Census Profile, 2016 Census
London [Population centre], Ontario and Canada [Country]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	London Ontario [Population centre]			Canada [Country]
	Data quality , London [Population centre], Ontario Map : London [Population centre], Ontario Change geography 1			Data quality : Canada [Country] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	383,437	...	...	35,151,728	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	365,715 ^r	...	...	33,476,688	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	4.8	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	175,205	...	...	15,412,443	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	162,861	...	...	14,072,079	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,649.3	...	...	3.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	232.48	...	...	8,965,588.85	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	383,430	185,345	198,090	35,151,730	17,264,200	17,887,530
0 to 14 years	62,045	31,670	30,380	5,839,565	2,992,920	2,846,645
0 to 4 years	20,335	10,490	9,845	1,898,790	973,030	925,760
5 to 9 years	21,305	10,865	10,440	2,018,130	1,034,685	983,445
10 to 14 years	20,405	10,310	10,090	1,922,645	985,200	937,445
15 to 64 years	257,785	126,020	131,765	23,376,530	11,576,130	11,800,400
15 to 19 years	22,640	11,520	11,120	2,026,160	1,039,215	986,940
20 to 24 years	30,160	15,225	14,945	2,242,690	1,144,495	1,098,200
25 to 29 years	28,450	14,185	14,265	2,285,990	1,144,470	1,141,515
30 to 34 years	26,200	12,860	13,345	2,329,395	1,148,290	1,181,110
35 to 39 years	23,700	11,570	12,135	2,288,365	1,118,635	1,169,730
40 to 44 years	23,075	11,220	11,855	2,255,135	1,104,440	1,150,695
45 to 49 years	24,615	11,980	12,635	2,359,965	1,157,760	1,202,210
50 to 54 years	28,465	13,760	14,700	2,678,075	1,318,755	1,359,320
55 to 59 years	27,135	12,870	14,270	2,620,240	1,285,190	1,335,055
60 to 64 years	23,335	10,835	12,500	2,290,510	1,114,885	1,175,630
65 years and over	63,605	27,655	35,950	5,935,630	2,695,150	3,240,485
65 to 69 years	20,500	9,510	10,990	1,972,480	953,075	1,019,405
70 to 74 years	14,690	6,695	7,995	1,420,875	677,975	742,900
75 to 79 years	10,925	4,890	6,035	1,021,850	469,550	552,300
80 to 84 years	8,300	3,455	4,850	749,650	325,765	423,880
85 years and over	9,185	3,110	6,075	770,780	268,790	501,990
85 to 89 years	5,510	2,080	3,435	482,525	185,535	296,990
90 to 94 years	2,905	850	2,055	223,510	68,675	154,835
95 to 99 years	675	170	510	56,525	13,240	43,280
100 years and over	90	15	80	8,230	1,340	6,890
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.2	17.1	15.3	16.6	17.3	15.9
15 to 64 years	67.2	68.0	66.5	66.5	67.1	66.0
65 years and over	16.6	14.9	18.1	16.9	15.6	18.1
85 years and over	2.4	1.7	3.1	2.2	1.6	2.8
Average age of the population	40.5	39.2	41.7	41.0	40.1	41.9
Median age of the population	39.7	38.0	41.2	41.2	40.2	42.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	162,860	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
Single-detached house	80,935	...	...	7,541,495	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	33,985	...	...	1,391,040	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	47,790	...	...	4,949,795	...	...
Semi-detached house	5,870	...	...	698,800	...	...
Row house	20,555	...	...	891,305	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	4,340	...	...	784,300	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	16,855	...	...	2,539,390	...	...
Other single-attached house	170	...	...	36,005	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	145	...	...	189,755	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	162,860	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
1 person	52,040	...	...	3,969,790	...	...
2 persons	55,135	...	...	4,834,605	...	...
3 persons	23,965	...	...	2,140,640	...	...
4 persons	20,460	...	...	1,946,275	...	...
5 or more persons	11,270	...	...	1,180,770	...	...
Number of persons in private households	377,640	...	...	34,460,060	...	...
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	321,390	153,680	167,710	29,312,160	14,271,280	15,040,885
Married or living common law	172,085	85,890	86,195	16,893,720	8,452,135	8,441,585
Married	142,330	71,010	71,320	13,383,455	6,693,465	6,689,990
Living common law	29,755	14,880	14,875	3,510,265	1,758,670	1,751,590
Not married and not living common law	149,305	67,785	81,520	12,418,440	5,819,140	6,599,300
Never married	98,200	51,670	46,535	8,254,340	4,444,425	3,809,915
Separated	11,100	4,595	6,505	718,295	309,905	408,400
Divorced	21,815	7,985	13,830	1,816,005	725,535	1,090,470
Widowed	18,185	3,535	14,650	1,629,800	339,280	1,290,525
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	104,085	...	...	9,840,730	...	...
2 persons	53,490	...	...	5,007,790	...	...
3 persons	22,435	...	...	2,107,830	...	...
4 persons	19,340	...	...	1,909,935	...	...
5 or more persons	8,825	...	...	815,170	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	104,090	...	...	9,840,730	...	...
Total couple families	84,185	...	...	8,227,925	...	...
Married couples	69,315	...	...	6,474,005	...	...
Common-law couples	14,870	...	...	1,753,920	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	19,900	...	...	1,612,805	...	...
Female parent	16,090	...	...	1,262,340	...	...
Male parent	3,815	...	...	350,465	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	84,185	...	...	8,227,925	...	...
Couples without children	41,275	...	...	4,024,305	...	...
Couples with children	42,905	...	...	4,203,615	...	...
1 child	16,850	...	...	1,650,165	...	...
2 children	17,795	...	...	1,783,080	...	...
3 or more children	8,265	...	...	770,375	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	19,900	...	...	1,612,805	...	...
1 child	12,205	...	...	983,485	...	...
2 children	5,585	...	...	457,670	...	...
3 or more children	2,110	...	...	171,655	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	78,610	36,515	42,095	6,107,260	2,941,395	3,165,865
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	162,860	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
One-census-family households	100,140	...	...	9,218,225	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	39,895	...	...	3,782,095	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	60,245	...	...	5,436,135	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	1,940	...	...	301,715	...	...
Non-census-family households	60,780	...	...	4,552,135	...	...
One-person households	52,035	...	...	3,969,790	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	8,740	...	...	582,350	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	379,035	183,625	195,415	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,080
English only	344,940	169,220	175,715	23,757,525	11,838,075	11,919,455
French only	225	105	115	4,144,685	1,925,845	2,218,840
English and French	27,800	11,800	16,000	6,216,065	3,071,325	3,144,740
Neither English nor French	6,075	2,495	3,575	648,970	265,920	383,045
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	379,035	183,625	195,410	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085
English	366,310	178,105	188,205	26,007,500	12,852,330	13,155,165
French	4,785	2,145	2,635	7,705,755	3,780,105	3,925,650
English and French	2,010	945	1,070	417,485	209,130	208,355
Neither English nor French	5,930	2,425	3,500	636,515	259,600	376,910
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	5,790	2,615	3,170	7,914,495	3,884,670	4,029,825
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	1.5	1.4	1.6	22.8	22.7	22.8
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	379,030	183,625	195,415	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,085
Single responses	371,475	179,905	191,570	33,948,620	16,702,840	17,245,775
Official languages	293,595	142,655	150,945	26,627,555	13,201,620	13,425,940
English	288,855	140,540	148,315	19,460,850	9,680,125	9,780,725
French	4,745	2,115	2,630	7,166,705	3,521,495	3,645,215
Non-official languages	77,870	37,245	40,625	7,321,065	3,501,220	3,819,840
Aboriginal languages	130	45	80	195,700	94,795	100,900
Algonquian languages	55	15	40	130,450	62,930	67,520
Blackfoot	0	0	0	2,815	1,325	1,490
Cree-Montagnais languages	10	0	5	88,445	42,920	45,530
Atikamekw	0	0	0	6,150	3,135	3,015
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	10,230	4,885	5,350
Moose Cree	0	0	0	100	50	55
Naskapi	0	0	0	1,205	590	620
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	315	125	190
Plains Cree	0	0	0	3,065	1,360	1,710
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	45	20	25
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	1,440	585	850
Woods Cree	0	0	0	1,840	865	975
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	64,050	31,305	32,745
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0	6,990	3,310	3,680
Malecite	0	0	0	305	140	160
Mi'kmaq	5	0	5	6,690	3,170	3,520
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	50	15	35	32,150	15,350	16,800
Algonquin	0	0	0	1,260	590	670
Ojibway	45	15	25	17,890	8,440	9,450
Oji-Cree	5	0	0	12,855	6,260	6,595
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	150	65	85
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	45	25	20
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	17,365	8,325	9,045
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	17,315	8,310	9,010
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	110	55	60
Beaver	0	0	0	190	85	105
Carrier	0	0	0	1,025	465	565
Chilcotin	0	0	0	660	295	360
Dene	0	0	0	10,700	5,185	5,515
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	1,645	840	815
Gwich'in	0	0	0	260	110	145
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	80	25	50
Sekani	0	0	0	90	45	45
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	1,995	950	1,045
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	765	365	400
South Slavey	0	0	0	945	455	495
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	280	130	150
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	270	135	140
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	180	90	90
Tahltan	0	0	0	95	40	50
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	290	120	170
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	215	90	135
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	70	30	40
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	50	20	35
Haida	0	0	0	75	35	40
Inuit languages	5	0	5	36,545	18,100	18,445
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	1,025	445	575
Inuktitut	0	0	0	35,215	17,530	17,680
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	315	125	185
Iroquoian languages	50	15	40	1,115	485	635
Cayuga	0	0	0	45	20	20
Mohawk	5	0	0	980	430	555
Oneida	50	15	30	55	20	40
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	35	15	20
Kutenai	0	0	0	105	55	55
Michif	0	0	0	465	230	235
Salish languages	0	0	0	2,305	1,130	1,180
Comox	0	0	0	80	45	40
Halkomelem	0	0	0	475	225	245
Lillooet	0	0	0	315	155	155
Okanagan	0	0	0	270	135	135
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	445	225	220
Squamish	0	0	0	40	20	20
Straits	0	0	0	80	40	40
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	335	150	185
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	255	135	125
Siouan languages	0	0	0	4,285	2,070	2,220
Dakota	0	0	0	1,215	570	635
Stoney	0	0	0	3,025	1,465	1,555
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	55	30	25
Tlingit	0	0	0	95	40	55
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	1,480	730	755
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	880	435	445
Nisga'a	0	0	0	400	200	200
Tsimshian	0	0	0	200	90	110
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	805	370	435
Haisla	0	0	0	90	40	50
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	95	40	55
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	325	145	185
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	285	135	140
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	5	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	10	5	5	585	295	295
Non-Aboriginal languages	77,750	37,205	40,545	7,125,365	3,406,425	3,718,945
Afro-Asiatic languages	12,935	6,605	6,330	575,365	298,060	277,300
Berber languages	15	10	5	22,135	11,865	10,270
Kabyle	10	5	5	13,150	6,995	6,155
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	8,985	4,865	4,115
Cushitic languages	260	120	140	42,885	20,095	22,790
Bilen	5	5	0	805	455	350
Oromo	15	5	5	4,960	2,560	2,400
Somali	235	110	130	36,755	16,895	19,865
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	365	195	170
Semitic languages	12,640	6,460	6,185	509,190	265,465	243,725
Amharic	255	130	125	22,465	10,720	11,745
Arabic	10,530	5,385	5,145	419,890	220,785	199,105
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,035	515	515	16,070	7,910	8,160
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	210	105	105	5,545	2,780	2,770
Harari	0	0	0	1,320	635	685
Hebrew	135	80	60	19,530	10,480	9,045
Maltese	185	95	85	5,565	2,765	2,800
Tigrigna	245	125	120	16,650	8,310	8,340
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	2,155	1,085	1,070
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	1,155	635	520
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,450	1,115	1,335	176,725	81,810	94,920
Khmer (Cambodian)	740	340	400	20,130	9,270	10,860
Vietnamese	1,710	775	935	156,425	72,470	83,955
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	170	65	100
Austronesian languages	1,875	725	1,150	511,480	211,580	299,900
Bikol	5	5	5	1,790	790	1,000
Cebuano	75	20	55	19,890	7,930	11,960
Fijian	5	0	0	745	400	345
Hiligaynon	25	10	15	6,885	2,680	4,205
Ilocano	165	75	85	26,345	10,620	15,720
Malagasy	0	0	0	1,430	665	760
Malay	125	65	65	12,275	5,255	7,020
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	4,040	1,865	2,175
Pangasinan	0	0	5	1,390	590	800
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,435	535	895	431,380	178,575	252,810
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	1,110	430	675
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15	4,195	1,770	2,425
Creole languages	70	35	40	72,125	32,310	39,820
Haitian Creole	5	5	5	3,030	1,445	1,590
Creole, n.o.s.	30	15	10	64,105	28,455	35,660
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	4,985	2,410	2,575
Dravidian languages	1,345	715	630	189,405	94,765	94,640
Kannada	55	30	25	3,970	2,040	1,935
Malayalam	820	415	400	28,570	14,770	13,800
Tamil	325	170	155	140,720	69,080	71,640
Telugu	140	95	50	15,655	8,640	7,020
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	490	240	250
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	795	395	405
Indo-European languages	44,580	21,240	23,340	3,877,330	1,889,400	1,987,930
Albanian	990	515	480	26,890	13,610	13,285
Armenian	90	45	40	33,455	16,270	17,185
Balto-Slavic languages	11,100	5,150	5,950	701,975	323,640	378,340
Baltic languages	210	85	125	12,530	5,315	7,215
Latvian	75	30	40	5,455	2,350	3,105
Lithuanian	140	55	85	7,075	2,965	4,115
Slavic languages	10,895	5,065	5,825	689,450	318,325	371,115
Belarusan	15	10	5	810	385	430
Bosnian	610	300	310	12,210	6,035	6,180
Bulgarian	75	35	40	20,025	9,675	10,345
Croatian	765	370	390	48,200	23,540	24,665
Czech	345	160	185	22,290	10,525	11,765
Macedonian	90	35	55	16,775	8,050	8,725
Polish	5,130	2,355	2,775	181,710	82,435	99,275
Russian	1,325	595	725	188,255	85,400	102,855
Serbian	815	415	395	57,350	28,535	28,815
Serbo-Croatian	330	160	170	9,555	4,565	4,985
Slovak	315	140	170	17,580	8,075	9,510
Slovene (Slovenian)	200	85	120	9,790	4,415	5,370
Ukrainian	850	390	465	102,485	45,440	57,040
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	2,415	1,255	1,165
Celtic languages	25	5	15	2,690	1,335	1,360
Scottish Gaelic	10	5	10	1,090	540	550
Welsh	10	5	10	1,075	495	575
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	530	295	235
Germanic languages	5,075	2,190	2,885	538,765	258,410	280,350
Afrikaans	60	30	30	10,265	5,115	5,145
Danish	170	85	85	12,630	6,245	6,390
Dutch	2,000	870	1,125	99,020	48,200	50,820
Frisian	40	15	20	2,100	1,095	1,005
German	2,545	1,065	1,480	384,035	183,215	200,820
Icelandic	10	5	5	1,285	600	685
Norwegian	30	10	15	4,615	2,170	2,445
Swedish	60	35	30	6,840	3,015	3,825
Vlaams (Flemish)	135	50	85	3,895	1,730	2,165
Yiddish	25	15	10	13,555	6,750	6,800
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	525	280	240
Greek	1,750	870	885	106,525	53,350	53,170
Indo-Iranian languages	8,630	4,470	4,160	1,312,750	664,120	648,630
Indo-Aryan languages	5,535	2,895	2,640	1,064,760	538,530	526,235
Bengali	450	225	220	73,125	37,410	35,720
Gujarati	690	370	325	108,780	55,105	53,670
Hindi	825	450	375	110,640	55,880	54,765
Kashmiri	0	0	0	565	300	265
Konkani	30	15	15	3,330	1,625	1,710
Marathi	85	45	40	8,295	4,300	3,995
Nepali	720	355	365	18,275	9,230	9,045
Oriya (Odia)	15	5	10	1,055	560	495
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,035	565	475	501,680	253,515	248,160
Sindhi	60	35	30	11,860	5,605	6,260
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	130	65	65	16,335	8,050	8,285
Urdu	1,500	770	725	210,815	106,960	103,860
Iranian languages	3,065	1,555	1,505	242,805	122,835	119,970
Kurdish	995	525	470	11,705	6,345	5,355
Pashto	185	90	95	16,910	8,760	8,145
Persian (Farsi)	1,885	940	940	214,200	107,725	106,470
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	5,180	2,755	2,425
Italic (Romance) languages	16,905	7,995	8,915	1,154,270	558,660	595,615
Catalan	20	10	5	865	440	425
Italian	2,890	1,415	1,480	375,635	184,415	191,220
Portuguese	4,550	2,130	2,420	221,540	106,630	114,910
Romanian	805	370	440	96,665	46,195	50,470
Spanish	8,640	4,070	4,570	458,850	220,605	238,245
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	720	380	340
Japanese	230	90	140	43,640	14,790	28,855
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	1,715	910	805
Georgian	5	0	0	1,715	910	805
Korean	2,690	1,245	1,445	153,425	70,310	83,115
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	1,575	690	885
Mongolian	0	0	0	1,575	690	880
Niger-Congo languages	650	310	335	91,375	45,075	46,305
Akan (Twi)	65	30	35	13,455	6,490	6,970
Bamanankan	0	0	0	1,535	815	720
Edo	5	0	5	1,670	770	900
Ewe	10	5	5	1,760	950	805
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	5	0	2,825	1,495	1,335
Ga	15	5	10	920	445	470
Ganda	20	10	10	1,295	625	665
Igbo	40	25	20	4,235	2,265	1,970
Lingala	20	15	10	3,810	1,785	2,025
Rundi (Kirundi)	40	20	15	5,845	2,785	3,060
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	15	20	5,250	2,355	2,895
Shona	35	15	20	3,180	1,520	1,665
Swahili	130	55	70	13,370	6,385	6,990
Wolof	5	5	0	3,990	2,170	1,820
Yoruba	65	40	25	9,085	4,785	4,300
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	150	70	85	19,135	9,435	9,695
Nilo-Saharan languages	195	85	105	5,870	3,025	2,845
Dinka	105	45	60	2,120	1,115	1,000
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	90	40	50	3,755	1,910	1,840
Sign languages	165	85	75	7,500	3,925	3,575
American Sign Language	95	55	40	2,685	1,320	1,360
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	695	340	355
Sign languages, n.i.e	70	35	40	4,120	2,265	1,860
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,695	4,065	4,630	1,269,215	589,570	679,645
Chinese languages	8,450	3,945	4,505	1,253,360	581,650	671,715
Cantonese	1,955	925	1,025	565,270	262,865	302,405
Hakka	20	15	10	10,910	4,900	6,015
Mandarin	5,805	2,685	3,120	592,040	274,630	317,410
Min Dong	5	5	0	1,230	580	650
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	130	50	80	31,795	14,450	17,350
Wu (Shanghainese)	95	40	60	12,915	5,780	7,140
Chinese, n.o.s.	430	220	210	38,580	18,165	20,410
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	610	275	335
Tibeto-Burman languages	245	125	125	15,850	7,925	7,935
Burmese	30	20	10	3,585	1,795	1,790
Karenic languages	195	100	100	4,705	2,355	2,350
Tibetan	0	0	0	6,165	3,080	3,080
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	1,400	695	705
Tai-Kadai languages	185	80	110	22,010	8,870	13,145
Lao	120	60	60	12,670	6,145	6,525
Thai	65	20	45	9,255	2,690	6,565
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	80	35	55
Turkic languages	440	240	195	40,140	21,120	19,025
Azerbaijani	45	25	20	3,260	1,785	1,470
Turkish	330	180	150	32,815	17,375	15,440
Uyghur	25	15	10	1,035	510	525
Uzbek	10	5	5	1,715	855	865
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	1,315	590	720
Uralic languages	1,185	540	640	81,985	37,790	44,195
Estonian	45	15	25	5,445	2,325	3,115
Finnish	100	40	60	15,295	6,395	8,900
Hungarian	1,040	485	560	61,235	29,060	32,175
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	5	5
Other languages, n.i.e.	65	25	40	3,690	2,045	1,645
Multiple responses	7,560	3,725	3,840	818,635	398,325	420,305
English and French	1,050	475	575	165,320	80,460	84,860
English and non-official language	6,030	3,020	3,015	533,265	259,160	274,100
French and non-official language	240	120	120	86,150	42,170	43,985
English, French and non-official language	240	110	130	33,900	16,535	17,365
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	379,035	183,625	195,415	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085
Single responses	362,445	175,580	186,865	33,103,860	16,298,475	16,805,395
Official languages	323,645	157,085	166,560	29,106,670	14,383,020	14,723,645
English	322,080	156,370	165,710	22,162,865	10,966,135	11,196,730
French	1,565	715	845	6,943,800	3,416,890	3,526,910
Non-official languages	38,800	18,495	20,305	3,997,195	1,915,450	2,081,750
Aboriginal languages	30	10	15	118,470	59,720	58,750
Algonquian languages	10	0	5	75,080	37,825	37,260
Blackfoot	0	0	0	1,115	555	555
Cree-Montagnais languages	0	0	0	55,825	28,135	27,685
Atikamekw	0	0	0	5,465	2,825	2,640
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	8,590	4,195	4,395
Moose Cree	0	0	0	10	5	5
Naskapi	0	0	0	1,200	595	605
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	110	55	60
Plains Cree	0	0	0	1,350	665	685
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	20	5	15
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	330	140	190
Woods Cree	0	0	0	800	410	390
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	37,945	19,240	18,710
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	3,615	1,795	1,820
Malecite	0	0	0	55	30	30
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	3,560	1,770	1,795
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	0	14,525	7,335	7,190
Algonquin	0	0	0	370	170	200
Ojibway	10	0	0	6,175	3,165	3,015
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	7,900	3,960	3,940
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	75	40	35
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	5	5
Athabaskan languages	5	0	0	10,265	5,125	5,135
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	0	10,255	5,120	5,135
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	15	10	10
Beaver	0	0	0	50	30	20
Carrier	0	0	0	245	115	130
Chilcotin	0	0	0	255	125	130
Dene	0	0	0	7,710	3,805	3,905
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	1,020	550	475
Gwich'in	0	0	0	45	25	25
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	10	5	5
Sekani	0	0	0	15	10	5
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	5	820	425	395
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	340	180	155
South Slavey	0	0	0	370	190	185
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	105	55	55
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	25	15	15
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	25	10	10
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	5	5
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	30	15	15
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	25	15	10
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	10	0	5
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	5	5
Haida	0	0	0	10	5	0
Inuit languages	0	0	0	29,490	14,995	14,495
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	165	75	90
Inuktitut	0	0	0	29,230	14,885	14,345
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	90	40	55
Iroquoian languages	15	5	10	285	135	155
Cayuga	0	0	0	10	0	5
Mohawk	0	5	0	255	115	140
Oneida	15	5	5	15	5	10
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	5
Kutenai	0	0	0	15	10	5
Michif	0	0	0	85	40	45
Salish languages	0	0	0	285	130	150
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	45	20	25
Lillooet	0	0	0	25	15	10
Okanagan	0	0	0	85	35	45
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	55	30	20
Squamish	0	0	0	5	0	5
Straits	0	0	0	20	10	15
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	25	15	10
Siouan languages	0	0	0	2,225	1,085	1,140
Dakota	0	0	0	255	140	120
Stoney	0	0	0	1,950	940	1,010
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	10	15
Tlingit	0	0	0	5	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	410	210	190
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	315	155	155
Nisga'a	0	0	0	70	40	30
Tsimshian	0	0	0	25	15	15
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	75	45	35
Haisla	0	0	0	20	10	15
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	5	5	5
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	20	10	10
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	30	15	15
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	235	110	125
Non-Aboriginal languages	38,770	18,480	20,290	3,878,725	1,855,730	2,022,995
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,310	3,600	3,715	307,755	153,275	154,480
Berber languages	10	5	5	8,105	4,215	3,895
Kabyle	5	0	0	5,490	2,855	2,640
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	2,620	1,365	1,260
Cushitic languages	125	50	75	27,095	12,455	14,640
Bilen	0	0	0	620	330	285
Oromo	5	0	0	3,410	1,700	1,710
Somali	120	50	70	22,895	10,340	12,555
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	185	85	95
Semitic languages	7,180	3,540	3,635	272,100	136,390	135,720
Amharic	115	60	55	12,780	6,010	6,770
Arabic	6,095	3,000	3,095	223,540	112,690	110,850
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	660	325	335	10,510	5,090	5,425
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	120	60	55	3,445	1,695	1,750
Harari	0	0	0	735	335	400
Hebrew	55	35	25	8,560	4,425	4,135
Maltese	15	10	5	1,130	525	605
Tigrigna	105	55	50	10,205	5,040	5,170
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	1,200	585	620
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	440	215	230
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,510	685	825	115,210	53,500	61,710
Khmer (Cambodian)	430	195	235	10,880	4,940	5,945
Vietnamese	1,085	495	590	104,245	48,525	55,725
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	85	40	45
Austronesian languages	710	310	395	239,785	108,110	131,680
Bikol	0	0	0	290	140	155
Cebuano	20	5	10	7,210	3,325	3,880
Fijian	0	0	0	195	105	90
Hiligaynon	0	5	0	2,205	970	1,240
Ilocano	55	25	25	9,125	4,045	5,080
Malagasy	0	0	0	435	220	210
Malay	45	25	20	3,620	1,710	1,910
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	5	1,200	565	630
Pangasinan	0	0	0	240	110	135
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	590	255	335	213,790	96,235	117,555
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	310	135	170
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	1,160	545	620
Creole languages	15	5	5	27,860	12,005	15,850
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	1,280	575	705
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	5	24,575	10,510	14,060
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	2,005	920	1,085
Dravidian languages	695	375	320	122,490	59,780	62,710
Kannada	15	15	10	1,630	825	800
Malayalam	475	245	225	15,440	7,865	7,575
Tamil	145	75	65	96,955	46,570	50,385
Telugu	60	35	25	8,280	4,430	3,850
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	190	85	105
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	340	160	180
Indo-European languages	19,495	9,280	10,215	1,911,215	927,225	983,985
Albanian	465	225	235	13,135	6,575	6,560
Armenian	35	15	20	21,505	10,165	11,345
Balto-Slavic languages	4,800	2,320	2,485	314,965	149,315	165,650
Baltic languages	35	15	20	3,275	1,400	1,870
Latvian	10	5	5	1,255	530	725
Lithuanian	30	10	15	2,020	870	1,150
Slavic languages	4,770	2,305	2,460	311,690	147,910	163,780
Belarusan	10	0	5	230	105	120
Bosnian	295	145	150	6,045	3,010	3,040
Bulgarian	40	20	20	11,985	5,835	6,150
Croatian	285	140	145	16,775	7,980	8,795
Czech	100	55	50	6,235	3,060	3,180
Macedonian	35	15	20	6,830	3,250	3,580
Polish	2,385	1,135	1,250	74,780	34,910	39,870
Russian	705	345	360	116,595	55,175	61,425
Serbian	395	210	180	31,750	15,665	16,085
Serbo-Croatian	135	65	75	3,885	1,865	2,020
Slovak	85	40	45	5,615	2,685	2,920
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	15	20	2,050	905	1,145
Ukrainian	250	110	135	28,250	13,150	15,100
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	670	310	360
Celtic languages	10	0	0	360	205	155
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	5	185	105	80
Welsh	0	0	0	95	50	45
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	80	50	30
Germanic languages	395	185	210	146,455	71,835	74,615
Afrikaans	20	15	15	4,790	2,355	2,435
Danish	15	5	5	855	410	445
Dutch	95	50	50	9,565	4,630	4,935
Frisian	0	0	0	185	95	90
German	245	110	135	120,335	58,905	61,435
Icelandic	0	0	0	270	120	150
Norwegian	0	0	0	345	145	200
Swedish	10	0	10	1,045	500	545
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5	355	170	185
Yiddish	0	0	5	7,080	3,695	3,385
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	1,625	820	810
Greek	710	335	375	44,545	21,110	23,440
Indo-Iranian languages	5,080	2,540	2,540	838,755	416,960	421,795
Indo-Aryan languages	3,170	1,595	1,580	676,185	337,440	338,745
Bengali	250	125	125	47,350	23,585	23,765
Gujarati	350	170	175	64,150	31,740	32,405
Hindi	410	215	195	55,510	27,805	27,710
Kashmiri	0	0	0	135	70	70
Konkani	15	5	5	720	355	370
Marathi	45	25	20	3,780	1,940	1,840
Nepali	665	320	340	13,375	6,710	6,670
Oriya (Odia)	0	5	0	470	235	240
Punjabi (Panjabi)	525	275	250	349,145	174,905	174,240
Sindhi	15	5	10	4,975	2,280	2,695
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	65	35	30	7,790	3,860	3,925
Urdu	840	410	425	128,785	63,965	64,820
Iranian languages	1,895	935	955	160,195	78,310	81,880
Kurdish	600	300	295	6,580	3,400	3,175
Pashto	115	55	60	10,590	5,305	5,290
Persian (Farsi)	1,180	580	600	143,020	69,600	73,425
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	2,375	1,215	1,160
Italic (Romance) languages	8,005	3,660	4,340	531,485	251,050	280,440
Catalan	10	5	5	355	165	190
Italian	720	310	410	115,415	49,975	65,440
Portuguese	1,770	810	965	98,710	46,915	51,795
Romanian	320	155	165	53,320	25,795	27,525
Spanish	5,180	2,385	2,800	263,510	128,110	135,400
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	180	85	95
Japanese	90	45	45	19,785	8,265	11,515
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	1,040	565	475
Georgian	0	0	0	1,035	565	475
Korean	2,010	920	1,090	109,705	51,385	58,320
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	910	440	470
Mongolian	0	0	0	910	435	470
Niger-Congo languages	170	70	100	28,665	13,340	15,320
Akan (Twi)	10	5	10	5,990	2,695	3,295
Bamanankan	0	0	0	340	180	160
Edo	0	0	0	415	175	240
Ewe	0	0	0	410	185	225
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	825	400	425
Ga	0	5	0	250	105	140
Ganda	0	0	5	345	160	185
Igbo	15	10	5	1,000	485	510
Lingala	5	5	0	1,045	455	590
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	10	5	2,110	990	1,115
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	5	1,530	670	865
Shona	0	0	0	1,035	475	560
Swahili	50	15	35	5,370	2,500	2,870
Wolof	0	0	0	1,380	745	635
Yoruba	15	10	5	2,615	1,275	1,340
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20	4,010	1,850	2,160
Nilo-Saharan languages	70	35	40	2,650	1,305	1,350
Dinka	35	15	15	1,130	580	550
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	1,525	730	800
Sign languages	185	100	85	10,445	5,870	4,570
American Sign Language	100	55	45	3,015	1,560	1,460
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	730	375	355
Sign languages, n.i.e	90	45	40	6,690	3,935	2,755
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,910	2,760	3,150	924,720	433,530	491,190
Chinese languages	5,750	2,680	3,070	913,365	427,860	485,505
Cantonese	1,135	525	610	400,215	184,340	215,885
Hakka	5	0	5	4,080	1,820	2,265
Mandarin	4,215	1,955	2,265	462,890	220,075	242,815
Min Dong	0	0	0	345	150	195
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	50	20	30	13,965	6,345	7,625
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	25	30	7,650	3,580	4,075
Chinese, n.o.s.	285	155	130	23,935	11,440	12,500
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	280	130	150
Tibeto-Burman languages	160	80	80	11,350	5,670	5,680
Burmese	15	10	5	2,245	1,115	1,125
Karenic languages	140	70	70	3,865	1,935	1,930
Tibetan	0	0	5	4,590	2,305	2,280
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	655	305	345
Tai-Kadai languages	65	30	30	9,565	4,455	5,110
Lao	40	20	20	6,175	2,995	3,180
Thai	25	10	15	3,360	1,450	1,915
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	30	15	15
Turkic languages	220	110	110	22,250	11,205	11,045
Azerbaijani	10	10	10	1,245	640	610
Turkish	160	80	80	18,955	9,525	9,430
Uyghur	15	10	10	610	315	290
Uzbek	0	5	0	990	505	490
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	455	230	225
Uralic languages	305	145	155	23,245	10,715	12,535
Estonian	5	0	5	975	365	610
Finnish	5	5	0	2,790	1,220	1,565
Hungarian	295	145	150	19,485	9,125	10,355
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	5	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	1,110	605	500
Multiple responses	16,585	8,045	8,545	1,663,390	802,695	860,690
English and French	695	315	385	160,185	77,940	82,235
English and non-official language	15,410	7,520	7,895	1,284,975	620,375	664,600
French and non-official language	85	30	55	148,915	70,915	78,000
English, French and non-official language	395	185	215	69,315	33,465	35,850
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	379,035	183,625	195,410	34,767,255	17,101,165	17,666,080
None	331,615	160,940	170,670	29,615,245	14,612,175	15,003,065
English	17,335	8,465	8,875	2,109,340	1,045,215	1,064,120
French	4,355	1,765	2,585	731,095	342,245	388,855
Non-official language	24,845	12,025	12,825	2,151,690	1,023,940	1,127,750
Aboriginal	210	80	125	90,740	42,890	47,850
Non-Aboriginal	24,635	11,945	12,695	2,060,945	981,055	1,079,895
English and French	190	85	105	47,970	23,785	24,190
English and non-official language	275	150	130	61,075	30,045	31,030
French and non-official language	415	190	225	48,755	22,690	26,065
English, French and non-official language	10	0	10	2,080	1,075	1,010
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	315,750	151,490	164,255	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,355
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	302,345	144,970	157,375	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,190
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,643	37,247	29,195	34,204	40,782	28,860
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	302,405	144,975	157,425	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	29,878	33,547	26,999	30,866	35,933	26,621
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	265,745	129,470	136,275	24,583,315	12,296,595	12,286,725
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,849	37,306	27,163	32,762	39,925	26,613
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	226,005	101,120	124,885	19,743,240	8,755,815	10,987,430
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	4,877	2,411	6,236	5,453	4,199	6,136
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	218,060	110,700	107,360	20,428,685	10,547,760	9,880,925
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,230	35,950	29,154	33,684	39,836	28,474
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	315,875	151,550	164,330	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	302,415	144,970	157,450	27,489,395	13,441,555	14,047,845
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	43,687	49,733	38,120	47,487	56,740	38,632
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	302,480	144,970	157,510	27,500,230	13,446,230	14,053,995
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	36,706	40,973	32,779	38,977	45,404	32,828
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	266,035	129,660	136,380	24,584,065	12,295,015	12,289,055
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	43,244	50,290	36,546	46,885	56,803	36,962
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	226,560	101,560	124,995	19,742,130	8,752,070	10,990,060
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,535	6,787	8,143	7,738	7,345	8,050
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	218,215	110,630	107,585	20,428,670	10,542,540	9,886,130
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	42,151	47,431	36,721	46,057	54,369	37,193
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	315,880	151,550	164,325	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	103,190	55,805	47,385	9,367,045	5,231,015	4,136,035
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	51,300	55,266	47,663	53,431	59,326	47,420
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	60,982	66,257	54,769	65,997	74,289	55,510
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	87.1	90.6	82.9	88.3	91.6	83.7
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	69.8	73.3	65.6	72.0	75.2	67.7
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	12.9	9.4	17.1	11.7	8.4	16.3
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	315,745	151,495	164,250	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360
Without total income	13,400	6,525	6,880	1,154,450	546,285	608,165
With total income	302,345	144,970	157,375	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,195
Percentage with total income	95.8	95.7	95.8	96.0	96.1	95.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	45,760	21,440	24,325	3,877,620	1,668,960	2,208,655
$10,000 to $19,999	53,430	22,190	31,240	4,680,380	1,867,600	2,812,785
$20,000 to $29,999	42,475	17,710	24,770	3,807,840	1,593,335	2,214,505
$30,000 to $39,999	34,830	15,475	19,355	3,206,175	1,472,670	1,733,510
$40,000 to $49,999	32,165	15,120	17,050	2,827,045	1,376,565	1,450,480
$50,000 to $59,999	23,910	12,175	11,740	2,179,775	1,145,685	1,034,090
$60,000 to $69,999	18,090	9,885	8,205	1,655,070	938,755	716,310
$70,000 to $79,999	12,885	7,150	5,730	1,271,850	745,830	526,015
$80,000 to $89,999	9,530	5,400	4,130	966,885	579,290	387,590
$90,000 to $99,999	8,885	4,725	4,165	749,290	452,240	297,050
$100,000 and over	20,380	13,710	6,670	2,266,600	1,603,400	663,195
$100,000 to $149,999	13,785	8,965	4,815	1,493,570	1,024,210	469,365
$150,000 and over	6,595	4,745	1,855	773,025	579,190	193,830
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	315,745	151,495	164,250	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360
Without after-tax income	13,345	6,520	6,825	1,143,795	541,620	602,175
With after-tax income	302,405	144,975	157,430	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175
Percentage with after-tax income	95.8	95.7	95.8	96.0	96.1	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	46,915	21,685	25,225	4,004,475	1,706,825	2,297,645
$10,000 to $19,999	55,805	23,255	32,555	4,905,055	1,972,920	2,932,130
$20,000 to $29,999	49,045	20,865	28,185	4,489,925	1,926,175	2,563,755
$30,000 to $39,999	42,525	19,385	23,140	3,924,960	1,870,705	2,054,250
$40,000 to $49,999	35,250	17,340	17,910	3,144,200	1,619,670	1,524,525
$50,000 to $59,999	23,985	13,010	10,980	2,209,280	1,245,570	963,705
$60,000 to $69,999	15,720	8,870	6,845	1,540,300	912,230	628,065
$70,000 to $79,999	12,405	6,780	5,625	1,076,180	654,570	421,610
$80,000 and over	20,760	13,785	6,970	2,204,820	1,540,335	664,485
$80,000 to $89,999	7,030	4,255	2,775	688,705	444,550	244,145
$90,000 to $99,999	4,165	2,775	1,390	420,975	291,090	129,885
$100,000 and over	9,565	6,755	2,810	1,095,140	804,690	290,445
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	315,745	151,495	164,255	28,642,980	13,990,625	14,652,360
Without employment income	97,685	40,795	56,895	8,214,295	3,442,860	4,771,430
With employment income	218,060	110,700	107,355	20,428,690	10,547,760	9,880,925
Percentage with employment income	69.1	73.1	65.4	71.3	75.4	67.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	31,555	15,805	15,750	2,778,990	1,357,430	1,421,560
$5,000 to $9,999	18,420	8,425	9,995	1,602,140	697,025	905,120
$10,000 to $19,999	29,730	13,640	16,090	2,736,010	1,212,855	1,523,155
$20,000 to $29,999	24,140	11,260	12,880	2,293,785	1,022,090	1,271,695
$30,000 to $39,999	22,790	10,400	12,390	2,149,860	1,001,065	1,148,795
$40,000 to $49,999	22,210	10,685	11,530	1,928,565	946,625	981,940
$50,000 to $59,999	16,830	8,880	7,955	1,554,100	839,045	715,055
$60,000 to $69,999	12,920	7,185	5,735	1,220,310	708,270	512,040
$70,000 to $79,999	9,440	5,390	4,050	992,170	591,945	400,225
$80,000 and over	30,020	19,030	10,995	3,172,770	2,171,415	1,001,355
$80,000 to $89,999	7,535	4,240	3,300	773,755	475,700	298,055
$90,000 to $99,999	7,455	4,015	3,440	623,980	382,330	241,650
$100,000 and over	15,030	10,780	4,250	1,775,030	1,313,385	461,645
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	162,860	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	62,102	...	...	70,336	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	55,321	...	...	61,348	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	52,035	...	...	3,969,790	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	34,415	...	...	35,174	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	31,188	...	...	31,446	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	110,820	...	...	10,102,290	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	80,559	...	...	88,249	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	71,518	...	...	76,419	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	162,895	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	81,105	...	...	92,764	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	68,160	...	...	76,171	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	51,940	...	...	3,967,765	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	43,991	...	...	46,799	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	37,106	...	...	38,685	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	110,950	...	...	10,104,315	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	98,481	...	...	110,813	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	82,699	...	...	90,890	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	162,860	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
Under $5,000	3,745	...	...	228,790	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	3,265	...	...	200,315	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	5,680	...	...	374,575	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	7,060	...	...	565,940	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,875	...	...	602,800	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	7,320	...	...	538,710	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	7,445	...	...	603,480	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,710	...	...	606,600	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	7,625	...	...	596,110	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,490	...	...	578,325	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	13,610	...	...	1,097,345	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	11,990	...	...	1,010,415	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	10,625	...	...	924,320	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	9,265	...	...	836,765	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	8,395	...	...	745,655	...	...
$100,000 and over	43,775	...	...	4,561,920	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	15,260	...	...	1,470,255	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	9,920	...	...	1,016,245	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	10,365	...	...	1,116,140	...	...
$200,000 and over	8,235	...	...	959,285	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	162,860	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
Under $5,000	3,865	...	...	243,780	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	3,300	...	...	203,865	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	5,755	...	...	380,680	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	7,390	...	...	591,660	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	8,865	...	...	673,740	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	8,260	...	...	628,225	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	8,720	...	...	719,825	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	9,120	...	...	725,675	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	9,005	...	...	711,180	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	8,625	...	...	691,695	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	15,360	...	...	1,299,680	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	13,240	...	...	1,169,515	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	11,770	...	...	1,041,635	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	9,940	...	...	900,055	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	7,840	...	...	757,295	...	...
$100,000 and over	31,800	...	...	3,333,575	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	13,825	...	...	1,371,945	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	7,840	...	...	809,540	...	...
$150,000 and over	10,140	...	...	1,152,090	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	103,845	...	...	9,688,845	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	82,445	...	...	88,306	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	72,880	...	...	76,372	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	39,060	...	...	3,706,220	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	79,074	...	...	78,976	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	69,718	...	...	68,309	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	43,190	...	...	4,222,140	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	106,336	...	...	113,465	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	92,118	...	...	96,608	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	18,805	...	...	1,481,410	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	47,665	...	...	53,193	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	44,939	...	...	48,856	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	103,945	...	...	9,689,855	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	100,596	...	...	111,235	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	84,249	...	...	91,040	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	39,035	...	...	3,706,400	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	95,356	...	...	101,086	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	79,543	...	...	82,296	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	43,355	...	...	4,225,855	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	125,305	...	...	137,094	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	103,827	...	...	111,307	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	18,760	...	...	1,477,190	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	57,561	...	...	65,549	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	51,027	...	...	56,687	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	71,185	33,455	37,730	5,313,545	2,608,845	2,704,705
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	28,920	28,262	29,484	31,890	34,483	29,801
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	26,806	26,094	27,334	28,959	30,746	27,495
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	70,935	33,675	37,260	5,299,050	2,596,985	2,702,070
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	38,836	39,806	37,959	42,939	46,085	39,915
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	33,063	33,346	32,808	35,801	37,724	33,952
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	377,640	183,080	194,555	34,460,065	16,971,550	17,488,515
In the bottom half of the distribution	203,970	96,875	107,095	17,229,835	8,256,970	8,972,865
In the bottom decile	51,915	25,210	26,705	3,445,950	1,672,900	1,773,050
In the second decile	40,980	18,520	22,455	3,445,660	1,564,965	1,880,700
In the third decile	37,735	17,750	19,985	3,446,165	1,641,930	1,804,235
In the fourth decile	37,090	17,790	19,300	3,445,850	1,677,120	1,768,730
In the fifth decile	36,245	17,605	18,640	3,446,210	1,700,060	1,746,150
In the top half of the distribution	173,670	86,205	87,465	17,230,230	8,714,580	8,515,650
In the sixth decile	35,780	17,475	18,305	3,445,695	1,716,510	1,729,185
In the seventh decile	35,450	17,435	18,015	3,446,470	1,730,975	1,715,500
In the eighth decile	35,970	17,940	18,030	3,445,940	1,741,640	1,704,300
In the ninth decile	34,820	17,315	17,505	3,446,045	1,751,850	1,694,195
In the top decile	31,655	16,040	15,615	3,446,080	1,773,600	1,672,475
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	377,635	183,080	194,560	33,968,295	16,724,265	17,244,035
0 to 17 years	74,460	38,035	36,425	6,836,380	3,504,250	3,332,125
0 to 5 years	24,355	12,555	11,800	2,228,770	1,142,505	1,086,270
18 to 64 years	243,665	118,600	125,065	21,695,090	10,690,090	11,005,005
65 years and over	59,515	26,450	33,065	5,436,830	2,529,930	2,906,905
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	70,800	33,130	37,660	4,809,940	2,243,200	2,566,740
0 to 17 years	18,440	9,395	9,045	1,163,830	597,570	566,255
0 to 5 years	6,515	3,345	3,170	396,095	203,055	193,030
18 to 64 years	45,225	21,210	24,015	2,855,290	1,341,590	1,513,700
65 years and over	7,135	2,530	4,605	790,825	304,040	486,780
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	18.7	18.1	19.4	14.2	13.4	14.9
0 to 17 years (%)	24.8	24.7	24.8	17.0	17.1	17.0
0 to 5 years (%)	26.8	26.6	26.9	17.8	17.8	17.8
18 to 64 years (%)	18.6	17.9	19.2	13.2	12.5	13.8
65 years and over (%)	12.0	9.6	13.9	14.5	12.0	16.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	43,740	21,565	22,175	3,128,995	1,519,370	1,609,630
0 to 17 years	9,890	5,060	4,830	696,025	357,255	338,770
0 to 5 years	3,630	1,870	1,760	236,435	121,170	115,260
18 to 64 years	32,300	15,870	16,430	2,157,745	1,057,585	1,100,160
65 years and over	1,545	635	910	275,225	104,525	170,695
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	11.6	11.8	11.4	9.2	9.1	9.3
0 to 17 years (%)	13.3	13.3	13.3	10.2	10.2	10.2
0 to 5 years (%)	14.9	14.9	14.9	10.6	10.6	10.6
18 to 64 years (%)	13.3	13.4	13.1	9.9	9.9	10.0
65 years and over (%)	2.6	2.4	2.8	5.1	4.1	5.9
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	377,765	183,140	194,630	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485
Official languages	371,710	180,705	191,005	33,818,210	16,709,290	17,108,920
English	371,410	180,550	190,860	29,748,265	14,806,270	14,941,995
French	27,835	11,880	15,960	10,242,945	4,952,455	5,290,495
Non-official languages	96,800	46,655	50,145	9,369,280	4,488,185	4,881,090
Aboriginal languages	295	95	200	263,845	127,550	136,295
Algonquian languages	145	50	100	177,570	85,505	92,065
Blackfoot	0	0	0	5,645	2,695	2,950
Cree-Montagnais languages	10	0	10	116,585	56,515	60,070
Atikamekw	0	0	0	6,640	3,335	3,305
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	11,440	5,500	5,945
Moose Cree	0	0	0	195	80	115
Naskapi	0	0	0	1,465	710	755
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	545	225	320
Plains Cree	0	0	0	5,905	2,705	3,200
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	40	30	10
Swampy Cree	0	0	10	2,345	995	1,350
Woods Cree	0	0	0	2,665	1,230	1,435
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	10	86,115	42,080	44,035
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	9,765	4,710	5,050
Malecite	0	0	0	755	370	390
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	9,025	4,350	4,670
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	130	40	85	46,685	22,100	24,585
Algonquin	0	0	0	2,480	1,165	1,315
Ojibway	130	40	85	28,585	13,365	15,220
Oji-Cree	0	0	10	15,610	7,575	8,030
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	205	105	105
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	120	60	60
Athabaskan languages	10	0	0	23,655	11,340	12,320
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	23,570	11,300	12,265
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	210	105	100
Beaver	0	0	0	340	180	165
Carrier	0	0	0	2,105	955	1,145
Chilcotin	0	0	0	1,150	535	610
Dene	0	0	0	13,060	6,270	6,790
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	2,375	1,210	1,165
Gwich'in	0	0	0	360	165	200
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	150	60	90
Sekani	0	0	0	185	85	100
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0	0	2,815	1,340	1,475
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	1,010	475	530
South Slavey	10	0	0	1,365	660	710
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	680	320	360
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	630	340	285
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	365	205	170
Tahltan	0	0	0	270	140	130
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	420	160	260
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	285	115	170
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	145	50	95
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	85	35	50
Haida	0	0	0	465	205	260
Inuit languages	0	0	0	42,980	21,355	21,630
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	1,975	895	1,080
Inuktitut	0	0	0	40,620	20,280	20,340
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	470	225	240
Iroquoian languages	135	40	95	2,800	1,240	1,555
Cayuga	10	0	10	125	40	85
Mohawk	15	0	10	2,415	1,120	1,295
Oneida	115	40	80	180	60	125
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	15	115	45	75
Kutenai	0	0	0	175	95	80
Michif	0	0	10	1,210	585	625
Salish languages	0	0	0	5,750	2,730	3,015
Comox	0	0	0	185	75	110
Halkomelem	0	0	0	1,060	475	585
Lillooet	0	0	0	790	405	385
Okanagan	0	0	0	820	370	450
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	1,305	640	665
Squamish	0	0	0	285	125	155
Straits	0	0	0	360	160	200
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	450	220	235
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	565	295	270
Siouan languages	0	0	0	5,430	2,665	2,770
Dakota	0	0	0	1,760	870	890
Stoney	0	0	0	3,675	1,805	1,875
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	140	70	70
Tlingit	0	0	0	260	140	120
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	2,730	1,350	1,380
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	1,305	645	660
Nisga'a	0	0	0	1,060	545	515
Tsimshian	0	0	0	410	180	235
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	1,490	680	805
Haisla	0	0	0	175	65	110
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	125	50	75
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	605	285	320
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	565	265	300
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	30	20	10
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	10	10	0	665	310	360
Non-Aboriginal languages	96,515	46,565	49,945	9,107,075	4,361,420	4,745,660
Afro-Asiatic languages	16,845	8,660	8,185	837,355	432,560	404,795
Berber languages	15	10	0	29,460	15,745	13,715
Kabyle	10	10	10	17,120	9,100	8,015
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	12,505	6,735	5,775
Cushitic languages	420	180	235	57,125	26,870	30,250
Bilen	0	0	0	1,085	625	470
Oromo	15	10	10	6,245	3,070	3,175
Somali	395	165	225	49,665	23,070	26,590
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	480	220	265
Semitic languages	16,400	8,465	7,935	771,130	400,780	370,350
Amharic	410	210	200	33,670	16,675	16,995
Arabic	14,385	7,430	6,955	629,055	329,235	299,820
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,350	680	675	19,745	9,720	10,020
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	250	135	115	7,115	3,505	3,610
Harari	0	0	0	1,710	855	860
Hebrew	310	170	140	75,020	38,730	36,290
Maltese	245	130	115	7,625	3,760	3,870
Tigrigna	410	200	215	21,340	10,640	10,705
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	95	55	40	3,220	1,655	1,565
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	2,775	1,440	1,335
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,300	1,510	1,785	224,865	105,845	119,020
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,125	550	580	27,035	12,640	14,400
Vietnamese	2,185	980	1,210	198,895	93,735	105,155
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	190	70	120
Austronesian languages	2,555	1,000	1,555	656,200	273,075	383,125
Bikol	25	0	15	2,075	885	1,190
Cebuano	125	35	95	27,045	10,960	16,085
Fijian	0	0	0	1,660	955	705
Hiligaynon	35	15	20	7,925	3,200	4,720
Ilocano	230	90	135	34,530	13,805	20,730
Malagasy	0	0	0	2,335	1,120	1,220
Malay	180	95	90	22,470	10,370	12,100
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	10	5,425	2,445	2,980
Pangasinan	0	0	0	1,800	790	1,015
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,240	845	1,395	612,735	253,210	359,530
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	1,395	530	860
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	5,585	2,540	3,040
Creole languages	215	110	105	155,615	70,545	85,070
Haitian Creole	30	15	15	6,850	3,140	3,710
Creole, n.o.s.	80	40	40	133,045	59,890	73,160
Creole languages, n.i.e.	115	55	55	16,635	7,955	8,675
Dravidian languages	1,805	890	920	250,180	126,220	123,960
Kannada	165	85	75	8,245	4,180	4,065
Malayalam	1,020	490	535	37,810	19,410	18,400
Tamil	565	295	270	189,860	94,640	95,220
Telugu	210	110	100	23,160	12,770	10,390
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	790	385	405
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	870	435	435
Indo-European languages	57,140	27,460	29,685	5,158,010	2,506,455	2,651,555
Albanian	1,120	570	550	31,930	16,140	15,790
Armenian	145	65	85	41,295	19,980	21,315
Balto-Slavic languages	13,145	6,415	6,730	817,315	384,960	432,350
Baltic languages	255	110	145	14,675	6,470	8,205
Latvian	110	50	60	6,500	2,960	3,540
Lithuanian	145	55	85	8,185	3,510	4,675
Slavic languages	12,910	6,315	6,595	805,915	379,965	425,945
Belarusan	75	40	35	2,265	1,070	1,195
Bosnian	890	480	410	18,265	9,055	9,215
Bulgarian	90	35	50	22,425	10,920	11,505
Croatian	1,225	620	610	69,840	34,515	35,325
Czech	415	215	200	28,720	13,675	15,050
Macedonian	155	70	80	23,075	11,190	11,880
Polish	6,015	2,920	3,090	214,965	99,365	115,600
Russian	2,290	1,100	1,190	269,645	127,055	142,595
Serbian	1,330	695	635	73,775	37,040	36,740
Serbo-Croatian	455	210	245	11,275	5,525	5,750
Slovak	370	185	180	21,470	10,215	11,255
Slovene (Slovenian)	225	95	125	11,495	5,205	6,290
Ukrainian	1,025	450	575	132,115	58,820	73,300
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	3,000	1,590	1,405
Celtic languages	125	55	65	9,165	4,705	4,455
Scottish Gaelic	50	15	35	3,980	2,010	1,975
Welsh	25	10	20	1,690	830	860
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	45	35	10	3,590	1,915	1,680
Germanic languages	7,080	3,275	3,805	695,535	337,215	358,320
Afrikaans	175	85	90	23,410	11,795	11,610
Danish	240	110	135	15,745	7,320	8,425
Dutch	2,250	905	1,345	120,865	57,885	62,990
Frisian	55	30	30	2,910	1,515	1,395
German	4,190	2,050	2,140	502,730	245,745	256,985
Icelandic	10	10	10	1,780	830	945
Norwegian	75	40	35	8,120	3,860	4,260
Swedish	170	80	90	14,140	6,510	7,635
Vlaams (Flemish)	100	55	45	4,400	1,945	2,455
Yiddish	30	20	10	20,985	10,435	10,550
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	8,710	4,425	4,285
Greek	2,530	1,315	1,215	150,965	75,510	75,455
Indo-Iranian languages	10,890	5,465	5,425	1,658,220	840,850	817,365
Indo-Aryan languages	7,705	3,920	3,790	1,387,805	704,370	683,435
Bengali	520	250	275	91,220	46,935	44,285
Gujarati	845	460	380	149,045	74,765	74,285
Hindi	3,000	1,610	1,400	433,365	221,665	211,700
Kashmiri	0	0	0	905	490	420
Konkani	15	10	0	6,790	3,185	3,605
Marathi	100	50	50	15,570	8,200	7,365
Nepali	855	425	430	21,380	10,915	10,470
Oriya (Odia)	10	0	0	1,535	755	775
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,885	1,020	865	668,240	341,450	326,790
Sindhi	115	50	65	20,260	9,310	10,945
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	165	70	100	27,825	13,970	13,855
Urdu	2,435	1,200	1,235	322,220	164,685	157,535
Iranian languages	3,290	1,615	1,680	281,715	142,030	139,680
Kurdish	1,040	540	500	15,290	8,290	7,000
Pashto	280	145	130	23,180	12,465	10,715
Persian (Farsi)	2,145	1,020	1,130	252,320	126,565	125,755
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25	8,875	4,715	4,155
Italic (Romance) languages	23,595	11,045	12,550	1,897,630	898,530	999,100
Catalan	15	0	10	2,035	1,145	890
Italian	4,380	2,130	2,250	574,725	278,500	296,225
Portuguese	5,835	2,785	3,045	295,955	144,465	151,485
Romanian	1,005	470	530	115,050	55,275	59,770
Spanish	13,105	5,975	7,135	995,255	460,250	535,010
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15	2,680	1,610	1,075
Japanese	710	335	370	83,090	36,760	46,335
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	2,150	1,075	1,075
Georgian	0	0	10	2,150	1,080	1,070
Korean	3,025	1,445	1,585	172,755	80,170	92,590
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	2,090	960	1,130
Mongolian	0	0	0	2,090	960	1,130
Niger-Congo languages	1,245	670	575	177,215	88,135	89,080
Akan (Twi)	155	75	80	22,145	10,810	11,340
Bamanankan	0	0	0	3,190	1,660	1,530
Edo	0	0	0	3,220	1,510	1,705
Ewe	0	0	0	3,000	1,685	1,315
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	0	10	4,725	2,460	2,260
Ga	25	0	15	2,250	1,140	1,110
Ganda	30	20	15	2,495	1,175	1,320
Igbo	60	40	25	8,850	4,710	4,140
Lingala	85	50	35	17,010	7,865	9,145
Rundi (Kirundi)	50	35	15	8,590	4,075	4,515
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	60	25	35	7,860	3,600	4,260
Shona	60	30	25	5,425	2,530	2,905
Swahili	340	160	175	38,680	19,565	19,115
Wolof	0	10	0	8,240	4,455	3,785
Yoruba	245	150	95	22,420	11,475	10,940
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	310	160	150	40,760	20,375	20,385
Nilo-Saharan languages	225	115	105	7,015	3,520	3,495
Dinka	35	20	20	2,475	1,280	1,190
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	185	95	90	4,555	2,240	2,315
Sign languages	825	320	505	48,115	18,985	29,130
American Sign Language	480	175	310	21,930	7,780	14,155
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	0	4,665	1,665	3,005
Sign languages, n.i.e.	360	155	200	22,275	9,835	12,440
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,110	4,350	4,765	1,430,440	672,100	758,340
Chinese languages	8,885	4,230	4,655	1,413,110	663,465	749,640
Cantonese	2,380	1,110	1,270	699,125	325,840	373,285
Hakka	20	10	10	12,445	5,555	6,890
Mandarin	6,720	3,170	3,555	814,450	377,635	436,815
Min Dong	15	0	10	1,045	440	600
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	165	60	105	42,840	19,005	23,835
Wu (Shanghainese)	175	70	110	16,530	7,490	9,040
Chinese, n.o.s.	425	220	205	41,690	19,995	21,690
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	590	250	340
Tibeto-Burman languages	230	120	115	18,270	9,100	9,175
Burmese	55	35	20	4,995	2,490	2,500
Karenic languages	125	60	65	4,895	2,425	2,475
Tibetan	10	0	0	7,050	3,555	3,490
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	20	25	2,375	1,160	1,220
Tai-Kadai languages	235	105	135	30,400	13,210	17,195
Lao	180	90	90	17,235	8,240	8,990
Thai	85	30	60	15,390	5,875	9,520
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	115	50	65
Turkic languages	680	360	315	60,530	31,585	28,945
Azerbaijani	110	55	55	5,450	2,885	2,565
Turkish	505	270	230	50,775	26,605	24,165
Uyghur	55	35	15	1,385	685	700
Uzbek	15	0	10	2,465	1,230	1,235
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0	1,870	905	965
Uralic languages	1,425	680	745	94,810	44,270	50,545
Estonian	55	35	20	6,070	2,750	3,315
Finnish	95	50	45	17,595	7,540	10,050
Hungarian	1,275	600	675	71,285	34,005	37,280
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	25	10	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	90	50	35	9,730	5,375	4,355
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	377,765	183,140	194,630	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	351,525	170,335	181,190	32,034,590	15,799,495	16,235,090
Canadian citizens aged under 18	70,230	35,860	34,375	6,652,795	3,412,785	3,240,010
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	281,295	134,480	146,815	25,381,795	12,386,710	12,995,080
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	26,245	12,800	13,440	2,425,480	1,172,085	1,253,400
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	377,770	183,140	194,630	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	286,460	139,195	147,265	26,412,610	13,124,325	13,288,290
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	83,375	39,820	43,555	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330
Before 1981	26,455	12,560	13,895	1,941,510	927,795	1,013,715
1981 to 1990	11,605	5,565	6,035	915,555	439,245	476,310
1991 to 2000	14,520	7,030	7,490	1,486,655	696,720	789,940
2001 to 2010	19,235	9,090	10,150	1,985,035	940,570	1,044,465
2001 to 2005	9,005	4,225	4,785	928,935	439,890	489,050
2006 to 2010	10,225	4,865	5,360	1,056,095	500,680	555,415
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	11,560	5,575	5,985	1,212,075	582,175	629,895
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	7,930	4,115	3,815	506,625	260,755	245,870
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	83,375	39,820	43,555	7,540,830	3,586,500	3,954,335
Under 5 years	10,200	5,130	5,070	731,340	364,165	367,175
5 to 14 years	17,220	8,835	8,380	1,311,810	665,870	645,945
15 to 24 years	17,655	7,910	9,745	1,604,430	724,430	880,005
25 to 44 years	32,440	15,205	17,230	3,198,920	1,513,970	1,684,950
45 years and over	5,870	2,740	3,130	694,320	318,060	376,260
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	83,380	39,825	43,555	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330
Americas	14,305	6,595	7,710	1,128,745	510,650	618,100
Brazil	325	175	155	29,320	13,235	16,080
Colombia	3,335	1,500	1,840	70,035	32,065	37,965
El Salvador	1,615	760	860	48,080	23,865	24,215
Guyana	485	225	265	87,685	38,940	48,745
Haiti	105	50	55	93,480	40,955	52,525
Jamaica	1,110	570	540	138,345	59,960	78,390
Mexico	570	240	325	80,585	37,530	43,055
Peru	140	55	80	29,615	12,950	16,665
Trinidad and Tobago	600	285	315	65,040	29,325	35,710
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	3,555	1,540	2,015	253,715	113,505	140,215
Other places of birth in Americas	2,470	1,200	1,265	232,850	108,325	124,530
Europe	32,980	15,800	17,180	2,088,410	1,015,145	1,073,260
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,120	580	545	36,135	18,050	18,085
Croatia	840	420	415	40,045	20,005	20,035
France	270	125	140	105,565	55,395	50,170
Germany	1,965	975	995	145,845	69,525	76,320
Greece	1,105	565	545	62,715	31,580	31,135
Hungary	810	380	425	36,820	17,945	18,875
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	540	295	245	28,325	14,355	13,970
Italy	2,065	1,090	975	236,640	118,595	118,040
Netherlands	1,840	840	995	88,475	45,185	43,295
Poland	4,180	1,915	2,260	146,465	66,450	80,020
Portugal	3,340	1,660	1,680	139,450	68,150	71,300
Romania	910	440	465	90,305	42,795	47,510
Russian Federation	505	225	280	78,685	34,265	44,420
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	500	255	245	33,320	16,325	17,000
Ukraine	620	250	365	73,030	33,360	39,665
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	8,885	4,050	4,835	499,115	243,225	255,890
Other places of birth in Europe	3,485	1,720	1,760	247,470	119,945	127,530
Africa	5,220	2,620	2,605	637,485	322,510	314,970
Algeria	80	45	40	64,620	33,920	30,705
Egypt	1,070	575	500	64,615	34,125	30,495
Ethiopia	310	145	165	32,790	15,980	16,810
Kenya	280	130	150	27,150	12,810	14,340
Morocco	30	10	20	69,655	36,120	33,535
Nigeria	305	165	140	42,430	21,830	20,600
Somalia	225	110	120	27,230	12,070	15,160
South Africa, Republic of	445	245	200	44,660	22,205	22,460
Other places of birth in Africa	2,470	1,195	1,275	264,320	133,450	130,870
Asia	30,565	14,625	15,940	3,629,160	1,709,985	1,919,175
Afghanistan	580	285	290	51,955	26,030	25,930
Bangladesh	325	160	170	58,735	29,875	28,865
China^{Census data footnote 59}	3,780	1,675	2,105	649,260	290,800	358,460
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	645	305	340	208,940	98,020	110,915
India	3,280	1,665	1,615	668,565	334,030	334,540
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	1,135	535	600	154,425	77,970	76,455
Iraq	2,735	1,375	1,355	68,485	34,785	33,705
Japan	190	65	125	27,240	7,955	19,285
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	2,065	980	1,085	123,305	57,170	66,140
Lebanon	1,735	900	835	88,745	47,295	41,450
Pakistan	1,530	770	765	202,260	103,225	99,035
Philippines	2,250	840	1,415	588,305	247,095	341,210
Sri Lanka	240	110	135	131,995	64,825	67,170
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	2,115	1,035	1,080	52,960	26,595	26,365
Taiwan	170	70	100	63,770	28,170	35,605
Viet Nam	1,620	720	900	169,250	78,000	91,250
Other places of birth in Asia	6,165	3,140	3,025	320,965	158,150	162,815
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	305	185	120	57,030	28,210	28,825
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	11,565	5,580	5,985	1,212,075	582,180	629,895
Americas	1,865	830	1,035	152,595	72,870	79,720
Brazil	40	25	15	8,500	4,000	4,490
Colombia	590	230	370	15,300	6,885	8,415
Cuba	65	30	35	5,370	2,545	2,820
Haiti	50	25	25	19,985	9,160	10,830
Jamaica	120	80	45	12,495	6,680	5,820
Mexico	100	35	60	18,660	9,090	9,575
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	455	225	230	33,060	16,480	16,580
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	75	30	45	6,425	2,990	3,435
Other places of birth in Americas	360	155	215	32,790	15,040	17,750
Europe	860	460	400	140,030	70,995	69,035
France	30	20	20	24,150	13,000	11,150
Germany	50	20	25	6,300	3,255	3,045
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	20	10	10	5,660	3,540	2,120
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	0	0	0	5,900	2,735	3,165
Romania	45	20	30	7,610	3,330	4,280
Russian Federation	70	20	45	11,565	4,485	7,080
Ukraine	85	35	55	13,425	6,015	7,410
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	225	150	80	24,445	14,235	10,215
Other places of birth in Europe	330	185	145	40,970	20,405	20,570
Africa	1,075	530	540	162,800	81,545	81,245
Algeria	15	0	10	17,175	8,440	8,735
Cameroon	60	30	35	10,265	5,005	5,255
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	70	40	25	7,400	3,570	3,835
Côte d'Ivoire	25	15	15	6,240	3,030	3,210
Egypt	295	155	145	16,115	8,445	7,665
Eritrea	65	50	20	6,050	3,195	2,855
Ethiopia	15	0	15	7,510	3,625	3,890
Morocco	10	0	0	15,105	7,470	7,635
Nigeria	75	35	35	17,285	8,850	8,435
Somalia	35	25	15	5,335	2,600	2,730
South Africa, Republic of	45	20	20	5,765	2,935	2,830
Tunisia	15	0	10	6,700	3,475	3,230
Other places of birth in Africa	355	155	205	41,855	20,905	20,950
Asia	7,720	3,735	3,985	748,700	352,095	396,610
Afghanistan	125	65	60	9,240	4,530	4,710
Bangladesh	95	55	45	12,900	6,445	6,460
China^{Census data footnote 59}	930	425	505	129,020	57,745	71,270
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	10	0	0	4,975	2,090	2,880
India	1,000	530	475	147,190	75,145	72,045
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	260	130	130	42,070	20,580	21,490
Iraq	915	435	475	20,665	10,345	10,320
Israel	20	10	10	4,740	2,615	2,130
Japan	50	20	25	4,905	1,250	3,655
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	395	205	190	21,710	9,630	12,075
Lebanon	195	90	100	9,375	4,980	4,400
Nepal	250	130	115	7,505	3,780	3,715
Pakistan	260	135	125	41,480	20,530	20,945
Philippines	535	205	335	188,810	83,050	105,760
Saudi Arabia	175	75	100	5,465	2,820	2,640
Sri Lanka	45	25	20	11,495	5,190	6,305
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	1,230	620	615	29,945	15,245	14,700
Taiwan	15	10	10	4,310	1,685	2,625
Turkey	75	35	40	4,255	2,365	1,890
United Arab Emirates	170	105	60	6,135	3,220	2,910
Viet Nam	65	15	55	11,210	4,500	6,705
Other places of birth in Asia	905	420	485	31,320	14,345	16,970
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	40	20	25	7,955	4,670	3,280
Australia	25	10	20	4,965	2,950	2,010
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	15	15	10	2,990	1,720	1,270
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	377,765	183,135	194,630	34,460,060	16,971,575	17,488,485
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	93,475	45,120	48,360	8,219,555	3,936,045	4,283,505
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	80,125	39,430	40,695	6,100,725	3,053,075	3,047,650
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	204,165	98,585	105,575	20,139,790	9,982,460	10,157,330
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	57,775	27,675	30,105	5,703,615	2,709,530	2,994,085
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	23,900	11,955	11,945	2,994,130	1,496,240	1,497,885
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	8,160	5,500	2,660	1,220,755	755,370	465,380
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	15,740	6,455	9,285	1,773,380	740,870	1,032,510
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	13,870	5,390	8,485	1,782,490	728,085	1,054,400
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	19,470	10,085	9,385	858,845	453,675	405,175
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	530	245	290	68,145	31,530	36,615
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	377,765	183,140	194,625	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	9,755	4,460	5,300	1,673,785	813,520	860,265
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	9,430	4,305	5,120	1,629,805	792,970	836,835
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	7,075	3,155	3,925	977,235	471,510	505,725
Métis	2,275	1,100	1,175	587,545	289,435	298,115
Inuk (Inuit)	80	55	25	65,030	32,030	32,995
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	65	30	35	21,310	10,165	11,145
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	265	125	135	22,670	10,385	12,290
Non-Aboriginal identity	368,010	178,675	189,330	32,786,280	16,158,060	16,628,225
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	377,770	183,140	194,630	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	4,690	1,995	2,695	820,120	395,670	424,445
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	373,080	181,145	191,940	33,639,945	16,575,905	17,064,040
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	377,770	183,140	194,625	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,490
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	2,605	1,165	1,440	727,790	356,970	370,815
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	2,595	1,160	1,435	709,235	347,985	361,245
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	2,330	1,010	1,325	573,215	280,040	293,180
Métis single ancestry	235	135	100	91,255	45,740	45,515
Inuit single ancestry	30	20	10	44,765	22,210	22,555
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	15	10	10	18,555	8,985	9,565
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	15	0	10	15,140	7,305	7,835
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	0	0	0	2,470	1,205	1,265
Métis and Inuit ancestries	0	0	0	770	390	380
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	0	0	0	170	85	85
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	11,575	5,295	6,280	1,402,735	669,710	733,025
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	11,450	5,245	6,210	1,347,610	644,210	703,400
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	8,940	4,060	4,880	881,455	418,215	463,235
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	2,380	1,095	1,285	441,000	213,940	227,065
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	135	85	50	25,155	12,045	13,105
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	120	50	65	55,125	25,505	29,625
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	95	35	60	49,325	22,740	26,585
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	20	15	10	3,470	1,655	1,815
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	0	0	0	2,005	940	1,065
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	0	0	0	325	170	160
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	363,580	176,675	186,910	32,329,545	15,944,900	16,384,645
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	377,765	183,140	194,630	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	74,735	36,900	37,830	7,674,580	3,725,090	3,949,495
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	11,560	5,880	5,685	1,924,635	977,690	946,945
Chinese	10,350	4,885	5,465	1,577,060	746,400	830,665
Black	11,290	5,775	5,520	1,198,540	580,070	618,475
Filipino	3,475	1,465	2,005	780,125	341,800	438,330
Latin American	9,035	4,350	4,685	447,325	215,460	231,860
Arab	13,580	7,055	6,525	523,235	276,425	246,810
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	4,380	2,110	2,265	313,260	148,880	164,385
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	3,215	1,540	1,675	264,305	133,475	130,825
Korean	3,260	1,550	1,710	188,710	89,110	99,600
Japanese	635	290	350	92,920	40,105	52,815
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	1,695	890	800	132,090	62,540	69,550
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	2,255	1,100	1,150	232,375	113,140	119,230
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	303,035	146,235	156,800	26,785,480	13,246,485	13,539,000
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	377,765	183,140	194,625	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485
North American Aboriginal origins	14,185	6,460	7,715	2,130,520	1,026,675	1,103,840
First Nations (North American Indian)	11,400	5,130	6,275	1,525,570	731,410	794,155
Inuit	185	125	65	79,130	38,695	40,435
Métis	2,725	1,275	1,455	599,995	291,310	308,690
Other North American origins	101,235	48,850	52,390	11,628,535	5,745,695	5,882,835
Acadian	415	195	215	119,675	57,805	61,865
American	4,695	2,290	2,405	377,405	182,690	194,715
Canadian	97,880	47,150	50,735	11,135,965	5,501,595	5,634,370
New Brunswicker	10	10	10	1,490	800	685
Newfoundlander	260	130	135	22,215	11,420	10,800
Nova Scotian	15	0	0	3,700	1,770	1,930
Ontarian	30	20	15	3,925	1,980	1,945
Québécois	70	30	40	194,560	99,320	95,235
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	0	0	10	1,895	950	945
European origins	264,765	127,245	137,520	19,683,320	9,687,715	9,995,605
British Isles origins	179,815	85,960	93,855	11,211,850	5,474,735	5,737,115
Channel Islander	10	0	15	3,595	1,740	1,855
Cornish	25	15	10	1,975	995	975
English	107,605	50,845	56,760	6,320,085	3,069,515	3,250,570
Irish	75,165	34,850	40,315	4,627,000	2,195,620	2,431,385
Manx	110	85	25	6,125	3,090	3,040
Scottish	79,135	37,695	41,440	4,799,005	2,323,390	2,475,620
Welsh	7,370	3,505	3,870	474,805	226,600	248,210
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	12,805	5,890	6,915	644,695	307,090	337,610
French origins	36,045	16,655	19,385	4,680,820	2,283,480	2,397,340
Alsatian	45	10	30	2,800	1,300	1,495
Breton	0	0	10	11,845	5,765	6,080
Corsican	0	10	0	1,750	950	805
French	36,005	16,650	19,360	4,670,595	2,278,430	2,392,165
Western European origins (except French origins)	69,235	33,100	36,140	4,600,855	2,258,095	2,342,760
Austrian	2,000	1,015	990	207,050	100,775	106,275
Bavarian	20	20	0	940	485	455
Belgian	3,250	1,490	1,755	186,665	91,395	95,270
Dutch	23,750	11,445	12,305	1,111,655	546,565	565,090
Flemish	300	155	150	11,685	5,730	5,960
Frisian	65	25	35	4,590	2,395	2,195
German	43,960	21,065	22,895	3,322,405	1,626,785	1,695,615
Luxembourger	15	10	10	3,915	2,025	1,890
Swiss	1,500	645	855	155,120	76,935	78,185
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	25	25	10	3,365	1,645	1,720
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	8,070	3,725	4,340	1,201,320	579,005	622,315
Danish	2,200	1,080	1,120	207,470	100,660	106,810
Finnish	1,385	570	815	143,645	69,045	74,600
Icelandic	310	160	150	101,795	49,875	51,915
Norwegian	1,985	925	1,060	463,275	223,075	240,200
Swedish	2,120	935	1,185	349,645	163,545	186,095
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	610	265	350	52,780	26,965	25,820
Eastern European origins	39,700	19,295	20,410	3,431,245	1,666,740	1,764,505
Bulgarian	310	110	200	34,565	16,935	17,625
Byelorussian	490	245	250	20,710	10,190	10,515
Czech	1,525	760	760	104,580	51,555	53,030
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	440	225	215	40,715	19,235	21,480
Estonian	270	140	130	24,530	11,715	12,815
Hungarian	6,170	3,090	3,080	348,085	170,040	178,045
Latvian	370	165	205	30,725	14,920	15,805
Lithuanian	990	495	500	59,285	28,745	30,535
Moldovan	25	10	15	14,915	7,265	7,650
Polish	16,755	8,105	8,650	1,106,585	533,830	572,750
Romanian	2,555	1,220	1,340	238,050	114,705	123,345
Russian	4,610	2,215	2,395	622,445	297,600	324,850
Slovak	1,330	670	660	72,285	35,360	36,925
Ukrainian	10,070	4,860	5,210	1,359,655	663,560	696,095
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	120	60	55	20,415	9,895	10,520
Southern European origins	45,595	22,625	22,965	3,012,375	1,494,605	1,517,775
Albanian	1,195	600	590	36,185	18,385	17,800
Bosnian	1,105	605	500	26,740	13,320	13,420
Catalan	20	15	0	1,280	740	535
Croatian	2,385	1,215	1,170	133,970	67,825	66,140
Cypriot	130	45	80	5,650	2,850	2,795
Greek	4,835	2,390	2,440	271,410	137,405	134,005
Italian	18,840	9,365	9,465	1,587,965	794,525	793,445
Kosovar	195	105	85	2,865	1,470	1,395
Macedonian	425	210	215	43,110	21,650	21,460
Maltese	1,440	720	715	41,920	20,955	20,965
Montenegrin	75	35	40	4,160	2,180	1,985
Portuguese	9,855	4,930	4,930	482,605	239,360	243,250
Serbian	1,825	925	900	96,530	49,095	47,440
Sicilian	110	45	65	6,940	3,500	3,435
Slovenian	830	440	395	40,470	20,105	20,365
Spanish	4,735	2,155	2,580	396,460	184,520	211,945
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	905	430	480	38,480	18,620	19,860
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	45	30	15	2,170	1,030	1,135
Other European origins	1,930	950	975	226,695	115,110	111,580
Basque	35	15	25	6,965	3,690	3,275
Jewish	1,040	475	565	143,660	72,625	71,035
Roma (Gypsy)	50	20	30	4,630	2,195	2,440
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	80	55	20	4,870	2,560	2,310
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	725	390	340	67,890	34,730	33,160
Caribbean origins	6,770	3,455	3,315	749,155	349,810	399,345
Antiguan	20	0	15	4,500	2,115	2,385
Bahamian	125	60	60	3,675	1,915	1,760
Barbadian	615	350	265	37,780	17,745	20,035
Bermudan	60	25	30	3,075	1,435	1,640
Carib	15	0	10	3,030	1,175	1,860
Cuban	365	180	185	29,065	13,800	15,270
Dominican	175	80	95	23,130	11,000	12,125
Grenadian	175	85	85	17,915	7,835	10,080
Guadeloupean	0	0	0	1,125	515	605
Haitian	210	120	85	165,095	76,460	88,635
Jamaican	3,605	1,840	1,770	309,485	145,080	164,410
Kittitian/Nevisian	10	0	10	2,915	1,460	1,460
Martinican	0	0	0	2,010	900	1,110
Montserratan	0	0	0	930	460	470
Puerto Rican	20	15	0	3,405	1,645	1,765
St. Lucian	70	35	30	8,985	4,095	4,890
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	930	495	435	78,965	37,325	41,635
Vincentian/Grenadinian	55	35	25	17,420	7,475	9,945
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	480	205	275	70,270	31,625	38,645
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	235	120	115	26,830	12,520	14,310
Latin, Central and South American origins	11,325	5,475	5,850	674,640	325,210	349,430
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	325	155	160	22,725	10,875	11,850
Arawak	0	0	0	1,440	610	830
Argentinian	175	85	95	20,680	10,130	10,545
Belizean	40	20	15	1,755	915	845
Bolivian	20	0	15	5,055	2,480	2,580
Brazilian	340	175	160	36,830	17,380	19,455
Chilean	335	155	180	45,190	22,280	22,910
Colombian	4,185	1,960	2,220	96,325	45,590	50,735
Costa Rican	50	25	25	5,535	2,680	2,855
Ecuadorian	75	45	25	25,405	11,995	13,415
Guatemalan	335	180	155	26,275	13,360	12,915
Guyanese	830	380	445	84,275	39,530	44,745
Hispanic	295	130	165	11,055	5,380	5,670
Honduran	170	80	90	10,650	5,235	5,415
Maya	110	70	45	6,285	3,350	2,940
Mexican	1,155	540	615	128,485	62,890	65,595
Nicaraguan	515	270	245	13,705	6,650	7,055
Panamanian	35	25	10	4,700	2,210	2,495
Paraguayan	10	10	0	4,325	2,165	2,160
Peruvian	235	120	110	42,145	19,645	22,505
Salvadorean	1,940	960	990	66,220	32,960	33,255
Uruguayan	20	0	15	6,795	3,390	3,410
Venezuelan	285	130	160	26,345	12,220	14,125
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	435	230	200	28,455	13,930	14,525
African origins	10,110	5,270	4,835	1,067,930	539,805	528,120
Central and West African origins	1,470	745	725	230,110	118,040	112,070
Akan	0	0	0	1,955	1,090	870
Angolan	50	30	20	2,960	1,475	1,480
Ashanti	25	0	20	1,585	855	735
Beninese	0	0	0	4,995	2,670	2,320
Burkinabe	0	0	0	3,150	1,665	1,485
Cameroonian	100	45	55	24,615	12,390	12,230
Chadian	0	0	0	1,845	955	885
Congolese	215	110	105	38,365	18,925	19,440
Edo	0	0	0	1,945	1,095	855
Ewe	0	0	0	845	470	375
Gabonese	0	0	0	1,405	660	750
Gambian	0	0	0	975	495	475
Ghanaian	340	175	165	35,495	17,720	17,770
Guinean	15	0	0	7,240	3,785	3,455
Ibo	35	20	10	5,315	2,850	2,470
Ivorian	20	0	15	10,935	5,485	5,450
Liberian	105	45	60	2,485	1,130	1,360
Malian	0	0	0	4,490	2,280	2,210
Malinké	15	10	15	1,125	585	535
Nigerian	435	225	205	51,835	27,025	24,805
Peulh	0	0	0	2,435	1,270	1,170
Senegalese	0	10	0	10,175	5,500	4,670
Sierra Leonean	10	0	10	2,620	1,330	1,295
Togolese	0	0	0	5,300	2,870	2,430
Wolof	0	0	0	840	495	345
Yoruba	105	50	60	9,585	5,075	4,515
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	75	45	30	15,380	7,940	7,445
North African origins	3,190	1,785	1,400	355,045	185,775	169,270
Algerian	90	45	50	67,335	34,755	32,580
Berber	30	15	15	37,060	19,685	17,375
Coptic	50	30	25	3,535	1,860	1,680
Dinka	80	30	45	900	500	400
Egyptian	1,715	955	760	99,140	51,730	47,410
Libyan	250	130	120	7,740	4,135	3,605
Maure	0	0	0	1,190	655	535
Moroccan	90	30	60	103,940	54,005	49,945
Sudanese	810	490	325	19,960	10,315	9,645
Tunisian	85	45	35	25,645	13,985	11,665
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	75	50	25	6,115	3,320	2,795
Southern and East African origins	3,135	1,535	1,605	260,145	128,325	131,815
Afrikaner	0	0	0	1,870	955	915
Amhara	30	10	20	1,530	815	715
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	45	25	20	3,965	2,175	1,785
Burundian	70	40	30	10,990	5,405	5,580
Djiboutian	50	25	25	1,710	790	920
Eritrean	570	295	270	25,255	12,830	12,430
Ethiopian	620	285	340	44,065	21,680	22,385
Harari	0	0	0	665	355	305
Kenyan	125	60	65	10,915	5,230	5,685
Malagasy	0	0	0	4,500	2,175	2,325
Mauritian	25	20	10	9,325	4,655	4,665
Oromo	25	0	25	3,350	1,745	1,605
Rwandan	90	30	65	10,775	5,065	5,705
Seychellois	10	0	10	1,285	575	710
Somali	600	280	315	62,550	30,215	32,330
South African	535	280	255	41,375	20,575	20,800
Tanzanian	20	10	10	4,710	2,400	2,310
Tigrian	25	15	10	2,155	1,160	995
Ugandan	115	55	55	5,705	2,875	2,830
Zambian	15	0	10	1,860	935	920
Zimbabwean	95	45	45	8,090	3,975	4,110
Zulu	20	10	10	945	475	475
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	250	115	135	17,305	8,445	8,860
Other African origins	2,465	1,280	1,180	239,560	116,400	123,165
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	375	205	180	30,385	14,015	16,370
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	2,095	1,085	1,005	212,005	103,790	108,215
Asian origins	55,905	27,230	28,670	6,095,235	2,958,120	3,137,115
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	20,525	10,380	10,145	1,011,145	518,170	492,980
Afghan	860	415	445	83,995	42,320	41,675
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	2,640	1,370	1,270	111,400	58,930	52,475
Armenian	285	125	160	63,810	31,505	32,305
Assyrian	1,065	545	520	13,835	7,115	6,720
Azerbaijani	70	30	40	6,425	3,230	3,200
Georgian	0	0	10	4,775	2,430	2,345
Hazara	15	10	0	1,515	810	705
Iranian	1,785	880	900	210,405	106,565	103,840
Iraqi	2,510	1,270	1,240	70,925	35,965	34,955
Israeli	145	85	65	28,735	15,065	13,675
Jordanian	620	330	290	14,250	7,520	6,735
Kazakh	20	15	10	3,330	1,615	1,710
Kurd	985	520	465	16,315	8,810	7,515
Kuwaiti	20	10	10	2,235	1,185	1,055
Kyrgyz	0	0	0	1,060	510	550
Lebanese	4,715	2,395	2,315	219,555	112,970	106,590
Palestinian	2,340	1,140	1,195	44,820	23,900	20,920
Pashtun	35	15	20	4,810	2,565	2,245
Saudi Arabian	310	170	140	6,810	3,935	2,880
Syrian	2,270	1,100	1,165	77,045	38,445	38,600
Tajik	40	25	15	2,905	1,410	1,495
Tatar	30	15	15	4,825	2,155	2,670
Turk	1,025	530	505	63,955	32,855	31,100
Turkmen	50	35	15	1,040	540	500
Uighur	55	35	20	1,555	775	785
Uzbek	40	25	15	3,920	1,920	2,000
Yemeni	75	30	45	6,645	3,335	3,305
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	975	530	445	25,280	13,180	12,100
South Asian origins	11,895	5,990	5,910	1,963,330	993,595	969,735
Bangladeshi	275	140	140	45,940	23,645	22,300
Bengali	200	80	120	22,900	11,730	11,180
Bhutanese	515	225	295	3,600	1,765	1,835
East Indian	8,110	4,130	3,980	1,374,710	694,990	679,720
Goan	65	35	30	6,070	2,915	3,155
Gujarati	10	10	10	8,350	4,305	4,050
Kashmiri	20	10	10	3,115	1,605	1,510
Nepali	415	225	190	17,140	8,715	8,420
Pakistani	1,765	895	865	215,555	110,420	105,140
Punjabi	300	155	145	118,400	61,155	57,240
Sinhalese	95	45	50	7,285	3,605	3,685
Sri Lankan	350	155	190	152,595	75,010	77,585
Tamil	115	60	55	48,670	24,845	23,825
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	585	280	300	76,400	38,815	37,585
East and Southeast Asian origins	23,945	11,080	12,865	3,163,360	1,467,205	1,696,155
Burmese	180	100	80	9,335	4,535	4,795
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,455	715	740	38,490	18,515	19,980
Chinese	11,950	5,520	6,425	1,769,195	836,150	933,045
Filipino	3,990	1,720	2,265	837,130	369,105	468,025
Hmong	0	0	0	805	420	390
Indonesian	245	130	115	21,390	9,950	11,440
Japanese	800	365	445	121,485	53,415	68,070
Karen	110	55	55	4,510	2,275	2,240
Korean	3,315	1,575	1,740	198,210	93,680	104,525
Laotian	260	145	120	24,580	12,190	12,390
Malaysian	85	25	55	16,920	7,735	9,185
Mongolian	85	50	35	7,480	3,560	3,915
Singaporean	10	0	10	2,850	1,325	1,520
Taiwanese	115	60	60	36,510	16,570	19,945
Thai	195	95	100	19,010	7,330	11,680
Tibetan	20	10	10	8,040	4,055	3,985
Vietnamese	2,740	1,245	1,500	240,615	115,935	124,680
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	70	30	40	6,500	3,150	3,355
Other Asian origins	235	120	120	22,745	11,280	11,460
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	235	115	115	22,740	11,280	11,460
Oceania origins	595	285	315	85,470	43,030	42,440
Australian	350	190	165	42,315	21,710	20,605
New Zealander	155	50	105	15,395	8,065	7,330
Pacific Islands origins	90	45	45	29,485	14,240	15,250
Fijian	30	10	20	19,375	9,280	10,090
Hawaiian	0	0	0	3,295	1,500	1,795
Maori	25	15	10	2,500	1,310	1,195
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	0	0	0	1,530	725	805
Samoan	10	0	0	1,100	625	475
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	30	15	15	2,335	1,145	1,185
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	162,895	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
Owner	98,075	...	...	9,541,320	...	...
Renter	64,820	...	...	4,474,530	...	...
Band housing	0	...	...	56,230	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	162,895	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
Condominium	24,220	...	...	1,874,840	...	...
Not condominium	138,670	...	...	12,197,240	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	162,895	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
No bedrooms	610	...	...	93,345	...	...
1 bedroom	25,015	...	...	1,925,015	...	...
2 bedrooms	41,385	...	...	3,547,090	...	...
3 bedrooms	59,850	...	...	4,836,485	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	36,040	...	...	3,670,145	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	162,895	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	44,670	...	...	4,068,915	...	...
5 rooms	21,820	...	...	2,177,045	...	...
6 rooms	23,625	...	...	1,981,585	...	...
7 rooms	21,815	...	...	1,790,180	...	...
8 or more rooms	50,960	...	...	4,054,355	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	162,890	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
One person or fewer per room	160,690	...	...	13,802,060	...	...
More than 1 person per room	2,205	...	...	270,020	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	162,895	...	...	14,072,075	...	...
Suitable	155,620	...	...	13,376,345	...	...
Not suitable	7,275	...	...	695,730	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	162,895	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
1960 or before	40,010	...	...	3,126,380	...	...
1961 to 1980	51,285	...	...	4,185,510	...	...
1981 to 1990	24,310	...	...	1,977,640	...	...
1991 to 2000	18,000	...	...	1,746,390	...	...
2001 to 2005	9,910	...	...	976,390	...	...
2006 to 2010	11,065	...	...	1,089,750	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	8,310	...	...	970,015	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	162,895	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	153,505	...	...	13,151,600	...	...
Major repairs needed	9,390	...	...	920,480	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	162,895	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
1 household maintainer	98,565	...	...	8,324,865	...	...
2 household maintainers	60,695	...	...	5,404,800	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	3,630	...	...	342,415	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	162,890	...	...	14,072,080	...	...
15 to 24 years	8,435	...	...	437,230	...	...
25 to 34 years	26,225	...	...	1,991,685	...	...
35 to 44 years	25,985	...	...	2,414,920	...	...
45 to 54 years	31,640	...	...	2,862,870	...	...
55 to 64 years	30,780	...	...	2,859,315	...	...
65 to 74 years	21,940	...	...	2,034,220	...	...
75 to 84 years	12,895	...	...	1,084,700	...	...
85 years and over	4,990	...	...	387,135	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	162,720	...	...	13,798,305	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	118,195	...	...	10,472,355	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	44,520	...	...	3,325,950	...	...
30% to less than 100%	37,940	...	...	2,861,615	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	98,065	...	...	9,368,330	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	62.0	...	...	60.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	14.8	...	...	16.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,120	...	...	1,130	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,223	...	...	1,313	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	259,927	...	...	341,556	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	296,305	...	...	443,058	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	64,820	...	...	4,452,850	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	11.5	...	...	13.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	46.4	...	...	40.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	875	...	...	910	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	940	...	...	1,002	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	315,875	151,550	164,325	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,580
No certificate, diploma or degree	51,630	25,585	26,040	5,239,575	2,667,995	2,571,585
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	88,360	44,510	43,855	7,576,400	3,686,630	3,889,770
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	175,885	81,450	94,435	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,230
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	17,630	11,985	5,645	2,800,260	1,906,610	893,650
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	9,000	5,315	3,690	1,549,880	880,365	669,515
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	8,630	6,675	1,955	1,250,385	1,026,250	224,140
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	72,700	30,650	42,055	5,553,825	2,326,940	3,226,890
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,505	2,510	3,000	813,335	331,940	481,395
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	80,045	36,310	43,735	6,659,615	3,070,315	3,589,300
Bachelor's degree	50,420	21,530	28,885	4,443,835	1,967,905	2,475,935
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,445	2,300	3,145	462,295	203,725	258,570
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,435	1,890	1,545	190,925	102,530	88,395
Master's degree	15,920	7,445	8,475	1,331,045	651,510	679,535
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	4,830	3,145	1,680	231,510	144,640	86,870
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	203,730	98,030	105,705	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830
No certificate, diploma or degree	20,195	10,720	9,480	2,169,790	1,200,110	969,685
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	49,550	26,270	23,275	4,494,585	2,247,020	2,247,565
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	133,985	61,040	72,945	12,267,005	5,821,425	6,445,580
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	11,790	7,955	3,835	2,042,430	1,377,775	664,650
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	6,220	3,675	2,545	1,145,035	639,785	505,250
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	5,565	4,275	1,290	897,390	737,990	159,405
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	55,965	24,035	31,930	4,241,985	1,786,065	2,455,920
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,800	1,730	2,075	580,885	240,040	340,850
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	62,430	27,325	35,105	5,401,705	2,417,555	2,984,155
Bachelor's degree	38,640	16,145	22,495	3,590,080	1,562,160	2,027,925
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,090	1,615	2,470	362,455	151,205	211,250
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,790	1,380	1,405	153,290	74,440	78,855
Master's degree	13,055	5,800	7,255	1,120,190	527,335	592,850
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	3,855	2,380	1,480	175,685	102,415	73,275
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	315,875	151,545	164,325	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	139,990	70,095	69,890	12,815,980	6,354,625	6,461,350
Education	10,060	2,550	7,510	1,060,095	251,290	808,800
13. Education	10,065	2,555	7,505	1,060,095	251,290	808,805
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,210	3,375	3,830	596,230	268,050	328,180
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,385	1,090	290	99,020	72,865	26,150
50. Visual and performing arts	5,825	2,285	3,540	497,210	195,185	302,025
Humanities	11,655	4,685	6,970	850,840	330,490	520,345
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	880	220	660	98,000	22,100	75,900
23. English language and literature/letters	3,335	1,015	2,325	178,590	52,785	125,810
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,400	950	1,450	275,525	104,135	171,390
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	95	20	75	4,160	1,640	2,520
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,005	545	455	51,930	30,185	21,750
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,120	655	460	77,490	46,285	31,200
54. History	2,080	1,160	925	111,465	59,965	51,500
55. French language and literature/letters	745	125	620	53,680	13,400	40,290
Social and behavioural sciences and law	24,810	8,175	16,630	1,761,900	586,455	1,175,445
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	240	30	210	24,685	5,660	19,025
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,665	750	915	182,275	68,030	114,245
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,860	395	4,465	324,660	26,065	298,595
22. Legal professions and studies	3,620	1,115	2,505	289,600	102,660	186,945
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	425	130	300	35,445	8,150	27,295
42. Psychology	4,130	1,025	3,110	281,470	71,230	210,230
45. Social sciences	9,860	4,740	5,120	623,775	304,660	319,110
Business, management and public administration	33,190	13,690	19,500	3,360,045	1,272,475	2,087,565
30.16 Accounting and computer science	90	30	65	6,190	1,850	4,340
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,675	715	2,955	237,835	48,815	189,015
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	29,425	12,940	16,485	3,116,025	1,221,805	1,894,215
Physical and life sciences and technologies	7,705	3,830	3,875	614,280	315,665	298,615
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,795	1,730	2,060	249,955	105,560	144,400
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,340	600	740	125,600	61,685	63,915
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	110	30	85	28,155	12,625	15,530
40. Physical sciences	2,100	1,360	745	179,305	122,815	56,485
41. Science technologies/technicians	355	110	245	31,270	12,980	18,290
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	7,730	5,045	2,685	651,480	420,370	231,110
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,630	4,120	1,510	514,685	356,435	158,250
25. Library science	845	185	665	40,820	6,495	34,320
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,170	700	465	86,655	50,930	35,725
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	80	40	45	9,325	6,510	2,815
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	29,605	26,930	2,675	3,327,405	3,022,700	304,700
04. Architecture and related services	1,200	850	360	114,315	72,880	41,435
14. Engineering	6,945	5,650	1,300	752,465	615,880	136,585
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	6,795	6,195	595	620,065	551,855	68,205
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	410	85	325
46. Construction trades	5,430	5,290	140	702,155	682,710	19,445
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,665	5,540	125	731,135	709,430	21,705
48. Precision production	3,565	3,405	155	406,855	389,850	17,005
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,400	1,480	925	339,050	219,040	120,010
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	1,635	1,005	630	205,930	127,925	78,005
03. Natural resources and conservation	760	475	290	133,120	91,115	42,005
Health and related fields	31,815	7,120	24,700	2,266,720	441,180	1,825,545
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	2,830	1,490	1,345	164,295	81,260	83,040
51. Health professions and related programs	27,755	4,950	22,800	2,047,680	329,010	1,718,670
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	1,230	680	550	54,740	30,910	23,830
Personal, protective and transportation services	9,685	4,565	5,115	995,825	507,200	488,630
12. Personal and culinary services	5,545	1,415	4,130	565,555	151,530	414,025
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	30	30	0	3,505	3,080	420
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	50	45	10	7,900	7,230	670
43. Security and protective services	2,765	1,910	860	206,745	150,540	56,205
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,290	1,165	125	212,125	194,810	17,315
Other	25	10	20	3,170	885	2,280
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	25	10	20	3,170	890	2,280
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	203,730	98,025	105,700	18,931,385	9,268,555	9,662,825
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	69,750	36,990	32,760	6,664,380	3,447,130	3,217,250
Education	6,720	1,560	5,160	727,515	160,315	567,205
13. Education	6,725	1,560	5,160	727,515	160,315	567,200
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,605	2,615	2,990	467,905	208,365	259,545
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,015	775	235	74,530	53,995	20,535
50. Visual and performing arts	4,590	1,835	2,755	393,375	154,370	239,005
Humanities	8,520	3,300	5,220	614,815	232,425	382,390
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	660	165	495	76,540	16,200	60,340
23. English language and literature/letters	2,470	685	1,785	133,800	38,310	95,485
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,665	650	1,020	191,005	71,770	119,235
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	75	20	60	3,140	1,250	1,895
38. Philosophy and religious studies	805	430	370	37,870	21,930	15,940
39. Theology and religious vocations	760	440	320	52,295	31,200	21,090
54. History	1,565	845	720	82,565	43,475	39,085
55. French language and literature/letters	515	60	455	37,600	8,285	29,315
Social and behavioural sciences and law	19,460	6,275	13,190	1,417,625	453,100	964,525
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	215	25	185	20,300	4,595	15,705
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,340	585	755	152,080	56,125	95,955
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,800	320	3,480	259,845	19,160	240,685
22. Legal professions and studies	3,085	810	2,270	241,170	76,720	164,445
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	350	105	245	27,310	6,390	20,920
42. Psychology	3,090	745	2,350	218,470	51,570	166,900
45. Social sciences	7,580	3,680	3,895	498,450	238,540	259,915
Business, management and public administration	25,780	10,320	15,455	2,696,770	1,000,895	1,695,875
30.16 Accounting and computer science	80	20	60	4,955	1,480	3,475
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,970	530	2,440	192,190	36,890	155,305
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	22,735	9,770	12,965	2,499,625	962,530	1,537,095
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,805	2,760	3,050	449,870	222,120	227,755
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,950	1,275	1,675	195,830	79,945	115,880
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	955	415	540	89,205	42,265	46,945
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	100	25	75	9,280	3,850	5,430
40. Physical sciences	1,565	975	590	132,935	87,025	45,905
41. Science technologies/technicians	245	75	170	22,625	9,035	13,590
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,535	4,275	2,260	567,415	368,840	198,575
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,955	3,610	1,340	464,000	321,805	142,190
25. Library science	650	135	515	29,955	4,870	25,080
27. Mathematics and statistics	860	495	360	65,620	36,895	28,725
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	75	30	45	7,840	5,270	2,575
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	22,155	19,940	2,215	2,532,555	2,271,735	260,820
04. Architecture and related services	1,030	735	295	93,135	57,280	35,850
14. Engineering	5,380	4,285	1,095	612,265	490,980	121,285
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	5,250	4,745	505	475,045	418,595	56,450
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	350	70	275
46. Construction trades	3,815	3,720	95	515,630	499,670	15,960
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	4,130	4,035	100	540,800	523,425	17,375
48. Precision production	2,550	2,420	130	295,335	281,715	13,620
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,875	1,115	765	269,445	167,680	101,770
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	1,270	745	520	159,975	94,680	65,295
03. Natural resources and conservation	605	365	240	109,470	73,000	36,470
Health and related fields	24,115	5,365	18,750	1,749,545	342,395	1,407,145
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	2,145	1,110	1,030	129,560	63,315	66,245
51. Health professions and related programs	20,965	3,755	17,210	1,576,945	256,895	1,320,050
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	1,010	500	505	43,040	22,185	20,860
Personal, protective and transportation services	7,385	3,510	3,870	770,950	392,820	378,135
12. Personal and culinary services	4,065	1,040	3,025	431,415	114,395	317,025
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	25	20	0	2,725	2,355	375
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30	25	0	4,425	3,975	445
43. Security and protective services	2,255	1,515	735	162,995	116,750	46,240
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,005	905	100	169,400	155,340	14,050
Other	30	10	15	2,590	745	1,845
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	25	10	15	2,585	740	1,845
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	315,875	151,550	164,325	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,585
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	139,990	70,095	69,895	12,815,975	6,354,625	6,461,350
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	175,885	81,455	94,430	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,235
Location of study inside Canada	148,775	67,755	81,020	13,117,190	6,299,305	6,817,890
Same as province or territory of residence	140,390	63,815	76,580	11,519,215	5,503,640	6,015,575
Different than province or territory of residence	8,380	3,940	4,440	1,597,975	795,655	802,315
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	27,115	13,695	13,415	2,709,850	1,336,505	1,373,345
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	4,465	2,460	2,010	349,540	189,995	159,545
Philippines	1,095	355	745	298,830	109,820	189,020
India	2,220	1,180	1,035	281,415	142,410	138,995
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	2,895	1,665	1,230	232,035	131,050	100,980
China^{Census data footnote 162}	1,665	720	945	205,375	94,690	110,685
France	160	95	70	88,860	50,400	38,455
Other	14,615	7,225	7,385	1,253,790	618,135	635,655
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	203,730	98,030	105,700	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	69,745	36,990	32,760	6,664,380	3,447,125	3,217,250
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	133,985	61,040	72,945	12,267,005	5,821,430	6,445,575
Location of study inside Canada	113,750	51,395	62,355	10,134,590	4,807,045	5,327,545
Same as province or territory of residence	107,885	48,595	59,295	8,918,160	4,207,495	4,710,665
Different than province or territory of residence	5,865	2,800	3,065	1,216,425	599,545	616,875
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	20,230	9,645	10,590	2,132,415	1,014,385	1,118,030
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	3,275	1,715	1,555	254,245	131,955	122,290
Philippines	920	295	625	263,095	96,025	167,065
India	1,670	810	860	239,535	117,445	122,090
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	1,390	770	620	133,655	73,575	60,085
China^{Census data footnote 162}	1,370	590	775	175,825	79,635	96,190
France	115	70	50	72,920	40,610	32,310
Other	11,500	5,395	6,100	993,135	475,145	517,990
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	315,875	151,545	164,325	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,585
In the labour force	199,705	101,660	98,045	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,645
Employed	183,900	93,170	90,725	17,230,040	8,923,540	8,306,490
Unemployed	15,810	8,490	7,320	1,442,435	808,285	634,150
Not in the labour force	116,170	49,885	66,280	9,970,545	4,258,605	5,711,945
Participation rate	63.2	67.1	59.7	65.2	69.6	61.0
Employment rate	58.2	61.5	55.2	60.2	63.8	56.7
Unemployment rate	7.9	8.4	7.5	7.7	8.3	7.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	315,875	151,550	164,325	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,580
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	110,805	47,870	62,935	9,282,005	3,930,570	5,351,440
Worked	205,065	103,680	101,390	19,361,010	10,059,865	9,301,150
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	105,310	57,240	48,075	9,626,010	5,402,110	4,223,895
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	99,755	46,440	53,315	9,735,005	4,657,755	5,077,245
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.9	43.3	42.5	42.4	42.9	42.0
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	199,705	101,660	98,045	18,672,470	9,731,825	8,940,640
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	5,325	2,715	2,610	404,350	197,705	206,640
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	194,380	98,950	95,430	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000
Employee	175,190	86,855	88,340	16,073,685	8,158,745	7,914,940
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	19,190	12,095	7,095	2,194,440	1,375,380	819,060
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	199,705	101,660	98,045	18,672,470	9,731,830	8,940,645
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	5,325	2,710	2,610	404,350	197,710	206,640
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	194,385	98,945	95,435	18,268,120	9,534,120	8,734,005
0 Management occupations	18,510	10,920	7,590	2,013,370	1,251,165	762,205
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	28,620	8,720	19,900	2,874,305	862,870	2,011,440
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	11,945	9,365	2,580	1,273,660	990,560	283,105
3 Health occupations	16,830	3,910	12,920	1,245,885	244,730	1,001,155
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	26,315	8,870	17,440	2,138,445	672,945	1,465,495
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,650	2,640	3,010	557,275	255,705	301,570
6 Sales and service occupations	49,760	22,110	27,645	4,265,895	1,843,510	2,422,390
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	24,075	22,715	1,360	2,668,875	2,504,290	164,585
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,150	1,755	395	416,135	331,920	84,215
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	10,525	7,940	2,580	814,285	576,435	237,845
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	199,710	101,660	98,045	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,640
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	5,325	2,715	2,615	404,350	197,710	206,640
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	194,380	98,950	95,430	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	950	590	360	444,680	310,000	134,675
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	260	230	25	271,300	219,880	51,420
22 Utilities	970	725	240	136,350	100,135	36,210
23 Construction	11,770	10,545	1,225	1,365,010	1,196,550	168,455
31-33 Manufacturing	19,280	14,515	4,770	1,596,570	1,149,745	446,820
41 Wholesale trade	6,215	4,415	1,800	665,685	451,230	214,455
44-45 Retail trade	22,985	10,985	11,995	2,110,200	984,090	1,126,115
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	7,675	6,075	1,600	876,050	656,375	219,670
51 Information and cultural industries	3,675	1,920	1,755	420,350	243,650	176,705
52 Finance and insurance	11,445	4,730	6,710	790,580	327,865	462,715
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	3,640	1,975	1,665	333,305	184,350	148,955
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	12,905	7,175	5,725	1,335,125	740,520	594,605
55 Management of companies and enterprises	155	60	90	28,795	12,795	16,000
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	10,045	5,790	4,255	802,420	462,825	339,590
61 Educational services	19,395	7,115	12,280	1,346,585	420,845	925,735
62 Health care and social assistance	27,970	5,870	22,105	2,138,025	383,755	1,754,270
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	4,225	2,180	2,045	379,740	192,875	186,865
72 Accommodation and food services	14,980	6,450	8,535	1,283,725	535,210	748,515
81 Other services (except public administration)	8,320	3,595	4,720	814,695	371,880	442,815
91 Public administration	7,515	3,995	3,520	1,128,945	589,530	539,405
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	183,895	93,170	90,730	17,230,035	8,923,540	8,306,495
Worked at home	11,245	5,605	5,635	1,272,285	639,500	632,785
Worked outside Canada	895	660	235	78,815	54,235	24,580
No fixed workplace address	19,315	14,030	5,290	1,987,260	1,487,445	499,820
Worked at usual place	152,445	72,875	79,565	13,891,675	6,742,360	7,149,315
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	152,440	72,875	79,565	13,891,680	6,742,365	7,149,315
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	132,495	59,935	72,560	8,102,115	3,723,115	4,379,005
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	5,725	3,340	2,380	2,906,390	1,435,640	1,470,750
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	13,870	9,380	4,490	2,725,205	1,492,170	1,233,030
Commute to a different province or territory	350	220	135	157,970	91,445	66,525
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	171,755	86,900	84,855	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135
Car, truck, van - as a driver	129,405	67,690	61,715	11,748,095	6,380,120	5,367,975
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	12,620	5,365	7,255	868,920	349,855	519,065
Public transit	15,830	6,585	9,240	1,968,215	846,735	1,121,485
Walked	10,195	4,910	5,290	877,985	392,950	485,030
Bicycle	2,105	1,545	565	222,130	146,615	75,515
Other method	1,600	810	790	193,595	113,525	80,060
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	171,760	86,905	84,855	15,878,945	8,229,810	7,649,130
Less than 15 minutes	50,895	23,555	27,345	4,449,920	2,071,365	2,378,555
15 to 29 minutes	78,430	38,655	39,775	5,314,295	2,725,165	2,589,130
30 to 44 minutes	26,530	14,795	11,730	3,228,845	1,782,680	1,446,165
45 to 59 minutes	7,200	4,095	3,100	1,391,060	768,115	622,940
60 minutes and over	8,710	5,800	2,905	1,494,830	882,485	612,345
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	171,760	86,905	84,855	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	8,600	5,850	2,745	1,073,680	781,230	292,455
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	26,290	16,020	10,265	2,814,750	1,754,045	1,060,710
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	44,860	22,445	22,415	4,458,835	2,217,210	2,241,620
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	39,660	16,405	23,255	3,349,975	1,408,710	1,941,265
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	20,545	8,900	11,650	1,756,265	752,940	1,003,325
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	31,800	17,280	14,520	2,425,435	1,315,670	1,109,765
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	211,840	107,145	104,695	19,956,255	10,342,970	9,613,285
Single responses	209,885	106,305	103,585	19,365,980	10,042,855	9,323,130
Official languages	208,465	105,525	102,940	19,090,545	9,897,470	9,193,075
English	207,275	105,215	102,065	15,265,335	7,952,010	7,313,320
French	1,190	310	875	3,825,215	1,945,465	1,879,750
Non-official languages	1,420	775	645	275,430	145,380	130,055
Aboriginal languages	0	0	0	24,950	12,385	12,565
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	14,440	7,370	7,070
Blackfoot	0	0	0	80	45	35
Cree-Montagnais languages	0	0	0	11,540	5,820	5,720
Atikamekw	0	0	0	1,095	580	515
Montagnais (Innu)	0	0	0	2,055	970	1,085
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	370	180	190
Northern East Cree	0	0	0	40	25	10
Plains Cree	0	0	0	95	60	35
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	15	10	0
Woods Cree	0	0	0	75	35	40
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	7,795	3,965	3,835
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	925	510	420
Malecite	0	0	0	10	0	10
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	915	505	410
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	1,895	995	900
Algonquin	0	0	0	45	20	25
Ojibway	0	0	0	765	380	385
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	1,080	595	485
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	1,140	530	610
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	1,135	525	610
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	20	0	15
Chilcotin	0	0	0	20	0	10
Dene	0	0	0	770	360	405
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	165	80	80
Gwich'in	0	0	0	10	10	10
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	10	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	135	65	70
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	95	45	45
South Slavey	0	0	0	35	20	20
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	10	10	10
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	10	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	10
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	10
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	10	0	10
Inuit languages	0	0	0	8,845	4,255	4,595
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	35	10	25
Inuktitut	0	0	0	8,800	4,240	4,555
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	10
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	35	10	30
Cayuga	0	0	0	10	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	35	10	25
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	10	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	110	25	85
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	15	10	10
Lillooet	0	0	0	15	10	10
Okanagan	0	0	0	20	10	20
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	35	0	30
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	15	0	15
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	10
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	260	155	105
Dakota	0	0	0	20	10	10
Stoney	0	0	0	240	145	95
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	10	10	10
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	25	0	20
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	10	10	10
Nisga'a	0	0	0	10	10	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	10
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	35	15	20
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	15	10	10
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	10	10	10
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	30	15	15
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,420	775	640	250,485	132,990	117,490
Afro-Asiatic languages	185	135	50	7,380	4,530	2,850
Berber languages	0	0	0	35	10	30
Kabyle	0	0	0	20	0	20
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	15
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	275	105	170
Bilen	0	0	0	10	10	10
Oromo	0	0	0	45	25	20
Somali	0	0	0	220	80	145
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	180	130	55	7,065	4,420	2,650
Amharic	10	0	10	200	95	100
Arabic	165	125	35	5,585	3,695	1,890
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	205	155	55
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	0	30	20	15
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0	825	335	490
Maltese	0	0	0	25	15	10
Tigrigna	0	0	0	135	70	60
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	65	35	30
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	90	40	50	8,550	3,790	4,760
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	0	15	475	230	245
Vietnamese	70	30	40	8,070	3,560	4,510
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10	3,850	1,750	2,095
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0	75	20	55
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	25	0	15
Ilocano	0	0	0	110	50	60
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0	140	75	65
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	10	0	10
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	10	3,450	1,580	1,875
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	40	25	15
Creole languages	0	0	0	350	125	225
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	25	10	15
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	315	110	200
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	0	10
Dravidian languages	10	0	0	2,225	1,060	1,165
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	10	0	0	90	50	45
Tamil	0	0	0	2,090	1,005	1,080
Telugu	0	0	0	45	10	35
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	10	10	0
Indo-European languages	490	245	245	85,550	47,305	38,245
Albanian	0	0	0	350	220	125
Armenian	0	0	0	450	220	230
Balto-Slavic languages	110	40	70	10,075	4,745	5,330
Baltic languages	0	0	0	95	35	60
Latvian	0	0	0	40	10	25
Lithuanian	0	0	0	60	25	30
Slavic languages	110	45	70	9,980	4,710	5,270
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0	155	90	65
Bulgarian	0	0	0	205	110	90
Croatian	10	0	0	220	130	95
Czech	0	0	0	70	40	30
Macedonian	0	0	0	95	45	55
Polish	50	15	30	2,500	1,265	1,235
Russian	45	25	25	4,850	2,135	2,720
Serbian	10	0	10	530	320	210
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	30	25	0
Slovak	0	0	0	100	60	40
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	15	0	10
Ukrainian	10	0	0	1,210	485	725
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	25	20	10
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	15	15	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	10	10	10
Germanic languages	15	10	0	13,285	7,455	5,835
Afrikaans	0	0	0	85	40	40
Danish	0	0	0	90	50	35
Dutch	0	0	0	1,165	630	540
Frisian	0	0	0	40	25	15
German	10	0	0	10,065	5,715	4,345
Icelandic	0	0	0	0	10	0
Norwegian	0	0	0	65	30	40
Swedish	10	0	0	125	55	70
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	35	20	15
Yiddish	0	0	0	895	390	505
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	720	495	225
Greek	10	0	0	1,020	545	475
Indo-Iranian languages	55	30	20	37,330	21,140	16,190
Indo-Aryan languages	25	10	15	32,485	18,125	14,360
Bengali	10	0	0	530	275	245
Gujarati	0	0	0	880	300	585
Hindi	10	10	10	1,405	755	650
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	10	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0	30	15	15
Nepali	0	0	0	195	95	100
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	10	0	27,870	15,945	11,920
Sindhi	0	0	0	35	10	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	40	25	20
Urdu	0	0	0	1,495	705	790
Iranian languages	30	20	0	4,820	3,000	1,815
Kurdish	0	10	0	185	150	40
Pashto	0	0	0	50	20	25
Persian (Farsi)	25	20	10	4,580	2,830	1,750
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	20	10	15
Italic (Romance) languages	305	165	145	23,025	12,965	10,060
Catalan	0	0	0	30	10	20
Italian	0	10	0	1,705	895	805
Portuguese	65	40	25	7,490	4,795	2,695
Romanian	0	0	0	745	365	380
Spanish	235	120	120	13,030	6,885	6,145
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	25	10	10
Japanese	10	0	10	3,255	1,195	2,065
Kartvelian languages	0	0	0	30	10	20
Georgian	0	0	0	30	10	20
Korean	125	60	60	12,150	6,260	5,885
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	10	10	0
Mongolian	0	0	0	10	0	10
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	10	235	120	115
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	25	10	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0	10	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0	10	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0	20	10	10
Igbo	0	0	0	10	10	0
Lingala	0	0	10	10	0	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	25	0	15
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0	80	50	30
Wolof	0	0	0	10	0	10
Yoruba	0	0	0	15	0	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	30	20	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	45	20	25	1,920	740	1,180
American Sign Language	40	0	30	1,145	340	810
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	135	15	115
Sign languages, n.i.e	10	10	0	640	390	255
Sino-Tibetan languages	435	255	185	122,880	65,030	57,850
Chinese languages	435	250	185	122,610	64,880	57,730
Cantonese	120	75	45	58,815	30,485	28,340
Hakka	0	0	0	70	25	45
Mandarin	295	170	125	60,090	32,430	27,665
Min Dong	0	0	0	25	15	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	565	335	225
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	105	65	45
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	0	15	2,930	1,530	1,405
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	270	155	115
Burmese	0	0	0	75	35	35
Karenic languages	0	0	0	135	75	55
Tibetan	0	0	0	50	30	20
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	15	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages	15	0	0	675	270	405
Lao	15	0	0	150	70	80
Thai	0	0	0	525	205	325
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	10	10	0	750	475	275
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	30	20	0
Turkish	10	10	0	685	435	255
Uyghur	0	0	0	15	15	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	15	10	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	10	0	595	270	325
Estonian	0	0	0	50	15	40
Finnish	10	0	0	105	40	65
Hungarian	0	0	0	435	225	215
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	80	45	35
Multiple responses	1,950	840	1,110	590,270	300,115	290,155
English and French	605	210	400	412,680	211,095	201,585
English and non-official language	1,315	625	695	154,285	77,870	76,420
French and non-official language	0	0	0	7,830	3,595	4,235
English, French and non-official language	25	10	20	15,475	7,565	7,915
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	211,840	107,140	104,695	19,956,250	10,342,970	9,613,290
None	203,615	103,535	100,075	17,456,725	9,056,235	8,400,490
English	1,440	565	870	1,259,225	661,460	597,765
French	2,330	815	1,520	705,780	349,035	356,745
Non-official language	4,265	2,160	2,100	496,565	257,455	239,105
Aboriginal	20	10	10	37,615	17,215	20,400
Non-Aboriginal	4,240	2,150	2,090	458,945	240,245	218,710
English and French	15	10	0	2,535	1,200	1,335
English and non-official language	20	0	20	18,040	8,765	9,280
French and non-official language	160	60	100	17,265	8,730	8,540
English, French and non-official language	0	0	0	115	90	30
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	373,700	181,145	192,560	34,091,785	16,783,745	17,308,035
Non-movers	314,100	152,060	162,040	29,644,795	14,593,190	15,051,605
Movers	59,600	29,080	30,515	4,446,990	2,190,555	2,256,435
Non-migrants	39,165	19,280	19,880	2,623,515	1,292,750	1,330,760
Migrants	20,435	9,805	10,635	1,823,475	897,805	925,670
Internal migrants	14,550	6,860	7,690	1,451,005	713,060	737,945
Intraprovincial migrants	12,005	5,590	6,420	1,189,525	580,895	608,630
Interprovincial migrants	2,545	1,275	1,270	261,475	132,160	129,315
External migrants	5,890	2,940	2,945	372,475	184,745	187,730
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	357,380	172,675	184,710	32,568,560	16,004,315	16,564,245
Non-movers	204,960	98,620	106,340	20,134,760	9,902,645	10,232,115
Movers	152,425	74,045	78,370	12,433,805	6,101,675	6,332,130
Non-migrants	96,800	47,085	49,715	6,755,630	3,314,730	3,440,905
Migrants	55,620	26,960	28,660	5,678,175	2,786,945	2,891,230
Internal migrants	38,060	18,275	19,790	4,296,720	2,104,325	2,192,395
Intraprovincial migrants	32,630	15,680	16,950	3,467,670	1,689,950	1,777,720
Interprovincial migrants	5,435	2,595	2,840	829,045	414,375	414,670
External migrants	17,555	8,690	8,870	1,381,460	682,625	698,835

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

^r

revised. The 2011 count for this area has been revised.

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 23 referrer

Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 24 referrer

Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 25 referrer

Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 27 referrer

Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 28 referrer

Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 40 referrer

Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 41 referrer

Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Return to footnote 43 referrer

Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. London [Population centre], Ontario and Canada [Country] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 25, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
London [Population centre], Ontario and Canada [Country]

Census Profile, 2016 Census London [Population centre], Ontario and Canada [Country]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
London [Population centre], Ontario and Canada [Country]