Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and Manitoba [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Canada [Country]			Manitoba [Province]
	Data quality , Canada [Country] Map : Canada [Country] Change geography 1			Data quality : Manitoba [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	35,151,728	...	...	1,278,365	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	33,476,688	...	...	1,208,268	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	5.0	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	15,412,443	...	...	539,748	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	14,072,079	...	...	489,050	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3.9	...	...	2.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	8,965,588.85	...	...	552,370.99	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	35,151,730	17,264,200	17,887,530	1,278,365	631,400	646,970
0 to 14 years	5,839,565	2,992,920	2,846,645	243,820	125,110	118,710
0 to 4 years	1,898,790	973,030	925,760	81,065	41,710	39,355
5 to 9 years	2,018,130	1,034,685	983,445	83,375	42,565	40,805
10 to 14 years	1,922,645	985,200	937,445	79,380	40,835	38,545
15 to 64 years	23,376,530	11,576,130	11,800,400	835,580	417,260	418,320
15 to 19 years	2,026,160	1,039,215	986,940	82,440	42,555	39,890
20 to 24 years	2,242,690	1,144,495	1,098,200	86,760	44,465	42,295
25 to 29 years	2,285,990	1,144,470	1,141,515	86,695	43,570	43,125
30 to 34 years	2,329,395	1,148,290	1,181,110	85,185	42,210	42,975
35 to 39 years	2,288,365	1,118,635	1,169,730	81,105	39,885	41,215
40 to 44 years	2,255,135	1,104,440	1,150,695	79,325	39,530	39,795
45 to 49 years	2,359,965	1,157,760	1,202,210	79,350	39,220	40,130
50 to 54 years	2,678,075	1,318,755	1,359,320	89,840	44,485	45,355
55 to 59 years	2,620,240	1,285,190	1,335,055	87,765	43,555	44,210
60 to 64 years	2,290,510	1,114,885	1,175,630	77,110	37,780	39,325
65 years and over	5,935,630	2,695,150	3,240,485	198,965	89,025	109,945
65 to 69 years	1,972,480	953,075	1,019,405	64,905	31,280	33,625
70 to 74 years	1,420,875	677,975	742,900	45,980	21,940	24,040
75 to 79 years	1,021,850	469,550	552,300	33,555	15,250	18,305
80 to 84 years	749,650	325,765	423,880	25,315	10,740	14,575
85 years and over	770,780	268,790	501,990	29,210	9,810	19,395
85 to 89 years	482,525	185,535	296,990	17,335	6,460	10,875
90 to 94 years	223,510	68,675	154,835	8,945	2,710	6,230
95 to 99 years	56,525	13,240	43,280	2,520	580	1,940
100 years and over	8,230	1,340	6,890	415	60	350
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.6	17.3	15.9	19.1	19.8	18.3
15 to 64 years	66.5	67.1	66.0	65.4	66.1	64.7
65 years and over	16.9	15.6	18.1	15.6	14.1	17.0
85 years and over	2.2	1.6	2.8	2.3	1.6	3.0
Average age of the population	41.0	40.1	41.9	39.2	38.2	40.2
Median age of the population	41.2	40.2	42.2	38.3	37.2	39.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	14,072,080	...	...	489,050	...	...
Single-detached house	7,541,495	...	...	331,420	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,391,040	...	...	39,080	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	4,949,795	...	...	108,120	...	...
Semi-detached house	698,800	...	...	15,865	...	...
Row house	891,305	...	...	17,225	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	784,300	...	...	7,065	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,539,390	...	...	67,205	...	...
Other single-attached house	36,005	...	...	755	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	189,755	...	...	10,435	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	14,072,080	...	...	489,050	...	...
1 person	3,969,790	...	...	135,500	...	...
2 persons	4,834,605	...	...	164,880	...	...
3 persons	2,140,640	...	...	71,065	...	...
4 persons	1,946,275	...	...	66,675	...	...
5 or more persons	1,180,770	...	...	50,930	...	...
Number of persons in private households	34,460,060	...	...	1,240,700	...	...
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	29,312,160	14,271,280	15,040,885	1,034,545	506,280	528,260
Married or living common law	16,893,720	8,452,135	8,441,585	593,615	297,280	296,335
Married	13,383,455	6,693,465	6,689,990	503,390	252,210	251,175
Living common law	3,510,265	1,758,670	1,751,590	90,230	45,075	45,155
Not married and not living common law	12,418,440	5,819,140	6,599,300	440,925	209,000	231,930
Never married	8,254,340	4,444,425	3,809,915	300,415	162,440	137,980
Separated	718,295	309,905	408,400	24,845	11,080	13,765
Divorced	1,816,005	725,535	1,090,470	54,860	22,780	32,080
Widowed	1,629,800	339,280	1,290,525	60,805	12,700	48,100
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	9,840,730	...	...	346,160	...	...
2 persons	5,007,790	...	...	171,435	...	...
3 persons	2,107,830	...	...	71,630	...	...
4 persons	1,909,935	...	...	65,500	...	...
5 or more persons	815,170	...	...	37,600	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	9,840,730	...	...	346,160	...	...
Total couple families	8,227,925	...	...	287,200	...	...
Married couples	6,474,005	...	...	242,100	...	...
Common-law couples	1,753,920	...	...	45,100	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	1,612,805	...	...	58,960	...	...
Female parent	1,262,340	...	...	45,930	...	...
Male parent	350,465	...	...	13,025	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	8,227,925	...	...	287,205	...	...
Couples without children	4,024,305	...	...	137,135	...	...
Couples with children	4,203,615	...	...	150,070	...	...
1 child	1,650,165	...	...	55,730	...	...
2 children	1,783,080	...	...	59,965	...	...
3 or more children	770,375	...	...	34,375	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	1,612,805	...	...	58,960	...	...
1 child	983,485	...	...	34,305	...	...
2 children	457,670	...	...	15,895	...	...
3 or more children	171,655	...	...	8,765	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	6,107,260	2,941,395	3,165,865	212,415	104,435	107,980
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	14,072,075	...	...	489,050	...	...
One-census-family households	9,218,225	...	...	323,125	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	3,782,095	...	...	130,475	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	5,436,135	...	...	192,650	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	301,715	...	...	11,110	...	...
Non-census-family households	4,552,135	...	...	154,815	...	...
One-person households	3,969,790	...	...	135,495	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	582,350	...	...	19,315	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,080	1,261,620	624,095	637,520
English only	23,757,525	11,838,075	11,919,455	1,135,395	566,980	568,410
French only	4,144,685	1,925,845	2,218,840	1,485	680	800
English and French	6,216,065	3,071,325	3,144,740	108,460	49,205	59,255
Neither English nor French	648,970	265,920	383,045	16,285	7,235	9,050
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085	1,261,620	624,100	637,520
English	26,007,500	12,852,330	13,155,165	1,203,025	596,475	606,550
French	7,705,755	3,780,105	3,925,650	39,200	18,880	20,325
English and French	417,485	209,130	208,355	3,545	1,755	1,790
Neither English nor French	636,515	259,600	376,910	15,840	6,985	8,860
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	7,914,495	3,884,670	4,029,825	40,975	19,760	21,215
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	22.8	22.7	22.8	3.2	3.2	3.3
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,085	1,261,620	624,095	637,520
Single responses	33,948,620	16,702,840	17,245,775	1,230,115	608,820	621,300
Official languages	26,627,555	13,201,620	13,425,940	941,130	468,430	472,705
English	19,460,850	9,680,125	9,780,725	900,610	448,960	451,645
French	7,166,705	3,521,495	3,645,215	40,520	19,465	21,055
Non-official languages	7,321,065	3,501,220	3,819,840	288,985	140,395	148,590
Aboriginal languages	195,700	94,795	100,900	29,710	14,265	15,440
Algonquian languages	130,450	62,930	67,520	28,070	13,505	14,565
Blackfoot	2,815	1,325	1,490	5	0	5
Cree-Montagnais languages	88,445	42,920	45,530	14,820	7,085	7,740
Atikamekw	6,150	3,135	3,015	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	10,230	4,885	5,350	5	0	0
Moose Cree	100	50	55	0	0	5
Naskapi	1,205	590	620	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	315	125	190	30	5	20
Plains Cree	3,065	1,360	1,710	70	25	40
Southern East Cree	45	20	25	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	1,440	585	850	745	305	440
Woods Cree	1,840	865	975	65	20	40
Cree, n.o.s.	64,050	31,305	32,745	13,915	6,725	7,195
Eastern Algonquian languages	6,990	3,310	3,680	10	5	5
Malecite	305	140	160	0	5	0
Mi'kmaq	6,690	3,170	3,520	10	5	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	32,150	15,350	16,800	13,235	6,410	6,825
Algonquin	1,260	590	670	0	0	0
Ojibway	17,890	8,440	9,450	6,730	3,180	3,550
Oji-Cree	12,855	6,260	6,595	6,505	3,235	3,265
Ottawa (Odawa)	150	65	85	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	17,365	8,325	9,045	815	375	445
Northern Athabaskan languages	17,315	8,310	9,010	815	380	440
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	110	55	60	0	0	0
Beaver	190	85	105	0	0	0
Carrier	1,025	465	565	0	0	0
Chilcotin	660	295	360	0	0	0
Dene	10,700	5,185	5,515	810	375	435
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,645	840	815	0	0	0
Gwich'in	260	110	145	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	80	25	50	0	0	0
Sekani	90	45	45	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	1,995	950	1,045	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	765	365	400	0	0	0
South Slavey	945	455	495	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	280	130	150	5	0	0
Tahltan languages	270	135	140	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	180	90	90	0	0	0
Tahltan	95	40	50	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	290	120	170	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	215	90	135	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	70	30	40	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	50	20	35	5	0	5
Haida	75	35	40	0	0	0
Inuit languages	36,545	18,100	18,445	80	20	60
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,025	445	575	5	0	0
Inuktitut	35,215	17,530	17,680	65	20	45
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	315	125	185	15	5	10
Iroquoian languages	1,115	485	635	0	0	5
Cayuga	45	20	20	0	0	0
Mohawk	980	430	555	5	0	0
Oneida	55	20	40	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0	0	0
Kutenai	105	55	55	0	0	0
Michif	465	230	235	80	40	40
Salish languages	2,305	1,130	1,180	0	0	0
Comox	80	45	40	0	0	0
Halkomelem	475	225	245	0	0	0
Lillooet	315	155	155	0	0	0
Okanagan	270	135	135	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	445	225	220	0	0	0
Squamish	40	20	20	0	0	0
Straits	80	40	40	0	0	5
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	335	150	185	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	255	135	125	0	0	0
Siouan languages	4,285	2,070	2,220	630	305	330
Dakota	1,215	570	635	630	305	325
Stoney	3,025	1,465	1,555	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	5	0	0
Tlingit	95	40	55	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	1,480	730	755	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	880	435	445	0	0	0
Nisga'a	400	200	200	0	0	0
Tsimshian	200	90	110	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	805	370	435	5	0	0
Haisla	90	40	50	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	95	40	55	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	325	145	185	5	5	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	285	135	140	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	585	295	295	15	10	5
Non-Aboriginal languages	7,125,365	3,406,425	3,718,945	259,280	126,130	133,155
Afro-Asiatic languages	575,365	298,060	277,300	10,700	5,580	5,120
Berber languages	22,135	11,865	10,270	40	25	15
Kabyle	13,150	6,995	6,155	35	15	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	8,985	4,865	4,115	10	10	5
Cushitic languages	42,885	20,095	22,790	1,750	875	875
Bilen	805	455	350	155	85	70
Oromo	4,960	2,560	2,400	345	175	170
Somali	36,755	16,895	19,865	1,245	610	640
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	365	195	170	10	10	0
Semitic languages	509,190	265,465	243,725	8,840	4,640	4,200
Amharic	22,465	10,720	11,745	1,770	885	885
Arabic	419,890	220,785	199,105	4,695	2,500	2,190
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	16,070	7,910	8,160	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5,545	2,780	2,770	0	0	0
Harari	1,320	635	685	0	0	0
Hebrew	19,530	10,480	9,045	545	320	225
Maltese	5,565	2,765	2,800	40	20	25
Tigrigna	16,650	8,310	8,340	1,770	905	865
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	2,155	1,085	1,070	10	5	5
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	1,155	635	520	65	35	30
Austro-Asiatic languages	176,725	81,810	94,920	4,180	1,970	2,205
Khmer (Cambodian)	20,130	9,270	10,860	280	135	145
Vietnamese	156,425	72,470	83,955	3,895	1,840	2,060
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	170	65	100	5	0	0
Austronesian languages	511,480	211,580	299,900	52,905	24,685	28,220
Bikol	1,790	790	1,000	175	80	95
Cebuano	19,890	7,930	11,960	1,245	565	675
Fijian	745	400	345	35	15	15
Hiligaynon	6,885	2,680	4,205	390	170	220
Ilocano	26,345	10,620	15,720	1,365	630	730
Malagasy	1,430	665	760	0	0	5
Malay	12,275	5,255	7,020	175	65	105
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	4,040	1,865	2,175	655	315	340
Pangasinan	1,390	590	800	135	65	70
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	431,380	178,575	252,810	48,530	22,670	25,855
Waray-Waray	1,110	430	675	50	30	25
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	4,195	1,770	2,425	150	70	85
Creole languages	72,125	32,310	39,820	570	275	305
Haitian Creole	3,030	1,445	1,590	20	10	10
Creole, n.o.s.	64,105	28,455	35,660	290	140	145
Creole languages, n.i.e.	4,985	2,410	2,575	265	120	145
Dravidian languages	189,405	94,765	94,640	1,565	825	735
Kannada	3,970	2,040	1,935	95	50	40
Malayalam	28,570	14,770	13,800	790	410	380
Tamil	140,720	69,080	71,640	480	255	230
Telugu	15,655	8,640	7,020	195	115	80
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	490	240	250	10	0	5
Hmong-Mien languages	795	395	405	5	0	0
Indo-European languages	3,877,330	1,889,400	1,987,930	158,350	77,605	80,750
Albanian	26,890	13,610	13,285	350	170	180
Armenian	33,455	16,270	17,185	65	35	30
Balto-Slavic languages	701,975	323,640	378,340	34,450	15,845	18,605
Baltic languages	12,530	5,315	7,215	165	65	95
Latvian	5,455	2,350	3,105	80	35	45
Lithuanian	7,075	2,965	4,115	85	35	45
Slavic languages	689,450	318,325	371,115	34,280	15,775	18,510
Belarusan	810	385	430	40	20	25
Bosnian	12,210	6,035	6,180	575	285	290
Bulgarian	20,025	9,675	10,345	140	70	65
Croatian	48,200	23,540	24,665	1,030	505	530
Czech	22,290	10,525	11,765	615	310	310
Macedonian	16,775	8,050	8,725	145	70	75
Polish	181,710	82,435	99,275	6,455	2,905	3,545
Russian	188,255	85,400	102,855	9,130	4,495	4,640
Serbian	57,350	28,535	28,815	655	335	320
Serbo-Croatian	9,555	4,565	4,985	240	110	130
Slovak	17,580	8,075	9,510	405	175	225
Slovene (Slovenian)	9,790	4,415	5,370	270	130	140
Ukrainian	102,485	45,440	57,040	14,505	6,325	8,180
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	2,415	1,255	1,165	75	40	30
Celtic languages	2,690	1,335	1,360	115	60	55
Scottish Gaelic	1,090	540	550	50	25	20
Welsh	1,075	495	575	60	30	30
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	530	295	235	10	10	0
Germanic languages	538,765	258,410	280,350	68,670	33,310	35,360
Afrikaans	10,265	5,115	5,145	420	220	205
Danish	12,630	6,245	6,390	280	145	135
Dutch	99,020	48,200	50,820	2,675	1,335	1,335
Frisian	2,100	1,095	1,005	55	30	25
German	384,035	183,215	200,820	63,825	30,940	32,890
Icelandic	1,285	600	685	475	210	260
Norwegian	4,615	2,170	2,445	115	45	65
Swedish	6,840	3,015	3,825	135	70	70
Vlaams (Flemish)	3,895	1,730	2,165	310	125	180
Yiddish	13,555	6,750	6,800	355	175	180
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	525	280	240	25	10	10
Greek	106,525	53,350	53,170	1,285	665	615
Indo-Iranian languages	1,312,750	664,120	648,630	32,325	17,135	15,195
Indo-Aryan languages	1,064,760	538,530	526,235	29,520	15,700	13,820
Bengali	73,125	37,410	35,720	1,170	675	495
Gujarati	108,780	55,105	53,670	3,115	1,660	1,455
Hindi	110,640	55,880	54,765	2,270	1,215	1,060
Kashmiri	565	300	265	5	5	5
Konkani	3,330	1,625	1,710	35	20	15
Marathi	8,295	4,300	3,995	135	80	50
Nepali	18,275	9,230	9,045	720	355	365
Oriya (Odia)	1,055	560	495	10	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	501,680	253,515	248,160	18,320	9,650	8,670
Sindhi	11,860	5,605	6,260	60	30	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	16,335	8,050	8,285	670	345	320
Urdu	210,815	106,960	103,860	3,015	1,655	1,355
Iranian languages	242,805	122,835	119,970	2,705	1,365	1,335
Kurdish	11,705	6,345	5,355	415	210	200
Pashto	16,910	8,760	8,145	275	130	150
Persian (Farsi)	214,200	107,725	106,470	2,020	1,030	990
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5,180	2,755	2,425	100	60	40
Italic (Romance) languages	1,154,270	558,660	595,615	21,100	10,385	10,710
Catalan	865	440	425	0	0	5
Italian	375,635	184,415	191,220	3,840	1,910	1,930
Portuguese	221,540	106,630	114,910	6,585	3,190	3,390
Romanian	96,665	46,195	50,470	645	310	335
Spanish	458,850	220,605	238,245	10,005	4,965	5,040
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	720	380	340	15	5	10
Japanese	43,640	14,790	28,855	540	185	350
Kartvelian languages	1,715	910	805	15	10	10
Georgian	1,715	910	805	15	5	5
Korean	153,425	70,310	83,115	3,760	1,810	1,950
Mongolic languages	1,575	690	885	20	5	15
Mongolian	1,575	690	880	20	5	15
Niger-Congo languages	91,375	45,075	46,305	3,895	1,965	1,930
Akan (Twi)	13,455	6,490	6,970	150	90	65
Bamanankan	1,535	815	720	75	25	45
Edo	1,670	770	900	40	20	15
Ewe	1,760	950	805	30	20	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,825	1,495	1,335	65	35	30
Ga	920	445	470	15	10	5
Ganda	1,295	625	665	50	20	30
Igbo	4,235	2,265	1,970	280	155	130
Lingala	3,810	1,785	2,025	75	30	40
Rundi (Kirundi)	5,845	2,785	3,060	135	60	65
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5,250	2,355	2,895	250	125	120
Shona	3,180	1,520	1,665	110	50	60
Swahili	13,370	6,385	6,990	870	420	455
Wolof	3,990	2,170	1,820	75	50	25
Yoruba	9,085	4,785	4,300	1,030	525	505
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	19,135	9,435	9,695	640	315	325
Nilo-Saharan languages	5,870	3,025	2,845	395	215	180
Dinka	2,120	1,115	1,000	175	90	80
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	3,755	1,910	1,840	225	125	100
Sign languages	7,500	3,925	3,575	440	230	210
American Sign Language	2,685	1,320	1,360	240	125	115
Quebec Sign Language	695	340	355	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	4,120	2,265	1,860	195	100	95
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,269,215	589,570	679,645	18,880	9,320	9,565
Chinese languages	1,253,360	581,650	671,715	18,305	9,025	9,280
Cantonese	565,270	262,865	302,405	6,625	3,140	3,485
Hakka	10,910	4,900	6,015	55	30	25
Mandarin	592,040	274,630	317,410	10,170	5,110	5,060
Min Dong	1,230	580	650	5	5	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	31,795	14,450	17,350	325	150	165
Wu (Shanghainese)	12,915	5,780	7,140	110	55	50
Chinese, n.o.s.	38,580	18,165	20,410	1,010	530	475
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	610	275	335	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	15,850	7,925	7,935	575	295	285
Burmese	3,585	1,795	1,790	85	50	30
Karenic languages	4,705	2,355	2,350	430	215	220
Tibetan	6,165	3,080	3,080	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	1,400	695	705	55	20	35
Tai-Kadai languages	22,010	8,870	13,145	1,120	525	595
Lao	12,670	6,145	6,525	875	445	430
Thai	9,255	2,690	6,565	240	85	165
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	80	35	55	5	0	0
Turkic languages	40,140	21,120	19,025	340	190	150
Azerbaijani	3,260	1,785	1,470	30	20	15
Turkish	32,815	17,375	15,440	210	120	95
Uyghur	1,035	510	525	10	5	10
Uzbek	1,715	855	865	40	25	15
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,315	590	720	40	25	20
Uralic languages	81,985	37,790	44,195	1,440	655	790
Estonian	5,445	2,325	3,115	30	10	15
Finnish	15,295	6,395	8,900	225	85	135
Hungarian	61,235	29,060	32,175	1,185	550	635
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	3,690	2,045	1,645	155	85	70
Multiple responses	818,635	398,325	420,305	31,505	15,280	16,220
English and French	165,320	80,460	84,860	4,365	2,140	2,230
English and non-official language	533,265	259,160	274,100	25,965	12,530	13,440
French and non-official language	86,150	42,170	43,985	695	380	315
English, French and non-official language	33,900	16,535	17,365	470	230	245
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085	1,261,620	624,100	637,520
Single responses	33,103,860	16,298,475	16,805,395	1,197,145	593,020	604,120
Official languages	29,106,670	14,383,020	14,723,645	1,052,345	521,280	531,065
English	22,162,865	10,966,135	11,196,730	1,035,475	513,465	522,010
French	6,943,800	3,416,890	3,526,910	16,865	7,815	9,055
Non-official languages	3,997,195	1,915,450	2,081,750	144,800	71,740	73,060
Aboriginal languages	118,470	59,720	58,750	15,770	8,020	7,750
Algonquian languages	75,080	37,825	37,260	15,070	7,675	7,390
Blackfoot	1,115	555	555	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	55,825	28,135	27,685	7,570	3,860	3,715
Atikamekw	5,465	2,825	2,640	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	8,590	4,195	4,395	0	0	0
Moose Cree	10	5	5	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,200	595	605	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	110	55	60	10	5	0
Plains Cree	1,350	665	685	10	5	5
Southern East Cree	20	5	15	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	330	140	190	120	45	75
Woods Cree	800	410	390	15	10	5
Cree, n.o.s.	37,945	19,240	18,710	7,415	3,790	3,620
Eastern Algonquian languages	3,615	1,795	1,820	0	0	0
Malecite	55	30	30	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	3,560	1,770	1,795	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	14,525	7,335	7,190	7,495	3,820	3,675
Algonquin	370	170	200	0	0	0
Ojibway	6,175	3,165	3,015	2,505	1,280	1,225
Oji-Cree	7,900	3,960	3,940	4,990	2,545	2,455
Ottawa (Odawa)	75	40	35	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10,265	5,125	5,135	635	305	330
Northern Athabaskan languages	10,255	5,120	5,135	635	305	330
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Beaver	50	30	20	0	0	0
Carrier	245	115	130	0	0	0
Chilcotin	255	125	130	0	0	0
Dene	7,710	3,805	3,905	630	305	330
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,020	550	475	0	0	0
Gwich'in	45	25	25	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	10	5	5	0	0	0
Sekani	15	10	5	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	820	425	395	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	340	180	155	0	0	0
South Slavey	370	190	185	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	105	55	55	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	25	15	15	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	25	10	10	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	5	5	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	30	15	15	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	25	15	10	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	10	0	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0	0	0
Haida	10	5	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	29,490	14,995	14,495	15	5	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	165	75	90	0	0	0
Inuktitut	29,230	14,885	14,345	10	5	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	90	40	55	10	5	5
Iroquoian languages	285	135	155	5	0	0
Cayuga	10	0	5	0	0	0
Mohawk	255	115	140	0	0	0
Oneida	15	5	10	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	0	5
Kutenai	15	10	5	0	0	0
Michif	85	40	45	10	5	10
Salish languages	285	130	150	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	45	20	25	0	0	0
Lillooet	25	15	10	0	0	0
Okanagan	85	35	45	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	55	30	20	0	0	0
Squamish	5	0	5	0	0	0
Straits	20	10	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0	0	0
Siouan languages	2,225	1,085	1,140	35	25	10
Dakota	255	140	120	35	25	10
Stoney	1,950	940	1,010	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0	0	0
Tlingit	5	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	410	210	190	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	315	155	155	0	0	0
Nisga'a	70	40	30	0	0	0
Tsimshian	25	15	15	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	75	45	35	0	0	0
Haisla	20	10	15	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	5	5	5	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	30	15	15	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	235	110	125	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	3,878,725	1,855,730	2,022,995	129,035	63,725	65,310
Afro-Asiatic languages	307,755	153,275	154,480	6,875	3,475	3,400
Berber languages	8,105	4,215	3,895	20	15	5
Kabyle	5,490	2,855	2,640	15	10	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	2,620	1,365	1,260	0	5	5
Cushitic languages	27,095	12,455	14,640	1,185	550	630
Bilen	620	330	285	120	65	55
Oromo	3,410	1,700	1,710	210	95	115
Somali	22,895	10,340	12,555	845	385	460
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	185	85	95	5	10	0
Semitic languages	272,100	136,390	135,720	5,650	2,895	2,750
Amharic	12,780	6,010	6,770	1,045	520	525
Arabic	223,540	112,690	110,850	3,105	1,600	1,505
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10,510	5,090	5,425	5	0	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	3,445	1,695	1,750	0	0	0
Harari	735	335	400	0	0	0
Hebrew	8,560	4,425	4,135	355	195	160
Maltese	1,130	525	605	10	5	5
Tigrigna	10,205	5,040	5,170	1,135	580	555
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	1,200	585	620	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	440	215	230	25	15	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	115,210	53,500	61,710	2,900	1,370	1,530
Khmer (Cambodian)	10,880	4,940	5,945	125	55	70
Vietnamese	104,245	48,525	55,725	2,775	1,315	1,460
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	85	40	45	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	239,785	108,110	131,680	27,215	13,065	14,155
Bikol	290	140	155	30	15	15
Cebuano	7,210	3,325	3,880	495	250	245
Fijian	195	105	90	15	5	10
Hiligaynon	2,205	970	1,240	125	55	75
Ilocano	9,125	4,045	5,080	390	190	200
Malagasy	435	220	210	0	0	0
Malay	3,620	1,710	1,910	55	25	30
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,200	565	630	245	120	130
Pangasinan	240	110	135	30	15	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	213,790	96,235	117,555	25,790	12,375	13,420
Waray-Waray	310	135	170	10	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,160	545	620	30	15	15
Creole languages	27,860	12,005	15,850	290	120	165
Haitian Creole	1,280	575	705	10	5	5
Creole, n.o.s.	24,575	10,510	14,060	165	75	85
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,005	920	1,085	115	45	75
Dravidian languages	122,490	59,780	62,710	800	400	400
Kannada	1,630	825	800	45	25	25
Malayalam	15,440	7,865	7,575	405	195	205
Tamil	96,955	46,570	50,385	240	120	120
Telugu	8,280	4,430	3,850	110	60	50
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	190	85	105	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	340	160	180	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,911,215	927,225	983,985	70,820	35,325	35,495
Albanian	13,135	6,575	6,560	155	80	75
Armenian	21,505	10,165	11,345	20	10	5
Balto-Slavic languages	314,965	149,315	165,650	11,685	5,670	6,015
Baltic languages	3,275	1,400	1,870	25	10	15
Latvian	1,255	530	725	15	5	5
Lithuanian	2,020	870	1,150	10	5	5
Slavic languages	311,690	147,910	163,780	11,660	5,660	6,000
Belarusan	230	105	120	0	5	0
Bosnian	6,045	3,010	3,040	285	145	140
Bulgarian	11,985	5,835	6,150	65	30	30
Croatian	16,775	7,980	8,795	320	145	180
Czech	6,235	3,060	3,180	115	55	60
Macedonian	6,830	3,250	3,580	85	35	45
Polish	74,780	34,910	39,870	2,010	910	1,105
Russian	116,595	55,175	61,425	5,530	2,780	2,745
Serbian	31,750	15,665	16,085	335	170	170
Serbo-Croatian	3,885	1,865	2,020	90	40	50
Slovak	5,615	2,685	2,920	70	35	35
Slovene (Slovenian)	2,050	905	1,145	55	20	30
Ukrainian	28,250	13,150	15,100	2,690	1,285	1,405
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	670	310	360	10	5	5
Celtic languages	360	205	155	20	15	10
Scottish Gaelic	185	105	80	5	5	0
Welsh	95	50	45	10	5	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	80	50	30	0	0	0
Germanic languages	146,455	71,835	74,615	25,825	12,700	13,125
Afrikaans	4,790	2,355	2,435	200	100	100
Danish	855	410	445	10	5	5
Dutch	9,565	4,630	4,935	270	135	130
Frisian	185	95	90	10	5	5
German	120,335	58,905	61,435	24,795	12,185	12,615
Icelandic	270	120	150	35	15	20
Norwegian	345	145	200	10	5	5
Swedish	1,045	500	545	10	5	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	355	170	185	15	5	10
Yiddish	7,080	3,695	3,385	10	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	1,625	820	810	465	240	225
Greek	44,545	21,110	23,440	535	255	280
Indo-Iranian languages	838,755	416,960	421,795	22,810	11,920	10,890
Indo-Aryan languages	676,185	337,440	338,745	21,010	11,055	9,950
Bengali	47,350	23,585	23,765	690	390	305
Gujarati	64,150	31,740	32,405	2,100	1,095	1,005
Hindi	55,510	27,805	27,710	1,335	715	620
Kashmiri	135	70	70	0	0	0
Konkani	720	355	370	10	5	5
Marathi	3,780	1,940	1,840	40	25	20
Nepali	13,375	6,710	6,670	540	265	280
Oriya (Odia)	470	235	240	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	349,145	174,905	174,240	14,000	7,330	6,670
Sindhi	4,975	2,280	2,695	30	10	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,790	3,860	3,925	360	190	170
Urdu	128,785	63,965	64,820	1,895	1,035	860
Iranian languages	160,195	78,310	81,880	1,755	835	920
Kurdish	6,580	3,400	3,175	275	135	140
Pashto	10,590	5,305	5,290	165	70	95
Persian (Farsi)	143,020	69,600	73,425	1,315	635	685
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	2,375	1,215	1,160	50	25	20
Italic (Romance) languages	531,485	251,050	280,440	9,765	4,670	5,090
Catalan	355	165	190	0	0	0
Italian	115,415	49,975	65,440	1,035	450	590
Portuguese	98,710	46,915	51,795	2,800	1,305	1,500
Romanian	53,320	25,795	27,525	235	110	125
Spanish	263,510	128,110	135,400	5,695	2,810	2,885
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95	0	0	0
Japanese	19,785	8,265	11,515	175	75	105
Kartvelian languages	1,040	565	475	10	5	0
Georgian	1,035	565	475	10	5	5
Korean	109,705	51,385	58,320	2,915	1,430	1,490
Mongolic languages	910	440	470	5	0	5
Mongolian	910	435	470	5	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	28,665	13,340	15,320	1,410	695	720
Akan (Twi)	5,990	2,695	3,295	45	30	20
Bamanankan	340	180	160	15	5	5
Edo	415	175	240	5	5	0
Ewe	410	185	225	5	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	825	400	425	35	15	15
Ga	250	105	140	5	0	0
Ganda	345	160	185	5	0	0
Igbo	1,000	485	510	75	40	35
Lingala	1,045	455	590	40	20	20
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,110	990	1,115	65	35	35
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,530	670	865	105	55	50
Shona	1,035	475	560	10	5	10
Swahili	5,370	2,500	2,870	500	240	265
Wolof	1,380	745	635	25	20	10
Yoruba	2,615	1,275	1,340	345	175	170
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	4,010	1,850	2,160	125	50	75
Nilo-Saharan languages	2,650	1,305	1,350	130	60	70
Dinka	1,130	580	550	80	35	45
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,525	730	800	55	30	25
Sign languages	10,445	5,870	4,570	560	310	255
American Sign Language	3,015	1,560	1,460	255	135	120
Quebec Sign Language	730	375	355	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	6,690	3,935	2,755	305	170	135
Sino-Tibetan languages	924,720	433,530	491,190	13,910	6,920	6,985
Chinese languages	913,365	427,860	485,505	13,445	6,685	6,765
Cantonese	400,215	184,340	215,885	4,455	2,105	2,350
Hakka	4,080	1,820	2,265	25	10	15
Mandarin	462,890	220,075	242,815	8,080	4,105	3,975
Min Dong	345	150	195	5	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	13,965	6,345	7,625	135	65	70
Wu (Shanghainese)	7,650	3,580	4,075	65	30	35
Chinese, n.o.s.	23,935	11,440	12,500	675	365	315
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	280	130	150	5	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	11,350	5,670	5,680	465	235	225
Burmese	2,245	1,115	1,125	55	30	25
Karenic languages	3,865	1,935	1,930	370	190	180
Tibetan	4,590	2,305	2,280	5	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	655	305	345	40	15	20
Tai-Kadai languages	9,565	4,455	5,110	535	250	280
Lao	6,175	2,995	3,180	430	210	220
Thai	3,360	1,450	1,915	105	40	65
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	30	15	15	0	0	0
Turkic languages	22,250	11,205	11,045	135	70	65
Azerbaijani	1,245	640	610	10	5	10
Turkish	18,955	9,525	9,430	65	35	35
Uyghur	610	315	290	0	0	0
Uzbek	990	505	490	35	20	15
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	455	230	225	25	10	15
Uralic languages	23,245	10,715	12,535	305	140	165
Estonian	975	365	610	0	0	0
Finnish	2,790	1,220	1,565	35	15	15
Hungarian	19,485	9,125	10,355	270	125	145
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,110	605	500	40	25	20
Multiple responses	1,663,390	802,695	860,690	64,475	31,080	33,400
English and French	160,185	77,940	82,235	3,090	1,440	1,645
English and non-official language	1,284,975	620,375	664,600	60,090	28,995	31,090
French and non-official language	148,915	70,915	78,000	415	215	205
English, French and non-official language	69,315	33,465	35,850	885	420	455
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	34,767,255	17,101,165	17,666,080	1,261,615	624,095	637,520
None	29,615,245	14,612,175	15,003,065	1,079,050	535,990	543,065
English	2,109,340	1,045,215	1,064,120	76,350	37,795	38,550
French	731,095	342,245	388,855	20,200	9,130	11,075
Non-official language	2,151,690	1,023,940	1,127,750	83,315	39,860	43,455
Aboriginal	90,740	42,890	47,850	16,105	7,590	8,515
Non-Aboriginal	2,060,945	981,055	1,079,895	67,215	32,275	34,940
English and French	47,970	23,785	24,190	305	150	150
English and non-official language	61,075	30,045	31,030	1,610	815	790
French and non-official language	48,755	22,690	26,065	770	345	420
English, French and non-official language	2,080	1,075	1,010	20	5	10
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,355	1,001,305	491,590	509,715
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,190	954,035	467,790	486,250
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,204	40,782	28,860	34,188	40,379	29,220
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175	954,205	467,820	486,390
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,866	35,933	26,621	30,465	35,150	26,561
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	24,583,315	12,296,595	12,286,725	859,545	431,145	428,400
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,762	39,925	26,613	32,592	39,229	26,692
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	19,743,240	8,755,815	10,987,430	701,840	309,530	392,310
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	5,453	4,199	6,136	4,268	1,890	5,434
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	20,428,685	10,547,760	9,880,925	722,785	374,850	347,935
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	33,684	39,836	28,474	33,677	39,365	28,679
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	1,001,305	491,580	509,725
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	27,489,395	13,441,555	14,047,845	953,960	467,575	486,385
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	47,487	56,740	38,632	43,767	51,068	36,747
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	27,500,230	13,446,230	14,053,995	954,175	467,605	486,565
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	38,977	45,404	32,828	35,957	41,013	31,097
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	24,584,065	12,295,015	12,289,055	859,575	431,035	428,540
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	46,885	56,803	36,962	42,776	50,803	34,704
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	19,742,130	8,752,070	10,990,060	701,830	308,940	392,890
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,738	7,345	8,050	7,099	6,411	7,640
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	20,428,670	10,542,540	9,886,130	722,785	374,535	348,250
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	46,057	54,369	37,193	42,551	49,417	35,168
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	1,001,310	491,580	509,725
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	9,367,045	5,231,015	4,136,035	350,580	201,335	149,245
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	53,431	59,326	47,420	50,026	54,580	44,818
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	65,997	74,289	55,510	59,523	65,410	51,581
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	88.3	91.6	83.7	88.0	91.7	83.1
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	72.0	75.2	67.7	73.6	77.4	68.6
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	11.7	8.4	16.3	12.0	8.3	16.9
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360	1,001,310	491,585	509,720
Without total income	1,154,450	546,285	608,165	47,270	23,800	23,470
With total income	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,195	954,040	467,790	486,245
Percentage with total income	96.0	96.1	95.8	95.3	95.2	95.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	3,877,620	1,668,960	2,208,655	137,700	62,550	75,150
$10,000 to $19,999	4,680,380	1,867,600	2,812,785	150,320	58,320	91,995
$20,000 to $29,999	3,807,840	1,593,335	2,214,505	136,510	54,950	81,560
$30,000 to $39,999	3,206,175	1,472,670	1,733,510	123,685	55,805	67,885
$40,000 to $49,999	2,827,045	1,376,565	1,450,480	109,710	54,650	55,060
$50,000 to $59,999	2,179,775	1,145,685	1,034,090	80,625	45,170	35,460
$60,000 to $69,999	1,655,070	938,755	716,310	58,785	35,250	23,535
$70,000 to $79,999	1,271,850	745,830	526,015	43,365	26,465	16,895
$80,000 to $89,999	966,885	579,290	387,590	34,000	20,100	13,905
$90,000 to $99,999	749,290	452,240	297,050	21,980	13,545	8,440
$100,000 and over	2,266,600	1,603,400	663,195	57,355	40,985	16,370
$100,000 to $149,999	1,493,570	1,024,210	469,365	40,870	28,585	12,285
$150,000 and over	773,025	579,190	193,830	16,490	12,395	4,090
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360	1,001,305	491,585	509,720
Without after-tax income	1,143,795	541,620	602,175	47,100	23,770	23,330
With after-tax income	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175	954,205	467,820	486,390
Percentage with after-tax income	96.0	96.1	95.9	95.3	95.2	95.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	4,004,475	1,706,825	2,297,645	142,035	63,525	78,510
$10,000 to $19,999	4,905,055	1,972,920	2,932,130	161,865	63,410	98,460
$20,000 to $29,999	4,489,925	1,926,175	2,563,755	165,880	68,985	96,895
$30,000 to $39,999	3,924,960	1,870,705	2,054,250	153,680	73,335	80,350
$40,000 to $49,999	3,144,200	1,619,670	1,524,525	116,415	63,755	52,660
$50,000 to $59,999	2,209,280	1,245,570	963,705	78,105	46,940	31,160
$60,000 to $69,999	1,540,300	912,230	628,065	53,870	32,165	21,705
$70,000 to $79,999	1,076,180	654,570	421,610	31,690	19,680	12,010
$80,000 and over	2,204,820	1,540,335	664,485	50,655	36,025	14,630
$80,000 to $89,999	688,705	444,550	244,145	18,025	12,260	5,760
$90,000 to $99,999	420,975	291,090	129,885	10,325	7,305	3,015
$100,000 and over	1,095,140	804,690	290,445	22,305	16,460	5,850
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	28,642,980	13,990,625	14,652,360	1,001,305	491,590	509,720
Without employment income	8,214,295	3,442,860	4,771,430	278,525	116,740	161,775
With employment income	20,428,690	10,547,760	9,880,925	722,785	374,845	347,940
Percentage with employment income	71.3	75.4	67.4	72.2	76.3	68.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	2,778,990	1,357,430	1,421,560	90,045	42,675	47,375
$5,000 to $9,999	1,602,140	697,025	905,120	54,560	23,875	30,690
$10,000 to $19,999	2,736,010	1,212,855	1,523,155	94,460	41,920	52,535
$20,000 to $29,999	2,293,785	1,022,090	1,271,695	89,540	39,650	49,895
$30,000 to $39,999	2,149,860	1,001,065	1,148,795	88,340	41,905	46,440
$40,000 to $49,999	1,928,565	946,625	981,940	77,755	40,205	37,550
$50,000 to $59,999	1,554,100	839,045	715,055	58,900	34,355	24,550
$60,000 to $69,999	1,220,310	708,270	512,040	44,085	27,115	16,970
$70,000 to $79,999	992,170	591,945	400,225	34,450	21,375	13,075
$80,000 and over	3,172,770	2,171,415	1,001,355	90,650	61,780	28,865
$80,000 to $89,999	773,755	475,700	298,055	28,365	16,860	11,505
$90,000 to $99,999	623,980	382,330	241,650	17,635	11,355	6,275
$100,000 and over	1,775,030	1,313,385	461,645	44,650	33,560	11,095
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	14,072,080	...	...	489,050	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	70,336	...	...	68,147	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	61,348	...	...	59,093	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	3,969,790	...	...	135,495	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	35,174	...	...	35,846	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	31,446	...	...	31,538	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	10,102,290	...	...	353,550	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	88,249	...	...	84,532	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	76,419	...	...	72,688	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	14,072,075	...	...	489,050	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	92,764	...	...	85,373	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	76,171	...	...	70,154	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	3,967,765	...	...	135,440	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	46,799	...	...	44,208	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	38,685	...	...	36,503	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	10,104,315	...	...	353,605	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	110,813	...	...	101,140	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	90,890	...	...	83,044	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	14,072,075	...	...	489,050	...	...
Under $5,000	228,790	...	...	9,250	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	200,315	...	...	8,175	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	374,575	...	...	11,450	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	565,940	...	...	18,260	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	602,800	...	...	21,395	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	538,710	...	...	19,035	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	603,480	...	...	21,090	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	606,600	...	...	21,745	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	596,110	...	...	21,605	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	578,325	...	...	21,225	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,097,345	...	...	40,240	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,010,415	...	...	37,910	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	924,320	...	...	34,275	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	836,765	...	...	31,555	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	745,655	...	...	27,215	...	...
$100,000 and over	4,561,920	...	...	144,620	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,470,255	...	...	52,495	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	1,016,245	...	...	34,595	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	1,116,140	...	...	34,670	...	...
$200,000 and over	959,285	...	...	22,865	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	14,072,075	...	...	489,050	...	...
Under $5,000	243,780	...	...	9,725	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	203,865	...	...	8,315	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	380,680	...	...	11,860	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	591,660	...	...	19,325	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	673,740	...	...	24,370	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	628,225	...	...	22,665	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	719,825	...	...	25,915	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	725,675	...	...	26,725	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	711,180	...	...	25,965	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	691,695	...	...	25,290	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,299,680	...	...	48,610	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,169,515	...	...	44,280	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,041,635	...	...	38,890	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	900,055	...	...	32,370	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	757,295	...	...	26,890	...	...
$100,000 and over	3,333,575	...	...	97,850	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,371,945	...	...	46,355	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	809,540	...	...	24,795	...	...
$150,000 and over	1,152,090	...	...	26,705	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	9,688,845	...	...	341,205	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	88,306	...	...	84,441	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	76,372	...	...	72,563	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	3,706,220	...	...	127,580	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	78,976	...	...	79,103	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	68,309	...	...	67,596	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	4,222,140	...	...	150,585	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	113,465	...	...	104,902	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	96,608	...	...	89,307	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.0	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	1,481,410	...	...	52,215	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	53,193	...	...	49,922	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	48,856	...	...	46,048	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	9,689,855	...	...	341,235	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	111,235	...	...	101,410	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	91,040	...	...	83,132	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	3,706,400	...	...	127,710	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	101,086	...	...	95,583	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	82,296	...	...	77,743	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	4,225,855	...	...	150,695	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	137,094	...	...	122,176	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	111,307	...	...	99,399	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	1,477,190	...	...	52,130	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	65,549	...	...	60,006	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	56,687	...	...	52,307	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	5,313,545	2,608,845	2,704,705	175,270	86,935	88,335
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	31,890	34,483	29,801	32,927	35,568	30,818
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	28,959	30,746	27,495	29,429	31,130	28,062
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	5,299,050	2,596,985	2,702,070	174,945	86,380	88,565
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	42,939	46,085	39,915	40,853	43,332	38,434
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	35,801	37,724	33,952	33,961	35,291	32,663
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	34,460,065	16,971,550	17,488,515	1,240,700	614,440	626,260
In the bottom half of the distribution	17,229,835	8,256,970	8,972,865	687,930	332,640	355,290
In the bottom decile	3,445,950	1,672,900	1,773,050	151,750	74,825	76,930
In the second decile	3,445,660	1,564,965	1,880,700	135,485	62,035	73,450
In the third decile	3,446,165	1,641,930	1,804,235	135,395	64,805	70,590
In the fourth decile	3,445,850	1,677,120	1,768,730	132,755	65,185	67,575
In the fifth decile	3,446,210	1,700,060	1,746,150	132,540	65,790	66,750
In the top half of the distribution	17,230,230	8,714,580	8,515,650	552,770	281,805	270,965
In the sixth decile	3,445,695	1,716,510	1,729,185	127,575	64,305	63,265
In the seventh decile	3,446,470	1,730,975	1,715,500	123,505	62,770	60,735
In the eighth decile	3,445,940	1,741,640	1,704,300	116,805	59,460	57,350
In the ninth decile	3,446,045	1,751,850	1,694,195	104,820	53,835	50,980
In the top decile	3,446,080	1,773,600	1,672,475	80,070	41,435	38,640
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	33,968,295	16,724,265	17,244,035	1,175,720	581,585	594,135
0 to 17 years	6,836,380	3,504,250	3,332,125	260,905	134,075	126,830
0 to 5 years	2,228,770	1,142,505	1,086,270	85,935	44,240	41,695
18 to 64 years	21,695,090	10,690,090	11,005,005	737,035	365,965	371,070
65 years and over	5,436,830	2,529,930	2,906,905	177,780	81,540	96,235
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	4,809,940	2,243,200	2,566,740	180,880	85,185	95,690
0 to 17 years	1,163,830	597,570	566,255	57,185	29,390	27,790
0 to 5 years	396,095	203,055	193,030	21,325	10,970	10,355
18 to 64 years	2,855,290	1,341,590	1,513,700	98,920	46,630	52,285
65 years and over	790,825	304,040	486,780	24,785	9,165	15,615
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.2	13.4	14.9	15.4	14.6	16.1
0 to 17 years (%)	17.0	17.1	17.0	21.9	21.9	21.9
0 to 5 years (%)	17.8	17.8	17.8	24.8	24.8	24.8
18 to 64 years (%)	13.2	12.5	13.8	13.4	12.7	14.1
65 years and over (%)	14.5	12.0	16.7	13.9	11.2	16.2
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,128,995	1,519,370	1,609,630	115,965	56,255	59,705
0 to 17 years	696,025	357,255	338,770	33,260	17,040	16,220
0 to 5 years	236,435	121,170	115,260	12,310	6,325	5,985
18 to 64 years	2,157,745	1,057,585	1,100,160	73,655	35,895	37,760
65 years and over	275,225	104,525	170,695	9,045	3,325	5,725
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.2	9.1	9.3	9.9	9.7	10.0
0 to 17 years (%)	10.2	10.2	10.2	12.7	12.7	12.8
0 to 5 years (%)	10.6	10.6	10.6	14.3	14.3	14.4
18 to 64 years (%)	9.9	9.9	10.0	10.0	9.8	10.2
65 years and over (%)	5.1	4.1	5.9	5.1	4.1	5.9
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	1,240,700	614,440	626,260
Official languages	33,818,210	16,709,290	17,108,920	1,224,985	607,375	617,605
English	29,748,265	14,806,270	14,941,995	1,223,665	606,760	616,905
French	10,242,945	4,952,455	5,290,495	108,560	49,435	59,130
Non-official languages	9,369,280	4,488,185	4,881,090	340,250	165,150	175,100
Aboriginal languages	263,845	127,550	136,295	40,465	19,410	21,050
Algonquian languages	177,570	85,505	92,065	38,305	18,375	19,930
Blackfoot	5,645	2,695	2,950	10	0	10
Cree-Montagnais languages	116,585	56,515	60,070	20,975	10,025	10,955
Atikamekw	6,640	3,335	3,305	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	11,440	5,500	5,945	0	0	0
Moose Cree	195	80	115	0	0	10
Naskapi	1,465	710	755	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	545	225	320	85	25	55
Plains Cree	5,905	2,705	3,200	190	90	100
Southern East Cree	40	30	10	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	2,345	995	1,350	1,140	505	640
Woods Cree	2,665	1,230	1,435	130	65	65
Cree, n.o.s.	86,115	42,080	44,035	19,435	9,340	10,095
Eastern Algonquian languages	9,765	4,710	5,050	10	10	0
Malecite	755	370	390	10	10	0
Mi'kmaq	9,025	4,350	4,670	10	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	46,685	22,100	24,585	17,710	8,520	9,185
Algonquin	2,480	1,165	1,315	10	0	0
Ojibway	28,585	13,365	15,220	9,685	4,560	5,125
Oji-Cree	15,610	7,575	8,030	8,045	3,975	4,070
Ottawa (Odawa)	205	105	105	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	120	60	60	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	23,655	11,340	12,320	1,120	525	595
Northern Athabaskan languages	23,570	11,300	12,265	1,110	520	590
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	210	105	100	0	0	0
Beaver	340	180	165	0	0	0
Carrier	2,105	955	1,145	0	0	0
Chilcotin	1,150	535	610	0	0	0
Dene	13,060	6,270	6,790	1,110	520	595
Dogrib (Tlicho)	2,375	1,210	1,165	0	0	0
Gwich'in	360	165	200	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	150	60	90	0	0	0
Sekani	185	85	100	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	2,815	1,340	1,475	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	1,010	475	530	0	0	0
South Slavey	1,365	660	710	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	680	320	360	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	630	340	285	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	365	205	170	0	0	0
Tahltan	270	140	130	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	420	160	260	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	285	115	170	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	145	50	95	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50	10	10	0
Haida	465	205	260	0	0	0
Inuit languages	42,980	21,355	21,630	110	55	55
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,975	895	1,080	10	10	0
Inuktitut	40,620	20,280	20,340	80	35	45
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	470	225	240	20	15	10
Iroquoian languages	2,800	1,240	1,555	15	10	10
Cayuga	125	40	85	0	0	0
Mohawk	2,415	1,120	1,295	15	10	10
Oneida	180	60	125	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	115	45	75	0	0	10
Kutenai	175	95	80	0	0	0
Michif	1,210	585	625	210	115	95
Salish languages	5,750	2,730	3,015	0	0	10
Comox	185	75	110	0	0	0
Halkomelem	1,060	475	585	10	0	10
Lillooet	790	405	385	0	0	0
Okanagan	820	370	450	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	1,305	640	665	0	0	0
Squamish	285	125	155	0	0	0
Straits	360	160	200	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	450	220	235	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	565	295	270	0	0	0
Siouan languages	5,430	2,665	2,770	760	365	395
Dakota	1,760	870	890	760	360	400
Stoney	3,675	1,805	1,875	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	140	70	70	0	10	0
Tlingit	260	140	120	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	2,730	1,350	1,380	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	1,305	645	660	0	0	0
Nisga'a	1,060	545	515	0	0	0
Tsimshian	410	180	235	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	1,490	680	805	10	0	10
Haisla	175	65	110	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	125	50	75	10	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	605	285	320	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	565	265	300	10	0	10
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	665	310	360	35	15	20
Non-Aboriginal languages	9,107,075	4,361,420	4,745,660	299,900	145,795	154,110
Afro-Asiatic languages	837,355	432,560	404,795	15,730	8,320	7,410
Berber languages	29,460	15,745	13,715	85	50	40
Kabyle	17,120	9,100	8,015	45	25	20
Berber languages, n.i.e.	12,505	6,735	5,775	50	35	10
Cushitic languages	57,125	26,870	30,250	2,300	1,195	1,105
Bilen	1,085	625	470	210	120	85
Oromo	6,245	3,070	3,175	535	275	260
Somali	49,665	23,070	26,590	1,550	790	760
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	480	220	265	15	15	10
Semitic languages	771,130	400,780	370,350	13,685	7,300	6,390
Amharic	33,670	16,675	16,995	2,475	1,370	1,105
Arabic	629,055	329,235	299,820	6,650	3,590	3,055
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	19,745	9,720	10,020	15	0	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	7,115	3,505	3,610	10	0	0
Harari	1,710	855	860	0	10	0
Hebrew	75,020	38,730	36,290	3,370	1,735	1,635
Maltese	7,625	3,760	3,870	65	30	35
Tigrigna	21,340	10,640	10,705	2,225	1,175	1,050
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	3,220	1,655	1,565	15	10	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	2,775	1,440	1,335	155	80	80
Austro-Asiatic languages	224,865	105,845	119,020	5,230	2,545	2,685
Khmer (Cambodian)	27,035	12,640	14,400	335	185	150
Vietnamese	198,895	93,735	105,155	4,905	2,370	2,535
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	190	70	120	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	656,200	273,075	383,125	65,305	30,220	35,090
Bikol	2,075	885	1,190	225	100	125
Cebuano	27,045	10,960	16,085	1,615	805	810
Fijian	1,660	955	705	65	35	30
Hiligaynon	7,925	3,200	4,720	425	180	245
Ilocano	34,530	13,805	20,730	1,875	880	990
Malagasy	2,335	1,120	1,220	0	0	0
Malay	22,470	10,370	12,100	375	180	195
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5,425	2,445	2,980	945	415	530
Pangasinan	1,800	790	1,015	205	100	110
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	612,735	253,210	359,530	64,165	29,640	34,520
Waray-Waray	1,395	530	860	115	55	55
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5,585	2,540	3,040	200	80	120
Creole languages	155,615	70,545	85,070	1,310	605	705
Haitian Creole	6,850	3,140	3,710	25	10	15
Creole, n.o.s.	133,045	59,890	73,160	635	310	315
Creole languages, n.i.e.	16,635	7,955	8,675	680	305	375
Dravidian languages	250,180	126,220	123,960	1,840	945	895
Kannada	8,245	4,180	4,065	175	95	80
Malayalam	37,810	19,410	18,400	830	400	430
Tamil	189,860	94,640	95,220	655	330	325
Telugu	23,160	12,770	10,390	255	150	110
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	790	385	405	15	10	10
Hmong-Mien languages	870	435	435	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,158,010	2,506,455	2,651,555	175,950	86,435	89,510
Albanian	31,930	16,140	15,790	390	195	195
Armenian	41,295	19,980	21,315	65	50	15
Balto-Slavic languages	817,315	384,960	432,350	39,530	18,780	20,745
Baltic languages	14,675	6,470	8,205	230	90	140
Latvian	6,500	2,960	3,540	115	45	70
Lithuanian	8,185	3,510	4,675	120	50	65
Slavic languages	805,915	379,965	425,945	39,360	18,720	20,640
Belarusan	2,265	1,070	1,195	65	25	45
Bosnian	18,265	9,055	9,215	835	405	430
Bulgarian	22,425	10,920	11,505	155	95	60
Croatian	69,840	34,515	35,325	1,595	765	825
Czech	28,720	13,675	15,050	735	335	395
Macedonian	23,075	11,190	11,880	140	75	60
Polish	214,965	99,365	115,600	7,655	3,625	4,035
Russian	269,645	127,055	142,595	13,455	6,715	6,740
Serbian	73,775	37,040	36,740	870	470	400
Serbo-Croatian	11,275	5,525	5,750	190	75	115
Slovak	21,470	10,215	11,255	480	215	260
Slovene (Slovenian)	11,495	5,205	6,290	275	100	175
Ukrainian	132,115	58,820	73,300	17,095	7,795	9,305
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	3,000	1,590	1,405	70	35	30
Celtic languages	9,165	4,705	4,455	225	125	100
Scottish Gaelic	3,980	2,010	1,975	90	65	25
Welsh	1,690	830	860	90	45	45
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	3,590	1,915	1,680	45	15	25
Germanic languages	695,535	337,215	358,320	68,285	33,250	35,035
Afrikaans	23,410	11,795	11,610	715	330	385
Danish	15,745	7,320	8,425	270	120	150
Dutch	120,865	57,885	62,990	3,120	1,555	1,565
Frisian	2,910	1,515	1,395	90	65	30
German	502,730	245,745	256,985	61,760	30,170	31,600
Icelandic	1,780	830	945	560	225	335
Norwegian	8,120	3,860	4,260	290	115	175
Swedish	14,140	6,510	7,635	270	125	150
Vlaams (Flemish)	4,400	1,945	2,455	270	120	155
Yiddish	20,985	10,435	10,550	545	235	315
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	8,710	4,425	4,285	2,490	1,285	1,205
Greek	150,965	75,510	75,455	2,010	1,015	1,000
Indo-Iranian languages	1,658,220	840,850	817,365	38,760	20,480	18,280
Indo-Aryan languages	1,387,805	704,370	683,435	35,830	18,990	16,835
Bengali	91,220	46,935	44,285	1,520	885	635
Gujarati	149,045	74,765	74,285	3,905	2,065	1,840
Hindi	433,365	221,665	211,700	12,900	6,900	6,000
Kashmiri	905	490	420	20	15	10
Konkani	6,790	3,185	3,605	40	30	10
Marathi	15,570	8,200	7,365	275	170	105
Nepali	21,380	10,915	10,470	600	285	315
Oriya (Odia)	1,535	755	775	15	10	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	668,240	341,450	326,790	22,900	12,035	10,865
Sindhi	20,260	9,310	10,945	150	85	65
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	27,825	13,970	13,855	920	500	420
Urdu	322,220	164,685	157,535	4,600	2,540	2,060
Iranian languages	281,715	142,030	139,680	3,035	1,525	1,515
Kurdish	15,290	8,290	7,000	600	295	305
Pashto	23,180	12,465	10,715	290	135	150
Persian (Farsi)	252,320	126,565	125,755	2,295	1,175	1,120
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	8,875	4,715	4,155	230	125	105
Italic (Romance) languages	1,897,630	898,530	999,100	34,360	16,630	17,735
Catalan	2,035	1,145	890	15	10	10
Italian	574,725	278,500	296,225	5,350	2,610	2,735
Portuguese	295,955	144,465	151,485	8,460	4,125	4,335
Romanian	115,050	55,275	59,770	785	395	390
Spanish	995,255	460,250	535,010	20,605	9,910	10,695
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	2,680	1,610	1,075	60	45	15
Japanese	83,090	36,760	46,335	1,160	550	605
Kartvelian languages	2,150	1,075	1,075	10	0	15
Georgian	2,150	1,080	1,070	15	0	15
Korean	172,755	80,170	92,590	4,240	2,100	2,145
Mongolic languages	2,090	960	1,130	55	20	35
Mongolian	2,090	960	1,130	55	20	30
Niger-Congo languages	177,215	88,135	89,080	7,970	4,125	3,845
Akan (Twi)	22,145	10,810	11,340	260	165	95
Bamanankan	3,190	1,660	1,530	160	95	65
Edo	3,220	1,510	1,705	95	60	30
Ewe	3,000	1,685	1,315	50	30	20
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	4,725	2,460	2,260	50	25	25
Ga	2,250	1,140	1,110	30	10	15
Ganda	2,495	1,175	1,320	230	110	120
Igbo	8,850	4,710	4,140	665	345	325
Lingala	17,010	7,865	9,145	655	315	345
Rundi (Kirundi)	8,590	4,075	4,515	205	105	105
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	7,860	3,600	4,260	305	155	155
Shona	5,425	2,530	2,905	250	110	140
Swahili	38,680	19,565	19,115	1,930	1,020	905
Wolof	8,240	4,455	3,785	150	85	70
Yoruba	22,420	11,475	10,940	2,630	1,330	1,295
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40,760	20,375	20,385	1,440	765	680
Nilo-Saharan languages	7,015	3,520	3,495	410	225	185
Dinka	2,475	1,280	1,190	180	105	75
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	4,555	2,240	2,315	225	120	105
Sign languages	48,115	18,985	29,130	2,670	985	1,685
American Sign Language	21,930	7,780	14,155	1,710	625	1,090
Quebec Sign Language	4,665	1,665	3,005	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	22,275	9,835	12,440	975	365	610
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,430,440	672,100	758,340	21,130	10,490	10,650
Chinese languages	1,413,110	663,465	749,640	20,475	10,185	10,285
Cantonese	699,125	325,840	373,285	8,310	3,920	4,390
Hakka	12,445	5,555	6,890	50	30	20
Mandarin	814,450	377,635	436,815	12,825	6,460	6,365
Min Dong	1,045	440	600	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	42,840	19,005	23,835	480	230	250
Wu (Shanghainese)	16,530	7,490	9,040	185	95	85
Chinese, n.o.s.	41,690	19,995	21,690	1,115	600	510
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	590	250	340	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	18,270	9,100	9,175	675	310	370
Burmese	4,995	2,490	2,500	185	115	70
Karenic languages	4,895	2,425	2,475	465	200	265
Tibetan	7,050	3,555	3,490	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	2,375	1,160	1,220	145	60	80
Tai-Kadai languages	30,400	13,210	17,195	1,565	730	835
Lao	17,235	8,240	8,990	1,120	520	600
Thai	15,390	5,875	9,520	575	270	305
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	115	50	65	10	10	0
Turkic languages	60,530	31,585	28,945	510	250	265
Azerbaijani	5,450	2,885	2,565	50	25	30
Turkish	50,775	26,605	24,165	365	180	185
Uyghur	1,385	685	700	30	15	10
Uzbek	2,465	1,230	1,235	40	20	15
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,870	905	965	45	15	30
Uralic languages	94,810	44,270	50,545	1,550	730	815
Estonian	6,070	2,750	3,315	45	20	25
Finnish	17,595	7,540	10,050	265	105	160
Hungarian	71,285	34,005	37,280	1,235	600	635
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	9,730	5,375	4,355	445	290	150
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490	1,240,700	614,440	626,260
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	32,034,590	15,799,495	16,235,090	1,133,080	560,165	572,920
Canadian citizens aged under 18	6,652,795	3,412,785	3,240,010	266,225	136,640	129,585
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	25,381,795	12,386,710	12,995,080	866,855	423,520	443,335
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	2,425,480	1,172,085	1,253,400	107,620	54,280	53,340
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	1,240,700	614,445	626,255
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	26,412,610	13,124,325	13,288,290	996,860	494,285	502,570
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330	227,465	111,095	116,365
Before 1981	1,941,510	927,795	1,013,715	50,025	23,340	26,680
1981 to 1990	915,555	439,245	476,310	20,205	10,190	10,010
1991 to 2000	1,486,655	696,720	789,940	23,040	11,165	11,875
2001 to 2010	1,985,035	940,570	1,044,465	70,985	35,305	35,680
2001 to 2005	928,935	439,890	489,050	22,570	11,195	11,370
2006 to 2010	1,056,095	500,680	555,415	48,415	24,110	24,305
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	1,212,075	582,175	629,895	63,210	31,095	32,120
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	506,625	260,755	245,870	16,375	9,055	7,320
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	7,540,830	3,586,500	3,954,335	227,470	111,100	116,370
Under 5 years	731,340	364,165	367,175	25,595	12,975	12,625
5 to 14 years	1,311,810	665,870	645,945	45,570	23,305	22,265
15 to 24 years	1,604,430	724,430	880,005	44,585	20,820	23,770
25 to 44 years	3,198,920	1,513,970	1,684,950	93,700	45,160	48,540
45 years and over	694,320	318,060	376,260	18,010	8,845	9,170
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330	227,465	111,095	116,365
Americas	1,128,745	510,650	618,100	31,980	15,285	16,700
Brazil	29,320	13,235	16,080	435	170	265
Colombia	70,035	32,065	37,965	1,050	510	545
El Salvador	48,080	23,865	24,215	2,480	1,325	1,155
Guyana	87,685	38,940	48,745	1,135	515	620
Haiti	93,480	40,955	52,525	155	75	80
Jamaica	138,345	59,960	78,390	1,810	835	970
Mexico	80,585	37,530	43,055	6,655	3,330	3,320
Peru	29,615	12,950	16,665	235	85	150
Trinidad and Tobago	65,040	29,325	35,710	1,505	785	720
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	253,715	113,505	140,215	7,100	3,100	4,000
Other places of birth in Americas	232,850	108,325	124,530	9,425	4,550	4,875
Europe	2,088,410	1,015,145	1,073,260	56,705	27,815	28,890
Bosnia and Herzegovina	36,135	18,050	18,085	1,055	530	525
Croatia	40,045	20,005	20,035	975	445	535
France	105,565	55,395	50,170	795	425	365
Germany	145,845	69,525	76,320	10,390	5,215	5,175
Greece	62,715	31,580	31,135	820	445	375
Hungary	36,820	17,945	18,875	815	435	375
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	28,325	14,355	13,970	650	310	340
Italy	236,640	118,595	118,040	2,755	1,405	1,350
Netherlands	88,475	45,185	43,295	2,250	1,185	1,060
Poland	146,465	66,450	80,020	5,280	2,455	2,820
Portugal	139,450	68,150	71,300	4,380	2,170	2,210
Romania	90,305	42,795	47,510	720	345	375
Russian Federation	78,685	34,265	44,420	4,245	2,035	2,210
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	33,320	16,325	17,000	355	175	175
Ukraine	73,030	33,360	39,665	4,765	2,250	2,515
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	499,115	243,225	255,890	11,665	5,655	6,015
Other places of birth in Europe	247,470	119,945	127,530	4,790	2,325	2,470
Africa	637,485	322,510	314,970	17,975	9,495	8,485
Algeria	64,620	33,920	30,705	115	60	55
Egypt	64,615	34,125	30,495	980	525	455
Ethiopia	32,790	15,980	16,810	2,525	1,360	1,165
Kenya	27,150	12,810	14,340	935	470	465
Morocco	69,655	36,120	33,535	250	140	110
Nigeria	42,430	21,830	20,600	3,820	2,070	1,750
Somalia	27,230	12,070	15,160	755	350	415
South Africa, Republic of	44,660	22,205	22,460	975	465	505
Other places of birth in Africa	264,320	133,450	130,870	7,630	4,055	3,570
Asia	3,629,160	1,709,985	1,919,175	120,230	58,215	62,015
Afghanistan	51,955	26,030	25,930	615	285	330
Bangladesh	58,735	29,875	28,865	880	475	400
China^{Census data footnote 59}	649,260	290,800	358,460	9,250	4,460	4,790
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	208,940	98,020	110,915	1,460	715	735
India	668,565	334,030	334,540	21,990	11,395	10,595
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	154,425	77,970	76,455	1,180	655	530
Iraq	68,485	34,785	33,705	860	460	400
Japan	27,240	7,955	19,285	225	70	150
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	123,305	57,170	66,140	2,880	1,415	1,470
Lebanon	88,745	47,295	41,450	265	165	100
Pakistan	202,260	103,225	99,035	3,125	1,675	1,450
Philippines	588,305	247,095	341,210	61,950	28,800	33,150
Sri Lanka	131,995	64,825	67,170	1,015	515	505
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	52,960	26,595	26,365	805	390	410
Taiwan	63,770	28,170	35,605	215	110	110
Viet Nam	169,250	78,000	91,250	4,225	2,035	2,185
Other places of birth in Asia	320,965	158,150	162,815	9,285	4,590	4,695
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	57,030	28,210	28,825	575	290	280
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	1,212,075	582,180	629,895	63,210	31,095	32,115
Americas	152,595	72,870	79,720	4,130	1,840	2,290
Brazil	8,500	4,000	4,490	100	35	65
Colombia	15,300	6,885	8,415	185	70	120
Cuba	5,370	2,545	2,820	75	25	55
Haiti	19,985	9,160	10,830	15	10	0
Jamaica	12,495	6,680	5,820	340	175	165
Mexico	18,660	9,090	9,575	875	415	465
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	33,060	16,480	16,580	970	445	525
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	6,425	2,990	3,435	75	30	40
Other places of birth in Americas	32,790	15,040	17,750	1,490	640	850
Europe	140,030	70,995	69,035	5,155	2,650	2,505
France	24,150	13,000	11,150	135	70	75
Germany	6,300	3,255	3,045	580	310	265
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	5,660	3,540	2,120	135	80	60
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	5,900	2,735	3,165	160	85	70
Romania	7,610	3,330	4,280	70	30	35
Russian Federation	11,565	4,485	7,080	1,145	530	610
Ukraine	13,425	6,015	7,410	1,320	670	650
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	24,445	14,235	10,215	550	290	265
Other places of birth in Europe	40,970	20,405	20,570	1,060	590	470
Africa	162,800	81,545	81,245	7,860	4,120	3,735
Algeria	17,175	8,440	8,735	20	10	10
Cameroon	10,265	5,005	5,255	65	45	20
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	7,400	3,570	3,835	740	360	380
Côte d'Ivoire	6,240	3,030	3,210	95	35	60
Egypt	16,115	8,445	7,665	415	220	190
Eritrea	6,050	3,195	2,855	795	430	360
Ethiopia	7,510	3,625	3,890	810	425	380
Morocco	15,105	7,470	7,635	70	30	35
Nigeria	17,285	8,850	8,435	2,630	1,415	1,215
Somalia	5,335	2,600	2,730	385	160	215
South Africa, Republic of	5,765	2,935	2,830	225	110	120
Tunisia	6,700	3,475	3,230	65	45	20
Other places of birth in Africa	41,855	20,905	20,950	1,555	820	735
Asia	748,700	352,095	396,610	45,915	22,395	23,520
Afghanistan	9,240	4,530	4,710	60	35	25
Bangladesh	12,900	6,445	6,460	360	195	170
China^{Census data footnote 59}	129,020	57,745	71,270	3,390	1,635	1,760
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	4,975	2,090	2,880	185	105	80
India	147,190	75,145	72,045	10,915	5,675	5,240
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	42,070	20,580	21,490	425	230	195
Iraq	20,665	10,345	10,320	330	175	155
Israel	4,740	2,615	2,130	595	340	260
Japan	4,905	1,250	3,655	45	25	25
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	21,710	9,630	12,075	1,300	665	640
Lebanon	9,375	4,980	4,400	140	100	35
Nepal	7,505	3,780	3,715	210	70	140
Pakistan	41,480	20,530	20,945	1,535	800	735
Philippines	188,810	83,050	105,760	22,885	10,645	12,245
Saudi Arabia	5,465	2,820	2,640	325	145	180
Sri Lanka	11,495	5,190	6,305	250	140	115
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	29,945	15,245	14,700	635	325	310
Taiwan	4,310	1,685	2,625	20	0	10
Turkey	4,255	2,365	1,890	40	30	10
United Arab Emirates	6,135	3,220	2,910	110	55	55
Viet Nam	11,210	4,500	6,705	495	220	275
Other places of birth in Asia	31,320	14,345	16,970	1,650	785	870
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	7,955	4,670	3,280	150	80	70
Australia	4,965	2,950	2,010	80	25	60
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	2,990	1,720	1,270	65	55	15
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	34,460,060	16,971,575	17,488,485	1,240,695	614,440	626,260
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	8,219,555	3,936,045	4,283,505	249,625	123,035	126,585
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	6,100,725	3,053,075	3,047,650	197,530	97,135	100,395
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	20,139,790	9,982,460	10,157,330	793,545	394,265	399,280
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	5,703,615	2,709,530	2,994,085	180,810	89,380	91,425
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	2,994,130	1,496,240	1,497,885	119,845	60,680	59,165
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	1,220,755	755,370	465,380	44,415	27,435	16,980
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	1,773,380	740,870	1,032,510	75,430	33,250	42,185
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	1,782,490	728,085	1,054,400	39,875	17,355	22,525
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	858,845	453,675	405,175	20,550	11,155	9,395
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	68,145	31,530	36,615	540	195	345
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	1,240,700	614,440	626,260
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	1,673,785	813,520	860,265	223,310	108,495	114,815
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	1,629,805	792,970	836,835	220,470	107,145	113,330
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	977,235	471,510	505,725	130,510	62,955	67,550
Métis	587,545	289,435	298,115	89,355	43,895	45,465
Inuk (Inuit)	65,030	32,030	32,995	610	295	310
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	21,310	10,165	11,145	2,020	985	1,030
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	22,670	10,385	12,290	820	365	450
Non-Aboriginal identity	32,786,280	16,158,060	16,628,225	1,017,385	505,945	511,445
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490	1,240,700	614,440	626,255
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	820,120	395,670	424,445	127,250	61,300	65,950
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	33,639,945	16,575,905	17,064,040	1,113,450	553,140	560,305
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,490	1,240,700	614,440	626,255
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	727,790	356,970	370,815	110,630	53,980	56,645
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	709,235	347,985	361,245	108,055	52,775	55,285
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	573,215	280,040	293,180	93,070	45,490	47,580
Métis single ancestry	91,255	45,740	45,515	14,835	7,210	7,625
Inuit single ancestry	44,765	22,210	22,555	155	75	80
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	18,555	8,985	9,565	2,570	1,205	1,365
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	15,140	7,305	7,835	2,495	1,160	1,335
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	2,470	1,205	1,265	50	30	15
Métis and Inuit ancestries	770	390	380	15	10	10
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	170	85	85	10	10	0
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	1,402,735	669,710	733,025	114,605	55,480	59,120
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	1,347,610	644,210	703,400	107,535	52,250	55,285
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	881,455	418,215	463,235	40,265	19,440	20,820
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	441,000	213,940	227,065	66,810	32,600	34,215
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	25,155	12,045	13,105	460	210	250
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	55,125	25,505	29,625	7,070	3,235	3,835
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	49,325	22,740	26,585	6,800	3,100	3,705
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	3,470	1,655	1,815	120	65	55
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	2,005	940	1,065	130	55	80
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	325	170	160	10	10	0
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	32,329,545	15,944,900	16,384,645	1,015,465	504,980	510,485
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	1,240,700	614,440	626,260
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	7,674,580	3,725,090	3,949,495	216,850	108,315	108,530
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	1,924,635	977,690	946,945	42,060	22,200	19,855
Chinese	1,577,060	746,400	830,665	22,540	11,340	11,195
Black	1,198,540	580,070	618,475	30,335	15,790	14,550
Filipino	780,125	341,800	438,330	79,815	37,935	41,885
Latin American	447,325	215,460	231,860	9,895	4,840	5,050
Arab	523,235	276,425	246,810	5,030	2,705	2,325
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	313,260	148,880	164,385	8,565	4,155	4,410
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	264,305	133,475	130,825	2,695	1,420	1,270
Korean	188,710	89,110	99,600	4,375	2,195	2,180
Japanese	92,920	40,105	52,815	1,850	880	975
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	132,090	62,540	69,550	3,195	1,610	1,590
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	232,375	113,140	119,230	6,485	3,235	3,250
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	26,785,480	13,246,485	13,539,000	1,023,850	506,125	517,725
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	1,240,700	614,440	626,255
North American Aboriginal origins	2,130,520	1,026,675	1,103,840	225,230	109,465	115,770
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,525,570	731,410	794,155	142,820	69,305	73,510
Inuit	79,130	38,695	40,435	955	460	500
Métis	599,995	291,310	308,690	91,120	44,150	46,970
Other North American origins	11,628,535	5,745,695	5,882,835	247,670	123,075	124,600
Acadian	119,675	57,805	61,865	645	325	320
American	377,405	182,690	194,715	9,220	4,605	4,615
Canadian	11,135,965	5,501,595	5,634,370	240,835	119,610	121,225
New Brunswicker	1,490	800	685	10	0	10
Newfoundlander	22,215	11,420	10,800	215	130	90
Nova Scotian	3,700	1,770	1,930	20	15	0
Ontarian	3,925	1,980	1,945	20	20	0
Québécois	194,560	99,320	95,235	280	150	125
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	1,895	950	945	30	10	25
European origins	19,683,320	9,687,715	9,995,605	826,210	406,770	419,445
British Isles origins	11,211,850	5,474,735	5,737,115	421,515	206,840	214,675
Channel Islander	3,595	1,740	1,855	45	25	25
Cornish	1,975	995	975	85	45	40
English	6,320,085	3,069,515	3,250,570	245,960	119,975	125,985
Irish	4,627,000	2,195,620	2,431,385	156,145	74,290	81,850
Manx	6,125	3,090	3,040	200	100	100
Scottish	4,799,005	2,323,390	2,475,620	208,065	100,790	107,265
Welsh	474,805	226,600	248,210	17,760	8,575	9,180
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	644,695	307,090	337,610	19,610	9,260	10,355
French origins	4,680,820	2,283,480	2,397,340	148,810	72,060	76,750
Alsatian	2,800	1,300	1,495	20	15	15
Breton	11,845	5,765	6,080	120	40	75
Corsican	1,750	950	805	0	10	0
French	4,670,595	2,278,430	2,392,165	148,740	72,020	76,720
Western European origins (except French origins)	4,600,855	2,258,095	2,342,760	286,985	141,285	145,705
Austrian	207,050	100,775	106,275	12,325	6,190	6,135
Bavarian	940	485	455	15	10	0
Belgian	186,665	91,395	95,270	21,510	10,495	11,020
Dutch	1,111,655	546,565	565,090	55,525	27,375	28,150
Flemish	11,685	5,730	5,960	965	445	515
Frisian	4,590	2,395	2,195	140	75	55
German	3,322,405	1,626,785	1,695,615	220,735	108,650	112,080
Luxembourger	3,915	2,025	1,890	155	65	90
Swiss	155,120	76,935	78,185	5,475	2,660	2,810
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	3,365	1,645	1,720	140	65	75
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	1,201,320	579,005	622,315	80,295	38,580	41,720
Danish	207,470	100,660	106,810	7,895	3,850	4,050
Finnish	143,645	69,045	74,600	4,000	1,905	2,095
Icelandic	101,795	49,875	51,915	31,090	15,265	15,825
Norwegian	463,275	223,075	240,200	19,600	9,145	10,455
Swedish	349,645	163,545	186,095	22,470	10,530	11,945
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	52,780	26,965	25,820	2,540	1,260	1,285
Eastern European origins	3,431,245	1,666,740	1,764,505	287,695	141,310	146,380
Bulgarian	34,565	16,935	17,625	330	190	145
Byelorussian	20,710	10,190	10,515	885	430	455
Czech	104,580	51,555	53,030	4,590	2,165	2,425
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	40,715	19,235	21,480	2,155	1,120	1,040
Estonian	24,530	11,715	12,815	190	80	115
Hungarian	348,085	170,040	178,045	10,120	4,990	5,125
Latvian	30,725	14,920	15,805	1,365	655	715
Lithuanian	59,285	28,745	30,535	1,455	750	705
Moldovan	14,915	7,265	7,650	325	170	160
Polish	1,106,585	533,830	572,750	88,090	42,670	45,420
Romanian	238,050	114,705	123,345	5,835	2,790	3,045
Russian	622,445	297,600	324,850	58,225	28,625	29,605
Slovak	72,285	35,360	36,925	2,190	1,055	1,135
Ukrainian	1,359,655	663,560	696,095	180,055	88,615	91,445
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	20,415	9,895	10,520	895	415	480
Southern European origins	3,012,375	1,494,605	1,517,775	59,915	29,445	30,470
Albanian	36,185	18,385	17,800	415	220	195
Bosnian	26,740	13,320	13,420	1,030	505	520
Catalan	1,280	740	535	15	0	15
Croatian	133,970	67,825	66,140	2,930	1,430	1,500
Cypriot	5,650	2,850	2,795	45	25	15
Greek	271,410	137,405	134,005	4,130	2,070	2,060
Italian	1,587,965	794,525	793,445	23,210	11,675	11,530
Kosovar	2,865	1,470	1,395	45	20	25
Macedonian	43,110	21,650	21,460	225	120	110
Maltese	41,920	20,955	20,965	360	165	195
Montenegrin	4,160	2,180	1,985	40	10	30
Portuguese	482,605	239,360	243,250	14,540	7,215	7,320
Serbian	96,530	49,095	47,440	1,240	660	580
Sicilian	6,940	3,500	3,435	235	110	125
Slovenian	40,470	20,105	20,365	1,005	485	520
Spanish	396,460	184,520	211,945	12,625	5,680	6,945
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	38,480	18,620	19,860	1,060	540	525
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	2,170	1,030	1,135	65	40	30
Other European origins	226,695	115,110	111,580	10,950	5,550	5,400
Basque	6,965	3,690	3,275	100	65	35
Jewish	143,660	72,625	71,035	8,455	4,250	4,200
Roma (Gypsy)	4,630	2,195	2,440	155	70	85
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	4,870	2,560	2,310	185	100	85
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	67,890	34,730	33,160	2,130	1,090	1,040
Caribbean origins	749,155	349,810	399,345	10,805	5,355	5,450
Antiguan	4,500	2,115	2,385	60	20	40
Bahamian	3,675	1,915	1,760	60	35	25
Barbadian	37,780	17,745	20,035	740	390	350
Bermudan	3,075	1,435	1,640	40	30	15
Carib	3,030	1,175	1,860	65	30	40
Cuban	29,065	13,800	15,270	340	155	190
Dominican	23,130	11,000	12,125	275	145	135
Grenadian	17,915	7,835	10,080	160	85	80
Guadeloupean	1,125	515	605	0	0	0
Haitian	165,095	76,460	88,635	235	90	150
Jamaican	309,485	145,080	164,410	4,585	2,250	2,335
Kittitian/Nevisian	2,915	1,460	1,460	10	10	0
Martinican	2,010	900	1,110	0	0	0
Montserratan	930	460	470	0	0	0
Puerto Rican	3,405	1,645	1,765	70	25	45
St. Lucian	8,985	4,095	4,890	30	20	15
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	78,965	37,325	41,635	2,395	1,240	1,160
Vincentian/Grenadinian	17,420	7,475	9,945	190	90	105
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	70,270	31,625	38,645	1,465	705	760
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	26,830	12,520	14,310	665	360	305
Latin, Central and South American origins	674,640	325,210	349,430	23,115	11,555	11,565
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	22,725	10,875	11,850	650	330	320
Arawak	1,440	610	830	10	10	10
Argentinian	20,680	10,130	10,545	475	230	245
Belizean	1,755	915	845	200	105	100
Bolivian	5,055	2,480	2,580	300	160	140
Brazilian	36,830	17,380	19,455	830	375	455
Chilean	45,190	22,280	22,910	1,520	720	795
Colombian	96,325	45,590	50,735	1,400	680	715
Costa Rican	5,535	2,680	2,855	65	40	25
Ecuadorian	25,405	11,995	13,415	125	70	55
Guatemalan	26,275	13,360	12,915	505	240	260
Guyanese	84,275	39,530	44,745	1,485	770	715
Hispanic	11,055	5,380	5,670	425	210	220
Honduran	10,650	5,235	5,415	520	245	280
Maya	6,285	3,350	2,940	220	135	80
Mexican	128,485	62,890	65,595	8,790	4,440	4,350
Nicaraguan	13,705	6,650	7,055	370	200	170
Panamanian	4,700	2,210	2,495	50	10	40
Paraguayan	4,325	2,165	2,160	2,080	1,070	1,010
Peruvian	42,145	19,645	22,505	350	130	225
Salvadorean	66,220	32,960	33,255	2,735	1,425	1,315
Uruguayan	6,795	3,390	3,410	35	10	20
Venezuelan	26,345	12,220	14,125	240	95	150
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	28,455	13,930	14,525	1,045	525	520
African origins	1,067,930	539,805	528,120	28,860	14,980	13,885
Central and West African origins	230,110	118,040	112,070	8,665	4,585	4,085
Akan	1,955	1,090	870	35	10	25
Angolan	2,960	1,475	1,480	10	10	0
Ashanti	1,585	855	735	25	10	10
Beninese	4,995	2,670	2,320	55	45	0
Burkinabe	3,150	1,665	1,485	20	10	10
Cameroonian	24,615	12,390	12,230	145	80	70
Chadian	1,845	955	885	10	10	0
Congolese	38,365	18,925	19,440	1,575	785	790
Edo	1,945	1,095	855	130	85	45
Ewe	845	470	375	15	10	10
Gabonese	1,405	660	750	25	20	10
Gambian	975	495	475	10	0	10
Ghanaian	35,495	17,720	17,770	380	220	170
Guinean	7,240	3,785	3,455	70	20	50
Ibo	5,315	2,850	2,470	435	205	225
Ivorian	10,935	5,485	5,450	120	45	75
Liberian	2,485	1,130	1,360	80	20	55
Malian	4,490	2,280	2,210	140	85	55
Malinké	1,125	585	535	35	20	10
Nigerian	51,835	27,025	24,805	3,860	2,130	1,735
Peulh	2,435	1,270	1,170	25	15	15
Senegalese	10,175	5,500	4,670	115	70	40
Sierra Leonean	2,620	1,330	1,295	320	155	165
Togolese	5,300	2,870	2,430	115	60	55
Wolof	840	495	345	25	10	15
Yoruba	9,585	5,075	4,515	1,050	540	510
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	15,380	7,940	7,445	545	260	285
North African origins	355,045	185,775	169,270	3,690	1,980	1,705
Algerian	67,335	34,755	32,580	100	35	60
Berber	37,060	19,685	17,375	150	90	55
Coptic	3,535	1,860	1,680	85	45	40
Dinka	900	500	400	30	25	10
Egyptian	99,140	51,730	47,410	1,335	720	620
Libyan	7,740	4,135	3,605	360	175	185
Maure	1,190	655	535	100	70	30
Moroccan	103,940	54,005	49,945	350	190	160
Sudanese	19,960	10,315	9,645	1,075	580	500
Tunisian	25,645	13,985	11,665	130	65	60
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	6,115	3,320	2,795	75	40	35
Southern and East African origins	260,145	128,325	131,815	10,500	5,420	5,080
Afrikaner	1,870	955	915	65	40	30
Amhara	1,530	815	715	140	100	45
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	3,965	2,175	1,785	150	90	65
Burundian	10,990	5,405	5,580	235	110	125
Djiboutian	1,710	790	920	45	30	15
Eritrean	25,255	12,830	12,430	2,300	1,240	1,055
Ethiopian	44,065	21,680	22,385	2,900	1,505	1,395
Harari	665	355	305	0	0	0
Kenyan	10,915	5,230	5,685	335	165	170
Malagasy	4,500	2,175	2,325	25	15	10
Mauritian	9,325	4,655	4,665	245	125	115
Oromo	3,350	1,745	1,605	325	185	140
Rwandan	10,775	5,065	5,705	300	145	155
Seychellois	1,285	575	710	45	20	30
Somali	62,550	30,215	32,330	1,740	900	845
South African	41,375	20,575	20,800	730	310	420
Tanzanian	4,710	2,400	2,310	90	55	30
Tigrian	2,155	1,160	995	320	200	120
Ugandan	5,705	2,875	2,830	255	125	130
Zambian	1,860	935	920	200	95	110
Zimbabwean	8,090	3,975	4,110	310	150	160
Zulu	945	475	475	30	15	10
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	17,305	8,445	8,860	440	230	210
Other African origins	239,560	116,400	123,165	6,670	3,350	3,325
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	30,385	14,015	16,370	825	405	415
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	212,005	103,790	108,215	5,925	2,965	2,965
Asian origins	6,095,235	2,958,120	3,137,115	178,655	88,885	89,765
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	1,011,145	518,170	492,980	11,850	6,130	5,715
Afghan	83,995	42,320	41,675	1,010	485	530
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	111,400	58,930	52,475	1,755	975	785
Armenian	63,810	31,505	32,305	495	250	250
Assyrian	13,835	7,115	6,720	40	30	10
Azerbaijani	6,425	3,230	3,200	55	35	20
Georgian	4,775	2,430	2,345	110	60	45
Hazara	1,515	810	705	0	0	0
Iranian	210,405	106,565	103,840	1,885	1,015	870
Iraqi	70,925	35,965	34,955	925	480	450
Israeli	28,735	15,065	13,675	775	410	360
Jordanian	14,250	7,520	6,735	235	100	135
Kazakh	3,330	1,615	1,710	335	185	145
Kurd	16,315	8,810	7,515	305	145	160
Kuwaiti	2,235	1,185	1,055	40	20	25
Kyrgyz	1,060	510	550	45	30	20
Lebanese	219,555	112,970	106,590	1,375	700	675
Palestinian	44,820	23,900	20,920	620	340	275
Pashtun	4,810	2,565	2,245	65	25	40
Saudi Arabian	6,810	3,935	2,880	170	95	70
Syrian	77,045	38,445	38,600	1,115	535	580
Tajik	2,905	1,410	1,495	55	20	40
Tatar	4,825	2,155	2,670	310	155	155
Turk	63,955	32,855	31,100	655	315	340
Turkmen	1,040	540	500	10	0	0
Uighur	1,555	775	785	10	10	0
Uzbek	3,920	1,920	2,000	70	45	20
Yemeni	6,645	3,335	3,305	100	45	55
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	25,280	13,180	12,100	305	145	155
South Asian origins	1,963,330	993,595	969,735	43,155	22,710	20,440
Bangladeshi	45,940	23,645	22,300	880	500	385
Bengali	22,900	11,730	11,180	200	115	85
Bhutanese	3,600	1,765	1,835	140	55	85
East Indian	1,374,710	694,990	679,720	34,470	18,110	16,355
Goan	6,070	2,915	3,155	50	30	30
Gujarati	8,350	4,305	4,050	220	120	100
Kashmiri	3,115	1,605	1,510	30	10	15
Nepali	17,140	8,715	8,420	500	250	250
Pakistani	215,555	110,420	105,140	3,370	1,795	1,575
Punjabi	118,400	61,155	57,240	3,830	1,995	1,840
Sinhalese	7,285	3,605	3,685	280	145	135
Sri Lankan	152,595	75,010	77,585	1,090	545	545
Tamil	48,670	24,845	23,825	245	145	105
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	76,400	38,815	37,585	725	415	305
East and Southeast Asian origins	3,163,360	1,467,205	1,696,155	124,100	60,175	63,925
Burmese	9,335	4,535	4,795	260	125	135
Cambodian (Khmer)	38,490	18,515	19,980	525	280	240
Chinese	1,769,195	836,150	933,045	30,150	14,980	15,170
Filipino	837,130	369,105	468,025	83,530	39,955	43,580
Hmong	805	420	390	0	0	0
Indonesian	21,390	9,950	11,440	530	265	265
Japanese	121,485	53,415	68,070	2,675	1,305	1,365
Karen	4,510	2,275	2,240	455	195	255
Korean	198,210	93,680	104,525	4,545	2,300	2,240
Laotian	24,580	12,190	12,390	1,730	820	910
Malaysian	16,920	7,735	9,185	470	240	230
Mongolian	7,480	3,560	3,915	150	60	90
Singaporean	2,850	1,325	1,520	20	10	10
Taiwanese	36,510	16,570	19,945	150	90	60
Thai	19,010	7,330	11,680	750	335	420
Tibetan	8,040	4,055	3,985	15	10	10
Vietnamese	240,615	115,935	124,680	5,850	2,915	2,935
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	6,500	3,150	3,355	145	70	80
Other Asian origins	22,745	11,280	11,460	575	320	260
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	22,740	11,280	11,460	575	320	260
Oceania origins	85,470	43,030	42,440	1,525	740	785
Australian	42,315	21,710	20,605	910	415	495
New Zealander	15,395	8,065	7,330	315	170	140
Pacific Islands origins	29,485	14,240	15,250	345	180	165
Fijian	19,375	9,280	10,090	80	45	30
Hawaiian	3,295	1,500	1,795	60	30	30
Maori	2,500	1,310	1,195	55	30	25
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	1,530	725	805	95	45	45
Samoan	1,100	625	475	25	0	15
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	2,335	1,145	1,185	65	30	35
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	14,072,075	...	...	489,050	...	...
Owner	9,541,320	...	...	336,170	...	...
Renter	4,474,530	...	...	140,260	...	...
Band housing	56,230	...	...	12,620	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	14,072,075	...	...	489,050	...	...
Condominium	1,874,840	...	...	33,325	...	...
Not condominium	12,197,240	...	...	455,725	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	14,072,080	...	...	489,050	...	...
No bedrooms	93,345	...	...	3,745	...	...
1 bedroom	1,925,015	...	...	63,040	...	...
2 bedrooms	3,547,090	...	...	121,520	...	...
3 bedrooms	4,836,485	...	...	175,500	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	3,670,145	...	...	125,240	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	14,072,075	...	...	489,050	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	4,068,915	...	...	132,410	...	...
5 rooms	2,177,045	...	...	82,935	...	...
6 rooms	1,981,585	...	...	78,750	...	...
7 rooms	1,790,180	...	...	64,560	...	...
8 or more rooms	4,054,355	...	...	130,400	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	14,072,080	...	...	489,050	...	...
One person or fewer per room	13,802,060	...	...	473,625	...	...
More than 1 person per room	270,020	...	...	15,420	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	14,072,075	...	...	489,050	...	...
Suitable	13,376,345	...	...	456,365	...	...
Not suitable	695,730	...	...	32,680	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	14,072,080	...	...	489,050	...	...
1960 or before	3,126,380	...	...	142,200	...	...
1961 to 1980	4,185,510	...	...	158,180	...	...
1981 to 1990	1,977,640	...	...	65,190	...	...
1991 to 2000	1,746,390	...	...	42,740	...	...
2001 to 2005	976,390	...	...	20,815	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,089,750	...	...	27,880	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	970,015	...	...	32,035	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	14,072,080	...	...	489,050	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	13,151,600	...	...	444,995	...	...
Major repairs needed	920,480	...	...	44,055	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	14,072,080	...	...	489,050	...	...
1 household maintainer	8,324,865	...	...	290,830	...	...
2 household maintainers	5,404,800	...	...	187,775	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	342,415	...	...	10,445	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	14,072,080	...	...	489,050	...	...
15 to 24 years	437,230	...	...	17,240	...	...
25 to 34 years	1,991,685	...	...	74,950	...	...
35 to 44 years	2,414,920	...	...	84,800	...	...
45 to 54 years	2,862,870	...	...	95,135	...	...
55 to 64 years	2,859,315	...	...	96,255	...	...
65 to 74 years	2,034,220	...	...	67,475	...	...
75 to 84 years	1,084,700	...	...	37,760	...	...
85 years and over	387,135	...	...	15,440	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	13,798,305	...	...	461,870	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	10,472,355	...	...	373,860	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	3,325,950	...	...	88,010	...	...
30% to less than 100%	2,861,615	...	...	76,075	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,368,330	...	...	324,120	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	60.7	...	...	60.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	16.6	...	...	11.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,130	...	...	973	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,313	...	...	1,085	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	341,556	...	...	275,473	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	443,058	...	...	297,444	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	4,452,850	...	...	138,905	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	13.0	...	...	19.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	40.0	...	...	36.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	910	...	...	868	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,002	...	...	891	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,580	1,001,305	491,580	509,725
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,239,575	2,667,995	2,571,585	220,390	116,570	103,820
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	7,576,400	3,686,630	3,889,770	296,355	147,040	149,320
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,230	484,555	227,975	256,585
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,800,260	1,906,610	893,650	77,000	54,090	22,910
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	1,549,880	880,365	669,515	37,490	21,985	15,500
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	1,250,385	1,026,250	224,140	39,515	32,110	7,410
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	5,553,825	2,326,940	3,226,890	177,620	72,785	104,840
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	813,335	331,940	481,395	28,940	12,075	16,860
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	6,659,615	3,070,315	3,589,300	200,990	89,020	111,970
Bachelor's degree	4,443,835	1,967,905	2,475,935	143,780	61,350	82,430
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	462,295	203,725	258,570	16,040	6,675	9,365
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	190,925	102,530	88,395	6,105	3,515	2,595
Master's degree	1,331,045	651,510	679,535	29,305	13,830	15,470
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	231,510	144,640	86,870	5,765	3,645	2,115
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830	654,670	323,300	331,370
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,169,790	1,200,110	969,685	94,310	54,700	39,610
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	4,494,585	2,247,020	2,247,565	182,335	93,000	89,330
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,267,005	5,821,425	6,445,580	378,030	175,595	202,435
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,042,430	1,377,775	664,650	53,800	38,185	15,620
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	1,145,035	639,785	505,250	25,955	15,460	10,490
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	897,390	737,990	159,405	27,850	22,725	5,125
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	4,241,985	1,786,065	2,455,920	137,930	57,445	80,485
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	580,885	240,040	340,850	21,215	8,995	12,220
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	5,401,705	2,417,555	2,984,155	165,085	70,970	94,115
Bachelor's degree	3,590,080	1,562,160	2,027,925	119,150	50,120	69,035
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	362,455	151,205	211,250	12,185	4,840	7,350
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	153,290	74,440	78,855	5,075	2,705	2,370
Master's degree	1,120,190	527,335	592,850	24,410	10,815	13,595
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	175,685	102,415	73,275	4,270	2,495	1,770
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	1,001,305	491,585	509,725
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	12,815,980	6,354,625	6,461,350	516,750	263,605	253,140
Education	1,060,095	251,290	808,800	44,855	11,705	33,145
13. Education	1,060,095	251,290	808,805	44,855	11,710	33,145
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	596,230	268,050	328,180	13,170	6,230	6,940
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	99,020	72,865	26,150	2,415	1,860	550
50. Visual and performing arts	497,210	195,185	302,025	10,755	4,365	6,390
Humanities	850,840	330,490	520,345	23,030	9,915	13,110
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	98,000	22,100	75,900	1,775	400	1,380
23. English language and literature/letters	178,590	52,785	125,810	3,905	1,110	2,795
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	275,525	104,135	171,390	7,065	2,820	4,240
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	4,160	1,640	2,520	60	25	30
38. Philosophy and religious studies	51,930	30,185	21,750	1,590	940	650
39. Theology and religious vocations	77,490	46,285	31,200	4,510	2,590	1,925
54. History	111,465	59,965	51,500	3,410	1,855	1,555
55. French language and literature/letters	53,680	13,400	40,290	705	175	530
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,761,900	586,455	1,175,445	46,555	15,805	30,750
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	24,685	5,660	19,025	880	220	660
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	182,275	68,030	114,245	3,115	1,225	1,890
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	324,660	26,065	298,595	10,760	795	9,965
22. Legal professions and studies	289,600	102,660	186,945	7,130	2,365	4,760
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	35,445	8,150	27,295	955	305	650
42. Psychology	281,470	71,230	210,230	8,155	2,385	5,770
45. Social sciences	623,775	304,660	319,110	15,565	8,510	7,055
Business, management and public administration	3,360,045	1,272,475	2,087,565	95,115	34,865	60,255
30.16 Accounting and computer science	6,190	1,850	4,340	320	105	210
44. Public administration and social service professions	237,835	48,815	189,015	7,670	1,875	5,790
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	3,116,025	1,221,805	1,894,215	87,125	32,875	54,250
Physical and life sciences and technologies	614,280	315,665	298,615	16,120	8,165	7,950
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	249,955	105,560	144,400	6,625	2,990	3,640
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	125,600	61,685	63,915	4,325	2,285	2,040
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	28,155	12,625	15,530	470	70	395
40. Physical sciences	179,305	122,815	56,485	3,685	2,585	1,095
41. Science technologies/technicians	31,270	12,980	18,290	1,020	240	780
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	651,480	420,370	231,110	18,425	11,380	7,050
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	514,685	356,435	158,250	15,225	10,050	5,175
25. Library science	40,820	6,495	34,320	1,140	175	965
27. Mathematics and statistics	86,655	50,930	35,725	1,945	1,080	865
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	9,325	6,510	2,815	120	75	40
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	3,327,405	3,022,700	304,700	96,625	89,275	7,350
04. Architecture and related services	114,315	72,880	41,435	2,420	1,380	1,040
14. Engineering	752,465	615,880	136,585	16,205	13,530	2,675
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	620,065	551,855	68,205	17,815	15,975	1,845
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	410	85	325	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	702,155	682,710	19,445	22,160	21,705	450
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	731,135	709,430	21,705	27,485	26,650	830
48. Precision production	406,855	389,850	17,005	10,530	10,030	505
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	339,050	219,040	120,010	14,540	10,260	4,275
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	205,930	127,925	78,005	11,380	8,280	3,100
03. Natural resources and conservation	133,120	91,115	42,005	3,160	1,980	1,180
Health and related fields	2,266,720	441,180	1,825,545	87,795	16,505	71,290
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	164,295	81,260	83,040	4,105	1,945	2,155
51. Health professions and related programs	2,047,680	329,010	1,718,670	81,865	13,450	68,415
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	54,740	30,910	23,830	1,825	1,110	715
Personal, protective and transportation services	995,825	507,200	488,630	28,275	13,845	14,435
12. Personal and culinary services	565,555	151,530	414,025	16,750	4,095	12,655
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	3,505	3,080	420	90	85	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	7,900	7,230	670	240	230	10
43. Security and protective services	206,745	150,540	56,205	5,005	3,680	1,330
49. Transportation and materials moving	212,125	194,810	17,315	6,185	5,750	435
Other	3,170	885	2,280	60	30	35
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	3,170	890	2,280	60	25	35
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	18,931,385	9,268,555	9,662,825	654,670	323,300	331,375
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	6,664,380	3,447,130	3,217,250	276,645	147,710	128,935
Education	727,515	160,315	567,205	31,645	7,860	23,785
13. Education	727,515	160,315	567,200	31,650	7,865	23,785
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	467,905	208,365	259,545	10,350	4,875	5,475
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	74,530	53,995	20,535	1,815	1,335	480
50. Visual and performing arts	393,375	154,370	239,005	8,540	3,545	4,990
Humanities	614,815	232,425	382,390	17,250	7,370	9,880
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	76,540	16,200	60,340	1,485	330	1,155
23. English language and literature/letters	133,800	38,310	95,485	2,930	810	2,120
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	191,005	71,770	119,235	5,420	2,245	3,180
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	3,140	1,250	1,895	55	30	30
38. Philosophy and religious studies	37,870	21,930	15,940	1,230	715	515
39. Theology and religious vocations	52,295	31,200	21,090	3,255	1,835	1,420
54. History	82,565	43,475	39,085	2,365	1,275	1,090
55. French language and literature/letters	37,600	8,285	29,315	505	135	370
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,417,625	453,100	964,525	38,120	12,380	25,740
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	20,300	4,595	15,705	740	185	555
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	152,080	56,125	95,955	2,575	965	1,610
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	259,845	19,160	240,685	8,805	605	8,195
22. Legal professions and studies	241,170	76,720	164,445	6,085	1,795	4,285
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	27,310	6,390	20,920	815	265	550
42. Psychology	218,470	51,570	166,900	6,370	1,720	4,645
45. Social sciences	498,450	238,540	259,915	12,730	6,835	5,895
Business, management and public administration	2,696,770	1,000,895	1,695,875	76,370	27,865	48,495
30.16 Accounting and computer science	4,955	1,480	3,475	270	95	175
44. Public administration and social service professions	192,190	36,890	155,305	6,145	1,335	4,810
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	2,499,625	962,530	1,537,095	69,950	26,440	43,510
Physical and life sciences and technologies	449,870	222,120	227,755	12,195	5,930	6,270
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	195,830	79,945	115,880	5,290	2,265	3,025
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	89,205	42,265	46,945	3,005	1,595	1,405
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	9,280	3,850	5,430	405	65	345
40. Physical sciences	132,935	87,025	45,905	2,805	1,855	950
41. Science technologies/technicians	22,625	9,035	13,590	690	150	545
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	567,415	368,840	198,575	15,955	9,965	5,985
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	464,000	321,805	142,190	13,600	9,015	4,585
25. Library science	29,955	4,870	25,080	790	135	650
27. Mathematics and statistics	65,620	36,895	28,725	1,465	760	700
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	7,840	5,270	2,575	100	60	45
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	2,532,555	2,271,735	260,820	73,680	67,440	6,240
04. Architecture and related services	93,135	57,280	35,850	2,025	1,160	865
14. Engineering	612,265	490,980	121,285	13,705	11,305	2,405
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	475,045	418,595	56,450	13,840	12,265	1,575
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	350	70	275	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	515,630	499,670	15,960	16,060	15,690	365
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	540,800	523,425	17,375	20,395	19,765	625
48. Precision production	295,335	281,715	13,620	7,655	7,250	405
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	269,445	167,680	101,770	11,450	7,800	3,645
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	159,975	94,680	65,295	8,760	6,170	2,590
03. Natural resources and conservation	109,470	73,000	36,470	2,695	1,635	1,060
Health and related fields	1,749,545	342,395	1,407,145	69,600	13,415	56,185
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	129,560	63,315	66,245	3,310	1,585	1,715
51. Health professions and related programs	1,576,945	256,895	1,320,050	64,870	11,020	53,850
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	43,040	22,185	20,860	1,430	810	620
Personal, protective and transportation services	770,950	392,820	378,135	21,365	10,660	10,705
12. Personal and culinary services	431,415	114,395	317,025	12,255	2,980	9,275
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	2,725	2,355	375	90	85	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	4,425	3,975	445	110	105	0
43. Security and protective services	162,995	116,750	46,240	4,025	2,945	1,080
49. Transportation and materials moving	169,400	155,340	14,050	4,885	4,545	340
Other	2,590	745	1,845	50	30	25
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	2,585	740	1,845	50	25	25
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,585	1,001,305	491,585	509,725
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,815,975	6,354,625	6,461,350	516,750	263,610	253,145
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,235	484,555	227,975	256,585
Location of study inside Canada	13,117,190	6,299,305	6,817,890	403,775	188,230	215,540
Same as province or territory of residence	11,519,215	5,503,640	6,015,575	352,390	162,050	190,340
Different than province or territory of residence	1,597,975	795,655	802,315	51,385	26,185	25,200
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	2,709,850	1,336,505	1,373,345	80,785	39,745	41,040
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	349,540	189,995	159,545	9,155	4,910	4,245
Philippines	298,830	109,820	189,020	26,450	11,595	14,860
India	281,415	142,410	138,995	10,365	5,300	5,070
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	232,035	131,050	100,980	4,180	2,350	1,825
China^{Census data footnote 162}	205,375	94,690	110,685	2,865	1,330	1,535
France	88,860	50,400	38,455	395	235	165
Other	1,253,790	618,135	635,655	27,375	14,030	13,345
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830	654,670	323,300	331,375
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	6,664,380	3,447,125	3,217,250	276,640	147,705	128,935
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	12,267,005	5,821,430	6,445,575	378,035	175,595	202,440
Location of study inside Canada	10,134,590	4,807,045	5,327,545	309,655	142,710	166,950
Same as province or territory of residence	8,918,160	4,207,495	4,710,665	270,435	123,090	147,340
Different than province or territory of residence	1,216,425	599,545	616,875	39,225	19,615	19,610
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	2,132,415	1,014,385	1,118,030	68,375	32,885	35,485
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	254,245	131,955	122,290	6,215	3,005	3,210
Philippines	263,095	96,025	167,065	24,495	10,775	13,720
India	239,535	117,445	122,090	9,430	4,770	4,660
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	133,655	73,575	60,085	2,465	1,385	1,080
China^{Census data footnote 162}	175,825	79,635	96,190	2,630	1,210	1,420
France	72,920	40,610	32,310	340	195	145
Other	993,135	475,145	517,990	22,805	11,555	11,255
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,585	1,001,305	491,580	509,725
In the labour force	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,645	662,155	347,685	314,465
Employed	17,230,040	8,923,540	8,306,490	617,465	322,130	295,335
Unemployed	1,442,435	808,285	634,150	44,690	25,560	19,130
Not in the labour force	9,970,545	4,258,605	5,711,945	339,155	143,895	195,260
Participation rate	65.2	69.6	61.0	66.1	70.7	61.7
Employment rate	60.2	63.8	56.7	61.7	65.5	57.9
Unemployment rate	7.7	8.3	7.1	6.7	7.4	6.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,580	1,001,310	491,585	509,725
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	9,282,005	3,930,570	5,351,440	312,495	131,600	180,900
Worked	19,361,010	10,059,865	9,301,150	688,810	359,980	328,830
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	9,626,010	5,402,110	4,223,895	358,800	206,460	152,330
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	9,735,005	4,657,755	5,077,245	330,010	153,520	176,495
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.4	42.9	42.0	42.9	43.5	42.3
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	18,672,470	9,731,825	8,940,640	662,155	347,685	314,465
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,705	206,640	12,625	6,125	6,505
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000	649,530	341,560	307,965
Employee	16,073,685	8,158,745	7,914,940	580,885	296,560	284,325
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	2,194,440	1,375,380	819,060	68,645	45,000	23,640
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	18,672,470	9,731,830	8,940,645	662,155	347,690	314,470
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,710	206,640	12,625	6,125	6,505
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,120	9,534,120	8,734,005	649,525	341,565	307,965
0 Management occupations	2,013,370	1,251,165	762,205	71,455	45,945	25,510
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	2,874,305	862,870	2,011,440	96,050	27,530	68,515
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	1,273,660	990,560	283,105	34,135	26,895	7,240
3 Health occupations	1,245,885	244,730	1,001,155	52,280	10,830	41,450
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	2,138,445	672,945	1,465,495	86,055	27,425	58,630
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	557,275	255,705	301,570	14,355	6,025	8,325
6 Sales and service occupations	4,265,895	1,843,510	2,422,390	144,490	62,735	81,760
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	2,668,875	2,504,290	164,585	102,660	97,500	5,160
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	416,135	331,920	84,215	18,400	14,490	3,910
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	814,285	576,435	237,845	29,650	22,180	7,475
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,640	662,155	347,685	314,465
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,710	206,640	12,625	6,120	6,500
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000	649,525	341,560	307,965
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	444,680	310,000	134,675	28,680	20,765	7,920
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	271,300	219,880	51,420	5,460	4,830	635
22 Utilities	136,350	100,135	36,210	7,390	5,625	1,765
23 Construction	1,365,010	1,196,550	168,455	49,575	43,990	5,585
31-33 Manufacturing	1,596,570	1,149,745	446,820	54,645	40,800	13,845
41 Wholesale trade	665,685	451,230	214,455	21,890	16,040	5,850
44-45 Retail trade	2,110,200	984,090	1,126,115	69,700	33,960	35,740
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	876,050	656,375	219,670	35,490	28,350	7,145
51 Information and cultural industries	420,350	243,650	176,705	10,875	6,085	4,790
52 Finance and insurance	790,580	327,865	462,715	25,885	9,615	16,270
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	333,305	184,350	148,955	8,235	4,565	3,670
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	1,335,125	740,520	594,605	28,470	14,790	13,680
55 Management of companies and enterprises	28,795	12,795	16,000	635	250	380
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	802,420	462,825	339,590	22,285	13,105	9,170
61 Educational services	1,346,585	420,845	925,735	55,025	17,480	37,540
62 Health care and social assistance	2,138,025	383,755	1,754,270	93,960	18,345	75,615
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	379,740	192,875	186,865	12,980	6,620	6,360
72 Accommodation and food services	1,283,725	535,210	748,515	43,655	17,430	26,230
81 Other services (except public administration)	814,695	371,880	442,815	28,055	13,740	14,315
91 Public administration	1,128,945	589,530	539,405	46,645	25,180	21,465
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	17,230,035	8,923,540	8,306,495	617,465	322,125	295,335
Worked at home	1,272,285	639,500	632,785	42,530	23,485	19,050
Worked outside Canada	78,815	54,235	24,580	1,935	1,305	630
No fixed workplace address	1,987,260	1,487,445	499,820	68,420	52,715	15,710
Worked at usual place	13,891,675	6,742,360	7,149,315	504,580	244,620	259,960
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	13,891,680	6,742,365	7,149,315	504,580	244,620	259,960
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	8,102,115	3,723,115	4,379,005	384,465	181,650	202,820
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,906,390	1,435,640	1,470,750	50,350	23,760	26,580
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,725,205	1,492,170	1,233,030	66,495	37,055	29,435
Commute to a different province or territory	157,970	91,445	66,525	3,275	2,150	1,120
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135	573,005	297,335	275,665
Car, truck, van - as a driver	11,748,095	6,380,120	5,367,975	431,755	237,860	193,895
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	868,920	349,855	519,065	40,595	14,520	26,070
Public transit	1,968,215	846,735	1,121,485	53,740	21,780	31,955
Walked	877,985	392,950	485,030	32,330	13,815	18,520
Bicycle	222,130	146,615	75,515	8,175	5,670	2,505
Other method	193,595	113,525	80,060	6,410	3,695	2,715
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	15,878,945	8,229,810	7,649,130	573,000	297,340	275,665
Less than 15 minutes	4,449,920	2,071,365	2,378,555	185,120	87,795	97,320
15 to 29 minutes	5,314,295	2,725,165	2,589,130	208,570	108,680	99,890
30 to 44 minutes	3,228,845	1,782,680	1,446,165	115,090	63,555	51,535
45 to 59 minutes	1,391,060	768,115	622,940	36,755	20,485	16,270
60 minutes and over	1,494,830	882,485	612,345	27,470	16,820	10,650
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135	573,000	297,335	275,665
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,073,680	781,230	292,455	28,060	20,145	7,915
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	2,814,750	1,754,045	1,060,710	104,545	65,630	38,925
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	4,458,835	2,217,210	2,241,620	168,760	90,125	78,630
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	3,349,975	1,408,710	1,941,265	126,090	50,885	75,200
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	1,756,265	752,940	1,003,325	53,120	22,305	30,810
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	2,425,435	1,315,670	1,109,765	92,430	48,240	44,190
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	19,956,255	10,342,970	9,613,285	710,830	370,255	340,575
Single responses	19,365,980	10,042,855	9,323,130	702,445	366,000	336,445
Official languages	19,090,545	9,897,470	9,193,075	694,855	361,770	333,090
English	15,265,335	7,952,010	7,313,320	688,400	359,660	328,730
French	3,825,215	1,945,465	1,879,750	6,455	2,100	4,355
Non-official languages	275,430	145,380	130,055	7,590	4,235	3,360
Aboriginal languages	24,950	12,385	12,565	1,815	1,025	800
Algonquian languages	14,440	7,370	7,070	1,755	990	755
Blackfoot	80	45	35	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	11,540	5,820	5,720	985	565	420
Atikamekw	1,095	580	515	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	2,055	970	1,085	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	370	180	190	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	40	25	10	0	0	0
Plains Cree	95	60	35	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	15	10	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	75	35	40	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	7,795	3,965	3,835	980	565	415
Eastern Algonquian languages	925	510	420	0	0	0
Malecite	10	0	10	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	915	505	410	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,895	995	900	770	430	335
Algonquin	45	20	25	0	0	0
Ojibway	765	380	385	230	125	110
Oji-Cree	1,080	595	485	535	310	230
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	1,140	530	610	55	25	30
Northern Athabaskan languages	1,135	525	610	60	25	30
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	20	0	15	0	0	0
Chilcotin	20	0	10	0	0	0
Dene	770	360	405	55	30	30
Dogrib (Tlicho)	165	80	80	0	0	0
Gwich'in	10	10	10	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	135	65	70	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	95	45	45	0	0	0
South Slavey	35	20	20	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	10	10	10	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	10	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	10	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	10	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	10	0	10	0	0	0
Inuit languages	8,845	4,255	4,595	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	35	10	25	0	0	0
Inuktitut	8,800	4,240	4,555	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Cayuga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	35	10	25	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	10	0	0	0	0	10
Salish languages	110	25	85	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	15	10	10	0	0	0
Lillooet	15	10	10	0	0	0
Okanagan	20	10	20	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	35	0	30	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	15	0	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	260	155	105	10	0	0
Dakota	20	10	10	0	10	0
Stoney	240	145	95	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	10	10	10	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	25	0	20	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Nisga'a	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	35	15	20	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	250,485	132,990	117,490	5,770	3,215	2,560
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,380	4,530	2,850	300	155	145
Berber languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Kabyle	20	0	20	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	10	15	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	275	105	170	30	10	20
Bilen	10	10	10	0	0	0
Oromo	45	25	20	0	0	0
Somali	220	80	145	30	10	20
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	7,065	4,420	2,650	270	145	125
Amharic	200	95	100	15	0	10
Arabic	5,585	3,695	1,890	105	70	40
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	205	155	55	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	20	15	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	825	335	490	115	50	65
Maltese	25	15	10	0	0	0
Tigrigna	135	70	60	35	25	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	8,550	3,790	4,760	140	35	100
Khmer (Cambodian)	475	230	245	0	0	0
Vietnamese	8,070	3,560	4,510	140	35	100
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,850	1,750	2,095	485	245	240
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	75	20	55	10	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	0	15	0	0	0
Ilocano	110	50	60	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	140	75	65	10	10	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,450	1,580	1,875	470	235	240
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0	0	0
Creole languages	350	125	225	10	0	10
Haitian Creole	25	10	15	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	315	110	200	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	2,225	1,060	1,165	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	90	50	45	10	0	0
Tamil	2,090	1,005	1,080	0	0	0
Telugu	45	10	35	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	85,550	47,305	38,245	3,115	1,865	1,255
Albanian	350	220	125	0	0	0
Armenian	450	220	230	10	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	10,075	4,745	5,330	480	245	235
Baltic languages	95	35	60	0	0	0
Latvian	40	10	25	0	0	0
Lithuanian	60	25	30	0	0	0
Slavic languages	9,980	4,710	5,270	480	245	235
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	155	90	65	15	10	10
Bulgarian	205	110	90	0	0	0
Croatian	220	130	95	0	0	0
Czech	70	40	30	0	0	0
Macedonian	95	45	55	0	0	0
Polish	2,500	1,265	1,235	65	50	20
Russian	4,850	2,135	2,720	280	145	135
Serbian	530	320	210	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	30	25	0	0	0	0
Slovak	100	60	40	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	10	0	0	0
Ukrainian	1,210	485	725	110	40	70
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	25	20	10	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	15	15	0	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	0	0
Germanic languages	13,285	7,455	5,835	1,300	790	505
Afrikaans	85	40	40	10	10	0
Danish	90	50	35	0	0	0
Dutch	1,165	630	540	40	10	30
Frisian	40	25	15	0	0	0
German	10,065	5,715	4,345	950	585	370
Icelandic	0	10	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	65	30	40	10	0	10
Swedish	125	55	70	0	10	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	20	15	10	10	0
Yiddish	895	390	505	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	720	495	225	290	185	105
Greek	1,020	545	475	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	37,330	21,140	16,190	755	505	260
Indo-Aryan languages	32,485	18,125	14,360	685	455	225
Bengali	530	275	245	20	0	15
Gujarati	880	300	585	10	10	10
Hindi	1,405	755	650	40	40	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	10	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	30	15	15	0	0	0
Nepali	195	95	100	10	0	0
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	27,870	15,945	11,920	605	400	210
Sindhi	35	10	30	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	25	20	0	0	0
Urdu	1,495	705	790	10	0	10
Iranian languages	4,820	3,000	1,815	75	45	30
Kurdish	185	150	40	10	10	10
Pashto	50	20	25	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi)	4,580	2,830	1,750	65	45	20
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	23,025	12,965	10,060	580	330	245
Catalan	30	10	20	0	0	0
Italian	1,705	895	805	20	10	10
Portuguese	7,490	4,795	2,695	330	215	115
Romanian	745	365	380	10	10	0
Spanish	13,030	6,885	6,145	220	100	125
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0
Japanese	3,255	1,195	2,065	10	0	0
Kartvelian languages	30	10	20	0	0	0
Georgian	30	10	20	0	0	0
Korean	12,150	6,260	5,885	305	150	150
Mongolic languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	10	0	10	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	235	120	115	15	15	0
Akan (Twi)	25	10	20	0	0	0
Bamanankan	10	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	20	10	10	0	0	0
Igbo	10	10	0	0	0	0
Lingala	10	0	10	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	0	15	0	10	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	80	50	30	0	10	0
Wolof	10	0	10	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	0	15	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	20	0	10	10	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	1,920	740	1,180	210	80	135
American Sign Language	1,145	340	810	155	65	95
Quebec Sign Language	135	15	115	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	640	390	255	55	15	45
Sino-Tibetan languages	122,880	65,030	57,850	1,170	650	515
Chinese languages	122,610	64,880	57,730	1,160	650	515
Cantonese	58,815	30,485	28,340	690	380	315
Hakka	70	25	45	0	0	0
Mandarin	60,090	32,430	27,665	440	255	185
Min Dong	25	15	10	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	565	335	225	10	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	105	65	45	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,930	1,530	1,405	25	10	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	270	155	115	10	10	10
Burmese	75	35	35	0	0	0
Karenic languages	135	75	55	0	0	0
Tibetan	50	30	20	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	10	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	675	270	405	15	0	10
Lao	150	70	80	10	0	10
Thai	525	205	325	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	750	475	275	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	30	20	0	0	0	0
Turkish	685	435	255	0	0	0
Uyghur	15	15	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	15	10	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	595	270	325	0	0	0
Estonian	50	15	40	0	0	0
Finnish	105	40	65	0	0	0
Hungarian	435	225	215	0	0	0
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35	0	0	0
Multiple responses	590,270	300,115	290,155	8,390	4,255	4,125
English and French	412,680	211,095	201,585	2,655	1,150	1,505
English and non-official language	154,285	77,870	76,420	5,680	3,085	2,590
French and non-official language	7,830	3,595	4,235	10	0	0
English, French and non-official language	15,475	7,565	7,915	45	20	30
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	19,956,250	10,342,970	9,613,290	710,835	370,255	340,575
None	17,456,725	9,056,235	8,400,490	662,595	346,710	315,885
English	1,259,225	661,460	597,765	8,550	3,690	4,855
French	705,780	349,035	356,745	13,320	5,825	7,495
Non-official language	496,565	257,455	239,105	25,960	13,815	12,145
Aboriginal	37,615	17,215	20,400	6,500	3,245	3,255
Non-Aboriginal	458,945	240,245	218,710	19,460	10,575	8,890
English and French	2,535	1,200	1,335	10	0	10
English and non-official language	18,040	8,765	9,280	65	45	20
French and non-official language	17,265	8,730	8,540	335	160	175
English, French and non-official language	115	90	30	10	0	0
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	34,091,785	16,783,745	17,308,035	1,225,480	606,585	618,895
Non-movers	29,644,795	14,593,190	15,051,605	1,064,380	527,020	537,360
Movers	4,446,990	2,190,555	2,256,435	161,100	79,570	81,535
Non-migrants	2,623,515	1,292,750	1,330,760	105,090	52,025	53,065
Migrants	1,823,475	897,805	925,670	56,010	27,545	28,465
Internal migrants	1,451,005	713,060	737,945	41,305	20,285	21,020
Intraprovincial migrants	1,189,525	580,895	608,630	30,395	14,720	15,675
Interprovincial migrants	261,475	132,160	129,315	10,915	5,565	5,345
External migrants	372,475	184,745	187,730	14,705	7,260	7,445
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	32,568,560	16,004,315	16,564,245	1,161,240	573,310	587,930
Non-movers	20,134,760	9,902,645	10,232,115	718,640	355,585	363,050
Movers	12,433,805	6,101,675	6,332,130	442,600	217,725	224,875
Non-migrants	6,755,630	3,314,730	3,440,905	261,015	128,560	132,455
Migrants	5,678,175	2,786,945	2,891,230	181,585	89,165	92,420
Internal migrants	4,296,720	2,104,325	2,192,395	117,135	56,880	60,260
Intraprovincial migrants	3,467,670	1,689,950	1,777,720	86,295	41,295	45,000
Interprovincial migrants	829,045	414,375	414,670	30,840	15,580	15,260
External migrants	1,381,460	682,625	698,835	64,445	32,285	32,165

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

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Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

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Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

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Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

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Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

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Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

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Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

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Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

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Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 27 referrer

Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

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Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

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Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

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Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Canada [Country] and Manitoba [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 16, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Canada [Country] and Manitoba [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and Manitoba [Province]