Visible Minority (15), Age (15A), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (900) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data

• Visible minority (15): Total - Visible minority
• Age (15A): Total - Age

This table details visible minority , age , sex and selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics for the population in private households in Ottawa - Gatineau (Ontario part / partie de l'Ontario)

Selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics (900)	Sex (3)
	Total - Sex	Male	Female
Total - Household type of person for the population in private households - 25% sample data	973,340	474,580	498,765
Persons in one-census-family households without additional persons	718,295	355,490	362,800
In a couple census family without children (no other persons present in the household)	196,415	98,620	97,795
In a couple census family with children (no other persons present in the household)	430,785	219,600	211,180
In a lone-parent census family (no other persons present in the household)	91,095	37,275	53,825
Persons in multigenerational households^Footnote 2	49,520	21,935	27,585
Persons in other census family households^Footnote 3	49,805	24,495	25,310
Persons in two-or-more-person non-census-family households	45,935	25,235	20,705
Persons living alone (one-person households)	109,780	47,415	62,365
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 4	807,625	390,260	417,365
Married or living common law	464,865	232,290	232,575
Married	387,910	193,475	194,440
Living common law	76,950	38,815	38,135
Not married and not living common law	342,755	157,970	184,785
Never married	241,525	126,100	115,425
Separated	21,910	8,680	13,225
Divorced	46,815	16,805	30,015
Widowed	32,505	6,385	26,120
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^Footnote 5	963,465	469,575	493,890
Non-movers	835,235	406,670	428,560
Movers	128,230	62,900	65,325
Non-migrants	88,220	43,300	44,915
Migrants	40,010	19,600	20,415
Internal migrants	27,520	13,310	14,215
Intraprovincial migrants	16,465	7,830	8,635
Interprovincial migrants	11,060	5,475	5,580
External migrants	12,490	6,290	6,200
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^Footnote 6	921,485	448,420	473,060
Non-movers	559,325	271,595	287,730
Movers	362,160	176,830	185,330
Non-migrants	235,705	115,110	120,590
Migrants	126,455	61,720	64,735
Internal migrants	84,760	40,795	43,960
Intraprovincial migrants	50,860	24,310	26,550
Interprovincial migrants	33,900	16,490	17,410
External migrants	41,695	20,920	20,780
Total - First official language spoken for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 7	973,340	474,580	498,765
English	776,930	384,440	392,495
French	161,385	74,700	86,685
English and French	21,565	10,135	11,430
Neither English nor French	13,465	5,300	8,165
Official language minority (number)^Footnote 8	172,165	79,770	92,400
Official language minority (percentage)^Footnote 9	17.7	16.8	18.5
Total - Mother tongue for the population in private households - 25% Sample Data^Footnote 10	973,340	474,575	498,765
English	588,540	293,780	294,760
French	149,140	69,720	79,420
Non-official language	202,155	95,085	107,065
English and French	12,190	5,755	6,435
English and non-official language	14,985	7,340	7,640
French and non-official language	3,910	1,745	2,165
English, French and non-official language	2,430	1,145	1,280
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the population in private households - 25% Sample Data^Footnote 11	973,340	474,580	498,765
English	711,685	352,325	359,355
French	104,725	48,295	56,425
Non-official language	98,490	46,445	52,050
English and French	13,030	5,920	7,105
English and non-official language	37,175	17,910	19,260
French and non-official language	3,480	1,465	2,015
English, French and non-official language	4,765	2,215	2,550
Total - Number of languages known for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 12	973,345	474,580	498,765
Knowledge of one language	422,195	216,120	206,075
English only	400,195	207,065	193,125
French only	9,600	4,090	5,510
Non-official language only	12,400	4,965	7,435
Knowledge of more than one language	551,150	258,460	292,695
English and French only	284,015	132,305	151,715
English, French and one or more non-official languages	91,395	40,735	50,660
English and one or more non official languages	168,880	83,095	85,780
French and one or more non official languages	5,500	1,845	3,660
Multiple non-official languages only	1,360	480	880
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 13	973,340	474,580	498,765
Canadian citizens^Footnote 14	910,260	444,570	465,690
Canadian citizens only	851,345	415,745	435,595
Citizens of Canada and at least one other country	58,915	28,825	30,090
Not Canadian citizens^Footnote 15	63,085	30,010	33,075
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 16	973,345	474,575	498,765
Non-immigrants^Footnote 17	738,430	363,910	374,525
Immigrants^Footnote 18	219,705	102,820	116,890
Before 1981	55,325	26,585	28,740
1981 to 1990	30,095	14,405	15,695
1991 to 2000	50,115	22,705	27,410
2001 to 2010	53,920	24,755	29,165
2001 to 2005	25,415	11,630	13,785
2006 to 2010	28,505	13,130	15,375
2011 to 2016^Footnote 19	30,245	14,370	15,880
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 20	15,210	7,845	7,355
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 21	219,705	102,815	116,885
Under 5 years	24,320	12,010	12,305
5 to 14 years	39,320	19,975	19,345
15 to 24 years	46,175	20,745	25,425
25 to 44 years	91,210	41,795	49,410
45 years and over	18,680	8,290	10,390
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^Footnote 22	167,445	77,760	89,690
Economic immigrants^Footnote 23	77,245	38,495	38,750
Principal applicants^Footnote 24	32,120	19,715	12,400
Secondary applicants^Footnote 25	45,125	18,780	26,350
Immigrants sponsored by family^Footnote 26	48,385	19,090	29,295
Refugees^Footnote 27	39,840	19,350	20,480
Other immigrants^Footnote 28	1,980	815	1,165
Total - Place of birth for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 29	973,345	474,580	498,765
Born in Canada	728,810	358,925	369,880
Born outside Canada	244,535	115,650	128,885
Americas	38,585	17,130	21,455
North America	12,030	5,565	6,465
Greenland	0	0	0
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	0	0	0
United States^Footnote 30	12,030	5,565	6,460
Central America	4,870	2,165	2,705
Belize	45	10	35
Costa Rica	180	75	100
El Salvador	1,750	805	945
Guatemala	345	165	180
Honduras	215	85	130
Mexico	1,565	645	915
Nicaragua	710	360	350
Panama	70	20	55
Caribbean and Bermuda	14,475	6,195	8,280
Anguilla	0	0	0
Antigua and Barbuda	125	65	55
Aruba	15	10	10
Bahamas	80	35	40
Barbados	440	190	250
Bermuda	145	80	60
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba	0	0	0
Cayman Islands	25	15	10
Cuba	910	460	455
Curaçao	50	20	30
Dominica	115	45	70
Dominican Republic	330	170	160
Grenada	135	65	70
Guadeloupe	10	0	10
Haiti	6,740	2,810	3,930
Jamaica	3,110	1,335	1,775
Martinique	0	0	0
Montserrat	40	20	20
Puerto Rico	35	15	20
Saint Barthélemy	0	0	0
Saint Kitts and Nevis	45	25	20
Saint Lucia	600	225	375
Saint Martin (French part)	0	0	10
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	210	90	115
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	0	0	0
Trinidad and Tobago	1,290	500	785
Turks and Caicos Islands	10	10	0
Virgin Islands, British	10	0	10
Virgin Islands, United States	10	10	0
South America	7,205	3,200	4,010
Argentina	500	240	260
Bolivia^Footnote 31	125	55	70
Brazil	1,265	585	680
Chile	635	340	300
Colombia	1,380	530	845
Ecuador	200	85	115
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	0	0	0
French Guiana	0	0	0
Guyana	1,410	665	745
Paraguay	10	10	0
Peru	870	395	475
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	0	0	0
Suriname	35	20	20
Uruguay	55	20	30
Venezuela^Footnote 32	725	245	470
Europe	62,645	30,150	32,490
Western Europe	13,110	6,090	7,020
Austria	480	225	255
Belgium	715	330	385
France	2,960	1,370	1,590
Germany	5,920	2,610	3,315
Liechtenstein	0	0	0
Luxembourg	45	30	20
Monaco	0	0	0
Netherlands	2,200	1,110	1,095
Switzerland	790	425	365
Eastern Europe	16,190	7,280	8,905
Belarus	390	155	235
Bulgaria	870	395	475
Czech Republic	895	400	495
Estonia	165	60	100
Hungary	880	450	430
Latvia	155	45	110
Lithuania	130	60	70
Moldova^Footnote 33	375	165	210
Poland	4,295	1,915	2,380
Romania	2,445	1,145	1,300
Russian Federation	3,040	1,305	1,740
Slovakia	635	285	350
Ukraine	1,910	890	1,015
Northern Europe	19,830	9,995	9,835
Åland Islands	0	0	0
Denmark	330	155	170
Faroe Islands	0	0	0
Finland	290	130	160
Guernsey	0	0	10
Iceland	25	15	10
Ireland^Footnote 34	915	440	485
Isle of Man	10	10	0
Jersey	25	10	20
Norway	140	70	70
Sark	0	0	0
Svalbard and Jan Mayen	0	0	0
Sweden	310	160	145
United Kingdom^Footnote 35	17,775	9,010	8,760
Southern Europe	13,520	6,790	6,730
Albania	240	100	140
Andorra	0	0	0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,625	795	835
Croatia	820	390	425
Gibraltar	0	0	0
Greece	990	540	455
Holy See (Vatican City State)	0	0	0
Italy	5,630	2,910	2,720
Kosovo^Footnote 36	355	170	185
Macedonia, Republic of^Footnote 37	75	20	55
Malta	100	30	65
Montenegro	20	10	15
Portugal	2,060	1,050	1,010
San Marino	0	0	0
Serbia^Footnote 38	900	420	480
Slovenia	155	75	75
Spain	560	275	280
Africa	33,725	15,735	17,990
Western Africa	5,055	2,510	2,550
Benin	100	60	45
Burkina Faso	205	90	115
Cabo Verde	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	580	235	345
Gambia	55	30	20
Ghana	865	465	400
Guinea	165	75	90
Guinea-Bissau	10	0	10
Liberia	140	75	70
Mali	135	70	65
Mauritania	35	15	20
Niger	75	30	50
Nigeria	2,060	1,050	1,010
Saint Helena^Footnote 39	0	0	0
Senegal	260	150	110
Sierra Leone	155	75	80
Togo	210	85	120
Eastern Africa	14,830	6,490	8,340
Burundi	1,765	745	1,020
Comoros	15	10	0
Djibouti	1,005	430	570
Eritrea	940	475	470
Ethiopia	2,320	1,060	1,255
Kenya	1,200	590	605
Madagascar	130	60	65
Malawi	115	65	50
Mauritius	630	325	305
Mayotte	0	0	0
Mozambique	40	15	20
Réunion	0	10	0
Rwanda	665	250	415
Seychelles	10	0	10
Somalia	3,970	1,520	2,450
South Sudan	275	150	130
Tanzania^Footnote 40	435	210	220
Uganda	665	290	375
Zambia	250	115	140
Zimbabwe	400	160	245
Northern Africa	7,920	4,015	3,895
Algeria	1,095	515	580
Egypt	3,505	1,865	1,645
Libya	1,015	550	465
Morocco	1,330	635	695
Sudan^Footnote 41	445	195	250
Tunisia	525	265	255
Western Sahara	0	0	0
Central Africa	4,710	2,110	2,600
Angola	140	60	80
Cameroon	945	515	425
Central African Republic	85	45	35
Chad	110	55	60
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	3,110	1,235	1,870
Congo, Republic of the	225	135	90
Equatorial Guinea	10	0	10
Gabon	85	50	35
Sao Tome and Principe	0	0	0
Southern Africa	1,210	600	605
Botswana	135	70	60
Lesotho	0	0	0
Namibia	15	0	10
South Africa, Republic of	1,035	520	515
Swaziland	25	10	20
Asia	108,410	52,015	56,395
West Central Asia and the Middle East	37,105	19,360	17,750
Afghanistan	2,445	1,255	1,195
Armenia	75	35	40
Azerbaijan	85	40	50
Bahrain	90	35	50
Cyprus	60	25	35
Georgia	60	20	35
Iran^Footnote 42	4,615	2,300	2,315
Iraq	3,750	2,005	1,745
Israel	860	470	390
Jordan	1,245	700	540
Kazakhstan	220	100	115
Kuwait	2,500	1,205	1,290
Kyrgyzstan	60	35	25
Lebanon	11,415	5,980	5,435
Oman	50	45	10
Qatar	210	130	85
Saudi Arabia	2,045	1,105	945
Syria^Footnote 43	3,440	1,765	1,680
Tajikistan	55	25	30
Turkey	1,070	565	505
Turkmenistan	45	20	25
United Arab Emirates	1,355	780	570
Uzbekistan	155	60	95
West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine)^Footnote 44	640	360	275
Yemen	560	300	265
Eastern Asia	28,580	12,675	15,905
China^Footnote 45	20,985	9,285	11,695
Hong Kong^Footnote 46	3,170	1,580	1,595
Japan	1,025	320	710
Korea, North^Footnote 47	10	0	10
Korea, South^Footnote 48	2,245	1,010	1,235
Macao^Footnote 49	95	25	70
Mongolia	25	10	15
Taiwan	1,025	445	580
Southeast Asia	20,105	8,235	11,870
Brunei Darussalam	40	15	25
Burma (Myanmar)	490	215	275
Cambodia	1,360	590	765
Indonesia	385	170	215
Laos^Footnote 50	405	195	210
Malaysia	940	440	500
Philippines	9,430	3,435	5,995
Singapore	290	150	145
Thailand	880	360	520
Timor-Leste	0	0	0
Viet Nam	5,890	2,670	3,220
Southern Asia	22,620	11,750	10,870
Bangladesh	2,775	1,460	1,320
Bhutan	385	195	195
British Indian Ocean Territory	0	0	0
India	12,200	6,445	5,755
Maldives	0	0	0
Nepal	760	395	360
Pakistan	4,050	2,070	1,980
Sri Lanka	2,440	1,180	1,265
Oceania	1,170	615	550
American Samoa	0	0	0
Australia	780	385	395
Christmas Island	0	0	0
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	0	0	0
Cook Islands	0	0	0
Fiji	30	15	15
French Polynesia	10	10	10
Guam	10	0	10
Kiribati	0	0	0
Marshall Islands	0	0	0
Micronesia, Federated States of	0	0	0
Nauru	0	0	0
New Caledonia	0	10	0
New Zealand	305	195	120
Niue	0	0	0
Norfolk Island	0	0	0
Northern Mariana Islands	0	0	0
Palau	0	0	0
Papua New Guinea	20	10	10
Pitcairn	0	0	0
Samoa	0	0	0
Solomon Islands	0	0	0
Tokelau	0	0	0
Tonga	0	0	0
Tuvalu	0	0	0
United States Minor Outlying Islands	0	0	0
Vanuatu	0	0	0
Wallis and Futuna	0	0	0
Other places of birth^Footnote 51	0	0	0
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 52	973,345	474,580	498,765
First generation^Footnote 53	244,535	115,650	128,890
Second generation^Footnote 54	196,210	98,425	97,780
Third generation or more^Footnote 55	532,600	260,505	272,095
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 56	973,340	474,575	498,765
North American Aboriginal origins	46,545	21,615	24,925
First Nations (North American Indian)	32,285	14,855	17,425
Inuit	1,555	695	860
Métis	13,905	6,550	7,355
Other North American origins	302,950	148,550	154,400
Acadian	4,015	1,960	2,055
American	12,375	6,115	6,260
Canadian	291,710	142,875	148,825
New Brunswicker	45	30	15
Newfoundlander	745	465	285
Nova Scotian	110	70	35
Ontarian	365	160	200
Québécois	920	470	445
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 57	30	15	15
European origins	623,750	304,380	319,370
British Isles origins	412,020	201,780	210,235
Channel Islander	100	30	70
Cornish	65	45	25
English	204,965	101,425	103,535
Irish	210,785	99,930	110,855
Manx	185	110	75
Scottish	180,005	88,305	91,700
Welsh	17,840	8,570	9,270
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 58	34,600	16,240	18,360
French origins	202,680	96,615	106,065
Alsatian	50	20	25
Breton	135	75	60
Corsican	55	40	15
French	202,595	96,565	106,035
Western European origins (except French origins)	120,640	58,840	61,800
Austrian	5,940	2,910	3,025
Bavarian	65	20	45
Belgian	4,600	2,175	2,420
Dutch	30,950	15,430	15,520
Flemish	465	250	220
Frisian	75	45	30
German	83,525	40,420	43,105
Luxembourger	120	70	55
Swiss	4,610	2,250	2,365
Western European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 59	140	60	75
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	24,215	12,170	12,050
Danish	5,395	2,785	2,610
Finnish	4,005	2,025	1,985
Icelandic	1,490	700	795
Norwegian	6,560	3,275	3,285
Swedish	7,095	3,415	3,680
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 60	1,530	880	650
Eastern European origins	88,580	42,555	46,025
Bulgarian	1,460	680	775
Byelorussian	835	405	430
Czech	3,700	1,705	1,995
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^Footnote 61	745	320	425
Estonian	970	430	540
Hungarian	8,780	4,325	4,455
Latvian	1,085	455	625
Lithuanian	2,450	1,210	1,245
Moldovan	375	155	220
Polish	33,470	15,995	17,480
Romanian	6,340	3,065	3,280
Russian	15,620	7,215	8,405
Slovak	2,575	1,210	1,370
Ukrainian	26,020	12,585	13,435
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 62	1,040	555	485
Southern European origins	83,445	40,735	42,715
Albanian	1,080	530	550
Bosnian	1,265	600	670
Catalan	10	10	10
Croatian	3,595	1,730	1,865
Cypriot	165	60	100
Greek	7,160	3,610	3,550
Italian	47,240	23,530	23,710
Kosovar	60	30	30
Macedonian	555	210	345
Maltese	645	330	315
Montenegrin	150	70	75
Portuguese	9,555	4,670	4,885
Serbian	2,675	1,335	1,335
Sicilian	270	135	140
Slovenian	1,265	615	650
Spanish	12,535	5,535	7,000
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^Footnote 63	850	400	455
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 64	70	25	45
Other European origins	8,180	4,190	3,990
Basque	295	165	130
Jewish	5,820	3,000	2,820
Roma (Gypsy)	80	40	45
Slavic, n.o.s.^Footnote 65	195	95	105
Other European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 66	1,850	930	920
Caribbean origins	26,065	11,745	14,325
Antiguan	270	150	120
Bahamian	160	105	55
Barbadian	1,260	535	725
Bermudan	100	55	45
Carib	105	30	70
Cuban	1,135	515	615
Dominican	720	315	405
Grenadian	300	160	145
Guadeloupean	10	0	10
Haitian	10,095	4,485	5,610
Jamaican	7,895	3,635	4,260
Kittitian/Nevisian	45	20	20
Martinican	30	15	15
Montserratan	45	25	20
Puerto Rican	110	40	70
St. Lucian	770	290	480
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,045	925	1,115
Vincentian/Grenadinian	235	85	160
West Indian, n.o.s.^Footnote 67	1,600	680	925
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 68	1,045	500	550
Latin, Central and South American origins	18,075	8,365	9,710
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	810	385	425
Arawak	60	25	35
Argentinian	670	365	305
Belizean	95	45	55
Bolivian	145	75	70
Brazilian	1,155	570	580
Chilean	1,085	550	535
Colombian	1,955	890	1,065
Costa Rican	165	65	95
Ecuadorian	260	145	120
Guatemalan	430	155	270
Guyanese	1,980	960	1,020
Hispanic	350	190	160
Honduran	285	90	195
Maya	325	160	165
Mexican	2,900	1,235	1,660
Nicaraguan	1,095	545	550
Panamanian	110	55	55
Paraguayan	30	20	15
Peruvian	1,285	605	680
Salvadorean	2,190	1,070	1,125
Uruguayan	95	40	55
Venezuelan	920	350	570
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 69	1,215	505	715
African origins	56,250	27,115	29,140
Central and West African origins	11,990	5,900	6,095
Akan	110	65	45
Angolan	195	90	110
Ashanti	15	15	0
Beninese	110	70	40
Burkinabe	280	120	160
Cameroonian	1,300	675	620
Chadian	150	75	75
Congolese	3,950	1,760	2,190
Edo	45	25	30
Ewe	15	10	0
Gabonese	115	65	50
Gambian	35	20	10
Ghanaian	1,360	750	615
Guinean	270	120	150
Ibo	110	45	55
Ivorian	510	215	295
Liberian	95	55	40
Malian	165	75	85
Malinké	75	40	35
Nigerian	2,030	1,040	985
Peulh	65	35	30
Senegalese	365	180	190
Sierra Leonean	100	40	55
Togolese	310	160	160
Wolof	35	25	10
Yoruba	345	210	135
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 70	880	445	435
North African origins	12,970	6,675	6,295
Algerian	1,345	670	675
Berber	890	475	415
Coptic	115	55	60
Dinka	50	20	30
Egyptian	5,870	3,080	2,785
Libyan	1,215	625	590
Maure	40	25	15
Moroccan	2,170	1,055	1,110
Sudanese	845	425	420
Tunisian	650	335	320
North African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 71	455	230	220
Southern and East African origins	23,055	10,795	12,260
Afrikaner	50	25	25
Amhara	70	50	25
Bantu, n.o.s.^Footnote 72	370	170	195
Burundian	1,915	855	1,060
Djiboutian	730	305	425
Eritrean	1,350	620	730
Ethiopian	2,850	1,300	1,550
Harari	10	0	10
Kenyan	605	305	295
Malagasy	215	110	110
Mauritian	345	150	200
Oromo	280	145	135
Rwandan	1,310	535	780
Seychellois	30	10	25
Somali	10,375	4,910	5,465
South African	1,185	590	595
Tanzanian	285	125	165
Tigrian	180	85	90
Ugandan	395	190	205
Zambian	140	65	80
Zimbabwean	315	150	165
Zulu	45	30	10
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 73	1,275	635	635
Other African origins	9,555	4,445	5,110
Black, n.o.s.^Footnote 74	1,180	465	710
Other African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 75	8,565	4,065	4,495
Asian origins	180,915	88,645	92,275
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	64,810	33,385	31,420
Afghan	3,950	2,020	1,935
Arab, n.o.s.^Footnote 76	7,285	3,725	3,560
Armenian	1,480	755	715
Assyrian	130	55	75
Azerbaijani	215	85	130
Georgian	165	100	65
Hazara	50	30	20
Iranian	6,860	3,440	3,420
Iraqi	4,735	2,510	2,220
Israeli	720	390	330
Jordanian	1,480	800	680
Kazakh	155	70	80
Kurd	800	430	370
Kuwaiti	965	485	475
Kyrgyz	30	20	10
Lebanese	26,230	13,445	12,780
Palestinian	4,000	2,230	1,765
Pashtun	225	115	110
Saudi Arabian	575	280	300
Syrian	4,545	2,360	2,190
Tajik	100	55	50
Tatar	150	50	90
Turk	2,915	1,535	1,380
Turkmen	105	50	45
Uighur	50	30	20
Uzbek	160	75	90
Yemeni	1,000	510	490
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 77	2,105	1,075	1,030
South Asian origins	41,015	20,755	20,260
Bangladeshi	2,275	1,190	1,090
Bengali	1,040	520	515
Bhutanese	315	165	150
East Indian	27,910	14,145	13,765
Goan	125	65	55
Gujarati	185	110	75
Kashmiri	50	15	35
Nepali	890	435	455
Pakistani	4,495	2,255	2,245
Punjabi	1,130	585	540
Sinhalese	295	150	145
Sri Lankan	2,665	1,320	1,345
Tamil	945	465	475
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 78	2,210	1,105	1,105
East and Southeast Asian origins	76,895	35,350	41,550
Burmese	605	300	305
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,340	1,080	1,260
Chinese	46,565	21,895	24,665
Filipino	13,345	5,410	7,935
Hmong	0	0	0
Indonesian	600	250	345
Japanese	3,120	1,290	1,830
Karen	285	150	130
Korean	3,190	1,475	1,715
Laotian	675	310	370
Malaysian	475	175	300
Mongolian	300	170	135
Singaporean	45	20	25
Taiwanese	725	330	395
Thai	655	215	440
Tibetan	90	45	50
Vietnamese	8,810	4,335	4,480
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 79	250	140	110
Other Asian origins	345	155	190
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 80	345	155	190
Oceania origins	2,005	970	1,030
Australian	1,340	620	720
New Zealander	470	260	210
Pacific Islands origins	230	100	130
Fijian	55	20	35
Hawaiian	15	0	10
Maori	20	20	10
Samoan	40	25	10
Polynesian, n.o.s.^Footnote 81	75	20	60
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 82	40	25	15
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 83	807,625	390,260	417,360
No certificate, diploma or degree	100,595	50,025	50,570
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^Footnote 84	196,905	97,140	99,765
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	510,120	243,095	267,030
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	35,080	22,300	12,785
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^Footnote 85	19,050	10,560	8,490
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^Footnote 86	16,030	11,740	4,295
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	164,390	73,045	91,350
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	15,880	6,490	9,390
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	294,770	141,260	153,505
Bachelor's degree	181,860	83,450	98,410
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	16,555	7,095	9,460
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	6,830	3,400	3,430
Master's degree	73,825	36,895	36,930
Earned doctorate^Footnote 87	15,700	10,430	5,275
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 88	807,620	390,260	417,360
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 89	297,500	147,170	150,335
Education	28,345	6,370	21,975
13. Education	28,345	6,370	21,975
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	18,005	7,985	10,020
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	3,780	2,735	1,045
50. Visual and performing arts	14,220	5,250	8,975
Humanities	34,440	13,020	21,415
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	5,360	1,100	4,260
23. English language and literature/letters	9,115	2,735	6,380
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	6,395	2,355	4,040
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^Footnote 90	340	105	235
38. Philosophy and religious studies	2,425	1,350	1,070
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,850	1,095	755
54. History	6,740	3,815	2,925
55. French language and literature/letters	2,215	460	1,750
Social and behavioural sciences and law	90,825	34,690	56,130
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,440	385	1,055
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	9,500	3,380	6,120
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	9,555	805	8,750
22. Legal professions and studies	14,305	5,395	8,910
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^Footnote 91	1,835	505	1,330
42. Psychology	13,655	3,430	10,225
45. Social sciences	40,540	20,790	19,750
Business, management and public administration	99,385	42,420	56,965
30.16 Accounting and computer science	185	85	95
44. Public administration and social service professions	10,295	2,985	7,310
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	88,910	39,355	49,555
Physical and life sciences and technologies	26,925	13,755	13,170
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	13,270	5,465	7,810
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,935	1,955	1,985
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^Footnote 92	290	65	225
40. Physical sciences	8,630	5,960	2,670
41. Science technologies/technicians	800	315	490
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	35,435	22,995	12,440
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	26,720	18,835	7,880
25. Library science	2,685	560	2,120
27. Mathematics and statistics	4,990	2,925	2,065
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^Footnote 93	1,040	665	370
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	83,070	72,080	10,990
04. Architecture and related services	4,615	2,975	1,640
14. Engineering	35,940	29,265	6,680
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	18,030	16,170	1,855
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	35	0	30
46. Construction trades	9,650	9,405	245
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	10,980	10,645	340
48. Precision production	3,820	3,620	200
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	7,460	4,075	3,390
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	4,240	2,450	1,785
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,220	1,620	1,605
Health and related fields	63,255	13,605	49,650
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	6,150	2,945	3,205
51. Health professions and related programs	54,915	9,495	45,420
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	2,190	1,165	1,025
Personal, protective and transportation services	22,915	12,070	10,840
12. Personal and culinary services	12,130	3,620	8,515
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	815	670	145
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	490	450	40
43. Security and protective services	6,960	5,045	1,920
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,515	2,290	225
Other	70	30	40
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	70	30	45
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 94	807,625	390,260	417,360
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	297,505	147,165	150,335
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 95	510,125	243,090	267,030
Location of study inside Canada	431,055	205,015	226,045
Same as province or territory of residence	352,025	167,170	184,850
Different than province or territory of residence	79,030	37,840	41,190
Location of study outside Canada^Footnote 96	79,060	38,075	40,990
United States^Footnote 97	11,990	6,685	5,300
Philippines	4,460	1,365	3,090
India	5,555	2,680	2,875
United Kingdom^Footnote 98	9,875	5,555	4,320
China^Footnote 99	6,255	2,860	3,395
France	2,100	1,050	1,055
Other	38,835	17,880	20,950
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^Footnote 100	807,620	390,260	417,360
In the labour force	545,635	277,955	267,680
Employed	506,995	257,430	249,570
Unemployed	38,645	20,530	18,110
Not in the labour force	261,990	112,305	149,685
Participation rate	67.6	71.2	64.1
Employment rate	62.8	66.0	59.8
Unemployment rate	7.1	7.4	6.8
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^Footnote 101	807,620	390,260	417,365
Did not work^Footnote 102	248,270	106,310	141,965
Worked	559,350	283,950	275,400
Worked full year, full time^Footnote 103	305,870	166,205	139,660
Worked part year and/or part time^Footnote 104	253,480	117,745	135,735
Average weeks worked in reference year	43.3	43.8	42.9
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^Footnote 105	545,635	277,955	267,675
Class of worker - not applicable^Footnote 106	12,945	6,445	6,495
All classes of workers^Footnote 107	532,695	271,510	261,185
Employee	477,990	238,655	239,340
Self-employed^Footnote 108	54,700	32,860	21,840
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^Footnote 109	545,635	277,955	267,675
Occupation - not applicable^Footnote 110	12,940	6,445	6,495
All occupations^Footnote 111	532,690	271,515	261,185
0 Management occupations	64,085	38,635	25,450
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	97,110	32,580	64,530
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	64,135	48,445	15,690
3 Health occupations	34,690	7,965	26,720
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	86,190	31,280	54,915
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	20,020	8,820	11,205
6 Sales and service occupations	113,765	55,915	57,845
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	42,225	39,855	2,365
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,080	4,150	925
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	5,395	3,865	1,525
Total Labour Force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^Footnote 112	545,635	277,955	267,680
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^Footnote 113	12,940	6,445	6,495
All industry categories^Footnote 114	532,690	271,515	261,185
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,905	1,845	1,055
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	545	465	80
22 Utilities	1,415	1,055	360
23 Construction	26,710	23,255	3,455
31-33 Manufacturing	16,880	11,910	4,970
41 Wholesale trade	12,840	9,340	3,500
44-45 Retail trade	55,950	28,645	27,305
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	15,835	11,730	4,110
51 Information and cultural industries	14,430	9,060	5,375
52 Finance and insurance	17,490	8,105	9,385
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	9,555	5,165	4,390
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	53,685	32,710	20,970
55 Management of companies and enterprises	430	160	270
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	23,455	14,265	9,195
61 Educational services	43,325	14,415	28,905
62 Health care and social assistance	58,020	12,175	45,845
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	10,565	5,170	5,395
72 Accommodation and food services	35,310	17,555	17,760
81 Other services (except public administration)	22,350	9,065	13,280
91 Public administration	111,000	55,425	55,575
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^Footnote 115	575,025	291,650	283,375
English	510,345	264,295	246,050
French	31,965	12,290	19,670
Non-official language	3,490	1,755	1,735
English and French	25,160	11,350	13,815
English and non-official language	3,295	1,605	1,695
French and non-official language	65	15	45
English, French and non-official language	705	340	365
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 116	807,620	390,260	417,360
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	772,625	373,260	399,365
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	42,072	48,510	37,226
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	54,379	62,447	46,838
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	772,925	373,285	399,640
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	37,274	42,200	33,323
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	44,295	49,942	39,022
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	704,980	345,345	359,635
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	41,867	48,699	36,066
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	54,465	63,309	45,972
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	531,805	235,720	296,080
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	3,354	1,488	4,411
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	6,802	6,131	7,337
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	580,870	292,320	288,550
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	41,185	46,462	36,776
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	52,798	60,064	45,437
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 117	807,625	390,260	417,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^Footnote 118	298,670	161,300	137,365
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^Footnote 119	65,140	70,402	60,342
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^Footnote 120	74,515	81,525	66,283
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data^Footnote 121	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^Footnote 122	91.4	93.8	88.4
Employment income (%)^Footnote 123	73.0	75.3	70.1
Government transfers (%)^Footnote 124	8.6	6.2	11.6
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 125	807,620	390,260	417,360
Without total income	34,995	16,995	17,995
With total income	772,630	373,265	399,365
Percentage with total income	95.7	95.6	95.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	104,005	47,795	56,210
$10,000 to $19,999	113,685	47,400	66,285
$20,000 to $29,999	82,405	34,540	47,865
$30,000 to $39,999	71,115	31,015	40,095
$40,000 to $49,999	68,545	30,190	38,360
$50,000 to $59,999	62,665	29,055	33,610
$60,000 to $69,999	55,340	27,145	28,195
$70,000 to $79,999	44,880	23,610	21,265
$80,000 to $89,999	38,865	20,795	18,070
$90,000 to $99,999	34,460	18,365	16,100
$100,000 and over	96,670	63,355	33,315
$100,000 to $149,999	68,760	43,045	25,720
$150,000 and over	27,905	20,310	7,595
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 126	807,625	390,260	417,360
Without after-tax income	34,700	16,975	17,720
With after-tax income	772,925	373,280	399,640
Percentage with after-tax income	95.7	95.6	95.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	108,620	48,700	59,920
$10,000 to $19,999	117,955	49,605	68,345
$20,000 to $29,999	95,985	41,035	54,950
$30,000 to $39,999	88,005	38,655	49,355
$40,000 to $49,999	84,350	38,170	46,175
$50,000 to $59,999	73,405	35,960	37,450
$60,000 to $69,999	57,925	31,175	26,750
$70,000 to $79,999	48,870	26,100	22,770
$80,000 and over	97,805	63,880	33,925
$80,000 to $89,999	34,485	20,250	14,235
$90,000 to $99,999	20,445	13,250	7,200
$100,000 and over	42,880	30,385	12,490
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 127	807,620	390,260	417,365
Without employment income	226,750	97,940	128,815
With employment income	580,875	292,325	288,550
Percentage with employment income	71.9	74.9	69.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	71,325	34,510	36,810
$5,000 to $9,999	43,250	19,630	23,620
$10,000 to $19,999	68,550	31,310	37,235
$20,000 to $29,999	53,525	24,500	29,025
$30,000 to $39,999	47,820	22,300	25,520
$40,000 to $49,999	46,725	21,395	25,325
$50,000 to $59,999	44,500	20,570	23,930
$60,000 to $69,999	38,935	19,125	19,805
$70,000 to $79,999	32,185	16,990	15,200
$80,000 and over	134,070	81,990	52,080
$80,000 to $89,999	31,160	16,360	14,805
$90,000 to $99,999	28,300	15,095	13,205
$100,000 and over	74,610	50,540	24,075
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 128	973,345	474,580	498,765
In the bottom half of the distribution	371,065	177,055	194,005
In the bottom decile	89,370	43,950	45,420
In the second decile	71,045	33,235	37,815
In the third decile	65,615	31,060	34,555
In the fourth decile	68,635	32,595	36,040
In the fifth decile	76,390	36,215	40,175
In the top half of the distribution	602,275	297,520	304,760
In the sixth decile	86,820	41,930	44,890
In the seventh decile	99,550	48,135	51,415
In the eighth decile	117,975	58,210	59,765
In the ninth decile	147,330	73,350	73,980
In the top decile	150,610	75,900	74,710
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 25% sample data^Footnote 129	973,345	474,575	498,765
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	118,865	56,535	62,335
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.2	11.9	12.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	100,300	49,030	51,270
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	10.3	10.3	10.3

Symbol(s)

Symbol ..

not available for a specific reference period

Symbol ...

not applicable

Symbol x

suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Symbol F

too unreliable to be published

Footnote(s)

Footnote 1

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 2

In households where there is at least one person living with a child and a grandchild.

Footnote 3

In households that are not multigenerational where there is one census family with additional persons or more than one census family.

Footnote 4

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Footnote 5

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 6

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 7

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 8

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Footnote 9

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Footnote 10

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 11

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often. For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 12

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 13

Citizenship refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 14

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

Footnote 15

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

Footnote 16

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 17

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

Footnote 18

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Footnote 19

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Footnote 20

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

Footnote 21

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 22

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 23

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

Footnote 24

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

Footnote 25

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

Footnote 26

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

Footnote 27

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

Footnote 28

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

Footnote 29

For more information on the place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 30

The official name of United States is United States of America.

Footnote 31

The official name of Bolivia is Plurinational State of Bolivia.

Footnote 32

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

Footnote 33

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

Footnote 34

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

Footnote 35

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 36

The official name of Kosovo is Republic of Kosovo.

Footnote 37

Macedonia, Republic of: known as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia by the United Nations and other international bodies.

Footnote 38

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

Footnote 39

The official name of Saint Helena is Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

Footnote 40

The official name of Tanzania is United Republic of Tanzania.

Footnote 41

The full name of Sudan is the Republic of the Sudan.

Footnote 42

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

Footnote 43

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

Footnote 44

West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine): West Bank and Gaza Strip are the territories referred to in the Declaration of Principles, signed by Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1993. Palestine refers to pre-1948 British mandate Palestine.

Footnote 45

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

Footnote 46

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

Footnote 47

The official name of North Korea is Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

Footnote 48

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

Footnote 49

The full name of Macao is Macao Special Administrative Region of China.

Footnote 50

The official name of Laos is Lao People's Democratic Republic.

Footnote 51

Includes other places of birth not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea'.

Footnote 52

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 53

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

Footnote 54

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

Footnote 55

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

Footnote 56

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 57

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

Footnote 58

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

Footnote 59

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

Footnote 60

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

Footnote 61

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 62

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

Footnote 63

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 64

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

Footnote 65

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 66

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

Footnote 67

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 68

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

Footnote 69

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

Footnote 70

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

Footnote 71

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

Footnote 72

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 73

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

Footnote 74

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 75

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

Footnote 76

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 77

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

Footnote 78

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

Footnote 79

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

Footnote 80

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

Footnote 81

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 82

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

Footnote 83

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Footnote 84

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 85

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

Footnote 86

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

Footnote 87

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

Footnote 88

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/concepts/classification.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

Footnote 89

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 90

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

Footnote 91

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

Footnote 92

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

Footnote 93

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

Footnote 94

'Location of study' refers to either:

- the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;

- the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Footnote 95

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

Footnote 96

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

Footnote 97

The official name of United States is United States of America.

Footnote 98

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 99

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

Footnote 100

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

Footnote 101

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

Footnote 102

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

Footnote 103

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

Footnote 104

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

Footnote 105

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

Footnote 106

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 107

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 108

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

Footnote 109

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

Footnote 110

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 111

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday May 7, 2016 were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 112

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

Footnote 113

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 114

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 115

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 116

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

- statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
- statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
- statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

- employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
- income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
- income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
- other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
- income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

- one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
- capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
- employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
- voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period.

It includes:

- Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
- retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
- benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
- child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
- social assistance benefits;
- workers' compensation benefits;
- Working income tax benefit;
- Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
- other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 117

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 118

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 119

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median.

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 120

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 121

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 122

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 123

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 124

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

- Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
- retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
- benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
- child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
- social assistance benefits;
- workers' compensation benefits;
- Working income tax benefit;
- Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
- other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 125

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

- statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
- statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
- statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

- employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
- income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
- income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
- other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
- income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

- one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
- capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
- employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
- voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 126

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.


For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 127

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.


For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 128

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 129

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Data quality note(s) – Ottawa - Gatineau (Ontario part / partie de l'Ontario)

• Incomplete enumeration flag
  Default. Not applicable.
• Long-form data quality flag
  Global non-response rate (GNR), long-form census questionnaire: 4.0%.
• Long-form income data quality flag
  Default. Data quality index showing a long-form income non-response rate lower than 10%.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-400-X2016192.