Visible Minority (15), Age (15A), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (900) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data

• Visible minority (15): Total - Visible minority
• Age (15A): Total - Age

This table details visible minority , age , sex and selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics for the population in private households in Kingston

Selected demographic, cultural, labour force, educational and income characteristics (900)	Sex (3)
	Total - Sex	Male	Female
Total - Household type of person for the population in private households - 25% sample data	156,470	75,490	80,975
Persons in one-census-family households without additional persons	113,355	56,040	57,315
In a couple census family without children (no other persons present in the household)	38,550	19,200	19,350
In a couple census family with children (no other persons present in the household)	59,820	30,760	29,055
In a lone-parent census family (no other persons present in the household)	14,985	6,075	8,910
Persons in multigenerational households^Footnote 2	6,845	3,030	3,810
Persons in other census family households^Footnote 3	8,380	4,060	4,320
Persons in two-or-more-person non-census-family households	8,055	4,375	3,680
Persons living alone (one-person households)	19,835	7,985	11,850
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 4	132,580	63,245	69,335
Married or living common law	76,930	38,290	38,640
Married	61,960	30,890	31,070
Living common law	14,970	7,400	7,565
Not married and not living common law	55,645	24,950	30,700
Never married	35,495	18,560	16,935
Separated	4,155	1,720	2,440
Divorced	8,790	3,215	5,580
Widowed	7,210	1,460	5,745
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^Footnote 5	154,925	74,705	80,220
Non-movers	131,650	63,355	68,295
Movers	23,275	11,355	11,925
Non-migrants	13,800	6,745	7,050
Migrants	9,480	4,610	4,870
Internal migrants	8,275	3,995	4,275
Intraprovincial migrants	6,515	3,135	3,380
Interprovincial migrants	1,765	860	900
External migrants	1,200	605	595
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^Footnote 6	148,755	71,460	77,295
Non-movers	88,195	42,540	45,655
Movers	60,560	28,920	31,640
Non-migrants	32,115	15,395	16,720
Migrants	28,445	13,525	14,920
Internal migrants	24,820	11,745	13,075
Intraprovincial migrants	19,860	9,300	10,555
Interprovincial migrants	4,960	2,445	2,515
External migrants	3,630	1,785	1,850
Total - First official language spoken for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 7	156,465	75,490	80,980
English	150,235	72,410	77,820
French	5,040	2,535	2,505
English and French	545	255	290
Neither English nor French	645	285	360
Official language minority (number)^Footnote 8	5,310	2,660	2,650
Official language minority (percentage)^Footnote 9	3.4	3.5	3.3
Total - Mother tongue for the population in private households - 25% Sample Data^Footnote 10	156,465	75,490	80,975
English	135,585	65,410	70,170
French	4,985	2,545	2,440
Non-official language	13,915	6,600	7,315
English and French	690	330	365
English and non-official language	1,115	530	585
French and non-official language	125	60	70
English, French and non-official language	50	20	30
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the population in private households - 25% Sample Data^Footnote 11	156,470	75,490	80,980
English	145,945	70,425	75,515
French	2,420	1,225	1,195
Non-official language	5,275	2,490	2,785
English and French	535	245	290
English and non-official language	2,110	1,030	1,080
French and non-official language	50	25	25
English, French and non-official language	130	45	90
Total - Number of languages known for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 12	156,465	75,485	80,980
Knowledge of one language	122,280	59,625	62,655
English only	121,400	59,200	62,200
French only	260	150	110
Non-official language only	620	280	345
Knowledge of more than one language	34,185	15,860	18,325
English and French only	15,800	7,255	8,545
English, French and one or more non-official languages	3,385	1,475	1,910
English and one or more non official languages	14,925	7,105	7,815
French and one or more non official languages	25	10	15
Multiple non-official languages only	55	25	30
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 13	156,465	75,490	80,980
Canadian citizens^Footnote 14	150,940	72,830	78,115
Canadian citizens only	146,200	70,485	75,715
Citizens of Canada and at least one other country	4,740	2,340	2,395
Not Canadian citizens^Footnote 15	5,525	2,660	2,860
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 16	156,465	75,485	80,975
Non-immigrants^Footnote 17	136,355	65,905	70,450
Immigrants^Footnote 18	18,400	8,685	9,715
Before 1981	9,065	4,245	4,825
1981 to 1990	2,045	960	1,090
1991 to 2000	2,255	1,110	1,150
2001 to 2010	3,310	1,565	1,750
2001 to 2005	1,595	770	830
2006 to 2010	1,715	800	920
2011 to 2016^Footnote 19	1,720	810	915
Non-permanent residents^Footnote 20	1,710	895	815
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 21	18,400	8,685	9,715
Under 5 years	2,380	1,150	1,230
5 to 14 years	3,810	1,925	1,885
15 to 24 years	4,155	1,745	2,410
25 to 44 years	6,940	3,345	3,595
45 years and over	1,115	525	590
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^Footnote 22	9,590	4,550	5,040
Economic immigrants^Footnote 23	5,460	2,730	2,730
Principal applicants^Footnote 24	2,145	1,415	730
Secondary applicants^Footnote 25	3,320	1,320	2,000
Immigrants sponsored by family^Footnote 26	2,965	1,190	1,780
Refugees^Footnote 27	1,130	605	525
Other immigrants^Footnote 28	35	25	10
Total - Place of birth for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 29	156,465	75,490	80,980
Born in Canada	135,060	65,275	69,790
Born outside Canada	21,405	10,215	11,190
Americas	3,595	1,670	1,925
North America	2,075	960	1,110
Greenland	0	0	0
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	0	0	0
United States^Footnote 30	2,070	960	1,110
Central America	445	195	250
Belize	0	0	0
Costa Rica	10	0	10
El Salvador	180	85	90
Guatemala	25	10	15
Honduras	40	15	25
Mexico	165	70	95
Nicaragua	20	15	10
Panama	10	0	0
Caribbean and Bermuda	540	295	245
Anguilla	0	0	0
Antigua and Barbuda	0	0	10
Aruba	0	0	0
Bahamas	0	0	0
Barbados	20	10	10
Bermuda	35	30	10
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba	0	0	0
Cayman Islands	0	0	10
Cuba	80	30	50
Curaçao	0	0	0
Dominica	0	0	0
Dominican Republic	40	25	15
Grenada	10	10	0
Guadeloupe	0	0	0
Haiti	35	15	20
Jamaica	190	100	85
Martinique	0	0	0
Montserrat	0	0	0
Puerto Rico	0	0	0
Saint Barthélemy	0	0	0
Saint Kitts and Nevis	10	0	0
Saint Lucia	10	0	0
Saint Martin (French part)	0	0	0
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	0	0	0
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	0	0	0
Trinidad and Tobago	95	45	50
Turks and Caicos Islands	0	0	0
Virgin Islands, British	0	0	0
Virgin Islands, United States	0	0	0
South America	535	215	320
Argentina	10	10	10
Bolivia^Footnote 31	0	0	0
Brazil	210	95	110
Chile	35	20	20
Colombia	80	15	60
Ecuador	20	20	10
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	0	0	0
French Guiana	0	0	0
Guyana	80	30	50
Paraguay	10	0	10
Peru	45	10	30
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	0	0	0
Suriname	0	0	0
Uruguay	0	0	10
Venezuela^Footnote 32	40	30	20
Europe	10,240	4,830	5,400
Western Europe	2,465	1,095	1,370
Austria	60	20	40
Belgium	70	30	35
France	220	120	90
Germany	1,230	485	740
Liechtenstein	0	0	0
Luxembourg	0	0	10
Monaco	0	0	0
Netherlands	820	410	410
Switzerland	70	25	45
Eastern Europe	1,075	470	605
Belarus	10	10	10
Bulgaria	15	0	10
Czech Republic	185	85	100
Estonia	15	10	15
Hungary	75	45	35
Latvia	20	0	25
Lithuania	20	10	10
Moldova^Footnote 33	0	0	0
Poland	380	180	200
Romania	80	40	40
Russian Federation	130	35	100
Slovakia	45	20	30
Ukraine	100	45	50
Northern Europe	4,435	2,090	2,350
Åland Islands	0	0	0
Denmark	130	65	60
Faroe Islands	0	0	0
Finland	80	25	55
Guernsey	0	0	0
Iceland	0	0	0
Ireland^Footnote 34	165	80	85
Isle of Man	10	10	0
Jersey	10	0	0
Norway	0	0	10
Sark	0	0	0
Svalbard and Jan Mayen	0	0	0
Sweden	35	10	30
United Kingdom^Footnote 35	4,000	1,890	2,110
Southern Europe	2,265	1,180	1,085
Albania	10	0	0
Andorra	0	0	0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	35	10	25
Croatia	30	20	10
Gibraltar	0	0	0
Greece	190	125	70
Holy See (Vatican City State)	0	0	0
Italy	465	250	215
Kosovo^Footnote 36	40	15	25
Macedonia, Republic of^Footnote 37	10	10	0
Malta	20	0	15
Montenegro	0	10	0
Portugal	1,320	675	650
San Marino	0	0	0
Serbia^Footnote 38	70	35	35
Slovenia	10	0	10
Spain	50	25	25
Africa	1,305	685	615
Western Africa	225	115	115
Benin	10	0	0
Burkina Faso	10	10	0
Cabo Verde	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	30	15	20
Gambia	0	0	0
Ghana	70	30	40
Guinea	0	0	0
Guinea-Bissau	0	0	0
Liberia	10	0	15
Mali	0	0	0
Mauritania	0	0	0
Niger	15	10	10
Nigeria	85	45	35
Saint Helena^Footnote 39	0	0	0
Senegal	0	10	0
Sierra Leone	0	0	0
Togo	0	0	0
Eastern Africa	285	160	125
Burundi	15	10	10
Comoros	0	0	0
Djibouti	0	0	0
Eritrea	10	10	0
Ethiopia	20	15	10
Kenya	60	30	35
Madagascar	0	0	0
Malawi	0	0	10
Mauritius	10	0	0
Mayotte	0	0	0
Mozambique	10	10	0
Réunion	0	0	0
Rwanda	0	0	0
Seychelles	0	0	0
Somalia	15	10	0
South Sudan	0	0	0
Tanzania^Footnote 40	35	15	20
Uganda	55	35	20
Zambia	25	15	10
Zimbabwe	30	20	15
Northern Africa	525	280	245
Algeria	35	15	20
Egypt	300	170	130
Libya	65	35	25
Morocco	65	30	35
Sudan^Footnote 41	30	20	15
Tunisia	35	15	15
Western Sahara	0	0	0
Central Africa	90	45	50
Angola	15	10	10
Cameroon	55	30	30
Central African Republic	0	0	0
Chad	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	10	10
Congo, Republic of the	0	0	0
Equatorial Guinea	0	0	0
Gabon	0	0	0
Sao Tome and Principe	0	0	0
Southern Africa	175	95	85
Botswana	10	0	0
Lesotho	0	0	0
Namibia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	170	85	85
Swaziland	0	0	0
Asia	6,080	2,915	3,160
West Central Asia and the Middle East	1,150	660	490
Afghanistan	30	15	20
Armenia	15	10	10
Azerbaijan	0	0	0
Bahrain	20	0	15
Cyprus	25	15	10
Georgia	10	0	0
Iran^Footnote 42	365	205	160
Iraq	90	55	35
Israel	15	10	0
Jordan	35	20	20
Kazakhstan	10	0	10
Kuwait	50	35	20
Kyrgyzstan	0	0	0
Lebanon	80	55	25
Oman	0	10	0
Qatar	10	10	10
Saudi Arabia	160	90	75
Syria^Footnote 43	45	30	25
Tajikistan	0	0	0
Turkey	95	55	40
Turkmenistan	10	0	10
United Arab Emirates	40	15	25
Uzbekistan	15	10	0
West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine)^Footnote 44	30	20	10
Yemen	0	10	0
Eastern Asia	2,235	1,010	1,230
China^Footnote 45	1,450	660	785
Hong Kong^Footnote 46	165	75	90
Japan	130	35	90
Korea, North^Footnote 47	0	0	0
Korea, South^Footnote 48	420	200	225
Macao^Footnote 49	0	0	0
Mongolia	0	0	0
Taiwan	70	35	35
Southeast Asia	1,075	395	680
Brunei Darussalam	10	0	0
Burma (Myanmar)	35	20	15
Cambodia	45	25	25
Indonesia	35	15	20
Laos^Footnote 50	0	0	0
Malaysia	75	25	50
Philippines	620	190	425
Singapore	25	10	20
Thailand	70	30	40
Timor-Leste	0	0	0
Viet Nam	165	75	85
Southern Asia	1,615	860	755
Bangladesh	115	70	45
Bhutan	0	0	0
British Indian Ocean Territory	0	0	0
India	955	505	445
Maldives	0	0	0
Nepal	25	10	10
Pakistan	385	200	180
Sri Lanka	140	70	70
Oceania	185	110	80
American Samoa	0	0	0
Australia	125	75	50
Christmas Island	0	0	0
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	0	0	0
Cook Islands	0	0	0
Fiji	0	0	0
French Polynesia	0	0	0
Guam	0	0	0
Kiribati	0	0	0
Marshall Islands	0	0	0
Micronesia, Federated States of	0	0	0
Nauru	0	0	0
New Caledonia	0	0	0
New Zealand	60	35	30
Niue	0	0	0
Norfolk Island	0	0	0
Northern Mariana Islands	0	0	0
Palau	0	0	0
Papua New Guinea	0	0	0
Pitcairn	0	0	0
Samoa	0	0	0
Solomon Islands	0	0	0
Tokelau	0	0	0
Tonga	0	0	0
Tuvalu	0	0	0
United States Minor Outlying Islands	0	0	0
Vanuatu	0	0	0
Wallis and Futuna	0	0	0
Other places of birth^Footnote 51	0	0	0
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 52	156,465	75,490	80,975
First generation^Footnote 53	21,405	10,215	11,185
Second generation^Footnote 54	24,905	12,175	12,730
Third generation or more^Footnote 55	110,155	53,095	57,055
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 56	156,465	75,490	80,975
North American Aboriginal origins	8,745	4,200	4,545
First Nations (North American Indian)	6,595	3,085	3,510
Inuit	95	45	50
Métis	2,250	1,155	1,100
Other North American origins	60,110	29,150	30,955
Acadian	415	220	195
American	2,265	1,120	1,140
Canadian	58,435	28,320	30,115
New Brunswicker	0	10	0
Newfoundlander	155	80	70
Nova Scotian	10	0	0
Ontarian	15	15	0
Québécois	80	50	35
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 57	0	0	0
European origins	117,795	56,055	61,740
British Isles origins	91,960	43,520	48,435
Channel Islander	30	15	15
Cornish	25	10	15
English	51,555	24,100	27,455
Irish	44,405	20,540	23,865
Manx	50	15	40
Scottish	39,155	18,330	20,820
Welsh	3,725	1,675	2,050
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 58	5,695	2,625	3,065
French origins	22,655	10,730	11,930
Alsatian	0	0	10
Breton	0	0	0
Corsican	10	0	0
French	22,645	10,725	11,925
Western European origins (except French origins)	26,255	12,315	13,935
Austrian	895	415	485
Bavarian	10	10	0
Belgian	565	280	280
Dutch	9,745	4,555	5,195
Flemish	55	35	20
Frisian	45	15	25
German	16,555	7,820	8,735
Luxembourger	0	0	0
Swiss	590	305	285
Western European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 59	0	0	0
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	4,725	2,295	2,430
Danish	1,280	620	665
Finnish	860	420	440
Icelandic	305	160	145
Norwegian	1,205	630	575
Swedish	1,205	510	700
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 60	210	125	85
Eastern European origins	11,565	5,300	6,270
Bulgarian	40	25	20
Byelorussian	30	15	15
Czech	660	310	350
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^Footnote 61	180	55	120
Estonian	155	65	90
Hungarian	1,205	620	590
Latvian	205	70	135
Lithuanian	300	160	135
Moldovan	15	0	10
Polish	4,625	2,120	2,500
Romanian	565	275	290
Russian	1,350	575	775
Slovak	360	170	190
Ukrainian	3,510	1,580	1,930
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 62	65	30	35
Southern European origins	12,060	6,025	6,035
Albanian	55	25	30
Bosnian	40	15	20
Catalan	0	0	0
Croatian	305	190	110
Cypriot	20	15	0
Greek	1,005	530	475
Italian	5,235	2,560	2,680
Kosovar	10	10	10
Macedonian	85	45	40
Maltese	160	85	70
Montenegrin	10	0	10
Portuguese	3,940	2,060	1,875
Serbian	195	95	105
Sicilian	70	35	35
Slovenian	115	55	60
Spanish	1,235	545	695
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^Footnote 63	160	75	95
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 64	10	10	0
Other European origins	810	410	395
Basque	0	0	10
Jewish	430	225	195
Roma (Gypsy)	30	10	25
Slavic, n.o.s.^Footnote 65	30	15	10
Other European origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 66	320	160	160
Caribbean origins	1,305	680	620
Antiguan	25	15	10
Bahamian	10	0	10
Barbadian	135	70	70
Bermudan	20	10	10
Carib	0	0	0
Cuban	105	45	60
Dominican	40	25	15
Grenadian	25	15	10
Guadeloupean	0	0	0
Haitian	55	35	20
Jamaican	610	340	270
Kittitian/Nevisian	10	0	0
Martinican	0	0	0
Montserratan	0	10	0
Puerto Rican	0	0	10
St. Lucian	40	25	20
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	140	55	80
Vincentian/Grenadinian	15	0	15
West Indian, n.o.s.^Footnote 67	90	55	30
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 68	50	20	30
Latin, Central and South American origins	1,515	720	790
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	70	25	45
Arawak	0	0	0
Argentinian	25	25	0
Belizean	0	0	0
Bolivian	20	15	10
Brazilian	155	75	80
Chilean	35	15	20
Colombian	125	30	95
Costa Rican	45	0	40
Ecuadorian	25	20	10
Guatemalan	65	30	30
Guyanese	135	70	65
Hispanic	25	0	25
Honduran	40	20	25
Maya	30	10	20
Mexican	330	185	140
Nicaraguan	55	35	20
Panamanian	15	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Peruvian	45	10	35
Salvadorean	185	95	90
Uruguayan	0	0	10
Venezuelan	70	55	15
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 69	110	35	75
African origins	2,300	1,125	1,175
Central and West African origins	415	190	225
Akan	15	0	15
Angolan	0	0	0
Ashanti	0	0	0
Beninese	10	0	0
Burkinabe	0	0	0
Cameroonian	70	35	40
Chadian	0	0	0
Congolese	15	10	10
Edo	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0
Gabonese	0	0	0
Gambian	0	0	0
Ghanaian	90	35	55
Guinean	0	0	0
Ibo	20	15	0
Ivorian	10	10	0
Liberian	15	0	10
Malian	0	0	0
Malinké	20	10	15
Nigerian	75	45	30
Peulh	0	0	0
Senegalese	10	10	0
Sierra Leonean	10	0	10
Togolese	15	0	10
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	25	25	0
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 70	45	25	20
North African origins	815	395	420
Algerian	35	15	15
Berber	55	20	35
Coptic	25	15	15
Dinka	0	0	0
Egyptian	450	230	225
Libyan	45	15	25
Maure	0	0	0
Moroccan	110	45	70
Sudanese	50	25	25
Tunisian	50	20	30
North African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 71	35	20	15
Southern and East African origins	520	275	245
Afrikaner	0	0	0
Amhara	0	10	0
Bantu, n.o.s.^Footnote 72	0	0	0
Burundian	25	20	0
Djiboutian	10	10	0
Eritrean	30	15	10
Ethiopian	15	15	0
Harari	0	0	0
Kenyan	65	35	30
Malagasy	0	0	0
Mauritian	0	0	0
Oromo	10	10	0
Rwandan	10	10	0
Seychellois	10	0	10
Somali	45	40	10
South African	265	120	145
Tanzanian	15	10	10
Tigrian	10	0	0
Ugandan	25	20	10
Zambian	10	0	0
Zimbabwean	0	0	10
Zulu	0	0	10
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 73	20	10	10
Other African origins	590	280	315
Black, n.o.s.^Footnote 74	80	35	45
Other African origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 75	530	255	280
Asian origins	9,975	4,985	4,995
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	2,115	1,190	925
Afghan	75	40	35
Arab, n.o.s.^Footnote 76	400	220	180
Armenian	100	45	55
Assyrian	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	20	10	0
Georgian	10	0	0
Hazara	0	0	0
Iranian	580	340	235
Iraqi	95	60	35
Israeli	65	20	35
Jordanian	35	15	15
Kazakh	0	0	0
Kurd	30	15	10
Kuwaiti	0	0	0
Kyrgyz	0	0	0
Lebanese	345	195	155
Palestinian	120	75	50
Pashtun	10	0	10
Saudi Arabian	110	50	55
Syrian	120	60	55
Tajik	0	0	0
Tatar	0	0	0
Turk	170	100	70
Turkmen	20	10	10
Uighur	0	0	0
Uzbek	10	0	0
Yemeni	10	0	0
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 77	35	25	10
South Asian origins	2,820	1,510	1,310
Bangladeshi	95	45	55
Bengali	45	15	25
Bhutanese	0	0	0
East Indian	1,980	1,075	905
Goan	35	25	15
Gujarati	0	0	0
Kashmiri	35	10	20
Nepali	25	10	15
Pakistani	420	215	205
Punjabi	65	35	35
Sinhalese	15	0	15
Sri Lankan	165	85	75
Tamil	45	35	10
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 78	75	40	30
East and Southeast Asian origins	5,180	2,390	2,790
Burmese	10	0	10
Cambodian (Khmer)	115	40	75
Chinese	3,015	1,440	1,580
Filipino	930	375	560
Hmong	0	0	0
Indonesian	60	30	30
Japanese	275	120	150
Karen	25	10	10
Korean	560	280	285
Laotian	0	0	0
Malaysian	45	15	30
Mongolian	10	10	0
Singaporean	10	10	10
Taiwanese	40	30	10
Thai	60	20	45
Tibetan	0	0	0
Vietnamese	305	160	150
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 79	0	0	0
Other Asian origins	55	10	45
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 80	55	10	45
Oceania origins	315	185	135
Australian	205	130	75
New Zealander	75	40	35
Pacific Islands origins	35	10	30
Fijian	0	0	0
Hawaiian	10	0	10
Maori	10	0	0
Samoan	0	0	0
Polynesian, n.o.s.^Footnote 81	10	0	10
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^Footnote 82	10	0	10
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 83	132,575	63,245	69,330
No certificate, diploma or degree	18,445	9,605	8,835
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^Footnote 84	37,460	18,955	18,500
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	76,680	34,680	41,995
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	8,410	6,150	2,255
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^Footnote 85	3,800	2,325	1,475
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^Footnote 86	4,605	3,830	780
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	32,845	12,540	20,310
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,975	740	1,235
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	33,445	15,255	18,195
Bachelor's degree	19,820	8,205	11,615
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,730	735	1,000
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,540	850	690
Master's degree	7,225	3,385	3,845
Earned doctorate^Footnote 87	3,130	2,075	1,050
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 88	132,580	63,245	69,335
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 89	55,900	28,565	27,340
Education	5,060	1,270	3,795
13. Education	5,060	1,270	3,795
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,580	1,040	1,535
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	410	335	75
50. Visual and performing arts	2,170	705	1,460
Humanities	4,800	2,015	2,790
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	385	110	280
23. English language and literature/letters	1,360	385	975
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	925	390	535
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^Footnote 90	60	30	30
38. Philosophy and religious studies	350	175	175
39. Theology and religious vocations	475	295	180
54. History	1,015	605	405
55. French language and literature/letters	240	35	200
Social and behavioural sciences and law	10,370	3,480	6,890
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	170	45	120
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	725	275	455
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,895	185	1,700
22. Legal professions and studies	1,470	550	920
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^Footnote 91	770	150	620
42. Psychology	2,055	570	1,490
45. Social sciences	3,290	1,705	1,580
Business, management and public administration	12,390	4,495	7,900
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	10	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,635	385	1,255
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,735	4,095	6,635
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,900	2,010	1,890
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,040	830	1,210
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	395	175	220
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^Footnote 92	30	10	20
40. Physical sciences	1,315	955	360
41. Science technologies/technicians	125	45	75
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,730	1,755	980
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,955	1,355	600
25. Library science	180	25	150
27. Mathematics and statistics	570	355	220
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^Footnote 93	30	20	10
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	13,175	12,195	980
04. Architecture and related services	395	275	120
14. Engineering	3,260	2,705	550
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	3,060	2,860	195
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	3,135	3,105	25
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,445	2,410	35
48. Precision production	880	830	40
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,060	690	375
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	585	395	190
03. Natural resources and conservation	470	290	185
Health and related fields	15,140	2,870	12,270
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	1,060	525	535
51. Health professions and related programs	13,495	1,990	11,505
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	585	355	230
Personal, protective and transportation services	5,450	2,855	2,595
12. Personal and culinary services	2,705	790	1,910
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	205	180	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	175	170	10
43. Security and protective services	1,830	1,215	615
49. Transportation and materials moving	535	505	30
Other	15	0	15
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	15	0	15
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 94	132,575	63,245	69,335
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	55,905	28,565	27,335
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^Footnote 95	76,675	34,675	42,000
Location of study inside Canada	68,630	30,625	38,010
Same as province or territory of residence	60,905	27,185	33,725
Different than province or territory of residence	7,730	3,440	4,290
Location of study outside Canada^Footnote 96	8,045	4,055	3,990
United States^Footnote 97	2,030	1,100	930
Philippines	335	70	270
India	445	210	230
United Kingdom^Footnote 98	1,595	960	635
China^Footnote 99	410	220	200
France	125	70	55
Other	3,095	1,425	1,665
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^Footnote 100	132,580	63,245	69,330
In the labour force	83,430	41,865	41,565
Employed	77,330	38,685	38,645
Unemployed	6,100	3,180	2,920
Not in the labour force	49,150	21,380	27,770
Participation rate	62.9	66.2	60.0
Employment rate	58.3	61.2	55.7
Unemployment rate	7.3	7.6	7.0
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^Footnote 101	132,580	63,245	69,335
Did not work^Footnote 102	45,285	19,575	25,710
Worked	87,295	43,665	43,625
Worked full year, full time^Footnote 103	45,070	24,320	20,755
Worked part year and/or part time^Footnote 104	42,220	19,350	22,875
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.9	43.2	42.5
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^Footnote 105	83,430	41,860	41,565
Class of worker - not applicable^Footnote 106	1,850	965	890
All classes of workers^Footnote 107	81,580	40,905	40,675
Employee	73,410	36,025	37,385
Self-employed^Footnote 108	8,170	4,880	3,290
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^Footnote 109	83,430	41,865	41,565
Occupation - not applicable^Footnote 110	1,845	960	890
All occupations^Footnote 111	81,580	40,905	40,680
0 Management occupations	7,745	4,860	2,885
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,330	2,995	8,335
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,595	3,665	925
3 Health occupations	8,055	1,885	6,170
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	14,705	6,295	8,410
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,365	995	1,370
6 Sales and service occupations	20,375	8,830	11,550
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	9,575	9,120	455
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,165	905	260
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,675	1,355	325
Total Labour Force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^Footnote 112	83,430	41,865	41,570
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^Footnote 113	1,850	960	890
All industry categories^Footnote 114	81,585	40,905	40,675
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	750	455	295
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	140	125	10
22 Utilities	570	460	110
23 Construction	5,420	4,870	550
31-33 Manufacturing	3,540	2,735	800
41 Wholesale trade	1,660	1,225	435
44-45 Retail trade	9,420	4,495	4,930
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,195	1,675	520
51 Information and cultural industries	1,125	640	485
52 Finance and insurance	2,315	845	1,470
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,490	820	665
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	3,885	2,060	1,825
55 Management of companies and enterprises	40	20	20
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,820	2,275	1,545
61 Educational services	10,220	4,040	6,180
62 Health care and social assistance	13,010	2,815	10,200
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,805	850	950
72 Accommodation and food services	7,120	3,055	4,065
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,285	1,510	1,780
91 Public administration	9,765	5,940	3,825
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^Footnote 115	89,545	44,685	44,860
English	87,765	43,945	43,825
French	790	240	550
Non-official language	270	145	125
English and French	495	250	245
English and non-official language	205	100	105
French and non-official language	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language	20	0	15
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 116	132,575	63,240	69,335
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	127,870	60,930	66,935
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	36,240	42,042	31,968
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	47,125	54,311	40,584
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	127,905	60,930	66,970
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,746	37,391	29,137
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	39,455	44,778	34,612
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	115,780	55,725	60,055
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	33,981	40,643	28,845
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	45,612	53,799	38,014
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	93,615	41,325	52,290
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	6,471	5,520	6,898
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,958	7,531	8,296
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	93,545	46,840	46,705
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,055	36,270	28,937
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	41,805	47,318	36,276
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 117	132,580	63,245	69,330
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^Footnote 118	44,065	23,690	20,380
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^Footnote 119	54,023	59,347	49,627
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^Footnote 120	61,859	67,135	55,726
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data^Footnote 121	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^Footnote 122	87.6	90.6	84.0
Employment income (%)^Footnote 123	64.9	67.0	62.4
Government transfers (%)^Footnote 124	12.4	9.4	16.0
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 125	132,580	63,240	69,335
Without total income	4,710	2,315	2,395
With total income	127,870	60,935	66,940
Percentage with total income	96.4	96.4	96.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	16,090	7,200	8,895
$10,000 to $19,999	21,220	8,550	12,665
$20,000 to $29,999	17,285	7,115	10,170
$30,000 to $39,999	14,705	6,335	8,370
$40,000 to $49,999	13,245	5,975	7,270
$50,000 to $59,999	10,955	5,470	5,485
$60,000 to $69,999	8,900	4,930	3,970
$70,000 to $79,999	6,360	3,740	2,625
$80,000 to $89,999	5,450	3,085	2,365
$90,000 to $99,999	3,755	2,100	1,660
$100,000 and over	9,905	6,440	3,465
$100,000 to $149,999	6,875	4,335	2,535
$150,000 and over	3,030	2,105	925
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 126	132,580	63,245	69,335
Without after-tax income	4,675	2,315	2,365
With after-tax income	127,905	60,935	66,970
Percentage with after-tax income	96.5	96.3	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	16,840	7,350	9,490
$10,000 to $19,999	22,190	8,955	13,240
$20,000 to $29,999	19,935	8,300	11,635
$30,000 to $39,999	17,570	7,725	9,845
$40,000 to $49,999	15,435	7,415	8,020
$50,000 to $59,999	11,655	6,455	5,200
$60,000 to $69,999	8,485	4,885	3,595
$70,000 to $79,999	5,670	3,240	2,430
$80,000 and over	10,120	6,605	3,515
$80,000 to $89,999	3,315	2,015	1,300
$90,000 to $99,999	2,030	1,285	750
$100,000 and over	4,775	3,310	1,470
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 127	132,580	63,245	69,330
Without employment income	39,035	16,405	22,630
With employment income	93,545	46,840	46,710
Percentage with employment income	70.6	74.1	67.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	15,155	7,560	7,600
$5,000 to $9,999	7,945	3,535	4,410
$10,000 to $19,999	12,275	5,450	6,820
$20,000 to $29,999	9,375	4,295	5,080
$30,000 to $39,999	9,035	3,975	5,055
$40,000 to $49,999	8,555	3,835	4,715
$50,000 to $59,999	7,205	3,625	3,580
$60,000 to $69,999	6,095	3,525	2,570
$70,000 to $79,999	4,570	2,695	1,875
$80,000 and over	13,340	8,335	5,005
$80,000 to $89,999	4,040	2,320	1,725
$90,000 to $99,999	2,855	1,535	1,320
$100,000 and over	6,440	4,485	1,960
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 25% sample data^Footnote 128	156,465	75,485	80,975
In the bottom half of the distribution	72,475	34,045	38,425
In the bottom decile	15,440	7,315	8,125
In the second decile	13,860	6,255	7,610
In the third decile	13,970	6,470	7,505
In the fourth decile	14,490	6,865	7,625
In the fifth decile	14,710	7,150	7,565
In the top half of the distribution	83,995	41,445	42,550
In the sixth decile	16,760	8,040	8,720
In the seventh decile	16,595	8,195	8,400
In the eighth decile	17,730	8,890	8,835
In the ninth decile	18,195	9,010	9,180
In the top decile	14,720	7,305	7,415
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 25% sample data^Footnote 129	156,465	75,490	80,975
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	20,795	9,485	11,305
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.3	12.6	14.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	12,320	5,950	6,375
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.9	7.9	7.9

Symbol(s)

Symbol ..

not available for a specific reference period

Symbol ...

not applicable

Symbol x

suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Symbol F

too unreliable to be published

Footnote(s)

Footnote 1

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 2

In households where there is at least one person living with a child and a grandchild.

Footnote 3

In households that are not multigenerational where there is one census family with additional persons or more than one census family.

Footnote 4

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Footnote 5

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 6

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Footnote 7

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 8

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Footnote 9

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Footnote 10

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 11

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often. For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 12

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 13

Citizenship refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 14

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

Footnote 15

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

Footnote 16

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 17

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

Footnote 18

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Footnote 19

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

Footnote 20

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

Footnote 21

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 22

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 23

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

Footnote 24

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

Footnote 25

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

Footnote 26

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

Footnote 27

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

Footnote 28

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

Footnote 29

For more information on the place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 30

The official name of United States is United States of America.

Footnote 31

The official name of Bolivia is Plurinational State of Bolivia.

Footnote 32

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

Footnote 33

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

Footnote 34

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

Footnote 35

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 36

The official name of Kosovo is Republic of Kosovo.

Footnote 37

Macedonia, Republic of: known as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia by the United Nations and other international bodies.

Footnote 38

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

Footnote 39

The official name of Saint Helena is Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

Footnote 40

The official name of Tanzania is United Republic of Tanzania.

Footnote 41

The full name of Sudan is the Republic of the Sudan.

Footnote 42

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

Footnote 43

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

Footnote 44

West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine): West Bank and Gaza Strip are the territories referred to in the Declaration of Principles, signed by Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1993. Palestine refers to pre-1948 British mandate Palestine.

Footnote 45

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

Footnote 46

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

Footnote 47

The official name of North Korea is Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

Footnote 48

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

Footnote 49

The full name of Macao is Macao Special Administrative Region of China.

Footnote 50

The official name of Laos is Lao People's Democratic Republic.

Footnote 51

Includes other places of birth not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea'.

Footnote 52

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 53

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

Footnote 54

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

Footnote 55

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

Footnote 56

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 57

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

Footnote 58

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

Footnote 59

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

Footnote 60

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

Footnote 61

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 62

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

Footnote 63

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 64

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

Footnote 65

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 66

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

Footnote 67

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 68

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

Footnote 69

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

Footnote 70

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

Footnote 71

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

Footnote 72

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 73

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

Footnote 74

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 75

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

Footnote 76

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 77

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

Footnote 78

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

Footnote 79

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

Footnote 80

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

Footnote 81

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

Footnote 82

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

Footnote 83

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Footnote 84

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 85

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

Footnote 86

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

Footnote 87

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

Footnote 88

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/concepts/classification.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

Footnote 89

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

Footnote 90

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

Footnote 91

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

Footnote 92

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

Footnote 93

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

Footnote 94

'Location of study' refers to either:

- the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;

- the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Footnote 95

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

Footnote 96

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

Footnote 97

The official name of United States is United States of America.

Footnote 98

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 99

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

Footnote 100

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

Footnote 101

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

Footnote 102

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

Footnote 103

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

Footnote 104

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

Footnote 105

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

Footnote 106

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 107

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 108

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

Footnote 109

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

Footnote 110

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 111

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday May 7, 2016 were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 112

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

Footnote 113

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment or who last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

Footnote 114

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

Footnote 115

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 116

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

- statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
- statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
- statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

- employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
- income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
- income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
- other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
- income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

- one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
- capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
- employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
- voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period.

It includes:

- Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
- retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
- benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
- child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
- social assistance benefits;
- workers' compensation benefits;
- Working income tax benefit;
- Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
- other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 117

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 118

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Footnote 119

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median.

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 120

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Footnote 121

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 122

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 123

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 124

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

- Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
- retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
- benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
- child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
- social assistance benefits;
- workers' compensation benefits;
- Working income tax benefit;
- Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
- other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 125

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

- statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
- statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
- statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

- employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
- income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
- income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
- other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
- income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

- one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
- capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
- employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
- voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 126

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.


For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 127

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.


For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 128

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Footnote 129

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Data quality note(s) – Kingston

• Incomplete enumeration flag
  Default. Not applicable.
• Long-form data quality flag
  Global non-response rate (GNR), long-form census questionnaire: 4.4%.
• Long-form income data quality flag
  Default. Data quality index showing a long-form income non-response rate lower than 10%.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-400-X2016192.