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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Cambridge, City [Census subdivision], Ontario and Ontario [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Cambridge, CY Ontario [Census subdivision]			Ontario [Province]
	Data quality , Cambridge, City [Census subdivision], Ontario Map : Cambridge, City [Census subdivision], Ontario Change geography 1			Data quality : Ontario [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	129,920	...	...	13,448,494	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	126,748	...	...	12,851,821	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	2.5	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	49,388	...	...	5,598,391	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	48,239	...	...	5,169,174	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,149.6	...	...	14.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	113.01	...	...	908,699.33	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	129,920	63,870	66,050	13,448,495	6,559,390	6,889,105
0 to 14 years	23,825	12,180	11,645	2,207,970	1,131,615	1,076,350
0 to 4 years	7,410	3,850	3,555	697,360	357,300	340,055
5 to 9 years	8,155	4,145	4,010	756,085	387,320	368,765
10 to 14 years	8,260	4,175	4,080	754,530	387,000	367,530
15 to 64 years	87,205	43,280	43,925	8,988,865	4,412,115	4,576,750
15 to 19 years	8,265	4,175	4,085	811,670	416,730	394,945
20 to 24 years	8,155	4,240	3,915	894,390	457,815	436,570
25 to 29 years	8,115	3,995	4,115	874,350	436,345	438,010
30 to 34 years	8,570	4,260	4,310	864,765	420,800	443,965
35 to 39 years	8,480	4,080	4,395	842,485	402,900	439,585
40 to 44 years	9,240	4,505	4,730	871,875	418,465	453,415
45 to 49 years	9,440	4,685	4,755	937,385	453,105	484,275
50 to 54 years	10,390	5,185	5,210	1,056,345	517,170	539,175
55 to 59 years	9,040	4,485	4,560	989,460	482,280	507,180
60 to 64 years	7,520	3,670	3,850	846,145	406,505	439,640
65 years and over	18,895	8,410	10,480	2,251,655	1,015,655	1,236,000
65 to 69 years	6,320	3,015	3,310	737,745	352,475	385,270
70 to 74 years	4,440	2,040	2,390	528,645	250,455	278,185
75 to 79 years	3,230	1,530	1,700	393,010	179,810	213,195
80 to 84 years	2,415	1,025	1,385	291,185	126,825	164,360
85 years and over	2,495	790	1,700	301,075	106,090	194,985
85 to 89 years	1,480	530	955	188,470	73,045	115,425
90 to 94 years	780	220	560	88,390	27,400	60,990
95 to 99 years	190	40	150	21,210	5,150	16,060
100 years and over	40	0	35	3,005	495	2,520
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.3	19.1	17.6	16.4	17.3	15.6
15 to 64 years	67.1	67.8	66.5	66.8	67.3	66.4
65 years and over	14.5	13.2	15.9	16.7	15.5	17.9
85 years and over	1.9	1.2	2.6	2.2	1.6	2.8
Average age of the population	39.5	38.5	40.4	41.0	40.0	41.9
Median age of the population	39.7	38.8	40.6	41.3	40.2	42.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	48,240	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Single-detached house	28,135	...	...	2,807,380	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,620	...	...	886,705	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	17,460	...	...	1,460,200	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,675	...	...	289,975	...	...
Row house	5,645	...	...	460,425	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,700	...	...	176,080	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	6,260	...	...	522,810	...	...
Other single-attached house	175	...	...	10,910	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	25	...	...	14,890	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	48,235	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
1 person	11,015	...	...	1,341,300	...	...
2 persons	15,515	...	...	1,693,525	...	...
3 persons	8,525	...	...	834,260	...	...
4 persons	8,320	...	...	796,320	...	...
5 or more persons	4,860	...	...	503,775	...	...
Number of persons in private households	127,840	...	...	13,242,160	...	...
Average household size	2.7	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	106,095	51,685	54,405	11,240,525	5,427,775	5,812,750
Married or living common law	62,220	31,100	31,120	6,438,085	3,219,290	3,218,795
Married	51,730	25,850	25,880	5,531,930	2,764,275	2,767,655
Living common law	10,490	5,250	5,240	906,155	455,015	451,145
Not married and not living common law	43,875	20,590	23,285	4,802,440	2,208,485	2,593,955
Never married	28,195	15,315	12,875	3,182,785	1,689,180	1,493,605
Separated	3,690	1,575	2,115	328,675	138,140	190,535
Divorced	6,280	2,490	3,790	653,835	252,900	400,935
Widowed	5,710	1,205	4,505	637,150	128,265	508,880
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	37,280	...	...	3,782,540	...	...
2 persons	17,180	...	...	1,815,000	...	...
3 persons	8,600	...	...	844,545	...	...
4 persons	8,160	...	...	792,435	...	...
5 or more persons	3,340	...	...	330,560	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	37,280	...	...	3,782,545	...	...
Total couple families	30,545	...	...	3,137,570	...	...
Married couples	25,300	...	...	2,684,735	...	...
Common-law couples	5,245	...	...	452,840	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	6,735	...	...	644,975	...	...
Female parent	5,360	...	...	518,480	...	...
Male parent	1,375	...	...	126,495	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	30,545	...	...	3,137,565	...	...
Couples without children	13,225	...	...	1,428,575	...	...
Couples with children	17,325	...	...	1,708,995	...	...
1 child	6,590	...	...	658,305	...	...
2 children	7,555	...	...	738,710	...	...
3 or more children	3,175	...	...	311,975	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	6,735	...	...	644,975	...	...
1 child	3,950	...	...	386,425	...	...
2 children	2,010	...	...	186,240	...	...
3 or more children	770	...	...	72,310	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	17,225	8,495	8,730	2,139,825	990,525	1,149,300
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	48,240	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
One-census-family households	34,420	...	...	3,481,885	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	12,140	...	...	1,311,575	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	22,280	...	...	2,170,315	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	1,405	...	...	145,615	...	...
Non-census-family households	12,415	...	...	1,541,665	...	...
One-person households	11,015	...	...	1,341,305	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	1,400	...	...	200,365	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	128,600	63,400	65,205	13,312,865	6,503,875	6,808,990
English only	119,375	59,500	59,870	11,455,500	5,689,830	5,765,665
French only	35	10	20	40,040	17,340	22,705
English and French	7,135	3,080	4,055	1,490,390	665,850	824,540
Neither English nor French	2,055	800	1,260	326,935	130,850	196,085
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	128,600	63,400	65,200	13,312,865	6,503,880	6,808,995
English	124,640	61,700	62,945	12,394,325	6,095,970	6,298,355
French	1,515	740	775	504,130	236,875	267,250
English and French	420	175	240	92,940	42,910	50,030
Neither English nor French	2,030	785	1,245	321,480	128,125	193,355
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	1,725	830	890	550,600	258,330	292,270
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	1.3	1.3	1.4	4.1	4.0	4.3
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	128,600	63,400	65,205	13,312,870	6,503,875	6,808,990
Single responses	126,290	62,265	64,025	12,946,960	6,327,630	6,619,330
Official languages	103,260	51,200	52,065	9,393,040	4,637,520	4,755,520
English	101,675	50,425	51,255	8,902,320	4,406,210	4,496,110
French	1,580	775	810	490,715	231,310	259,410
Non-official languages	23,025	11,065	11,965	3,553,920	1,690,110	1,863,810
Aboriginal languages	5	0	5	22,765	10,815	11,950
Algonquian languages	5	0	0	21,235	10,175	11,060
Blackfoot	0	0	0	10	5	5
Cree-Montagnais languages	0	0	0	5,080	2,485	2,595
Atikamekw	0	0	0	5	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	5	5	5
Moose Cree	0	0	0	85	40	45
Naskapi	0	0	0	10	5	5
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	55	25	30
Plains Cree	0	0	0	35	5	30
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	5	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	355	135	225
Woods Cree	0	0	0	15	10	5
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	4,500	2,255	2,245
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	90	40	50
Malecite	0	0	0	10	5	0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	0	85	35	50
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	5	0	16,025	7,620	8,400
Algonquin	0	0	5	65	30	35
Ojibway	0	5	0	9,505	4,515	4,985
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	6,310	3,015	3,300
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	145	65	80
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	30	20	10
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	60	20	40
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	55	20	35
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	5	0	5
Chilcotin	0	0	0	5	0	5
Dene	0	0	0	20	10	10
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	5	5	5
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	10	0	5
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	5	5	5	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	5
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	5
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	5
Haida	0	0	0	0	5	0
Inuit languages	0	0	0	475	165	305
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	5	5	5
Inuktitut	0	0	0	425	145	280
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	45	20	25
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	710	300	410
Cayuga	0	0	0	40	20	20
Mohawk	0	0	0	590	255	335
Oneida	0	0	0	55	15	40
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	5	15
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	25	15	15
Salish languages	0	0	0	5	0	5
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	10	5	5
Dakota	0	0	0	5	5	5
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	5	5
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	5	5	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	5
Nisga'a	0	0	0	5	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	5	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	5
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	5	5	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	235	130	105
Non-Aboriginal languages	23,025	11,060	11,955	3,531,160	1,679,300	1,851,865
Afro-Asiatic languages	965	485	475	253,830	127,720	126,110
Berber languages	0	0	0	725	405	320
Kabyle	0	0	0	425	225	200
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	305	180	120
Cushitic languages	60	30	30	24,605	10,730	13,870
Bilen	0	0	0	250	140	110
Oromo	0	0	0	1,445	720	730
Somali	60	30	30	22,680	9,755	12,925
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	225	115	110
Semitic languages	905	455	450	227,985	116,320	111,665
Amharic	45	20	30	10,720	4,960	5,760
Arabic	770	395	375	171,370	88,400	82,965
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	40	20	15	14,555	7,135	7,420
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	0	4,795	2,365	2,425
Harari	0	0	0	1,030	485	545
Hebrew	10	10	5	11,575	6,220	5,350
Maltese	30	10	15	5,175	2,575	2,600
Tigrigna	15	0	5	7,345	3,470	3,870
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	1,435	705	730
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	520	265	250
Austro-Asiatic languages	800	385	420	78,125	35,880	42,240
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5	7,355	3,330	4,020
Vietnamese	790	380	410	70,690	32,520	38,165
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	85	30	50
Austronesian languages	720	280	435	194,380	76,060	118,315
Bikol	5	0	0	595	260	330
Cebuano	45	10	35	6,545	2,500	4,045
Fijian	0	0	0	80	45	40
Hiligaynon	15	5	10	2,750	1,030	1,725
Ilocano	45	20	25	11,285	4,430	6,860
Malagasy	0	0	0	100	45	55
Malay	35	15	20	5,760	2,520	3,240
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	1,505	670	840
Pangasinan	5	0	5	535	215	315
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	565	225	340	163,415	63,665	99,755
Waray-Waray	5	0	0	405	140	270
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	1,400	550	850
Creole languages	30	15	20	11,255	5,095	6,165
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	630	290	340
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	15	8,025	3,580	4,440
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	2,605	1,225	1,380
Dravidian languages	355	190	165	148,605	73,530	75,075
Kannada	10	5	5	2,670	1,365	1,305
Malayalam	160	85	75	17,140	8,795	8,350
Tamil	135	70	70	117,630	57,310	60,320
Telugu	45	30	15	10,820	5,895	4,925
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	340	165	175
Hmong-Mien languages	10	5	5	525	250	270
Indo-European languages	18,035	8,710	9,325	2,024,365	980,200	1,044,165
Albanian	55	25	25	19,045	9,535	9,510
Armenian	290	150	140	15,070	7,305	7,765
Balto-Slavic languages	2,260	1,050	1,205	410,725	188,695	222,025
Baltic languages	40	15	20	9,080	3,785	5,295
Latvian	15	10	10	3,910	1,650	2,260
Lithuanian	20	10	10	5,175	2,135	3,035
Slavic languages	2,220	1,030	1,190	401,645	184,915	216,730
Belarusan	0	0	5	515	230	280
Bosnian	35	15	15	6,370	3,125	3,245
Bulgarian	25	10	15	9,095	4,355	4,740
Croatian	280	135	140	31,875	15,460	16,410
Czech	150	70	80	10,670	4,930	5,740
Macedonian	100	45	55	15,635	7,470	8,165
Polish	965	455	505	121,075	54,675	66,405
Russian	190	75	120	101,100	45,630	55,470
Serbian	160	85	80	41,740	20,585	21,150
Serbo-Croatian	20	5	15	4,875	2,310	2,570
Slovak	90	40	50	10,280	4,710	5,565
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	15	10	6,740	2,995	3,745
Ukrainian	165	75	90	40,375	17,760	22,610
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	1,310	670	635
Celtic languages	5	5	0	1,110	505	605
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	450	210	240
Welsh	0	0	0	435	180	260
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	225	120	110
Germanic languages	1,490	695	800	200,640	94,475	106,165
Afrikaans	40	15	20	2,295	1,125	1,170
Danish	25	10	15	4,265	2,010	2,250
Dutch	455	205	250	51,720	24,875	26,840
Frisian	15	10	5	1,240	630	620
German	915	435	480	131,525	61,520	70,005
Icelandic	5	0	0	210	100	110
Norwegian	5	5	5	940	405	540
Swedish	15	10	10	2,395	1,040	1,350
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5	2,150	925	1,225
Yiddish	0	5	0	3,735	1,765	1,970
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	170	80	85
Greek	205	105	100	55,415	27,305	28,110
Indo-Iranian languages	5,420	2,735	2,680	707,845	357,350	350,495
Indo-Aryan languages	4,440	2,225	2,210	565,600	285,720	279,875
Bengali	65	35	35	46,810	23,615	23,195
Gujarati	1,295	660	635	76,675	38,740	37,940
Hindi	265	135	130	58,735	29,805	28,930
Kashmiri	5	0	0	345	170	175
Konkani	10	5	5	2,510	1,195	1,315
Marathi	20	15	10	5,490	2,805	2,685
Nepali	25	10	15	7,870	3,915	3,960
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	715	380	335
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,570	755	815	197,060	100,160	96,895
Sindhi	15	5	10	6,840	3,225	3,615
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	10	15	10,165	4,925	5,235
Urdu	1,150	595	550	152,385	76,795	75,595
Iranian languages	970	505	465	139,675	70,270	69,405
Kurdish	20	15	10	6,665	3,615	3,050
Pashto	710	380	330	10,950	5,630	5,315
Persian (Farsi)	235	115	125	122,070	61,025	61,040
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	2,565	1,350	1,215
Italic (Romance) languages	8,325	3,945	4,375	614,525	295,030	319,490
Catalan	5	0	5	285	150	135
Italian	770	400	365	231,040	112,440	118,600
Portuguese	5,740	2,680	3,060	150,000	72,280	77,715
Romanian	380	170	215	41,755	19,565	22,190
Spanish	1,425	690	740	191,025	90,390	100,630
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	420	200	215
Japanese	95	40	55	13,260	4,590	8,670
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	1,200	635	565
Georgian	0	0	0	1,200	635	565
Korean	165	80	85	69,775	32,035	37,740
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	405	180	220
Mongolian	0	0	0	405	180	225
Niger-Congo languages	70	40	30	35,760	16,705	19,050
Akan (Twi)	5	5	0	9,695	4,510	5,190
Bamanankan	0	0	0	140	60	80
Edo	5	5	0	1,140	475	670
Ewe	5	5	0	560	270	295
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	365	180	185
Ga	0	0	0	600	275	325
Ganda	0	0	0	760	360	400
Igbo	5	0	5	2,090	1,080	1,010
Lingala	0	0	5	850	365	485
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	1,430	640	785
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0	1,330	545	785
Shona	15	5	5	1,455	660	790
Swahili	10	5	0	5,525	2,540	2,985
Wolof	0	0	0	290	145	150
Yoruba	15	5	5	4,365	2,260	2,105
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	5,155	2,345	2,810
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	10	30	1,610	810	800
Dinka	0	0	0	345	170	175
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	40	10	30	1,260	635	625
Sign languages	35	25	15	3,030	1,570	1,455
American Sign Language	30	15	10	1,305	640	670
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	20	10	15
Sign languages, n.i.e	10	5	5	1,700	925	780
Sino-Tibetan languages	915	430	490	611,795	284,865	326,935
Chinese languages	910	425	480	602,610	280,340	322,270
Cantonese	335	165	170	275,315	128,090	147,220
Hakka	5	0	5	6,985	3,140	3,840
Mandarin	445	205	235	283,735	132,275	151,460
Min Dong	0	0	0	855	405	450
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	55	25	30	13,545	6,240	7,300
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5	6,300	2,825	3,470
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	20	30	15,645	7,235	8,410
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	240	120	120
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	5	5	9,185	4,520	4,660
Burmese	5	5	5	1,640	775	865
Karenic languages	0	0	0	1,730	865	860
Tibetan	0	0	0	5,115	2,530	2,585
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	700	345	350
Tai-Kadai languages	260	125	135	8,485	3,535	4,945
Lao	235	120	115	5,190	2,480	2,710
Thai	25	5	20	3,270	1,045	2,220
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	25	10	15
Turkic languages	60	35	30	22,615	11,745	10,870
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	1,990	1,070	920
Turkish	50	25	25	18,415	9,610	8,810
Uyghur	5	5	5	515	255	260
Uzbek	0	0	0	1,055	515	545
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	640	295	345
Uralic languages	460	220	245	50,670	23,095	27,570
Estonian	30	10	20	4,205	1,810	2,400
Finnish	50	15	35	9,720	4,140	5,580
Hungarian	380	190	190	36,740	17,150	19,590
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	1,475	780	690
Multiple responses	2,315	1,135	1,180	365,910	176,250	189,660
English and French	310	140	170	54,045	25,165	28,880
English and non-official language	1,910	950	960	288,285	140,345	147,940
French and non-official language	40	25	20	12,565	5,735	6,830
English, French and non-official language	45	20	25	11,010	5,000	6,005
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	128,600	63,400	65,205	13,312,865	6,503,875	6,808,990
Single responses	123,705	61,005	62,700	12,522,045	6,123,955	6,398,085
Official languages	113,145	55,990	57,155	10,605,725	5,214,425	5,391,300
English	112,760	55,820	56,940	10,328,680	5,084,885	5,243,800
French	385	170	215	277,045	129,540	147,500
Non-official languages	10,565	5,015	5,545	1,916,315	909,530	1,006,780
Aboriginal languages	0	0	0	9,210	4,600	4,610
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	8,685	4,370	4,320
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	0	0	0	2,370	1,205	1,165
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	5	5	5
Moose Cree	0	0	0	10	10	5
Naskapi	0	0	0	10	5	5
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	20	10	15
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	105	50	55
Woods Cree	0	0	0	5	5	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	2,220	1,135	1,085
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	5	5	5
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	5	5	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	6,305	3,155	3,145
Algonquin	0	0	0	5	0	0
Ojibway	0	0	0	3,315	1,695	1,620
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	2,905	1,420	1,490
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	75	40	35
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	20	10	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	15	10	10
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	5	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	5	0	5
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	5
Gwich'in	0	0	0	5	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	5	5	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	5	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	0	0	0	160	60	90
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	5
Inuktitut	0	0	0	140	60	80
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	5	10
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	210	90	120
Cayuga	0	0	0	5	5	5
Mohawk	0	0	0	185	80	100
Oneida	0	0	0	20	5	10
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	5	5	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	5	0	5
Dakota	0	0	0	5	5	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	5
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	5	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	120	55	65
Non-Aboriginal languages	10,565	5,020	5,545	1,907,105	904,930	1,002,170
Afro-Asiatic languages	480	240	245	138,460	66,865	71,590
Berber languages	0	0	0	345	175	170
Kabyle	0	0	0	255	125	130
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	90	50	45
Cushitic languages	35	15	20	14,460	6,100	8,360
Bilen	0	0	0	170	80	85
Oromo	0	0	0	805	380	425
Somali	35	15	15	13,370	5,590	7,780
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	110	50	65
Semitic languages	445	225	225	123,410	60,475	62,940
Amharic	15	5	10	5,625	2,540	3,085
Arabic	400	200	200	94,195	46,505	47,695
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	15	10	9,515	4,595	4,920
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	2,915	1,410	1,500
Harari	0	0	0	555	250	305
Hebrew	0	0	0	4,850	2,505	2,345
Maltese	5	0	0	1,090	505	580
Tigrigna	5	0	5	3,920	1,805	2,115
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	755	360	395
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	245	115	125
Austro-Asiatic languages	565	265	305	50,245	23,105	27,140
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5	3,770	1,650	2,120
Vietnamese	555	255	300	46,435	21,435	25,000
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	40	20	20
Austronesian languages	245	105	140	85,370	36,525	48,845
Bikol	0	0	0	90	35	55
Cebuano	5	5	5	2,325	1,020	1,315
Fijian	0	0	0	15	10	10
Hiligaynon	10	0	5	910	385	530
Ilocano	15	10	5	4,100	1,780	2,320
Malagasy	0	0	0	35	15	20
Malay	20	10	10	1,810	860	945
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	445	200	250
Pangasinan	0	0	0	90	40	50
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	200	85	115	75,070	31,965	43,105
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	90	35	55
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	380	175	200
Creole languages	25	5	15	5,325	2,355	2,970
Haitian Creole	5	0	5	355	165	190
Creole, n.o.s.	10	10	10	3,995	1,735	2,255
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	5	5	975	455	520
Dravidian languages	185	95	95	96,250	46,575	49,680
Kannada	5	0	5	1,060	540	520
Malayalam	100	50	50	8,760	4,460	4,295
Tamil	75	35	40	80,600	38,460	42,140
Telugu	10	10	5	5,705	3,050	2,655
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	125	55	70
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	200	95	105
Indo-European languages	7,980	3,780	4,200	978,300	469,640	508,670
Albanian	25	10	10	9,190	4,580	4,605
Armenian	195	95	95	8,630	4,065	4,560
Balto-Slavic languages	915	435	480	192,945	90,585	102,365
Baltic languages	5	5	0	2,305	950	1,355
Latvian	0	0	0	860	350	515
Lithuanian	0	5	0	1,440	600	840
Slavic languages	910	435	475	190,645	89,635	101,005
Belarusan	0	0	0	175	80	90
Bosnian	20	15	5	3,220	1,595	1,620
Bulgarian	5	5	0	4,830	2,350	2,480
Croatian	90	40	45	11,125	5,275	5,855
Czech	55	25	30	3,070	1,480	1,595
Macedonian	65	25	30	6,255	2,965	3,285
Polish	380	180	200	52,555	24,510	28,045
Russian	90	45	45	63,570	29,655	33,920
Serbian	70	35	40	23,175	11,335	11,840
Serbo-Croatian	5	0	5	1,925	920	1,010
Slovak	30	15	20	3,520	1,680	1,845
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	1,465	645	815
Ukrainian	100	45	55	15,415	6,995	8,420
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	355	160	190
Celtic languages	0	0	0	120	65	55
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	60	30	25
Welsh	0	0	0	30	10	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	35	20	15
Germanic languages	110	50	60	44,515	21,630	22,880
Afrikaans	20	10	10	755	365	390
Danish	0	0	0	280	135	150
Dutch	35	15	20	4,450	2,145	2,305
Frisian	5	0	0	90	45	45
German	55	20	35	37,255	18,140	19,120
Icelandic	0	0	0	45	20	30
Norwegian	0	0	0	70	30	40
Swedish	0	5	0	385	190	190
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	145	60	85
Yiddish	0	0	0	370	190	185
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	655	315	340
Greek	70	30	35	21,700	10,160	11,535
Indo-Iranian languages	3,255	1,590	1,665	435,835	215,755	220,080
Indo-Aryan languages	2,685	1,310	1,375	344,050	171,125	172,920
Bengali	25	10	15	29,590	14,595	14,995
Gujarati	830	415	415	45,445	22,410	23,035
Hindi	105	55	55	28,960	14,485	14,475
Kashmiri	0	0	0	65	30	35
Konkani	0	0	0	540	260	280
Marathi	15	5	10	2,420	1,230	1,190
Nepali	15	10	10	5,640	2,815	2,820
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	325	160	165
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,015	485	530	132,135	66,410	65,725
Sindhi	5	5	0	2,880	1,320	1,560
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	5	5	4,595	2,250	2,345
Urdu	670	330	335	91,450	45,160	46,295
Iranian languages	565	280	285	90,730	44,090	46,640
Kurdish	15	10	5	3,675	1,900	1,770
Pashto	430	215	210	6,750	3,360	3,395
Persian (Farsi)	130	55	70	80,305	38,830	41,475
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	1,050	540	515
Italic (Romance) languages	3,420	1,565	1,850	265,375	122,790	142,585
Catalan	5	5	5	135	60	75
Italian	185	85	105	72,960	31,195	41,770
Portuguese	2,435	1,110	1,325	67,415	32,065	35,355
Romanian	155	70	85	19,920	9,380	10,535
Spanish	635	305	330	104,820	50,035	54,785
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	110	50	60
Japanese	75	35	35	6,040	2,590	3,450
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	770	420	355
Georgian	0	0	0	775	420	355
Korean	120	55	65	48,540	22,685	25,855
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	225	115	110
Mongolian	0	0	0	230	120	110
Niger-Congo languages	15	5	10	12,120	5,400	6,725
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	4,415	1,915	2,495
Bamanankan	0	0	0	25	15	15
Edo	0	0	0	305	120	180
Ewe	5	0	0	135	60	80
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	110	55	55
Ga	0	0	0	175	80	100
Ganda	0	0	0	195	85	110
Igbo	5	0	5	540	265	275
Lingala	0	0	0	225	100	130
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	475	230	240
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	420	160	260
Shona	5	0	0	455	210	245
Swahili	0	0	0	2,085	925	1,160
Wolof	0	0	0	130	65	65
Yoruba	0	5	5	1,300	625	675
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	1,120	500	625
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	0	10	550	260	290
Dinka	0	0	0	120	60	65
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	425	195	225
Sign languages	55	35	25	4,425	2,485	1,940
American Sign Language	30	15	15	1,605	830	770
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	25	15	15
Sign languages, n.i.e	25	15	10	2,795	1,640	1,150
Sino-Tibetan languages	550	270	280	448,200	210,560	237,640
Chinese languages	545	265	285	441,615	207,305	234,310
Cantonese	200	90	105	198,745	91,545	107,200
Hakka	0	0	0	2,870	1,305	1,575
Mandarin	305	150	155	220,535	105,360	115,175
Min Dong	0	0	0	265	115	145
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	5	10	5,775	2,635	3,140
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5	3,690	1,735	1,955
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	5	9,630	4,565	5,070
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	100	45	55
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	6,580	3,250	3,330
Burmese	5	5	0	1,010	480	530
Karenic languages	0	0	0	1,360	685	675
Tibetan	0	0	0	3,875	1,925	1,945
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	335	165	170
Tai-Kadai languages	130	65	65	3,865	1,845	2,020
Lao	130	60	65	2,535	1,220	1,315
Thai	5	0	0	1,315	615	695
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	10	5	10
Turkic languages	20	10	10	12,435	6,200	6,230
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	770	385	380
Turkish	20	10	10	10,545	5,245	5,300
Uyghur	5	0	0	290	150	140
Uzbek	0	0	0	585	290	295
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	250	130	120
Uralic languages	110	55	60	15,330	6,990	8,340
Estonian	10	0	5	790	290	500
Finnish	5	5	5	1,835	780	1,050
Hungarian	95	50	50	12,700	5,915	6,790
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	465	245	225
Multiple responses	4,895	2,390	2,505	790,825	379,925	410,905
English and French	215	90	125	45,655	20,895	24,755
English and non-official language	4,585	2,260	2,330	719,595	347,730	371,865
French and non-official language	10	5	10	6,725	2,930	3,795
English, French and non-official language	80	35	45	18,855	8,365	10,490
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	128,600	63,395	65,205	13,312,865	6,503,875	6,808,990
None	115,095	56,955	58,140	11,071,665	5,436,665	5,635,000
English	4,455	2,215	2,245	896,170	437,015	459,155
French	1,315	565	750	243,970	108,390	135,580
Non-official language	7,535	3,575	3,955	1,056,960	501,315	555,645
Aboriginal	10	5	5	14,315	6,580	7,735
Non-Aboriginal	7,530	3,580	3,955	1,042,645	494,735	547,910
English and French	25	10	20	8,150	3,755	4,395
English and non-official language	85	40	45	19,105	9,370	9,735
French and non-official language	80	30	55	16,435	7,165	9,270
English, French and non-official language	0	0	0	415	205	215
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	104,030	50,965	53,065	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	99,760	49,005	50,755	10,556,935	5,115,460	5,441,475
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	35,244	44,194	28,673	33,539	39,889	28,676
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	99,775	49,010	50,770	10,559,805	5,115,825	5,443,975
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,916	38,893	26,524	30,641	35,753	26,585
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	89,690	45,325	44,365	9,391,800	4,650,130	4,741,675
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,445	44,371	26,639	32,871	39,831	27,012
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	69,505	30,410	39,095	7,632,575	3,402,810	4,229,770
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	4,714	2,433	5,765	4,206	2,034	5,463
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	76,700	39,935	36,760	7,790,680	3,998,335	3,792,350
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	37,410	46,713	30,186	33,946	39,490	29,413
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	104,030	50,965	53,065	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	99,730	49,025	50,710	10,556,925	5,114,340	5,442,580
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	44,725	53,969	35,789	47,915	56,780	39,585
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	99,745	49,020	50,720	10,559,935	5,114,725	5,445,210
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	37,441	44,048	31,054	39,318	45,443	33,564
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	89,675	45,345	44,325	9,391,645	4,649,230	4,742,415
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	43,919	53,698	33,914	47,890	57,511	38,459
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	69,365	30,420	38,945	7,632,220	3,402,745	4,229,475
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,529	6,924	8,002	7,346	6,763	7,815
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	76,700	39,915	36,785	7,790,680	3,995,700	3,794,985
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	45,546	54,575	35,749	47,369	55,263	39,057
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	104,030	50,970	53,065	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	40,925	23,380	17,545	3,737,385	2,082,480	1,654,900
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	53,316	59,883	44,823	55,121	60,345	49,713
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	61,793	69,538	51,472	68,628	76,536	58,676
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	88.2	91.9	83.0	88.9	92.1	84.7
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	77.7	82.1	71.4	72.9	76.0	68.7
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	11.8	8.1	17.0	11.1	7.9	15.3
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	104,030	50,965	53,070	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Without total income	4,270	1,955	2,310	481,500	227,390	254,115
With total income	99,765	49,005	50,750	10,556,940	5,115,460	5,441,475
Percentage with total income	95.9	96.2	95.6	95.6	95.7	95.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	12,780	5,230	7,550	1,615,790	711,105	904,685
$10,000 to $19,999	16,405	6,155	10,240	1,829,355	742,710	1,086,645
$20,000 to $29,999	14,310	5,800	8,515	1,410,760	589,975	820,785
$30,000 to $39,999	11,980	5,150	6,835	1,147,510	519,550	627,955
$40,000 to $49,999	10,800	5,195	5,605	1,021,880	489,595	532,285
$50,000 to $59,999	9,000	5,040	3,960	809,115	415,950	393,165
$60,000 to $69,999	6,505	4,015	2,500	630,635	348,525	282,110
$70,000 to $79,999	4,635	3,000	1,640	479,890	277,725	202,165
$80,000 to $89,999	3,575	2,395	1,185	378,185	222,095	156,095
$90,000 to $99,999	3,025	1,895	1,135	324,810	181,815	142,995
$100,000 and over	6,735	5,140	1,595	909,005	616,420	292,585
$100,000 to $149,999	4,900	3,695	1,205	600,995	394,410	206,590
$150,000 and over	1,835	1,445	390	308,010	222,010	86,000
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	104,035	50,965	53,065	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Without after-tax income	4,260	1,955	2,300	478,635	227,025	251,610
With after-tax income	99,775	49,005	50,765	10,559,805	5,115,825	5,443,980
Percentage with after-tax income	95.9	96.2	95.7	95.7	95.8	95.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	13,060	5,285	7,775	1,659,280	722,040	937,235
$10,000 to $19,999	17,270	6,520	10,750	1,906,875	777,330	1,129,540
$20,000 to $29,999	16,720	6,865	9,860	1,623,230	690,290	932,940
$30,000 to $39,999	14,630	6,655	7,970	1,377,100	642,645	734,450
$40,000 to $49,999	12,735	6,890	5,845	1,166,040	585,490	580,555
$50,000 to $59,999	8,785	5,370	3,420	845,305	464,610	380,700
$60,000 to $69,999	5,675	3,730	1,950	604,005	354,015	249,985
$70,000 to $79,999	4,310	2,770	1,545	465,485	268,140	197,345
$80,000 and over	6,585	4,935	1,650	912,490	611,260	301,230
$80,000 to $89,999	2,430	1,730	700	299,315	183,410	115,905
$90,000 to $99,999	1,385	1,035	350	174,110	116,330	57,785
$100,000 and over	2,775	2,170	600	439,070	311,525	127,540
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	104,030	50,965	53,070	11,038,440	5,342,850	5,695,590
Without employment income	27,335	11,030	16,300	3,247,760	1,344,515	1,903,245
With employment income	76,700	39,935	36,765	7,790,680	3,998,335	3,792,350
Percentage with employment income	73.7	78.4	69.3	70.6	74.8	66.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,660	4,030	4,630	1,094,860	546,920	547,940
$5,000 to $9,999	5,620	2,280	3,335	635,305	281,135	354,165
$10,000 to $19,999	9,395	3,900	5,495	1,027,910	464,445	563,465
$20,000 to $29,999	8,195	3,395	4,795	827,805	372,185	455,625
$30,000 to $39,999	8,675	3,630	5,040	767,840	351,925	415,910
$40,000 to $49,999	8,230	4,115	4,120	709,775	341,320	368,450
$50,000 to $59,999	7,265	4,275	2,990	588,220	310,155	278,065
$60,000 to $69,999	5,310	3,400	1,915	465,670	263,430	202,240
$70,000 to $79,999	3,905	2,575	1,330	369,085	218,570	150,515
$80,000 and over	11,450	8,340	3,110	1,304,210	848,245	455,970
$80,000 to $89,999	3,140	2,150	985	307,660	182,660	125,005
$90,000 to $99,999	2,625	1,675	955	280,530	156,440	124,090
$100,000 and over	5,685	4,515	1,175	716,015	509,140	206,875
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	48,240	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	77,757	...	...	74,287	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	68,074	...	...	65,285	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	11,015	...	...	1,341,300	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	36,717	...	...	36,900	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	33,004	...	...	33,219	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	37,220	...	...	3,827,875	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	92,590	...	...	90,967	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	80,390	...	...	79,528	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	48,235	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	92,469	...	...	97,856	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	77,417	...	...	80,322	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	11,035	...	...	1,341,115	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	44,941	...	...	49,571	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	37,891	...	...	40,830	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	37,205	...	...	3,828,060	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	106,563	...	...	114,773	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	89,138	...	...	94,157	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	48,240	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Under $5,000	425	...	...	86,720	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	370	...	...	70,245	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,015	...	...	134,395	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,360	...	...	185,245	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,850	...	...	200,770	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,590	...	...	189,450	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,825	...	...	202,580	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,925	...	...	207,180	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,890	...	...	206,605	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,920	...	...	202,015	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,750	...	...	388,820	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,500	...	...	363,580	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,460	...	...	335,770	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,175	...	...	309,105	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,020	...	...	282,740	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,170	...	...	1,803,955	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,075	...	...	560,090	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,075	...	...	394,570	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,295	...	...	449,885	...	...
$200,000 and over	2,730	...	...	399,410	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	48,240	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Under $5,000	455	...	...	92,220	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	395	...	...	71,480	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,030	...	...	136,550	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,405	...	...	192,920	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,105	...	...	222,605	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,760	...	...	211,440	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,195	...	...	232,755	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,245	...	...	244,335	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,340	...	...	247,645	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,330	...	...	241,965	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,475	...	...	463,170	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,205	...	...	422,695	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,010	...	...	388,720	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,635	...	...	342,330	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,190	...	...	290,720	...	...
$100,000 and over	12,460	...	...	1,367,630	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,635	...	...	539,915	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,190	...	...	334,420	...	...
$150,000 and over	3,640	...	...	493,295	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	36,235	...	...	3,689,580	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	92,156	...	...	91,089	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	79,982	...	...	79,531	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	11,745	...	...	1,280,890	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	79,502	...	...	81,459	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	69,461	...	...	71,237	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	17,465	...	...	1,716,115	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	115,183	...	...	115,381	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	98,399	...	...	99,205	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	6,080	...	...	584,180	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	54,360	...	...	54,363	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	50,283	...	...	50,317	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	36,285	...	...	3,689,080	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	106,268	...	...	115,328	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	88,812	...	...	94,410	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	11,835	...	...	1,280,580	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	94,994	...	...	104,425	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	78,681	...	...	84,952	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	17,470	...	...	1,717,295	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	128,829	...	...	140,590	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	106,948	...	...	114,144	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,050	...	...	581,945	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	64,203	...	...	67,748	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	56,645	...	...	58,742	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	14,515	7,415	7,095	1,818,815	867,175	951,640
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	34,410	40,192	29,382	32,097	33,925	30,753
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	31,038	35,211	27,220	29,417	30,678	28,442
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	14,375	7,345	7,035	1,814,575	864,020	950,555
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	42,062	46,308	37,629	44,298	46,765	42,057
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	35,615	38,233	32,882	36,874	38,228	35,644
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	127,840	63,140	64,700	13,242,160	6,472,205	6,769,955
In the bottom half of the distribution	59,585	28,305	31,275	6,335,170	3,016,275	3,318,895
In the bottom decile	9,070	4,215	4,855	1,346,645	651,310	695,335
In the second decile	11,080	4,910	6,175	1,280,675	581,380	699,290
In the third decile	12,335	5,795	6,535	1,237,415	583,840	653,575
In the fourth decile	13,235	6,390	6,850	1,223,510	589,740	633,770
In the fifth decile	13,860	7,000	6,855	1,246,925	610,000	636,930
In the top half of the distribution	68,250	34,830	33,420	6,906,990	3,455,930	3,451,060
In the sixth decile	14,785	7,440	7,345	1,279,095	629,635	649,465
In the seventh decile	14,680	7,520	7,160	1,321,220	655,840	665,375
In the eighth decile	14,940	7,480	7,460	1,382,795	691,630	691,165
In the ninth decile	13,950	7,230	6,720	1,464,415	736,030	728,385
In the top decile	9,905	5,170	4,735	1,459,465	742,795	716,670
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	127,840	63,140	64,700	13,184,055	6,442,930	6,741,130
0 to 17 years	28,755	14,615	14,135	2,656,535	1,361,905	1,294,630
0 to 5 years	8,960	4,645	4,315	835,000	428,025	406,975
18 to 64 years	81,855	40,590	41,265	8,418,960	4,110,615	4,308,345
65 years and over	17,230	7,925	9,300	2,108,560	970,405	1,138,155
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	13,850	6,155	7,695	1,898,975	886,530	1,012,445
0 to 17 years	4,180	2,130	2,050	489,905	251,830	238,080
0 to 5 years	1,455	770	685	165,140	84,825	80,310
18 to 64 years	7,765	3,355	4,415	1,155,315	538,535	616,780
65 years and over	1,905	675	1,225	253,755	96,170	157,585
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.8	9.7	11.9	14.4	13.8	15.0
0 to 17 years (%)	14.5	14.6	14.5	18.4	18.5	18.4
0 to 5 years (%)	16.2	16.6	15.9	19.8	19.8	19.7
18 to 64 years (%)	9.5	8.3	10.7	13.7	13.1	14.3
65 years and over (%)	11.1	8.5	13.2	12.0	9.9	13.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	7,260	3,450	3,815	1,298,590	627,935	670,650
0 to 17 years	2,005	1,020	990	304,390	156,575	147,815
0 to 5 years	670	350	315	102,750	52,810	49,935
18 to 64 years	4,925	2,275	2,650	887,640	430,545	457,095
65 years and over	330	150	180	106,555	40,815	65,740
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.7	5.5	5.9	9.8	9.7	9.9
0 to 17 years (%)	7.0	7.0	7.0	11.5	11.5	11.4
0 to 5 years (%)	7.5	7.5	7.3	12.3	12.3	12.3
18 to 64 years (%)	6.0	5.6	6.4	10.5	10.5	10.6
65 years and over (%)	1.9	1.9	1.9	5.1	4.2	5.8
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	127,835	63,140	64,700	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,925
Official languages	125,740	62,335	63,400	12,918,075	6,342,930	6,575,145
English	125,715	62,325	63,390	12,879,045	6,326,225	6,552,825
French	7,075	3,060	4,015	1,521,020	677,505	843,510
Non-official languages	27,985	13,495	14,485	4,431,270	2,115,510	2,315,760
Aboriginal languages	10	0	10	33,855	15,815	18,035
Algonquian languages	10	0	0	30,630	14,505	16,125
Blackfoot	0	0	0	15	15	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	0	0	0	6,560	3,160	3,395
Atikamekw	0	0	0	10	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Moose Cree	0	0	0	145	70	75
Naskapi	0	0	0	25	10	10
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	65	25	45
Plains Cree	0	0	0	105	50	50
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	605	255	350
Woods Cree	0	0	0	45	25	25
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	5,620	2,760	2,865
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	180	95	85
Malecite	0	0	0	20	20	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	160	75	85
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	10	23,980	11,285	12,690
Algonquin	10	0	0	205	95	105
Ojibway	0	0	0	16,220	7,600	8,630
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	7,515	3,585	3,935
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	200	105	100
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	85	40	50
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	85	25	65
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	80	25	55
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	10	0	10
Chilcotin	0	0	0	10	0	10
Dene	0	0	0	45	20	30
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Gwich'in	0	0	0	10	0	10
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	10	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	10
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	10	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	0	0	0	840	320	525
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Inuktitut	0	0	0	730	285	445
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	105	35	70
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	1,940	810	1,125
Cayuga	0	0	0	120	35	85
Mohawk	0	0	0	1,625	710	915
Oneida	0	0	0	180	55	125
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	50	25	25
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	180	65	110
Salish languages	0	0	0	10	0	10
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	10	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Siouan languages	0	0	0	40	10	30
Dakota	0	0	0	20	10	10
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	0	15
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	10	0	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	10	0	10
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	10	10	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	10
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	10	0	10	210	100	110
Non-Aboriginal languages	27,980	13,495	14,480	4,397,690	2,099,820	2,297,865
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,410	710	700	362,645	183,050	179,595
Berber languages	0	0	0	925	505	415
Kabyle	0	0	0	530	280	255
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	390	225	165
Cushitic languages	30	10	15	34,160	15,155	19,000
Bilen	0	0	0	355	200	160
Oromo	10	10	0	2,075	905	1,175
Somali	20	10	10	31,535	13,925	17,610
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	370	170	205
Semitic languages	1,385	695	690	330,315	168,750	161,570
Amharic	50	20	25	16,010	7,565	8,445
Arabic	1,220	605	620	246,015	127,015	119,000
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	50	30	15	17,825	8,775	9,050
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	6,185	3,045	3,140
Harari	0	0	0	1,310	660	645
Hebrew	45	25	20	43,255	22,165	21,090
Maltese	50	30	20	7,020	3,455	3,570
Tigrigna	10	10	0	9,385	4,320	5,065
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	10	0	1,985	1,010	975
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	10	0	1,125	535	590
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,055	535	525	99,830	46,210	53,620
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	10	10,045	4,490	5,550
Vietnamese	1,050	525	520	90,265	41,965	48,300
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	60	10	50
Austronesian languages	810	280	535	249,435	98,295	151,150
Bikol	0	0	0	755	340	425
Cebuano	20	0	15	9,475	3,650	5,830
Fijian	0	0	0	110	40	65
Hiligaynon	25	10	20	3,110	1,205	1,910
Ilocano	20	10	15	15,235	5,940	9,295
Malagasy	0	0	0	215	115	100
Malay	35	10	25	9,780	4,500	5,280
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	1,935	855	1,080
Pangasinan	15	0	10	565	245	320
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	760	260	495	232,935	91,110	141,820
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	410	125	285
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	1,785	755	1,030
Creole languages	85	25	50	30,260	13,525	16,735
Haitian Creole	0	10	0	1,430	605	830
Creole, n.o.s.	45	15	35	19,375	8,480	10,895
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	9,685	4,525	5,155
Dravidian languages	570	310	255	196,315	97,975	98,335
Kannada	35	15	15	5,775	2,930	2,845
Malayalam	170	90	80	22,880	11,535	11,345
Tamil	270	145	130	157,700	77,975	79,730
Telugu	125	80	40	16,315	8,925	7,390
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	495	250	240
Hmong-Mien languages	15	15	10	545	265	280
Indo-European languages	22,005	10,665	11,340	2,608,060	1,265,535	1,342,525
Albanian	20	15	0	22,375	11,180	11,195
Armenian	375	195	180	18,435	8,860	9,575
Balto-Slavic languages	2,560	1,205	1,355	473,565	221,450	252,120
Baltic languages	35	20	15	10,545	4,495	6,050
Latvian	20	10	0	4,675	2,070	2,610
Lithuanian	20	10	0	5,875	2,430	3,445
Slavic languages	2,540	1,190	1,345	465,170	217,885	247,285
Belarusan	0	10	10	1,360	680	680
Bosnian	40	20	15	9,915	4,905	5,010
Bulgarian	20	15	10	10,410	5,060	5,350
Croatian	320	140	180	46,580	22,880	23,700
Czech	230	110	120	14,045	6,615	7,430
Macedonian	160	65	95	21,505	10,365	11,140
Polish	1,115	570	545	142,985	65,415	77,575
Russian	285	125	165	138,735	64,355	74,380
Serbian	205	110	100	53,250	26,725	26,525
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	5,815	2,845	2,965
Slovak	100	60	40	12,035	5,550	6,490
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	15	25	7,935	3,550	4,390
Ukrainian	180	65	115	54,615	24,125	30,490
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	1,750	935	815
Celtic languages	35	15	15	3,800	1,880	1,920
Scottish Gaelic	25	10	15	1,480	720	765
Welsh	0	0	0	685	300	390
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	1,650	870	785
Germanic languages	1,865	825	1,045	274,305	130,610	143,700
Afrikaans	55	30	30	7,360	3,625	3,735
Danish	40	20	20	5,440	2,455	2,980
Dutch	505	215	290	63,410	29,875	33,535
Frisian	15	10	0	1,655	820	835
German	1,255	560	695	189,035	90,730	98,305
Icelandic	0	0	0	285	130	155
Norwegian	10	0	0	2,140	975	1,165
Swedish	25	20	10	5,125	2,345	2,785
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	10	2,275	1,050	1,225
Yiddish	0	0	0	7,175	3,535	3,640
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	3,290	1,645	1,645
Greek	265	135	135	80,690	40,105	40,590
Indo-Iranian languages	6,240	3,190	3,050	915,765	463,175	452,585
Indo-Aryan languages	5,620	2,875	2,745	759,390	384,940	374,450
Bengali	90	45	45	59,685	30,420	29,265
Gujarati	1,315	705	610	103,890	52,380	51,510
Hindi	1,260	645	620	250,095	127,765	122,335
Kashmiri	15	10	10	600	300	300
Konkani	20	15	0	5,490	2,515	2,975
Marathi	50	20	30	10,360	5,380	4,980
Nepali	15	10	10	10,245	5,115	5,135
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	1,090	515	570
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,230	1,075	1,155	282,065	145,050	137,015
Sindhi	25	15	10	11,515	5,385	6,130
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	20	20	18,555	9,230	9,330
Urdu	2,175	1,125	1,045	231,500	117,305	114,190
Iranian languages	965	475	485	163,490	81,710	81,785
Kurdish	30	15	15	8,795	4,755	4,040
Pashto	705	360	350	15,315	8,145	7,170
Persian (Farsi)	295	125	165	145,465	72,275	73,190
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	20	4,665	2,495	2,175
Italic (Romance) languages	10,855	5,190	5,665	880,330	418,225	462,105
Catalan	0	0	0	515	275	240
Italian	1,085	550	540	333,645	161,190	172,455
Portuguese	7,125	3,445	3,680	193,520	93,885	99,635
Romanian	500	220	285	49,635	23,205	26,430
Spanish	2,345	1,080	1,265	337,615	156,040	181,580
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	1,355	745	605
Japanese	115	60	55	25,675	11,535	14,140
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	1,555	775	780
Georgian	0	0	0	1,555	770	785
Korean	180	75	100	79,175	36,930	42,245
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	515	225	285
Mongolian	0	0	0	515	225	285
Niger-Congo languages	140	65	70	70,570	33,620	36,945
Akan (Twi)	20	15	0	15,950	7,520	8,435
Bamanankan	0	0	0	385	195	185
Edo	10	0	0	2,130	930	1,195
Ewe	0	0	0	880	435	445
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	700	320	375
Ga	0	0	0	1,340	645	695
Ganda	0	0	0	1,225	550	675
Igbo	20	10	10	4,025	2,105	1,920
Lingala	0	0	0	4,885	2,165	2,720
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	2,555	1,080	1,475
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	2,220	885	1,330
Shona	10	10	0	2,350	1,055	1,300
Swahili	50	15	35	16,750	8,110	8,640
Wolof	0	0	0	730	355	375
Yoruba	30	20	15	10,495	5,345	5,150
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	11,210	5,255	5,950
Nilo-Saharan languages	65	25	35	2,025	1,020	1,010
Dinka	0	0	0	415	220	200
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	65	25	40	1,615	805	810
Sign languages	190	75	115	18,865	7,645	11,220
American Sign Language	155	70	90	10,220	3,695	6,525
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	235	60	180
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	8,690	4,005	4,680
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,110	530	580	689,145	324,575	364,565
Chinese languages	1,110	530	580	679,170	319,635	359,530
Cantonese	560	260	295	341,875	159,280	182,600
Hakka	25	0	15	7,865	3,445	4,420
Mandarin	570	255	320	385,395	179,890	205,510
Min Dong	0	0	0	810	330	480
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	25	20	16,980	7,650	9,330
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	8,305	3,860	4,440
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	20	20	16,455	7,710	8,745
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	185	95	90
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	10,460	5,200	5,260
Burmese	0	0	0	2,215	1,055	1,165
Karenic languages	0	0	0	1,820	905	920
Tibetan	0	0	0	5,695	2,845	2,850
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	1,245	645	605
Tai-Kadai languages	275	120	155	11,120	4,945	6,180
Lao	260	120	145	6,740	3,215	3,520
Thai	40	10	35	5,195	2,065	3,135
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	30	10	20
Turkic languages	80	40	40	33,335	17,310	16,025
Azerbaijani	15	0	10	3,260	1,710	1,550
Turkish	65	35	30	27,850	14,510	13,340
Uyghur	0	0	0	700	350	345
Uzbek	0	0	0	1,405	700	705
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	915	450	465
Uralic languages	575	295	280	58,370	27,060	31,310
Estonian	50	20	30	4,785	2,155	2,625
Finnish	50	25	20	11,145	4,865	6,280
Hungarian	480	250	230	42,545	20,070	22,480
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	3,675	1,950	1,725
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	127,840	63,140	64,700	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	122,710	60,670	62,040	12,223,065	5,987,360	6,235,705
Canadian citizens aged under 18	28,305	14,330	13,975	2,546,075	1,305,820	1,240,255
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	94,410	46,335	48,070	9,676,990	4,681,540	4,995,445
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	5,125	2,470	2,660	1,019,095	484,880	534,215
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	127,835	63,135	64,700	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	101,075	50,100	50,975	9,188,815	4,555,270	4,633,545
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	26,090	12,705	13,390	3,852,145	1,814,665	2,037,480
Before 1981	11,115	5,460	5,655	1,077,745	507,500	570,240
1981 to 1990	3,895	1,915	1,980	513,995	246,235	267,755
1991 to 2000	4,235	2,005	2,225	834,510	390,315	444,195
2001 to 2010	4,945	2,415	2,530	953,730	446,895	506,835
2001 to 2005	2,520	1,275	1,250	490,560	230,950	259,610
2006 to 2010	2,425	1,135	1,285	463,170	215,945	247,225
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	1,900	905	985	472,170	223,715	248,450
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	670	335	340	201,200	102,305	98,895
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	26,090	12,700	13,385	3,852,145	1,814,665	2,037,485
Under 5 years	3,150	1,705	1,445	369,955	184,255	185,705
5 to 14 years	5,305	2,730	2,580	685,085	345,865	339,225
15 to 24 years	6,320	2,745	3,575	855,475	381,025	474,450
25 to 44 years	9,690	4,835	4,855	1,579,500	741,340	838,160
45 years and over	1,630	690	940	362,130	162,180	199,945
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	26,090	12,705	13,390	3,852,145	1,814,665	2,037,480
Americas	3,670	1,645	2,025	598,950	265,930	333,025
Brazil	115	50	65	14,705	6,700	8,010
Colombia	240	110	135	28,815	13,085	15,730
El Salvador	420	195	225	20,920	10,165	10,750
Guyana	590	270	325	79,745	35,325	44,420
Haiti	0	0	0	10,195	4,410	5,785
Jamaica	480	240	240	119,840	51,320	68,525
Mexico	155	80	75	30,075	13,895	16,185
Peru	30	10	25	10,550	4,660	5,895
Trinidad and Tobago	195	70	130	52,810	23,515	29,300
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	640	230	415	109,005	47,170	61,830
Other places of birth in Americas	780	390	390	122,280	55,685	66,600
Europe	13,095	6,465	6,635	1,144,295	546,250	598,050
Bosnia and Herzegovina	55	35	25	21,300	10,655	10,645
Croatia	160	65	90	27,330	13,495	13,835
France	40	25	20	13,385	6,310	7,070
Germany	565	250	315	63,460	29,685	33,775
Greece	115	65	55	36,575	18,225	18,350
Hungary	210	115	95	22,085	10,495	11,590
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	100	45	50	15,275	7,415	7,860
Italy	425	215	210	157,815	78,510	79,305
Netherlands	445	225	220	47,400	23,910	23,490
Poland	730	370	360	96,000	43,155	52,845
Portugal	4,620	2,215	2,410	103,025	50,240	52,785
Romania	430	180	250	42,720	19,720	23,000
Russian Federation	110	50	60	42,980	18,540	24,440
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	210	130	85	23,695	11,610	12,085
Ukraine	60	30	35	39,945	18,150	21,795
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	4,005	2,080	1,925	264,125	125,730	138,390
Other places of birth in Europe	815	365	455	127,190	60,395	66,790
Africa	860	475	385	226,770	109,585	117,185
Algeria	0	10	0	2,925	1,480	1,450
Egypt	185	105	80	34,510	18,000	16,510
Ethiopia	65	40	25	15,570	7,230	8,340
Kenya	45	15	30	14,940	6,910	8,025
Morocco	15	15	0	5,485	2,690	2,795
Nigeria	60	30	25	20,630	10,285	10,345
Somalia	15	0	15	16,970	6,845	10,125
South Africa, Republic of	165	80	85	19,390	9,545	9,840
Other places of birth in Africa	310	190	125	96,355	46,610	49,745
Asia	8,390	4,075	4,315	1,869,805	886,570	983,240
Afghanistan	145	55	85	33,145	16,490	16,655
Bangladesh	50	25	25	39,410	19,970	19,440
China^{Census data footnote 59}	465	175	285	317,225	143,705	173,515
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	155	85	70	108,030	50,945	57,090
India	2,460	1,240	1,220	360,540	179,950	180,590
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	105	70	40	86,810	43,445	43,360
Iraq	335	160	180	50,390	25,280	25,115
Japan	20	10	20	8,145	2,550	5,585
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	125	65	60	57,085	26,660	30,425
Lebanon	225	105	120	34,545	18,145	16,405
Pakistan	1,495	770	725	142,265	71,925	70,345
Philippines	830	330	500	231,760	93,730	138,030
Sri Lanka	215	110	105	109,855	53,640	56,215
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	190	100	85	22,680	11,405	11,270
Taiwan	15	10	0	17,840	7,775	10,065
Viet Nam	770	370	405	80,525	36,545	43,985
Other places of birth in Asia	790	395	395	169,555	84,400	85,160
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	75	50	25	12,330	6,330	5,990
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	1,895	910	985	472,170	223,720	248,450
Americas	285	120	165	60,700	29,005	31,700
Brazil	15	10	10	3,180	1,505	1,675
Colombia	40	15	25	4,520	2,005	2,520
Cuba	0	0	0	1,950	910	1,045
Haiti	0	0	0	2,575	1,140	1,435
Jamaica	30	15	20	8,935	4,840	4,090
Mexico	15	0	10	5,670	2,745	2,925
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	100	35	60	14,635	7,225	7,405
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	0	0	0	2,460	1,120	1,340
Other places of birth in Americas	90	45	45	16,775	7,510	9,265
Europe	250	135	115	45,295	22,250	23,045
France	0	0	0	2,010	1,025	985
Germany	0	0	10	1,695	885	805
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	20	10	10	1,900	1,185	715
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	0	0	0	880	400	480
Romania	25	0	20	2,425	995	1,430
Russian Federation	0	0	0	4,905	1,790	3,115
Ukraine	0	0	0	4,455	2,005	2,445
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	75	60	15	7,780	4,515	3,265
Other places of birth in Europe	130	60	75	19,245	9,450	9,795
Africa	80	40	40	39,380	19,045	20,330
Algeria	0	0	0	415	180	240
Cameroon	0	0	0	1,390	640	750
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	1,835	845	990
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	605	245	360
Egypt	55	30	25	8,220	4,290	3,935
Eritrea	0	0	0	2,055	1,010	1,045
Ethiopia	0	0	0	2,505	1,115	1,385
Morocco	0	0	0	655	275	375
Nigeria	15	10	10	5,910	2,895	3,015
Somalia	0	0	0	2,065	965	1,100
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	10	1,410	715	695
Tunisia	0	0	0	310	155	150
Other places of birth in Africa	10	0	0	12,010	5,715	6,295
Asia	1,260	600	665	324,820	152,205	172,615
Afghanistan	30	10	20	5,785	2,845	2,945
Bangladesh	20	10	15	8,180	4,055	4,125
China^{Census data footnote 59}	70	35	35	58,840	26,025	32,815
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	0	0	0	1,985	800	1,190
India	400	220	180	69,325	35,060	34,265
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	0	0	0	21,225	10,300	10,930
Iraq	145	80	70	14,645	7,315	7,330
Israel	0	0	0	2,050	1,085	970
Japan	0	0	0	1,385	370	1,015
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	0	0	0	6,320	2,855	3,470
Lebanon	20	10	10	3,230	1,685	1,545
Nepal	0	0	0	3,395	1,725	1,665
Pakistan	225	105	115	25,435	12,425	13,015
Philippines	120	35	85	53,190	21,740	31,450
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	3,140	1,615	1,530
Sri Lanka	10	0	10	8,185	3,580	4,605
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	85	40	45	12,710	6,590	6,120
Taiwan	10	10	0	1,015	435	580
Turkey	0	0	0	2,590	1,440	1,145
United Arab Emirates	10	10	10	4,290	2,230	2,055
Viet Nam	45	15	30	3,885	1,520	2,365
Other places of birth in Asia	70	35	35	13,995	6,505	7,485
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	20	15	0	1,980	1,215	765
Australia	15	0	0	1,535	965	565
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	10	10	0	445	250	200
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	127,840	63,140	64,700	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	27,135	13,250	13,890	4,122,840	1,953,095	2,169,740
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	28,295	14,275	14,025	3,049,835	1,525,300	1,524,540
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	72,400	35,620	36,785	6,069,485	2,993,845	3,075,640
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	15,590	7,560	8,035	2,825,480	1,331,730	1,493,750
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	6,560	3,395	3,170	1,364,380	677,695	686,685
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	2,390	1,760	635	540,795	338,460	202,335
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	4,170	1,640	2,535	823,580	339,240	484,350
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	5,880	2,495	3,385	940,405	382,890	557,520
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	2,950	1,580	1,370	482,665	253,750	228,910
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	200	95	105	38,035	17,400	20,640
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	127,835	63,140	64,700	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	2,540	1,175	1,365	374,395	179,970	194,420
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	2,410	1,125	1,285	361,125	173,685	187,445
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	1,605	760	850	236,680	112,840	123,845
Métis	745	345	405	120,585	59,015	61,570
Inuk (Inuit)	55	20	30	3,860	1,835	2,030
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	25	10	15	5,730	2,680	3,045
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	105	35	65	7,540	3,615	3,930
Non-Aboriginal identity	125,300	61,965	63,335	12,867,765	6,292,265	6,575,500
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	127,835	63,140	64,700	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,925
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	700	330	370	170,895	81,560	89,335
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	127,140	62,810	64,330	13,071,265	6,390,680	6,680,585
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	127,835	63,140	64,700	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	385	185	205	112,875	54,840	58,035
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	360	165	190	111,575	54,180	57,395
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	270	125	140	97,430	47,130	50,305
Métis single ancestry	75	40	35	12,925	6,490	6,435
Inuit single ancestry	15	0	15	1,220	565	655
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	30	20	10	1,295	665	640
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	30	20	0	1,055	545	510
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	0	0	0	145	70	75
Métis and Inuit ancestries	0	0	0	65	25	40
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	0	0	0	30	20	10
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	4,000	1,865	2,140	405,425	192,320	213,100
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	3,905	1,815	2,085	395,205	187,695	207,510
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	3,035	1,425	1,615	276,920	130,810	146,110
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	735	345	390	113,785	54,830	58,955
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	135	50	85	4,500	2,050	2,450
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	100	45	50	10,215	4,620	5,590
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	80	35	45	9,305	4,205	5,100
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	0	10	0	595	290	305
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	15	10	10	300	125	170
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	0	0	0	15	0	10
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	123,445	61,090	62,360	12,723,865	6,225,080	6,498,785
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	127,840	63,140	64,700	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	19,895	9,800	10,095	3,885,585	1,878,075	2,007,505
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	7,885	4,065	3,820	1,150,415	582,010	568,400
Chinese	1,375	620	755	754,550	359,230	395,315
Black	3,255	1,635	1,620	627,715	296,270	331,445
Filipino	1,270	535	735	311,675	132,440	179,230
Latin American	1,610	745	865	195,950	93,645	102,310
Arab	1,050	515	540	210,435	109,585	100,850
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	1,405	690	720	133,855	63,255	70,605
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	405	200	205	154,670	77,385	77,280
Korean	220	105	125	88,935	42,445	46,495
Japanese	180	90	90	30,830	13,595	17,235
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	710	360	355	97,970	46,105	51,860
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	515	245	270	128,585	62,105	66,485
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	107,945	53,340	54,605	9,356,575	4,594,165	4,762,410
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	127,840	63,140	64,700	13,242,160	6,472,240	6,769,920
North American Aboriginal origins	4,390	2,055	2,340	518,300	247,160	271,135
First Nations (North American Indian)	3,420	1,610	1,810	385,505	183,075	202,430
Inuit	170	60	105	6,870	3,150	3,720
Métis	935	445	485	137,485	66,245	71,235
Other North American origins	39,790	19,570	20,225	3,220,595	1,585,255	1,635,340
Acadian	170	65	110	16,580	8,135	8,450
American	1,380	690	695	140,165	67,480	72,690
Canadian	38,515	18,925	19,590	3,109,770	1,531,645	1,578,125
New Brunswicker	0	10	0	320	190	125
Newfoundlander	630	305	325	10,850	5,520	5,325
Nova Scotian	30	10	20	1,485	685	800
Ontarian	10	10	0	2,165	1,085	1,075
Québécois	35	30	0	5,390	2,730	2,665
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	0	0	0	675	375	300
European origins	91,310	44,920	46,390	8,151,470	3,978,900	4,172,570
British Isles origins	59,420	29,080	30,345	4,900,430	2,380,595	2,519,835
Channel Islander	10	10	0	1,120	530	590
Cornish	0	0	0	755	370	385
English	34,345	16,580	17,765	2,808,805	1,357,650	1,451,160
Irish	23,865	11,565	12,300	2,095,460	991,625	1,103,835
Manx	15	10	0	2,450	1,320	1,130
Scottish	25,495	12,425	13,070	2,107,295	1,016,260	1,091,030
Welsh	2,275	1,100	1,175	198,475	94,555	103,920
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	3,755	1,790	1,965	323,185	152,525	170,660
French origins	11,790	5,730	6,055	1,350,520	643,360	707,160
Alsatian	25	10	20	1,235	495	740
Breton	0	10	0	290	175	120
Corsican	0	0	0	205	125	85
French	11,760	5,725	6,040	1,349,255	642,790	706,470
Western European origins (except French origins)	23,685	11,405	12,285	1,766,975	864,010	902,970
Austrian	730	370	360	72,475	35,415	37,065
Bavarian	0	0	0	450	225	230
Belgian	510	275	230	57,890	28,460	29,430
Dutch	6,035	2,955	3,085	527,750	259,585	268,165
Flemish	35	15	15	4,005	2,005	1,995
Frisian	15	0	10	2,705	1,400	1,305
German	17,660	8,390	9,270	1,189,670	579,315	610,355
Luxembourger	20	15	10	915	500	415
Swiss	595	285	310	59,835	29,395	30,440
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	0	0	0	1,095	560	530
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	1,930	930	995	266,085	127,885	138,195
Danish	405	190	220	53,555	26,355	27,195
Finnish	365	205	160	76,755	36,955	39,800
Icelandic	155	55	100	13,215	6,325	6,895
Norwegian	440	215	220	59,335	28,350	30,980
Swedish	520	225	295	71,035	32,705	38,325
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	135	75	60	12,540	6,400	6,140
Eastern European origins	12,005	5,955	6,050	1,339,610	644,610	695,000
Bulgarian	70	40	35	16,750	8,230	8,525
Byelorussian	35	15	20	11,690	5,645	6,045
Czech	545	235	310	42,340	20,815	21,530
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	100	45	55	14,810	6,820	7,990
Estonian	140	70	70	15,075	7,255	7,825
Hungarian	2,085	1,010	1,075	163,500	79,850	83,655
Latvian	115	40	75	18,095	8,615	9,480
Lithuanian	230	130	100	35,100	16,965	18,135
Moldovan	20	0	15	3,905	1,910	1,995
Polish	4,805	2,445	2,355	523,490	251,575	271,910
Romanian	890	390	505	98,235	46,825	51,410
Russian	1,080	500	580	220,850	103,650	117,200
Slovak	315	175	140	40,535	19,645	20,885
Ukrainian	2,920	1,440	1,475	376,440	181,725	194,715
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	65	45	25	10,330	4,940	5,390
Southern European origins	20,820	10,330	10,490	1,772,160	880,335	891,830
Albanian	30	15	10	25,980	13,085	12,895
Bosnian	60	35	25	14,680	7,255	7,425
Catalan	10	10	0	285	180	110
Croatian	695	300	390	82,220	41,350	40,875
Cypriot	35	10	20	4,400	2,170	2,230
Greek	720	390	330	148,555	74,830	73,720
Italian	5,540	2,840	2,700	931,805	467,100	464,705
Kosovar	10	10	0	1,305	655	650
Macedonian	260	90	170	39,440	19,820	19,625
Maltese	245	115	125	35,255	17,525	17,730
Montenegrin	0	0	0	2,545	1,295	1,250
Portuguese	12,120	6,060	6,060	324,930	160,970	163,960
Serbian	390	205	190	66,835	34,035	32,800
Sicilian	15	10	10	4,190	2,090	2,100
Slovenian	195	105	90	26,485	13,215	13,275
Spanish	1,225	505	720	171,145	78,880	92,265
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	220	110	105	20,245	9,785	10,460
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	0	10	0	965	425	540
Other European origins	605	330	275	105,865	53,050	52,820
Basque	10	0	10	1,585	805	780
Jewish	290	155	135	77,280	38,860	38,425
Roma (Gypsy)	15	10	0	2,295	1,050	1,245
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	15	15	0	2,065	1,110	955
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	280	155	125	23,290	11,540	11,750
Caribbean origins	2,890	1,450	1,440	462,600	213,660	248,940
Antiguan	10	0	0	3,275	1,480	1,800
Bahamian	25	10	15	2,305	1,190	1,115
Barbadian	405	215	190	26,625	12,375	14,250
Bermudan	15	10	10	2,010	925	1,085
Carib	30	25	0	2,295	855	1,440
Cuban	85	30	55	14,490	6,625	7,865
Dominican	50	25	30	9,180	4,420	4,760
Grenadian	80	40	45	14,690	6,420	8,275
Guadeloupean	0	0	0	70	20	50
Haitian	30	15	10	17,715	8,085	9,630
Jamaican	1,430	705	725	257,060	119,100	137,955
Kittitian/Nevisian	25	15	10	2,260	1,090	1,175
Martinican	0	0	0	195	65	125
Montserratan	0	0	0	620	300	325
Puerto Rican	25	0	20	1,495	755	740
St. Lucian	35	15	15	7,170	3,195	3,985
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	430	215	215	59,560	27,850	31,710
Vincentian/Grenadinian	95	40	50	12,155	5,250	6,905
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	340	170	170	56,865	25,380	31,480
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	50	25	20	16,970	7,770	9,195
Latin, Central and South American origins	2,815	1,335	1,485	322,210	153,045	169,165
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	130	60	65	10,795	5,040	5,750
Arawak	0	10	10	1,055	470	585
Argentinian	75	40	30	11,460	5,620	5,840
Belizean	0	0	0	810	395	415
Bolivian	25	0	20	1,885	935	955
Brazilian	195	75	115	18,395	8,760	9,635
Chilean	75	35	45	14,625	7,015	7,610
Colombian	360	170	190	40,820	19,345	21,480
Costa Rican	40	20	20	2,790	1,380	1,410
Ecuadorian	95	60	30	20,385	9,650	10,735
Guatemalan	95	50	50	10,040	4,870	5,170
Guyanese	665	320	345	73,360	34,050	39,315
Hispanic	75	40	35	5,805	2,790	3,015
Honduran	20	10	15	3,360	1,590	1,765
Maya	35	30	10	2,500	1,285	1,215
Mexican	245	120	130	43,120	20,735	22,380
Nicaraguan	105	45	55	7,100	3,440	3,665
Panamanian	20	15	10	2,475	1,125	1,355
Paraguayan	0	0	0	600	280	320
Peruvian	85	35	50	14,780	6,985	7,800
Salvadorean	495	225	270	27,595	13,530	14,070
Uruguayan	25	15	15	4,200	2,150	2,050
Venezuelan	50	20	25	11,750	5,320	6,430
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	105	50	60	14,095	6,745	7,350
African origins	1,765	835	930	414,095	203,260	210,835
Central and West African origins	235	135	95	85,735	42,745	42,990
Akan	10	0	10	965	540	425
Angolan	20	15	0	1,635	815	820
Ashanti	15	10	0	1,205	620	585
Beninese	0	0	0	555	280	270
Burkinabe	0	0	0	415	190	225
Cameroonian	0	0	0	4,700	2,330	2,370
Chadian	0	0	0	645	320	325
Congolese	15	10	10	10,425	4,960	5,460
Edo	0	0	0	1,025	545	480
Ewe	0	0	0	180	95	80
Gabonese	0	0	0	170	80	90
Gambian	0	0	0	630	305	330
Ghanaian	30	20	10	24,850	12,060	12,790
Guinean	0	0	0	1,105	550	560
Ibo	30	0	20	1,940	1,035	905
Ivorian	0	0	0	1,350	600	745
Liberian	0	0	0	770	365	405
Malian	0	0	0	490	250	240
Malinké	0	0	0	345	160	185
Nigerian	145	80	70	26,560	13,620	12,940
Peulh	0	0	0	135	80	55
Senegalese	0	0	0	1,000	500	495
Sierra Leonean	0	0	0	1,175	585	585
Togolese	0	0	0	670	370	300
Wolof	0	0	0	80	45	35
Yoruba	35	0	30	4,055	2,155	1,900
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	10	0	0	4,745	2,340	2,410
North African origins	475	230	245	86,665	44,970	41,695
Algerian	10	0	0	4,065	2,035	2,030
Berber	0	0	0	1,845	985	860
Coptic	0	0	0	2,305	1,185	1,120
Dinka	0	0	0	205	110	95
Egyptian	330	165	170	52,845	27,465	25,375
Libyan	10	0	0	3,785	2,015	1,760
Maure	10	0	0	290	160	125
Moroccan	30	15	15	12,305	6,310	6,000
Sudanese	110	45	70	8,975	4,600	4,375
Tunisian	0	0	0	2,295	1,210	1,085
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	0	0	0	1,755	920	830
Southern and East African origins	460	215	250	128,910	61,680	67,230
Afrikaner	10	0	0	560	285	275
Amhara	25	15	10	720	360	360
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	0	0	0	870	455	415
Burundian	0	0	0	3,105	1,465	1,640
Djiboutian	10	0	10	1,035	460	575
Eritrean	20	10	10	11,870	5,740	6,125
Ethiopian	85	40	45	22,560	10,755	11,800
Harari	0	0	0	475	255	215
Kenyan	0	0	0	5,860	2,780	3,080
Malagasy	0	0	0	430	200	230
Mauritian	0	0	0	3,600	1,830	1,770
Oromo	0	10	0	1,290	610	685
Rwandan	20	0	15	3,215	1,380	1,830
Seychellois	0	0	0	350	140	205
Somali	55	40	15	40,995	19,200	21,795
South African	210	80	130	19,760	9,790	9,970
Tanzanian	0	0	0	2,610	1,300	1,315
Tigrian	25	15	10	770	395	375
Ugandan	0	0	0	2,950	1,445	1,505
Zambian	0	0	0	805	410	395
Zimbabwean	10	10	0	3,425	1,595	1,830
Zulu	0	0	0	440	225	215
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	70	30	40	8,475	3,900	4,570
Other African origins	715	305	415	119,670	57,245	62,420
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	155	60	100	17,380	7,720	9,660
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	565	245	315	103,560	50,150	53,410
Asian origins	15,625	7,680	7,950	3,100,450	1,506,795	1,593,655
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	2,530	1,255	1,275	523,340	265,615	257,730
Afghan	315	140	175	54,535	27,255	27,280
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	255	135	120	44,705	23,345	21,360
Armenian	520	275	245	29,675	14,570	15,105
Assyrian	45	25	15	12,075	6,140	5,935
Azerbaijani	15	15	10	4,105	1,995	2,110
Georgian	10	0	10	2,815	1,415	1,395
Hazara	0	0	0	680	390	290
Iranian	145	85	65	117,065	58,995	58,065
Iraqi	230	100	135	50,460	25,420	25,035
Israeli	55	30	25	17,080	8,890	8,185
Jordanian	80	45	35	9,660	5,110	4,545
Kazakh	0	0	0	1,325	610	715
Kurd	25	15	10	9,210	4,880	4,330
Kuwaiti	0	0	0	1,510	795	715
Kyrgyz	0	0	0	340	130	210
Lebanese	380	150	225	86,245	43,700	42,545
Palestinian	125	90	40	28,480	15,215	13,270
Pashtun	140	75	65	3,010	1,635	1,375
Saudi Arabian	10	10	0	3,660	1,975	1,685
Syrian	215	110	110	31,440	15,570	15,870
Tajik	0	10	0	1,850	880	970
Tatar	0	0	0	2,135	930	1,205
Turk	110	50	60	34,165	17,340	16,825
Turkmen	0	0	0	695	345	355
Uighur	0	0	0	755	385	375
Uzbek	10	0	10	2,400	1,155	1,240
Yemeni	10	0	0	4,225	2,065	2,155
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	95	40	50	16,270	8,395	7,875
South Asian origins	7,950	4,030	3,915	1,182,845	595,480	587,370
Bangladeshi	45	25	15	29,195	14,965	14,230
Bengali	50	15	35	15,235	7,795	7,445
Bhutanese	0	0	0	1,450	710	735
East Indian	5,330	2,680	2,650	774,500	390,015	384,480
Goan	20	10	10	4,775	2,245	2,525
Gujarati	35	15	20	5,915	3,055	2,860
Kashmiri	30	15	10	1,795	900	895
Nepali	20	10	0	8,150	4,070	4,080
Pakistani	1,750	930	815	149,060	75,860	73,200
Punjabi	605	295	305	55,455	28,580	26,875
Sinhalese	55	25	35	5,195	2,545	2,645
Sri Lankan	165	90	75	124,270	60,685	63,585
Tamil	80	25	55	42,760	21,705	21,050
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	400	185	210	58,705	29,705	29,005
East and Southeast Asian origins	5,290	2,470	2,820	1,422,890	659,650	763,245
Burmese	30	15	15	4,420	2,105	2,315
Cambodian (Khmer)	55	35	15	14,655	6,810	7,845
Chinese	1,930	885	1,050	849,345	403,280	446,065
Filipino	1,450	615	835	337,760	144,830	192,930
Hmong	20	20	10	650	340	305
Indonesian	60	35	25	9,325	4,305	5,025
Japanese	245	115	130	41,620	18,530	23,090
Karen	0	0	0	1,645	830	815
Korean	240	120	120	93,420	44,585	48,835
Laotian	360	175	195	9,875	4,865	5,015
Malaysian	10	10	0	7,310	3,370	3,935
Mongolian	30	20	10	2,940	1,390	1,545
Singaporean	0	0	0	1,260	565	700
Taiwanese	15	10	0	10,060	4,595	5,465
Thai	85	35	55	6,865	2,725	4,135
Tibetan	0	0	0	6,365	3,175	3,185
Vietnamese	1,165	595	575	107,640	51,350	56,290
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	60	30	30	4,375	2,165	2,210
Other Asian origins	165	90	75	13,430	6,575	6,855
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	170	90	75	13,430	6,575	6,855
Oceania origins	170	100	70	20,680	10,435	10,240
Australian	125	80	45	13,315	6,780	6,530
New Zealander	30	20	0	4,250	2,255	2,000
Pacific Islands origins	15	0	15	3,490	1,625	1,860
Fijian	15	0	10	1,610	665	945
Hawaiian	0	0	0	470	235	240
Maori	0	0	0	485	255	230
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	0	0	10	275	115	165
Samoan	0	0	0	225	140	85
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	0	0	0	555	265	290
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	48,240	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Owner	34,080	...	...	3,601,825	...	...
Renter	14,160	...	...	1,559,720	...	...
Band housing	0	...	...	7,635	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	48,240	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
Condominium	3,935	...	...	680,495	...	...
Not condominium	44,305	...	...	4,488,680	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	48,240	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
No bedrooms	110	...	...	33,950	...	...
1 bedroom	4,750	...	...	699,980	...	...
2 bedrooms	9,680	...	...	1,122,145	...	...
3 bedrooms	22,160	...	...	1,876,905	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	11,540	...	...	1,436,185	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	48,240	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	9,230	...	...	1,369,660	...	...
5 rooms	6,775	...	...	718,020	...	...
6 rooms	8,810	...	...	770,730	...	...
7 rooms	7,700	...	...	713,595	...	...
8 or more rooms	15,720	...	...	1,597,165	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.6	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	48,240	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
One person or fewer per room	47,650	...	...	5,046,810	...	...
More than 1 person per room	595	...	...	122,360	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	48,240	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Suitable	46,070	...	...	4,858,170	...	...
Not suitable	2,170	...	...	311,005	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	48,240	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
1960 or before	11,585	...	...	1,293,135	...	...
1961 to 1980	12,960	...	...	1,449,585	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,530	...	...	709,135	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,265	...	...	622,565	...	...
2001 to 2005	4,535	...	...	396,130	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,175	...	...	368,235	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	2,185	...	...	330,390	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	48,240	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	45,485	...	...	4,851,335	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,755	...	...	317,840	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	48,240	...	...	5,169,170	...	...
1 household maintainer	26,165	...	...	2,962,065	...	...
2 household maintainers	20,855	...	...	2,059,710	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	1,225	...	...	147,400	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	48,240	...	...	5,169,175	...	...
15 to 24 years	975	...	...	135,835	...	...
25 to 34 years	6,695	...	...	681,685	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,255	...	...	880,070	...	...
45 to 54 years	11,245	...	...	1,113,885	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,470	...	...	1,047,185	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,125	...	...	738,445	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,285	...	...	414,210	...	...
85 years and over	1,190	...	...	157,860	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	48,175	...	...	5,106,290	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	37,260	...	...	3,694,385	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,915	...	...	1,411,900	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,970	...	...	1,208,010	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	34,070	...	...	3,557,485	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	67.6	...	...	61.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	14.9	...	...	19.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,380	...	...	1,299	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,384	...	...	1,463	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	341,436	...	...	400,496	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	365,897	...	...	506,409	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	14,150	...	...	1,554,940	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	15.8	...	...	15.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	41.4	...	...	45.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	958	...	...	1,045	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,025	...	...	1,109	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	104,035	50,965	53,065	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
No certificate, diploma or degree	22,455	10,990	11,460	1,935,355	961,690	973,670
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	33,235	16,410	16,825	3,026,100	1,485,320	1,540,770
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	48,345	23,560	24,785	6,076,985	2,895,745	3,181,235
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,140	5,135	2,005	664,180	471,055	193,120
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	3,500	2,195	1,305	324,370	199,510	124,855
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	3,645	2,940	700	339,810	271,545	68,260
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	23,860	10,500	13,360	2,298,715	981,785	1,316,930
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,570	760	815	242,005	107,065	134,945
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	15,775	7,165	8,605	2,872,085	1,335,845	1,536,250
Bachelor's degree	11,400	4,985	6,415	1,911,530	854,135	1,057,395
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	915	420	500	189,370	83,670	105,695
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	345	190	155	79,760	42,295	37,460
Master's degree	2,785	1,370	1,415	593,645	294,180	299,470
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	325	205	115	97,790	61,560	36,230
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	70,370	34,735	35,640	7,229,120	3,498,620	3,730,495
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,680	5,145	4,540	752,995	404,770	348,225
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	21,810	10,955	10,855	1,768,955	895,020	873,935
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	38,885	18,640	20,250	4,707,165	2,198,830	2,508,335
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,325	3,795	1,530	446,390	315,975	130,420
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	2,695	1,635	1,060	218,980	134,685	84,295
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	2,635	2,160	475	227,410	181,290	46,120
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	19,400	8,525	10,875	1,782,530	762,505	1,020,030
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,145	540	600	170,925	75,935	94,995
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	13,010	5,775	7,235	2,307,320	1,044,420	1,262,895
Bachelor's degree	9,285	4,025	5,270	1,519,850	668,450	851,400
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	785	335	460	148,960	62,370	86,590
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	265	115	150	63,790	30,895	32,895
Master's degree	2,405	1,160	1,245	500,415	239,160	261,255
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	265	150	115	74,310	43,545	30,765
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	104,030	50,970	53,065	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	55,685	27,400	28,280	4,961,455	2,447,010	2,514,445
Education	2,325	480	1,840	349,745	79,245	270,505
13. Education	2,325	485	1,840	349,750	79,245	270,505
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,720	740	980	246,075	109,955	136,120
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	265	165	100	38,745	28,735	10,010
50. Visual and performing arts	1,460	575	885	207,325	81,220	126,110
Humanities	2,535	975	1,560	359,560	133,350	226,210
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	165	30	135	37,900	8,170	29,730
23. English language and literature/letters	575	125	455	98,440	28,290	70,145
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	680	230	450	95,345	32,940	62,410
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	15	0	10	2,165	805	1,365
38. Philosophy and religious studies	245	120	125	24,255	13,425	10,830
39. Theology and religious vocations	360	230	130	28,175	17,120	11,055
54. History	400	230	170	57,295	30,015	27,280
55. French language and literature/letters	95	10	90	15,990	2,590	13,400
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,400	1,600	3,795	810,410	269,735	540,670
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	40	10	35	10,765	2,210	8,560
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	625	225	400	81,500	31,825	49,675
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,395	110	1,290	141,750	11,775	129,975
22. Legal professions and studies	710	190	525	128,860	45,275	83,590
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	100	25	75	16,210	3,400	12,815
42. Psychology	770	205	570	122,545	29,640	92,905
45. Social sciences	1,755	840	910	308,775	145,620	163,155
Business, management and public administration	9,755	3,700	6,055	1,279,665	527,085	752,580
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	10	20	2,725	895	1,830
44. Public administration and social service professions	855	145	710	108,935	21,405	87,530
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,875	3,550	5,325	1,168,005	504,780	663,225
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,590	795	795	253,905	124,050	129,850
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	635	230	405	110,950	45,120	65,835
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	430	225	210	54,745	24,800	29,945
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	15	0	10	3,830	1,190	2,640
40. Physical sciences	410	285	130	72,355	48,145	24,205
41. Science technologies/technicians	95	60	40	12,025	4,795	7,235
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,770	1,085	685	290,045	185,310	104,730
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,365	865	505	220,550	150,765	69,790
25. Library science	90	15	75	15,220	2,450	12,770
27. Mathematics and statistics	285	185	100	49,025	28,515	20,515
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	30	20	0	5,235	3,580	1,655
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	11,615	10,770	850	1,173,030	1,055,050	117,985
04. Architecture and related services	345	235	115	51,845	34,590	17,265
14. Engineering	1,745	1,495	250	334,085	271,010	63,070
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	2,805	2,540	265	237,775	214,500	23,275
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	160	30	125
46. Construction trades	1,825	1,775	55	198,790	194,555	4,235
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,525	2,480	45	225,860	220,545	5,315
48. Precision production	2,365	2,240	125	124,515	119,820	4,695
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	880	460	420	106,895	67,015	39,880
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	575	305	270	66,035	41,790	24,240
03. Natural resources and conservation	305	155	150	40,860	25,230	15,635
Health and related fields	6,995	1,030	5,965	865,970	173,780	692,185
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	710	285	420	75,715	37,005	38,705
51. Health professions and related programs	6,205	690	5,510	767,680	124,280	643,400
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	85	50	35	22,575	12,490	10,075
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,705	1,930	1,770	340,285	170,915	169,375
12. Personal and culinary services	1,860	530	1,335	183,925	49,390	134,535
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	2,135	1,815	320
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	10	2,610	2,385	225
43. Security and protective services	1,230	830	395	98,325	68,625	29,695
49. Transportation and materials moving	600	565	35	53,290	48,695	4,595
Other	55	0	55	1,405	260	1,145
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	60	0	55	1,405	255	1,145
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	70,375	34,735	35,635	7,229,120	3,498,625	3,730,500
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	31,490	16,095	15,395	2,521,950	1,299,790	1,222,160
Education	1,815	375	1,435	243,635	52,670	190,965
13. Education	1,810	375	1,440	243,635	52,670	190,965
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,375	600	775	192,630	85,175	107,450
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	165	115	50	28,705	21,070	7,635
50. Visual and performing arts	1,210	485	725	163,925	64,105	99,815
Humanities	1,915	745	1,175	266,665	95,805	170,855
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	130	20	105	29,210	5,775	23,435
23. English language and literature/letters	450	105	340	73,110	20,225	52,885
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	525	175	350	72,145	24,330	47,815
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	0	10	10	1,665	615	1,045
38. Philosophy and religious studies	160	75	85	17,755	9,925	7,830
39. Theology and religious vocations	285	185	95	19,390	11,790	7,605
54. History	300	175	125	42,315	21,735	20,585
55. French language and literature/letters	70	0	65	11,075	1,415	9,655
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,375	1,235	3,135	648,285	207,200	441,085
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	40	10	30	8,630	1,785	6,845
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	535	205	325	67,115	26,015	41,105
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,130	70	1,055	111,550	8,405	103,145
22. Legal professions and studies	625	160	470	108,895	34,250	74,650
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	65	15	50	12,875	2,705	10,170
42. Psychology	570	125	450	93,770	21,045	72,725
45. Social sciences	1,415	655	760	245,445	113,000	132,445
Business, management and public administration	8,215	3,050	5,165	1,026,975	414,425	612,550
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	0	15	2,225	715	1,510
44. Public administration and social service professions	715	105	615	88,130	16,590	71,540
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,470	2,945	4,530	936,620	397,120	539,500
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,230	595	630	190,235	88,535	101,700
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	495	165	330	84,580	33,150	51,425
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	320	175	145	41,255	18,020	23,240
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	10	0	10	3,135	975	2,165
40. Physical sciences	315	205	110	52,490	33,175	19,310
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	50	35	8,775	3,215	5,555
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,525	935	590	252,275	162,360	89,915
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,215	765	445	198,775	136,120	62,655
25. Library science	65	10	55	10,755	1,765	8,995
27. Mathematics and statistics	215	135	85	38,160	21,440	16,720
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	25	25	10	4,580	3,030	1,550
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	9,155	8,430	720	878,300	779,075	99,225
04. Architecture and related services	315	220	100	42,115	27,365	14,745
14. Engineering	1,485	1,275	215	266,040	211,240	54,800
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	2,215	1,970	240	178,830	160,160	18,675
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	140	25	115
46. Construction trades	1,420	1,370	50	141,515	138,160	3,360
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,970	1,940	30	162,855	158,770	4,080
48. Precision production	1,750	1,670	80	86,805	83,355	3,450
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	730	380	350	82,775	49,710	33,065
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	475	245	230	50,160	30,065	20,095
03. Natural resources and conservation	250	135	115	32,615	19,650	12,965
Health and related fields	5,485	760	4,725	664,880	133,665	531,220
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	565	220	350	58,160	27,950	30,205
51. Health professions and related programs	4,860	520	4,340	589,085	96,720	492,365
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	65	30	30	17,640	8,990	8,645
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,030	1,540	1,495	259,400	129,985	129,415
12. Personal and culinary services	1,480	365	1,120	137,250	36,225	101,030
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	1,685	1,405	280
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	10	0	1,415	1,270	145
43. Security and protective services	1,005	665	340	77,190	52,840	24,345
49. Transportation and materials moving	535	500	35	41,855	38,245	3,610
Other	45	0	45	1,125	220	900
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	40	0	45	1,125	225	900
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	104,035	50,970	53,070	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	55,685	27,405	28,280	4,961,460	2,447,010	2,514,445
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	48,345	23,565	24,785	6,076,985	2,895,745	3,181,240
Location of study inside Canada	41,755	20,000	21,760	4,786,950	2,261,260	2,525,690
Same as province or territory of residence	39,050	18,720	20,330	4,414,485	2,081,525	2,332,960
Different than province or territory of residence	2,705	1,275	1,430	372,470	179,735	192,730
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	6,590	3,565	3,025	1,290,035	634,485	655,545
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	895	475	425	167,260	89,350	77,910
Philippines	365	100	265	115,410	39,750	75,655
India	1,060	580	485	169,340	85,500	83,840
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	1,180	765	410	115,690	66,215	49,470
China^{Census data footnote 162}	195	80	120	98,415	46,230	52,185
France	25	20	10	10,775	5,800	4,975
Other	2,870	1,550	1,320	613,145	301,635	311,510
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	70,375	34,735	35,635	7,229,120	3,498,620	3,730,500
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	31,490	16,095	15,390	2,521,955	1,299,795	1,222,160
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	38,880	18,635	20,245	4,707,170	2,198,830	2,508,335
Location of study inside Canada	34,065	16,175	17,890	3,713,145	1,728,610	1,984,540
Same as province or territory of residence	31,900	15,130	16,765	3,432,015	1,593,170	1,838,850
Different than province or territory of residence	2,165	1,045	1,120	281,130	135,440	145,690
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	4,820	2,465	2,355	994,025	470,225	523,800
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	725	370	355	127,005	65,045	61,960
Philippines	320	85	235	97,230	32,925	64,300
India	865	445	415	143,205	70,040	73,175
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	600	370	230	62,325	34,315	28,010
China^{Census data footnote 162}	170	65	105	82,020	37,900	44,125
France	15	10	10	8,705	4,630	4,070
Other	2,120	1,115	1,010	473,530	225,365	248,160
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	104,030	50,970	53,065	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,680
In the labour force	71,880	37,680	34,200	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,055
Employed	67,305	35,395	31,905	6,612,150	3,414,255	3,197,895
Unemployed	4,575	2,280	2,295	529,525	275,370	254,160
Not in the labour force	32,150	13,285	18,865	3,896,765	1,653,130	2,243,630
Participation rate	69.1	73.9	64.4	64.7	69.1	60.6
Employment rate	64.7	69.4	60.1	59.9	63.9	56.1
Unemployment rate	6.4	6.1	6.7	7.4	7.5	7.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	104,030	50,965	53,065	11,038,440	5,342,755	5,695,685
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	30,665	12,690	17,975	3,696,235	1,561,475	2,134,755
Worked	73,370	38,275	35,095	7,342,205	3,781,280	3,560,925
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	41,685	23,895	17,790	3,837,565	2,148,635	1,688,935
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	31,685	14,385	17,300	3,504,645	1,632,645	1,871,995
Average weeks worked in reference year	44.0	44.7	43.1	42.9	43.4	42.3
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	71,880	37,680	34,200	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,055
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	1,235	600	640	171,050	81,735	89,315
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	70,640	37,085	33,560	6,970,625	3,607,890	3,362,735
Employee	64,970	33,600	31,375	6,146,035	3,084,740	3,061,295
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	5,670	3,480	2,185	824,595	523,145	301,445
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	71,885	37,680	34,200	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,050
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	1,240	595	640	171,045	81,735	89,315
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	70,645	37,080	33,560	6,970,625	3,607,890	3,362,735
0 Management occupations	7,205	4,480	2,725	790,880	483,240	307,635
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	10,370	2,945	7,425	1,124,770	357,215	767,555
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,405	3,470	940	516,110	399,195	116,915
3 Health occupations	3,490	415	3,070	447,045	90,495	356,550
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,070	1,705	4,365	831,340	265,075	566,265
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,580	695	885	225,720	104,445	121,275
6 Sales and service occupations	16,790	6,460	10,330	1,632,085	709,375	922,710
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	11,860	11,020	835	927,820	866,870	60,950
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,000	775	225	113,405	88,150	25,260
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	7,865	5,115	2,755	361,455	243,835	117,620
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	71,880	37,680	34,200	7,141,675	3,689,625	3,452,050
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	1,240	600	635	171,050	81,730	89,315
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	70,645	37,085	33,560	6,970,625	3,607,890	3,362,735
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	525	290	230	102,070	67,005	35,070
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	135	115	20	32,340	27,920	4,415
22 Utilities	340	285	60	50,820	38,195	12,630
23 Construction	5,120	4,510	605	476,835	419,600	57,230
31-33 Manufacturing	14,455	9,995	4,460	683,335	482,800	200,530
41 Wholesale trade	3,590	2,445	1,145	270,745	178,945	91,800
44-45 Retail trade	8,525	3,755	4,770	783,540	367,175	416,365
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,755	2,680	1,075	329,240	242,045	87,190
51 Information and cultural industries	1,360	725	635	176,715	101,045	75,670
52 Finance and insurance	2,790	900	1,890	380,765	169,590	211,180
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,245	670	575	144,275	77,385	66,890
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,150	2,125	2,025	567,825	316,685	251,140
55 Management of companies and enterprises	145	80	65	12,365	5,290	7,075
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,890	1,645	1,240	338,640	190,210	148,430
61 Educational services	3,675	920	2,755	528,470	163,680	364,795
62 Health care and social assistance	6,760	855	5,905	754,555	134,270	620,275
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,245	675	575	147,425	75,330	72,095
72 Accommodation and food services	4,775	1,720	3,050	478,070	201,260	276,805
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,565	1,305	1,255	296,960	133,220	163,745
91 Public administration	2,600	1,385	1,215	415,635	216,250	199,385
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	67,310	35,395	31,910	6,612,150	3,414,255	3,197,900
Worked at home	3,140	1,425	1,715	480,290	242,495	237,795
Worked outside Canada	195	125	65	39,145	25,995	13,150
No fixed workplace address	6,615	4,995	1,620	736,715	536,140	200,570
Worked at usual place	57,365	28,850	28,510	5,355,995	2,609,620	2,746,375
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	57,360	28,850	28,510	5,356,000	2,609,625	2,746,375
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	31,160	14,675	16,490	3,109,070	1,418,260	1,690,810
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	11,410	5,175	6,240	857,565	419,960	437,605
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	14,630	8,900	5,735	1,350,375	749,770	600,605
Commute to a different province or territory	160	105	50	38,990	21,630	17,355
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	63,975	33,845	30,125	6,092,710	3,145,765	2,946,945
Car, truck, van - as a driver	53,460	28,900	24,565	4,375,215	2,392,270	1,982,945
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	4,655	2,150	2,495	372,480	151,880	220,600
Public transit	3,035	1,350	1,685	888,920	376,690	512,235
Walked	1,880	825	1,055	320,015	143,885	176,130
Bicycle	410	350	65	75,460	50,200	25,260
Other method	540	265	270	60,620	30,835	29,785
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	63,970	33,850	30,130	6,092,715	3,145,765	2,946,950
Less than 15 minutes	18,575	8,755	9,820	1,463,845	675,540	788,310
15 to 29 minutes	23,225	11,785	11,445	1,964,690	991,525	973,165
30 to 44 minutes	11,625	6,480	5,150	1,295,375	706,155	589,225
45 to 59 minutes	4,840	2,895	1,945	612,415	336,090	276,325
60 minutes and over	5,705	3,935	1,770	756,385	436,455	319,930
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	63,975	33,850	30,130	6,092,715	3,145,765	2,946,950
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	6,950	5,015	1,935	413,515	296,265	117,245
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	12,775	8,265	4,505	1,039,255	640,810	398,445
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	14,930	7,200	7,730	1,571,230	778,100	793,130
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	11,015	4,210	6,800	1,354,870	577,565	777,310
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,490	2,205	3,285	740,330	328,410	411,920
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	12,810	6,945	5,865	973,515	524,620	448,895
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	75,445	39,255	36,190	7,579,085	3,895,880	3,683,200
Single responses	74,980	39,030	35,950	7,434,675	3,828,665	3,606,015
Official languages	74,630	38,880	35,750	7,319,360	3,767,405	3,551,955
English	74,435	38,840	35,595	7,225,210	3,732,550	3,492,655
French	195	40	155	94,145	34,850	59,295
Non-official languages	350	155	200	115,320	61,255	54,060
Aboriginal languages	0	0	0	1,485	765	715
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	1,420	745	675
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	0	0	0	370	220	150
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	0	0	0	0	0	10
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	360	215	145
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	1,050	525	525
Algonquin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway	0	0	0	495	235	265
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	545	290	260
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	0	0	0	25	0	20
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	25	10	20
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	25	10	20
Cayuga	0	0	0	10	0	10
Mohawk	0	0	0	20	10	10
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	355	155	200	113,835	60,490	53,340
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	10	0	3,305	1,995	1,310
Berber languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	125	45	80
Bilen	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0	15	10	10
Somali	0	0	0	110	35	70
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0	3,175	1,955	1,225
Amharic	0	0	0	75	30	45
Arabic	10	10	0	2,430	1,605	825
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	145	110	40
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	35	20	15
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0	395	140	260
Maltese	0	0	0	20	15	10
Tigrigna	0	0	0	60	30	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	30	10	15	2,575	1,065	1,510
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	95	50	50
Vietnamese	30	15	15	2,480	1,015	1,465
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	1,280	495	790
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0	25	10	15
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	10	10	0
Ilocano	0	0	0	40	20	20
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0	55	20	30
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	1,145	435	705
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Creole languages	0	0	0	60	35	30
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	15	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	50	25	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	1,980	945	1,035
Kannada	0	0	0	10	0	10
Malayalam	0	0	0	75	45	30
Tamil	0	0	0	1,870	900	975
Telugu	0	0	0	35	10	20
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	250	110	140	38,960	21,375	17,580
Albanian	0	0	0	275	170	105
Armenian	0	0	0	145	75	75
Balto-Slavic languages	35	0	30	6,655	3,165	3,495
Baltic languages	0	0	0	70	25	40
Latvian	0	0	0	20	10	10
Lithuanian	0	0	0	45	20	25
Slavic languages	35	0	30	6,595	3,135	3,455
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0	100	55	40
Bulgarian	0	0	0	120	85	40
Croatian	0	0	0	155	100	50
Czech	0	0	0	25	20	10
Macedonian	0	0	0	85	35	45
Polish	10	0	10	1,925	960	960
Russian	0	0	0	2,905	1,240	1,670
Serbian	0	0	0	390	240	145
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	20	10	10
Slovak	0	0	0	55	40	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	15	0	10
Ukrainian	25	0	20	780	320	460
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	15	10	10
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	10	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Germanic languages	10	0	0	6,905	3,655	3,250
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0	30	15	20
Dutch	0	0	0	790	425	365
Frisian	0	0	0	25	20	10
German	0	0	10	5,690	3,005	2,690
Icelandic	0	0	0	0	10	0
Norwegian	0	0	0	30	10	20
Swedish	0	0	0	55	15	35
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	10	10	10
Yiddish	0	0	0	20	0	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	240	155	80
Greek	0	0	0	405	240	165
Indo-Iranian languages	100	50	50	11,880	6,560	5,315
Indo-Aryan languages	100	50	50	9,205	4,900	4,310
Bengali	0	0	0	335	160	170
Gujarati	20	10	10	730	255	475
Hindi	0	0	0	800	380	415
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0	30	10	20
Nepali	10	10	10	80	30	50
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	40	25	15	6,025	3,480	2,550
Sindhi	0	0	0	20	10	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	30	15	10
Urdu	35	15	25	1,150	555	600
Iranian languages	0	0	0	2,660	1,655	1,005
Kurdish	0	0	0	105	95	15
Pashto	0	0	0	20	10	15
Persian (Farsi)	0	0	0	2,530	1,555	975
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Italic (Romance) languages	110	60	55	12,680	7,505	5,170
Catalan	0	0	0	10	0	10
Italian	0	0	0	945	505	445
Portuguese	100	55	40	5,815	3,865	1,950
Romanian	0	0	0	300	140	160
Spanish	15	0	10	5,590	2,985	2,605
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	10	10
Japanese	0	0	0	1,010	360	655
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	15	0	10
Georgian	0	0	0	15	0	10
Korean	15	10	10	4,945	2,505	2,445
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	120	55	65
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	20	0	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0	0	10	0
Ganda	0	0	0	25	15	15
Igbo	0	0	0	10	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	15	0	10
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0	20	10	0
Wolof	0	0	0	10	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0	10	0	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	20	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	10	810	295	515
American Sign Language	10	0	10	575	170	410
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	10	0	10
Sign languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	225	130	100
Sino-Tibetan languages	45	20	30	57,620	30,735	26,890
Chinese languages	50	20	30	57,535	30,690	26,840
Cantonese	40	15	25	26,955	14,190	12,770
Hakka	0	0	0	30	10	25
Mandarin	10	10	10	29,090	15,730	13,360
Min Dong	0	0	0	30	15	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	250	155	90
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	35	20	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	1,145	565	580
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	90	50	45
Burmese	0	0	0	10	10	10
Karenic languages	0	0	0	30	10	20
Tibetan	0	0	0	45	30	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	235	95	145
Lao	0	0	0	80	40	35
Thai	0	0	0	160	55	105
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	465	315	150
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	15	15	0
Turkish	0	0	0	440	295	140
Uyghur	0	0	0	10	10	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	10	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	420	205	220
Estonian	0	0	0	45	10	35
Finnish	0	0	0	75	25	50
Hungarian	0	0	0	295	165	130
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Multiple responses	455	215	240	144,405	67,215	77,185
English and French	140	40	105	63,665	26,760	36,900
English and non-official language	310	185	125	78,240	39,330	38,910
French and non-official language	0	0	0	175	75	100
English, French and non-official language	10	0	10	2,325	1,055	1,270
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	75,445	39,250	36,195	7,579,080	3,895,880	3,683,200
None	73,205	38,245	34,955	6,975,415	3,605,485	3,369,930
English	265	75	185	109,150	48,930	60,220
French	710	285	430	260,050	118,655	141,395
Non-official language	1,220	640	580	226,490	119,130	107,360
Aboriginal	0	0	0	5,970	2,480	3,490
Non-Aboriginal	1,220	640	585	220,520	116,650	103,870
English and French	0	0	0	245	100	150
English and non-official language	0	0	0	1,620	780	845
French and non-official language	40	10	35	6,080	2,780	3,300
English, French and non-official language	0	0	0	35	25	10
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	126,370	62,395	63,980	13,106,990	6,403,470	6,703,520
Non-movers	111,230	54,950	56,280	11,475,985	5,603,290	5,872,695
Movers	15,140	7,445	7,700	1,631,005	800,180	830,820
Non-migrants	9,220	4,535	4,680	941,380	460,170	481,210
Migrants	5,925	2,905	3,020	689,625	340,015	349,610
Internal migrants	5,195	2,585	2,610	535,180	263,055	272,120
Intraprovincial migrants	4,765	2,350	2,420	467,890	229,080	238,810
Interprovincial migrants	425	235	190	67,290	33,980	33,315
External migrants	725	320	405	154,445	76,955	77,490
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	120,460	59,380	61,090	12,546,040	6,116,715	6,429,325
Non-movers	76,180	37,540	38,640	7,887,825	3,845,945	4,041,880
Movers	44,285	21,840	22,445	4,658,215	2,270,770	2,387,445
Non-migrants	26,100	12,845	13,255	2,545,875	1,238,055	1,307,820
Migrants	18,185	8,995	9,190	2,112,340	1,032,710	1,079,630
Internal migrants	16,075	7,980	8,100	1,562,375	761,630	800,740
Intraprovincial migrants	14,985	7,430	7,555	1,380,900	672,540	708,360
Interprovincial migrants	1,090	545	550	181,480	89,090	92,390
External migrants	2,110	1,020	1,090	549,965	271,080	278,885

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 20 referrer

Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 23 referrer

Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 24 referrer

Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 25 referrer

Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 27 referrer

Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 28 referrer

Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

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Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

Return to footnote 181 referrer

Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Cambridge, CY [Census subdivision], Ontario and Ontario [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 7, 2025).

Date modified:: 2024-07-12

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Cambridge, City [Census subdivision], Ontario and Ontario [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census Cambridge, City [Census subdivision], Ontario and Ontario [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Cambridge, City [Census subdivision], Ontario and Ontario [Province]