6,665
Slovakia 3,250 1,500 1,745
Ukraine 7,995 3,745 4,255
Northern Europe 151,435 75,090 76,345
Åland Islands 0 10 0
Denmark 4,800 2,410 2,390
Faroe Islands 10 0 10
Finland 2,865 1,135 1,730
Guernsey 80 55 20
Iceland 215 105 110
IrelandFootnote 34 7,465 3,960 3,505
Isle of Man 145 80 65
Jersey 115 65 50
Norway 1,810 950 855
Sark 0 0 0
Svalbard and Jan Mayen 0 0 0
Sweden 2,575 1,180 1,395
United KingdomFootnote 35 131,345 65,140 66,210
Southern Europe 49,800 25,520 24,280
Albania 500 240 260
Andorra 0 0 0
Bosnia and Herzegovina 4,650 2,275 2,370
Croatia 6,015 3,085 2,935
Gibraltar 45 20 25
Greece 3,855 2,080 1,780
Holy See (Vatican City State) 0 0 0
Italy 16,300 8,545 7,755
KosovoFootnote 36 765 440 330
Macedonia, Republic ofFootnote 37 315 150 165
Malta 495 230 265
Montenegro 200 115 85
Portugal 8,430 4,225 4,205
San Marino 0 0 0
SerbiaFootnote 38 4,710 2,365 2,350
Slovenia 1,180 545 630
Spain 2,335 1,200 1,130
Africa 46,830 23,765 23,065
Western Africa 4,575 2,485 2,085
Benin 35 15 20
Burkina Faso 20 10 10
Cabo Verde 20 15 10
Côte d'Ivoire 85 40 45
Gambia 25 20 10
Ghana 1,030 595 440
Guinea 65 30 40
Guinea-Bissau 10 0 10
Liberia 310 145 165
Mali 40 30 10
Mauritania 10 10 0
Niger 20 10 15
Nigeria 2,570 1,355 1,210
Saint HelenaFootnote 39 10 0 10
Senegal 90 65 20
Sierra Leone 165 90 75
Togo 70 55 15
Eastern Africa 20,335 9,820 10,510
Burundi 205 105 100
Comoros 0 10 0
Djibouti 0 10 0
Eritrea 755 380 380
Ethiopia 2,180 1,085 1,095
Kenya 5,040 2,390 2,645
Madagascar 60 25 30
Malawi 135 75 60
Mauritius 1,365 740 625
Mayotte 0 0 0
Mozambique 175 75 100
Réunion 10 10 0
Rwanda 265 115 150
Seychelles 65 40 30
Somalia 1,110 535 580
South Sudan 440 220 225
TanzaniaFootnote 40 3,120 1,400 1,720
Uganda 2,850 1,300 1,545
Zambia 685 390 290
Zimbabwe 1,865 940 925
Northern Africa 5,895 3,330 2,565
Algeria 500 320 185
Egypt 2,865 1,585 1,280
Libya 635 385 250
Morocco 1,055 575 480
SudanFootnote 41 515 285 225
Tunisia 330 185 145
Western Sahara 0 0 0
Central Africa 1,240 670 570
Angola 155 90 65
Cameroon 170 95 70
Central African Republic 0 0 0
Chad 25 10 15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 820 455 365
Congo, Republic of the 65 15 45
Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0
Gabon 10 10 10
Sao Tome and Principe 0 0 0
Southern Africa 14,790 7,455 7,335
Botswana 75 45 30
Lesotho 65 25 40
Namibia 230 125 105
South Africa, Republic of 14,350 7,235 7,115
Swaziland 65 15 45
Asia 861,535 394,235 467,305
West Central Asia and the Middle East 71,295 37,010 34,280
Afghanistan 5,215 2,655 2,560
Armenia 270 135 130
Azerbaijan 345 185 165
Bahrain 185 135 50
Cyprus 320 175 150
Georgia 225 80 145
IranFootnote 42 38,195 19,465 18,730
Iraq 5,710 2,945 2,770
Israel 2,610 1,440 1,170
Jordan 1,030 565 465
Kazakhstan 1,510 715 795
Kuwait 810 385 430
Kyrgyzstan 510 205 305
Lebanon 2,360 1,360 995
Oman 215 110 105
Qatar 155 80 75
Saudi Arabia 2,910 1,610 1,300
SyriaFootnote 43 2,940 1,500 1,445
Tajikistan 180 105 80
Turkey 2,465 1,470 1,000
Turkmenistan 20 15 10
United Arab Emirates 1,815 960 855
Uzbekistan 570 270 300
West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine)Footnote 44 545 320 225
Yemen 190 145 50
Eastern Asia 416,725 185,155 231,575
ChinaFootnote 45 227,660 101,625 126,040
Hong KongFootnote 46 76,910 35,490 41,415
Japan 17,790 5,600 12,195
Korea, NorthFootnote 47 185 120 70
Korea, SouthFootnote 48 50,530 22,790 27,740
MacaoFootnote 49 2,240 1,005 1,235
Mongolia 290 125 165
Taiwan 41,120 18,410 22,710
Southeast Asia 179,600 75,505 104,090
Brunei Darussalam 2,065 1,095 965
Burma (Myanmar) 2,090 1,010 1,085
Cambodia 1,960 915 1,045
Indonesia 5,305 2,410 2,895
LaosFootnote 50 1,670 825 840
Malaysia 8,925 3,995 4,930
Philippines 117,835 47,425 70,415
Singapore 5,930 2,735 3,195
Thailand 4,525 1,500 3,025
Timor-Leste 10 0 10
Viet Nam 29,280 13,605 15,675
Southern Asia 193,920 96,560 97,355
Bangladesh 2,435 1,305 1,125
Bhutan 125 55 75
British Indian Ocean Territory 0 0 0
India 174,100 86,230 87,870
Maldives 10 10 0
Nepal 1,160 575 580
Pakistan 11,385 5,965 5,420
Sri Lanka 4,705 2,415 2,290
Oceania 36,715 18,090 18,625
American Samoa 0 0 0
Australia 12,705 6,615 6,090
Christmas Island 0 0 0
Cocos (Keeling) Islands 0 0 0
Cook Islands 10 0 0
Fiji 17,745 8,145 9,600
French Polynesia 50 35 15
Guam 15 0 15
Kiribati 0 0 10
Marshall Islands 10 0 10
Micronesia, Federated States of 0 0 10
Nauru 0 0 0
New Caledonia 30 25 0
New Zealand 5,780 3,090 2,690
Niue 0 0 0
Norfolk Island 10 10 0
Northern Mariana Islands 40 20 20
Palau 10 0 10
Papua New Guinea 90 55 40
Pitcairn 0 0 0
Samoa 90 40 50
Solomon Islands 10 0 10
Tokelau 0 0 0
Tonga 100 35 60
Tuvalu 0 0 0
United States Minor Outlying Islands 0 0 0
Vanuatu 10 10 0
Wallis and Futuna 0 0 0
Other places of birthFootnote 51 10 0 0
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample dataFootnote 52 4,560,240 2,237,490 2,322,750
First generationFootnote 53 1,426,450 670,445 756,005
Second generationFootnote 54 1,043,860 523,340 520,515
Third generation or moreFootnote 55 2,089,925 1,043,705 1,046,220
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample dataFootnote 56 4,560,240 2,237,490 2,322,750
North American Aboriginal origins 302,810 146,530 156,280
First Nations (North American Indian) 220,245 106,595 113,650
Inuit 2,620 1,275 1,340
Métis 90,515 43,460 47,055
Other North American origins 922,690 460,355 462,335
Acadian 3,940 1,960 1,980
American 78,170 37,765 40,405
Canadian 866,530 432,970 433,555
New Brunswicker 55 45 15
Newfoundlander 1,875 995 880
Nova Scotian 180 95 85
Ontarian 130 55 75
Québécois 1,830 950 885
Other North American origins, n.i.e.Footnote 57 405 170 235
European origins 2,857,085 1,408,510 1,448,575
British Isles origins 1,926,040 945,580 980,460
Channel Islander 450 235 220
Cornish 610 340 270
English 1,203,545 585,700 617,845
Irish 675,130 318,455 356,675
Manx 1,810 835 975
Scottish 860,775 417,075 443,695
Welsh 113,910 54,260 59,645
British Isles origins, n.i.e.Footnote 58 122,700 59,225 63,475
French origins 388,820 184,710 204,115
Alsatian 215 100 115
Breton 115 45 65
Corsican 105 40 65
French 388,580 184,595 203,980
Western European origins (except French origins) 839,865 411,165 428,700
Austrian 48,515 23,030 25,485
Bavarian 220 100 115
Belgian 19,975 9,615 10,360
Dutch 213,670 105,045 108,625
Flemish 2,215 1,140 1,070
Frisian 850 425 425
German 603,265 294,860 308,410
Luxembourger 700 340 355
Swiss 31,395 15,510 15,885
Western European origins, n.i.e.Footnote 59 905 425 485
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins) 346,525 166,100 180,420
Danish 58,200 27,980 30,215
Finnish 34,150 16,285 17,865
Icelandic 26,410 12,860 13,550
Norwegian 138,435 66,870 71,570
Swedish 110,030 51,000 59,030
Northern European origins, n.i.e.Footnote 60 15,080 7,610 7,470
Eastern European origins 569,260 275,900 293,360
Bulgarian 4,015 1,875 2,140
Byelorussian 2,765 1,395 1,365
Czech 23,375 11,500 11,875
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.Footnote 61 7,970 3,790 4,175
Estonian 4,840 2,250 2,590
Hungarian 56,535 27,450 29,090
Latvian 4,940 2,565 2,370
Lithuanian 7,225 3,470 3,760
Moldovan 1,090 515 580
Polish 149,635 71,600 78,030
Romanian 31,250 15,125 16,125
Russian 131,060 62,880 68,180
Slovak 11,220 5,440 5,780
Ukrainian 229,200 111,285 117,915
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.Footnote 62 3,560 1,645 1,915
Southern European origins 334,740 164,775 169,960
Albanian 1,925 975 950
Bosnian 3,290 1,635 1,660
Catalan 120 85 35
Croatian 23,845 12,180 11,660
Cypriot 440 235 205
Greek 24,460 12,410 12,050
Italian 166,095 83,095 83,000
Kosovar 285 140 145
Macedonian 1,205 625 585
Maltese 2,645 1,355 1,295
Montenegrin 710 360 355
Portuguese 41,765 20,620 21,145
Serbian 12,895 6,625 6,265
Sicilian 545 295 255
Slovenian 5,555 2,725 2,825
Spanish 64,475 29,250 35,225
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.Footnote 63 7,080 3,360 3,725
Southern European origins, n.i.e.Footnote 64 395 200 195
Other European origins 34,695 17,805 16,895
Basque 840 465 375
Jewish 17,580 8,945 8,640
Roma (Gypsy) 800 320 480
Slavic, n.o.s.Footnote 65 965 520 445
Other European origins, n.i.e.Footnote 66 14,715 7,635 7,085
Caribbean origins 25,010 12,350 12,660
Antiguan 220 115 100
Bahamian 250 140 110
Barbadian 1,870 940 930
Bermudan 335 155 175
Carib 70 45 25
Cuban 1,315 615 705
Dominican 740 335 410
Grenadian 380 195 185
Guadeloupean 15 0 15
Haitian 1,140 525 610
Jamaican 10,545 5,425 5,115
Kittitian/Nevisian 130 70 55
Martinican 25 0 20
Montserratan 25 15 10
Puerto Rican 570 260 315
St. Lucian 190 80 110
Trinidadian/Tobagonian 4,170 2,085 2,085
Vincentian/Grenadinian 415 180 230
West Indian, n.o.s.Footnote 67 2,120 930 1,190
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.Footnote 68 1,920 950 975
Latin, Central and South American origins 69,920 33,585 36,335
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya) 2,620 1,350 1,275
Arawak 90 45 45
Argentinian 2,030 905 1,125
Belizean 125 60 65
Bolivian 370 145 230
Brazilian 5,455 2,465 2,990
Chilean 5,695 2,740 2,960
Colombian 5,855 2,805 3,055
Costa Rican 810 385 425
Ecuadorian 1,040 490 555
Guatemalan 2,575 1,310 1,265
Guyanese 1,930 995 935
Hispanic 1,535 725 815
Honduran 1,440 745 695
Maya 930 475 455
Mexican 23,055 11,020 12,035
Nicaraguan 1,520 735 785
Panamanian 330 140 185
Paraguayan 895 475 425
Peruvian 3,910 1,775 2,130
Salvadorean 6,815 3,390 3,425
Uruguayan 415 205 205
Venezuelan 1,905 920 985
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.Footnote 69 3,310 1,610 1,700
African origins 59,985 30,635 29,350
Central and West African origins 7,075 3,810 3,260
Akan 40 25 10
Angolan 90 55 35
Ashanti 85 35 50
Beninese 35 15 15
Burkinabe 45 30 15
Cameroonian 155 85 70
Chadian 65 50 20
Congolese 810 405 405
Edo 85 55 25
Ewe 50 20 30
Gabonese 10 0 10
Gambian 25 10 20
Ghanaian 1,600 870 730
Guinean 130 50 80
Ibo 275 155 120
Ivorian 105 55 45
Liberian 250 100 150
Malian 85 60 25
Malinké 10 0 0
Nigerian 2,615 1,430 1,190
Peulh 20 10 15
Senegalese 95 75 25
Sierra Leonean 125 60 70
Togolese 105 65 35
Wolof 0 0 0
Yoruba 260 135 125
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.Footnote 70 620 305 320
North African origins 9,840 5,205 4,630
Algerian 770 465 305
Berber 210 130 75
Coptic 150 90 60
Dinka 45 25 20
Egyptian 4,520 2,345 2,180
Libyan 420 275 140
Maure 150 65 85
Moroccan 2,005 1,110 900
Sudanese 1,225 530 695
Tunisian 505 290 215
North African origins, n.i.e.Footnote 71 220 115 100
Southern and East African origins 24,800 12,350 12,450
Afrikaner 710 355 355
Amhara 115 60 55
Bantu, n.o.s.Footnote 72 255 135 115
Burundian 220 100 120
Djiboutian 0 0 0
Eritrean 1,050 550 500
Ethiopian 2,550 1,280 1,270
Harari 0 0 0
Kenyan 1,615 775 840
Malagasy 105 65 45
Mauritian 975 520 455
Oromo 140 75 65
Rwandan 420 225 195
Seychellois 25 10 10
Somali 2,295 1,110 1,180
South African 11,055 5,510 5,545
Tanzanian 495 215 275
Tigrian 205 110 95
Ugandan 775 390 380
Zambian 210 95 115
Zimbabwean 855 445 410
Zulu 70 25 45
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.Footnote 73 1,840 915 930
Other African origins 19,215 9,745 9,465
Black, n.o.s.Footnote 74 2,655 1,315 1,345
Other African origins, n.i.e.Footnote 75 16,740 8,520 8,220
Asian origins 1,312,445 624,270 688,175
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins 99,560 51,320 48,245
Afghan 7,895 4,010 3,885
Arab, n.o.s.Footnote 76 5,660 3,125 2,535
Armenian 3,720 1,905 1,815
Assyrian 545 295 250
Azerbaijani 990 570 425
Georgian 740 380 360
Hazara 50 30 25
Iranian 47,985 24,290 23,695
Iraqi 5,570 2,855 2,715
Israeli 2,655 1,370 1,285
Jordanian 780 425 355
Kazakh 385 210 175
Kurd 2,115 1,165 950
Kuwaiti 125 85 45
Kyrgyz 175 90 85
Lebanese 7,980 4,180 3,800
Palestinian 2,620 1,415 1,205
Pashtun 355 195 160
Saudi Arabian 975 620 365
Syrian 3,955 1,905 2,055
Tajik 255 135 125
Tatar 795 365 430
Turk 6,350 3,485 2,870
Turkmen 120 70 55
Uighur 130 65 65
Uzbek 275 150 115
Yemeni 305 185 115
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.Footnote 77 2,635 1,340 1,295
South Asian origins 363,890 182,650 181,235
Bangladeshi 1,845 925 920
Bengali 850 405 445
Bhutanese 115 65 55
East Indian 309,315 154,795 154,520
Goan 485 240 240
Gujarati 700 335 365
Kashmiri 185 95 85
Nepali 1,495 690 800
Pakistani 12,580 6,565 6,015
Punjabi 38,725 19,695 19,025
Sinhalese 620 325 295
Sri Lankan 5,710 2,970 2,745
Tamil 1,230 670 560
South Asian origins, n.i.e.Footnote 78 8,245 4,075 4,175
East and Southeast Asian origins 855,350 393,475 461,875
Burmese 2,315 1,135 1,175
Cambodian (Khmer) 3,235 1,580 1,655
Chinese 540,155 253,065 287,090
Filipino 158,210 68,710 89,505
Hmong 130 70 60
Indonesian 6,625 3,110 3,510
Japanese 51,150 22,200 28,950
Karen 890 445 445
Korean 63,300 29,330 33,970
Laotian 2,530 1,275 1,255
Malaysian 5,055 2,260 2,800
Mongolian 1,495 735 760
Singaporean 1,055 495 560
Taiwanese 21,455 9,810 11,645
Thai 5,065 1,870 3,195
Tibetan 545 285 265
Vietnamese 41,440 20,205 21,235
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.Footnote 79 785 310 470
Other Asian origins 2,500 1,250 1,250
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.Footnote 80 2,500 1,250 1,250
Oceania origins 41,125 20,605 20,520
Australian 16,240 8,385 7,855
New Zealander 6,560 3,410 3,155
Pacific Islands origins 19,130 9,240 9,890
Fijian 14,145 6,895 7,250
Hawaiian 2,205 970 1,235
Maori 1,120 595 530
Samoan 485 250 230
Polynesian, n.o.s.Footnote 81 600 270 325
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.Footnote 82 910 440 460
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample dataFootnote 83 3,870,380 1,882,770 1,987,610
No certificate, diploma or degree 601,640 305,320 296,315
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificateFootnote 84 1,138,565 549,580 588,985
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree 2,130,175 1,027,870 1,102,310
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma 338,985 250,265 88,720
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of QualificationFootnote 85 142,935 83,060 59,885
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of QualificationFootnote 86 196,050 167,210 28,835
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma 700,940 280,300 420,645
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level 138,010 54,425 83,585
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above 952,235 442,880 509,360
Bachelor's degree 622,675 281,025 341,650
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level 69,005 28,570 40,430
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry 29,110 16,690 12,425
Master's degree 195,825 94,360 101,465
Earned doctorateFootnote 87 35,630 22,240 13,390
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample dataFootnote 88 3,870,375 1,882,770 1,987,605
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degreeFootnote 89 1,740,205 854,900 885,300
Education 144,100 34,910 109,185
13. Education 144,100 34,910 109,190
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies 98,735 44,465 54,275
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services 16,970 12,885 4,090
50. Visual and performing arts 81,765 31,580 50,185
Humanities 124,595 49,025 75,575
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics 15,230 3,675 11,560
23. English language and literature/letters 34,710 10,845 23,865
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities 35,720 13,670 22,050
30A Interdisciplinary humanitiesFootnote 90 590 215 375
38. Philosophy and religious studies 6,710 4,045 2,660
39. Theology and religious vocations 12,280 7,400 4,880
54. History 15,780 8,480 7,300
55. French language and literature/letters 3,580 700 2,880
Social and behavioural sciences and law 245,990 87,965 158,025
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies 4,115 1,055 3,060
09. Communication, journalism and related programs 23,185 8,505 14,680
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences 38,070 3,285 34,780
22. Legal professions and studies 38,505 13,545 24,955
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciencesFootnote 91 4,325 1,345 2,985
42. Psychology 43,225 12,480 30,750
45. Social sciences 94,560 47,750 46,810
Business, management and public administration 426,460 166,470 259,985
30.16 Accounting and computer science 775 215 555
44. Public administration and social service professions 26,525 5,955 20,570
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services 399,160 160,295 238,865
Physical and life sciences and technologies 86,425 46,070 40,355
26. Biological and biomedical sciences 36,760 16,805 19,960
30.01 Biological and physical sciences 19,025 9,395 9,625
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciencesFootnote 92 835 225 610
40. Physical sciences 26,370 18,390 7,975
41. Science technologies/technicians 3,440 1,250 2,185
Mathematics, computer and information sciences 80,065 51,490 28,575
11. Computer and information sciences and support services 62,795 43,905 18,890
25. Library science 5,560 755 4,805
27. Mathematics and statistics 10,870 6,290 4,580
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciencesFootnote 93 840 535 300
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies 427,670 388,335 39,335
04. Architecture and related services 15,485 9,985 5,505
14. Engineering 98,450 81,055 17,395
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields 68,495 60,485 8,010
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation 95 25 70
46. Construction trades 100,765 97,615 3,150
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians 97,715 94,525 3,200
48. Precision production 46,660 44,650 2,015
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation 50,210 31,680 18,525
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences 24,950 13,670 11,280
03. Natural resources and conservation 25,260 18,010 7,250
Health and related fields 322,715 65,740 256,975
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies 23,740 11,920 11,825
51. Health professions and related programs 290,645 48,985 241,660
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs 8,325 4,830 3,495
Personal, protective and transportation services 122,855 61,605 61,250
12. Personal and culinary services 79,740 24,860 54,880
28. Military science, leadership and operational art 320 295 30
29. Military technologies and applied sciences 1,235 1,120 115
43. Security and protective services 13,935 10,390 3,545
49. Transportation and materials moving 27,620 24,945 2,675
Other 350 115 235
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other 350 115 240
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample dataFootnote 94 3,870,375 1,882,770 1,987,605
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree 1,740,200 854,900 885,300
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degreeFootnote 95 2,130,175 1,027,870 1,102,305
Location of study inside Canada 1,625,550 785,340 840,205
Same as province or territory of residence 1,243,905 593,275 650,630
Different than province or territory of residence 381,645 192,070 189,575
Location of study outside CanadaFootnote 96 504,630 242,525 262,100
United StatesFootnote 97 74,035 40,425 33,610
Philippines 56,845 20,455 36,395
India 44,110 22,050 22,065
United KingdomFootnote 98 58,830 31,920 26,910
ChinaFootnote 99 61,840 27,630 34,210
France 4,385 2,360 2,025
Other 204,580 97,700 106,885
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample dataFootnote 100 3,870,380 1,882,770 1,987,605
In the labour force 2,471,670 1,285,835 1,185,830
Employed 2,305,690 1,194,455 1,111,240
Unemployed 165,975 91,385 74,590
Not in the labour force 1,398,710 596,930 801,775
Participation rate 63.9 68.3 59.7
Employment rate 59.6 63.4 55.9
Unemployment rate 6.7 7.1 6.3
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample dataFootnote 101 3,870,375 1,882,770 1,987,605
Did not workFootnote 102 1,290,240 547,350 742,890
Worked 2,580,140 1,335,420 1,244,725
Worked full year, full timeFootnote 103 1,183,405 675,945 507,460
Worked part year and/or part timeFootnote 104 1,396,735 659,475 737,260
Average weeks worked in reference year 41.8 42.4 41.1
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample dataFootnote 105 2,471,670 1,285,840 1,185,830
Class of worker - not applicableFootnote 106 43,805 21,245 22,555
All classes of workersFootnote 107 2,427,865 1,264,590 1,163,275
Employee 2,084,470 1,054,630 1,029,840
Self-employedFootnote 108 343,390 209,960 133,430
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample dataFootnote 109 2,471,665 1,285,835 1,185,830
Occupation - not applicableFootnote 110 43,805 21,245 22,560
All occupationsFootnote 111 2,427,865 1,264,590 1,163,270
0 Management occupations 275,000 168,820 106,180
1 Business, finance and administration occupations 368,940 106,200 262,740
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations 161,525 127,065 34,460
3 Health occupations 162,870 35,770 127,095
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services 269,255 87,765 181,485
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport 93,100 44,850 48,245
6 Sales and service occupations 595,225 251,495 343,735
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations 360,975 339,660 21,315
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations 64,235 47,530 16,700
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities 76,750 55,430 21,315
Total Labour Force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample dataFootnote 112 2,471,670 1,285,835 1,185,830
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicableFootnote 113 43,805 21,245 22,560
All industry categoriesFootnote 114 2,427,865 1,264,590 1,163,275
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 65,205 42,845 22,360
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 25,925 21,810 4,115
22 Utilities 12,450 8,910 3,535
23 Construction 199,985 175,195 24,790
31-33 Manufacturing 157,560 113,945 43,615
41 Wholesale trade 82,105 55,525 26,580
44-45 Retail trade 283,135 129,985 153,145
48-49 Transportation and warehousing 128,395 98,580 29,815
51 Information and cultural industries 67,225 41,065 26,155
52 Finance and insurance 93,805 38,430 55,375
53 Real estate and rental and leasing 54,990 29,520 25,475
54 Professional, scientific and technical services 196,670 107,685 88,990
55 Management of companies and enterprises 4,315 1,975 2,345
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services 109,100 62,325 46,775
61 Educational services 173,820 56,450 117,365
62 Health care and social assistance 270,855 52,320 218,525
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation 57,940 29,045 28,890
72 Accommodation and food services 207,050 86,555 120,495
81 Other services (except public administration) 112,335 47,960 64,375
91 Public administration 125,000 64,450 60,545
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample dataFootnote 115 2,670,700 1,378,580 1,292,120
English 2,531,850 1,308,325 1,223,525
French 6,140 1,655 4,485
Non-official language 84,505 44,805 39,700
English and French 4,210 1,865 2,345
English and non-official language 43,480 21,760 21,715
French and non-official language 55 35 25
English, French and non-official language 465 145 320
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample dataFootnote 116 3,870,375 1,882,770 1,987,610
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data 3,727,715 1,815,380 1,912,335
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($) 32,983 40,306 27,489
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($) 45,616 54,797 36,901
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data 3,732,420 1,819,290 1,913,130
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($) 29,755 35,353 25,612
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($) 37,922 44,282 31,874
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data 3,362,835 1,664,845 1,697,985
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($) 31,542 39,505 25,286
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($) 44,933 54,787 35,271
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data 2,628,230 1,139,390 1,488,840
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($) 4,594 3,706 4,923
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($) 7,207 7,255 7,171
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data 2,775,010 1,415,100 1,359,910
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($) 31,707 39,190 26,034
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($) 43,339 52,171 34,149
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample dataFootnote 117 3,870,380 1,882,770 1,987,610
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample dataFootnote 118 1,147,070 652,120 494,955
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)Footnote 119 53,940 61,004 47,039
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)Footnote 120 64,625 72,840 53,801
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample dataFootnote 121 100.0 100.0 100.0
Market income (%)Footnote 122 88.9 91.7 84.9
Employment income (%)Footnote 123 70.7 74.2 65.8
Government transfers (%)Footnote 124 11.1 8.3 15.1
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample dataFootnote 125 3,870,380 1,882,770 1,987,605
Without total income 142,665 67,390 75,270
With total income 3,727,715 1,815,380 1,912,335
Percentage with total income 96.3 96.4 96.2
Under $10,000 (including loss) 572,610 240,010 332,600
$10,000 to $19,999 654,905 262,935 391,965
$20,000 to $29,999 505,255 209,875 295,385
$30,000 to $39,999 423,275 188,540 234,740
$40,000 to $49,999 365,170 172,375 192,795
$50,000 to $59,999 286,090 147,995 138,100
$60,000 to $69,999 222,170 128,835 93,330
$70,000 to $79,999 171,785 103,610 68,170
$80,000 to $89,999 135,310 83,965 51,345
$90,000 to $99,999 96,840 62,615 34,220
$100,000 and over 294,295 214,620 79,675
$100,000 to $149,999 198,350 142,040 56,315
$150,000 and over 95,940 72,585 23,360
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample dataFootnote 126 3,870,375 1,882,770 1,987,605
Without after-tax income 137,955 63,480 74,480
With after-tax income 3,732,420 1,819,290 1,913,130
Percentage with after-tax income 96.4 96.6 96.3
Under $10,000 (including loss) 596,435 253,305 343,125
$10,000 to $19,999 688,395 281,780 406,615
$20,000 to $29,999 594,325 252,360 341,975
$30,000 to $39,999 494,690 225,675 269,020
$40,000 to $49,999 402,520 200,795 201,725
$50,000 to $59,999 291,885 167,105 124,785
$60,000 to $69,999 210,300 127,165 83,135
$70,000 to $79,999 151,855 95,530 56,325
$80,000 and over 302,010 215,580 86,430
$80,000 to $89,999 94,850 64,145 30,700
$90,000 to $99,999 59,645 42,665 16,985
$100,000 and over 147,510 108,765 38,745
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample dataFootnote 127 3,870,375 1,882,770 1,987,605
Without employment income 1,095,365 467,670 627,695
With employment income 2,775,010 1,415,095 1,359,915
Percentage with employment income 71.7 75.2 68.4
Under $5,000 (including loss) 440,080 203,880 236,195
$5,000 to $9,999 212,775 90,215 122,560
$10,000 to $19,999 371,845 159,730 212,120
$20,000 to $29,999 310,270 136,640 173,625
$30,000 to $39,999 282,735 126,870 155,865
$40,000 to $49,999 253,580 118,995 134,585
$50,000 to $59,999 203,575 107,665 95,910
$60,000 to $69,999 163,065 97,835 65,230
$70,000 to $79,999 133,795 82,415 51,375
$80,000 and over 403,290 290,845 112,445
$80,000 to $89,999 106,940 68,225 38,720
$90,000 to $99,999 76,035 51,755 24,270
$100,000 and over 220,320 170,870 49,450
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 25% sample dataFootnote 128 4,560,240 2,237,490 2,322,750
In the bottom half of the distribution 2,262,075 1,078,095 1,183,990
In the bottom decile 534,305 257,020 277,285
In the second decile 451,210 205,315 245,895
In the third decile 417,915 198,600 219,320
In the fourth decile 423,105 204,050 219,055
In the fifth decile 435,540 213,110 222,430
In the top half of the distribution 2,298,160 1,159,400 1,138,760
In the sixth decile 443,815 218,245 225,570
In the seventh decile 451,545 226,695 224,845
In the eighth decile 462,800 233,000 229,800
In the ninth decile 475,325 242,615 232,715
In the top decile 464,670 238,840 225,830
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 25% sample dataFootnote 129 4,477,745 2,196,340 2,281,405
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) 695,160 324,515 370,650
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%) 15.5 14.8 16.2
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) 489,030 234,985 254,050
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%) 10.9 10.7 11.1

Symbol(s)

Symbol ..

not available for a specific reference period

..

Symbol ...

not applicable

...

Symbol x

suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

x

Symbol F

too unreliable to be published

F

Footnote(s)

Footnote 1

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

In households where there is at least one person living with a child and a grandchild.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

In households that are not multigenerational where there is one census family with additional persons or more than one census family.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often. For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

Citizenship refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

Return to footnote 20 referrer

Footnote 21

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

Return to footnote 23 referrer

Footnote 24

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 25

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 26

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 27

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 28

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 29

For more information on the place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 30

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 31

The official name of Bolivia is Plurinational State of Bolivia.

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Footnote 32

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 33

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 34

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 35

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 36

The official name of Kosovo is Republic of Kosovo.

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Footnote 37

Macedonia, Republic of: known as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia by the United Nations and other international bodies.

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Footnote 38

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 39

The official name of Saint Helena is Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

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Footnote 40

The official name of Tanzania is United Republic of Tanzania.

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Footnote 41

The full name of Sudan is the Republic of the Sudan.

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Footnote 42

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 43

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 44

West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine): West Bank and Gaza Strip are the territories referred to in the Declaration of Principles, signed by Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1993. Palestine refers to pre-1948 British mandate Palestine.

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Footnote 45

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 46

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 47

The official name of North Korea is Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 48

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 49

The full name of Macao is Macao Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 50

The official name of Laos is Lao People's Democratic Republic.

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Footnote 51

Includes other places of birth not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea'.

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Footnote 52

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 53

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 54

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 55

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 56

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 57

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 58

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 59

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 60

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 61

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 62

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 63

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 64

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 65

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 66

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 67

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 68

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 69

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 70

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 71

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 72

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 73

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 74

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 75

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 76

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 77

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 78

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 79

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 80

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 81

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 82

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 83

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 84

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 85

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 86

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 87

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 88

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/concepts/classification.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 89

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 90

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 91

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 92

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 93

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 94

'Location of study' refers to either:

- the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;

- the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 95

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 96

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 97

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 98

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 99

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 100

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 101

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 102

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 103

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 104

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 105

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 106

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 107

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 108

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 109

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 110

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 111

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday May 7, 2016 were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 112

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 113

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 114

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 115

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 116

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

- statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
- statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
- statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

- employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
- income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
- income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
- other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
- income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

- one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
- capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
- employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
- voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period.

It includes:

- Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
- retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
- benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
- child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
- social assistance benefits;
- workers' compensation benefits;
- Working income tax benefit;
- Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
- other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 117

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 118

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 119

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median.

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 120

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 121

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 122

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 123

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 124

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

- Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
- retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
- benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
- child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
- social assistance benefits;
- workers' compensation benefits;
- Working income tax benefit;
- Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
- other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 125

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

- statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
- statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
- statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

- employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
- income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
- income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
- other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
- income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

- one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
- capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
- employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
- voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 126

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.


For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 127

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.


For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 128

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 129

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-400-X2016192.

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