Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and Saskatchewan [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Canada [Country]			Saskatchewan [Province]
	Data quality , Canada [Country] Map : Canada [Country] Change geography 1			Data quality : Saskatchewan [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	35,151,728	...	...	1,098,352	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	33,476,688	...	...	1,033,381	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	5.0	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	15,412,443	...	...	495,582	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	14,072,079	...	...	432,622	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	8,965,588.85	...	...	588,243.54	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	35,151,730	17,264,200	17,887,530	1,098,350	545,785	552,565
0 to 14 years	5,839,565	2,992,920	2,846,645	215,685	110,410	105,275
0 to 4 years	1,898,790	973,030	925,760	73,130	37,335	35,795
5 to 9 years	2,018,130	1,034,685	983,445	74,460	38,155	36,305
10 to 14 years	1,922,645	985,200	937,445	68,095	34,920	33,175
15 to 64 years	23,376,530	11,576,130	11,800,400	712,240	358,110	354,130
15 to 19 years	2,026,160	1,039,215	986,940	67,660	34,675	32,980
20 to 24 years	2,242,690	1,144,495	1,098,200	70,060	36,075	33,985
25 to 29 years	2,285,990	1,144,470	1,141,515	77,525	39,290	38,235
30 to 34 years	2,329,395	1,148,290	1,181,110	77,520	38,610	38,915
35 to 39 years	2,288,365	1,118,635	1,169,730	71,590	35,940	35,650
40 to 44 years	2,255,135	1,104,440	1,150,695	64,950	32,515	32,440
45 to 49 years	2,359,965	1,157,760	1,202,210	63,580	31,780	31,795
50 to 54 years	2,678,075	1,318,755	1,359,320	75,245	37,230	38,015
55 to 59 years	2,620,240	1,285,190	1,335,055	76,195	38,070	38,125
60 to 64 years	2,290,510	1,114,885	1,175,630	67,915	33,935	33,985
65 years and over	5,935,630	2,695,150	3,240,485	170,425	77,265	93,160
65 to 69 years	1,972,480	953,075	1,019,405	53,230	26,285	26,945
70 to 74 years	1,420,875	677,975	742,900	37,740	18,225	19,510
75 to 79 years	1,021,850	469,550	552,300	29,400	13,415	15,985
80 to 84 years	749,650	325,765	423,880	23,115	9,945	13,170
85 years and over	770,780	268,790	501,990	26,940	9,395	17,550
85 to 89 years	482,525	185,535	296,990	16,280	6,305	9,975
90 to 94 years	223,510	68,675	154,835	8,000	2,515	5,485
95 to 99 years	56,525	13,240	43,280	2,290	520	1,760
100 years and over	8,230	1,340	6,890	375	50	325
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.6	17.3	15.9	19.6	20.2	19.1
15 to 64 years	66.5	67.1	66.0	64.8	65.6	64.1
65 years and over	16.9	15.6	18.1	15.5	14.2	16.9
85 years and over	2.2	1.6	2.8	2.5	1.7	3.2
Average age of the population	41.0	40.1	41.9	39.1	38.2	40.0
Median age of the population	41.2	40.2	42.2	37.8	36.9	38.7
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	14,072,080	...	...	432,620	...	...
Single-detached house	7,541,495	...	...	314,340	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,391,040	...	...	10,520	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	4,949,795	...	...	98,435	...	...
Semi-detached house	698,800	...	...	12,705	...	...
Row house	891,305	...	...	18,535	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	784,300	...	...	9,385	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,539,390	...	...	57,115	...	...
Other single-attached house	36,005	...	...	700	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	189,755	...	...	9,325	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	14,072,080	...	...	432,625	...	...
1 person	3,969,790	...	...	121,175	...	...
2 persons	4,834,605	...	...	153,610	...	...
3 persons	2,140,640	...	...	60,240	...	...
4 persons	1,946,275	...	...	56,080	...	...
5 or more persons	1,180,770	...	...	41,520	...	...
Number of persons in private households	34,460,060	...	...	1,070,560	...	...
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	29,312,160	14,271,280	15,040,885	882,670	435,375	447,290
Married or living common law	16,893,720	8,452,135	8,441,585	520,430	261,075	259,355
Married	13,383,455	6,693,465	6,689,990	437,875	219,800	218,075
Living common law	3,510,265	1,758,670	1,751,590	82,550	41,270	41,280
Not married and not living common law	12,418,440	5,819,140	6,599,300	362,240	174,310	187,930
Never married	8,254,340	4,444,425	3,809,915	242,070	133,750	108,325
Separated	718,295	309,905	408,400	19,795	8,945	10,855
Divorced	1,816,005	725,535	1,090,470	47,180	20,985	26,200
Widowed	1,629,800	339,280	1,290,525	53,190	10,635	42,555
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	9,840,730	...	...	302,260	...	...
2 persons	5,007,790	...	...	157,195	...	...
3 persons	2,107,830	...	...	58,770	...	...
4 persons	1,909,935	...	...	54,125	...	...
5 or more persons	815,170	...	...	32,170	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	9,840,730	...	...	302,260	...	...
Total couple families	8,227,925	...	...	252,765	...	...
Married couples	6,474,005	...	...	211,500	...	...
Common-law couples	1,753,920	...	...	41,265	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	1,612,805	...	...	49,495	...	...
Female parent	1,262,340	...	...	38,165	...	...
Male parent	350,465	...	...	11,330	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	8,227,925	...	...	252,770	...	...
Couples without children	4,024,305	...	...	129,085	...	...
Couples with children	4,203,615	...	...	123,685	...	...
1 child	1,650,165	...	...	45,495	...	...
2 children	1,783,080	...	...	49,035	...	...
3 or more children	770,375	...	...	29,150	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	1,612,805	...	...	49,490	...	...
1 child	983,485	...	...	28,110	...	...
2 children	457,670	...	...	13,280	...	...
3 or more children	171,655	...	...	8,105	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	6,107,260	2,941,395	3,165,865	187,765	95,550	92,210
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	14,072,075	...	...	432,620	...	...
One-census-family households	9,218,225	...	...	285,675	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	3,782,095	...	...	124,620	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	5,436,135	...	...	161,055	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	301,715	...	...	7,975	...	...
Non-census-family households	4,552,135	...	...	138,965	...	...
One-person households	3,969,790	...	...	121,175	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	582,350	...	...	17,795	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,080	1,083,240	539,100	544,130
English only	23,757,525	11,838,075	11,919,455	1,023,400	511,940	511,460
French only	4,144,685	1,925,845	2,218,840	535	255	280
English and French	6,216,065	3,071,325	3,144,740	51,360	23,290	28,065
Neither English nor French	648,970	265,920	383,045	7,945	3,620	4,325
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085	1,083,240	539,105	544,135
English	26,007,500	12,852,330	13,155,165	1,060,225	528,155	532,075
French	7,705,755	3,780,105	3,925,650	13,555	6,590	6,960
English and French	417,485	209,130	208,355	1,770	890	885
Neither English nor French	636,515	259,600	376,910	7,685	3,475	4,220
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	7,914,495	3,884,670	4,029,825	14,435	7,035	7,405
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	22.8	22.7	22.8	1.3	1.3	1.4
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	34,767,255	17,101,170	17,666,085	1,083,240	539,105	544,135
Single responses	33,948,620	16,702,840	17,245,775	1,064,675	530,145	534,530
Official languages	26,627,555	13,201,620	13,425,940	907,715	452,955	454,760
English	19,460,850	9,680,125	9,780,725	892,615	445,635	446,985
French	7,166,705	3,521,495	3,645,215	15,100	7,320	7,775
Non-official languages	7,321,065	3,501,220	3,819,840	156,960	77,195	79,770
Aboriginal languages	195,700	94,795	100,900	28,340	13,685	14,660
Algonquian languages	130,450	62,930	67,520	19,965	9,640	10,325
Blackfoot	2,815	1,325	1,490	10	5	5
Cree-Montagnais languages	88,445	42,920	45,530	19,015	9,190	9,825
Atikamekw	6,150	3,135	3,015	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	10,230	4,885	5,350	0	0	0
Moose Cree	100	50	55	5	0	0
Naskapi	1,205	590	620	5	0	0
Northern East Cree	315	125	190	30	15	10
Plains Cree	3,065	1,360	1,710	2,080	975	1,105
Southern East Cree	45	20	25	5	5	5
Swampy Cree	1,440	585	850	250	115	135
Woods Cree	1,840	865	975	780	370	410
Cree, n.o.s.	64,050	31,305	32,745	15,860	7,710	8,155
Eastern Algonquian languages	6,990	3,310	3,680	5	0	5
Malecite	305	140	160	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	6,690	3,170	3,520	5	5	5
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	32,150	15,350	16,800	935	445	490
Algonquin	1,260	590	670	0	0	0
Ojibway	17,890	8,440	9,450	925	440	485
Oji-Cree	12,855	6,260	6,595	10	5	5
Ottawa (Odawa)	150	65	85	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	5	0	0
Athabaskan languages	17,365	8,325	9,045	7,860	3,800	4,060
Northern Athabaskan languages	17,315	8,310	9,010	7,860	3,805	4,055
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	110	55	60	0	0	0
Beaver	190	85	105	0	0	0
Carrier	1,025	465	565	0	0	0
Chilcotin	660	295	360	0	0	0
Dene	10,700	5,185	5,515	7,855	3,800	4,055
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,645	840	815	0	0	0
Gwich'in	260	110	145	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	80	25	50	0	0	0
Sekani	90	45	45	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	1,995	950	1,045	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	765	365	400	0	0	0
South Slavey	945	455	495	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	280	130	150	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	270	135	140	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	180	90	90	0	0	0
Tahltan	95	40	50	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	290	120	170	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	215	90	135	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	70	30	40	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	50	20	35	5	0	0
Haida	75	35	40	0	0	0
Inuit languages	36,545	18,100	18,445	35	10	20
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,025	445	575	5	5	0
Inuktitut	35,215	17,530	17,680	20	10	15
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	315	125	185	10	0	5
Iroquoian languages	1,115	485	635	5	0	5
Cayuga	45	20	20	0	0	0
Mohawk	980	430	555	0	0	5
Oneida	55	20	40	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0	0	0
Kutenai	105	55	55	0	0	0
Michif	465	230	235	235	110	125
Salish languages	2,305	1,130	1,180	5	5	0
Comox	80	45	40	0	0	0
Halkomelem	475	225	245	0	0	0
Lillooet	315	155	155	0	0	0
Okanagan	270	135	135	0	5	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	445	225	220	5	0	0
Squamish	40	20	20	0	0	0
Straits	80	40	40	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	335	150	185	0	5	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	255	135	125	0	0	0
Siouan languages	4,285	2,070	2,220	230	110	120
Dakota	1,215	570	635	195	85	105
Stoney	3,025	1,465	1,555	5	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	35	20	15
Tlingit	95	40	55	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	1,480	730	755	5	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	880	435	445	0	0	0
Nisga'a	400	200	200	5	0	0
Tsimshian	200	90	110	5	5	0
Wakashan languages	805	370	435	0	0	0
Haisla	90	40	50	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	95	40	55	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	325	145	185	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	285	135	140	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	585	295	295	10	5	5
Non-Aboriginal languages	7,125,365	3,406,425	3,718,945	128,620	63,510	65,110
Afro-Asiatic languages	575,365	298,060	277,300	6,770	3,560	3,215
Berber languages	22,135	11,865	10,270	10	5	0
Kabyle	13,150	6,995	6,155	5	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	8,985	4,865	4,115	10	5	0
Cushitic languages	42,885	20,095	22,790	1,050	505	545
Bilen	805	455	350	55	25	30
Oromo	4,960	2,560	2,400	195	100	90
Somali	36,755	16,895	19,865	775	355	415
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	365	195	170	25	15	10
Semitic languages	509,190	265,465	243,725	5,685	3,035	2,650
Amharic	22,465	10,720	11,745	290	140	155
Arabic	419,890	220,785	199,105	4,040	2,200	1,840
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	16,070	7,910	8,160	305	160	145
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5,545	2,780	2,770	150	75	75
Harari	1,320	635	685	5	0	0
Hebrew	19,530	10,480	9,045	75	45	30
Maltese	5,565	2,765	2,800	10	5	5
Tigrigna	16,650	8,310	8,340	680	340	340
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	2,155	1,085	1,070	130	65	60
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	1,155	635	520	25	15	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	176,725	81,810	94,920	2,560	1,250	1,305
Khmer (Cambodian)	20,130	9,270	10,860	135	70	70
Vietnamese	156,425	72,470	83,955	2,420	1,180	1,235
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	170	65	100	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	511,480	211,580	299,900	23,415	11,130	12,280
Bikol	1,790	790	1,000	85	40	40
Cebuano	19,890	7,930	11,960	1,545	685	855
Fijian	745	400	345	25	20	5
Hiligaynon	6,885	2,680	4,205	255	120	140
Ilocano	26,345	10,620	15,720	790	370	415
Malagasy	1,430	665	760	0	0	0
Malay	12,275	5,255	7,020	125	55	70
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	4,040	1,865	2,175	175	80	95
Pangasinan	1,390	590	800	40	15	25
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	431,380	178,575	252,810	20,045	9,590	10,455
Waray-Waray	1,110	430	675	60	30	35
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	4,195	1,770	2,425	265	125	140
Creole languages	72,125	32,310	39,820	220	105	120
Haitian Creole	3,030	1,445	1,590	5	0	5
Creole, n.o.s.	64,105	28,455	35,660	150	70	80
Creole languages, n.i.e.	4,985	2,410	2,575	65	30	35
Dravidian languages	189,405	94,765	94,640	1,560	865	700
Kannada	3,970	2,040	1,935	60	35	30
Malayalam	28,570	14,770	13,800	850	455	395
Tamil	140,720	69,080	71,640	350	200	150
Telugu	15,655	8,640	7,020	285	165	120
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	490	240	250	10	10	0
Hmong-Mien languages	795	395	405	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	3,877,330	1,889,400	1,987,930	73,170	36,230	36,930
Albanian	26,890	13,610	13,285	380	190	190
Armenian	33,455	16,270	17,185	70	40	30
Balto-Slavic languages	701,975	323,640	378,340	18,460	8,490	9,970
Baltic languages	12,530	5,315	7,215	175	85	90
Latvian	5,455	2,350	3,105	100	45	50
Lithuanian	7,075	2,965	4,115	75	40	35
Slavic languages	689,450	318,325	371,115	18,285	8,400	9,885
Belarusan	810	385	430	0	0	0
Bosnian	12,210	6,035	6,180	225	110	120
Bulgarian	20,025	9,675	10,345	65	35	30
Croatian	48,200	23,540	24,665	455	240	220
Czech	22,290	10,525	11,765	235	115	125
Macedonian	16,775	8,050	8,725	55	30	30
Polish	181,710	82,435	99,275	1,865	850	1,015
Russian	188,255	85,400	102,855	3,045	1,460	1,580
Serbian	57,350	28,535	28,815	465	235	225
Serbo-Croatian	9,555	4,565	4,985	120	60	65
Slovak	17,580	8,075	9,510	115	60	55
Slovene (Slovenian)	9,790	4,415	5,370	80	40	45
Ukrainian	102,485	45,440	57,040	11,270	5,035	6,230
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	2,415	1,255	1,165	290	145	145
Celtic languages	2,690	1,335	1,360	60	30	30
Scottish Gaelic	1,090	540	550	10	5	5
Welsh	1,075	495	575	30	10	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	530	295	235	25	10	5
Germanic languages	538,765	258,410	280,350	24,455	11,710	12,745
Afrikaans	10,265	5,115	5,145	880	450	430
Danish	12,630	6,245	6,390	255	145	110
Dutch	99,020	48,200	50,820	1,385	685	700
Frisian	2,100	1,095	1,005	30	20	10
German	384,035	183,215	200,820	21,320	10,150	11,170
Icelandic	1,285	600	685	55	20	25
Norwegian	4,615	2,170	2,445	310	140	165
Swedish	6,840	3,015	3,825	150	60	90
Vlaams (Flemish)	3,895	1,730	2,165	60	25	35
Yiddish	13,555	6,750	6,800	25	10	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	525	280	240	5	5	0
Greek	106,525	53,350	53,170	935	490	445
Indo-Iranian languages	1,312,750	664,120	648,630	22,335	12,065	10,270
Indo-Aryan languages	1,064,760	538,530	526,235	19,995	10,780	9,210
Bengali	73,125	37,410	35,720	2,795	1,495	1,300
Gujarati	108,780	55,105	53,670	2,510	1,420	1,090
Hindi	110,640	55,880	54,765	1,545	880	665
Kashmiri	565	300	265	20	10	10
Konkani	3,330	1,625	1,710	35	15	10
Marathi	8,295	4,300	3,995	140	80	55
Nepali	18,275	9,230	9,045	770	400	370
Oriya (Odia)	1,055	560	495	25	10	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	501,680	253,515	248,160	5,250	2,890	2,360
Sindhi	11,860	5,605	6,260	120	65	55
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	16,335	8,050	8,285	270	130	135
Urdu	210,815	106,960	103,860	6,520	3,380	3,135
Iranian languages	242,805	122,835	119,970	2,065	1,130	940
Kurdish	11,705	6,345	5,355	145	80	65
Pashto	16,910	8,760	8,145	555	315	235
Persian (Farsi)	214,200	107,725	106,470	1,370	735	635
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5,180	2,755	2,425	275	155	120
Italic (Romance) languages	1,154,270	558,660	595,615	6,470	3,225	3,250
Catalan	865	440	425	5	0	0
Italian	375,635	184,415	191,220	705	365	340
Portuguese	221,540	106,630	114,910	615	265	350
Romanian	96,665	46,195	50,470	850	425	430
Spanish	458,850	220,605	238,245	4,290	2,165	2,125
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	720	380	340	10	5	5
Japanese	43,640	14,790	28,855	320	100	220
Kartvelian languages	1,715	910	805	5	5	5
Georgian	1,715	910	805	5	0	5
Korean	153,425	70,310	83,115	1,670	800	865
Mongolic languages	1,575	690	885	40	20	25
Mongolian	1,575	690	880	40	20	25
Niger-Congo languages	91,375	45,075	46,305	2,310	1,235	1,075
Akan (Twi)	13,455	6,490	6,970	190	115	75
Bamanankan	1,535	815	720	0	0	5
Edo	1,670	770	900	35	20	15
Ewe	1,760	950	805	50	30	20
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,825	1,495	1,335	25	15	5
Ga	920	445	470	20	15	5
Ganda	1,295	625	665	35	15	20
Igbo	4,235	2,265	1,970	215	125	90
Lingala	3,810	1,785	2,025	30	20	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	5,845	2,785	3,060	145	85	65
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5,250	2,355	2,895	115	55	60
Shona	3,180	1,520	1,665	90	55	40
Swahili	13,370	6,385	6,990	425	220	205
Wolof	3,990	2,170	1,820	20	10	10
Yoruba	9,085	4,785	4,300	465	240	220
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	19,135	9,435	9,695	430	220	215
Nilo-Saharan languages	5,870	3,025	2,845	335	195	140
Dinka	2,120	1,115	1,000	115	70	45
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	3,755	1,910	1,840	220	120	100
Sign languages	7,500	3,925	3,575	200	100	100
American Sign Language	2,685	1,320	1,360	65	35	35
Quebec Sign Language	695	340	355	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	4,120	2,265	1,860	135	70	65
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,269,215	589,570	679,645	13,500	6,700	6,795
Chinese languages	1,253,360	581,650	671,715	12,460	6,165	6,290
Cantonese	565,270	262,865	302,405	3,775	1,830	1,950
Hakka	10,910	4,900	6,015	35	20	15
Mandarin	592,040	274,630	317,410	7,230	3,600	3,630
Min Dong	1,230	580	650	5	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	31,795	14,450	17,350	210	110	100
Wu (Shanghainese)	12,915	5,780	7,140	60	35	25
Chinese, n.o.s.	38,580	18,165	20,410	1,135	570	565
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	610	275	335	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15,850	7,925	7,935	1,040	530	505
Burmese	3,585	1,795	1,790	180	115	65
Karenic languages	4,705	2,355	2,350	810	395	415
Tibetan	6,165	3,080	3,080	15	5	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	1,400	695	705	35	20	20
Tai-Kadai languages	22,010	8,870	13,145	525	235	290
Lao	12,670	6,145	6,525	345	175	170
Thai	9,255	2,690	6,565	180	55	125
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	80	35	55	0	0	0
Turkic languages	40,140	21,120	19,025	360	185	175
Azerbaijani	3,260	1,785	1,470	25	10	10
Turkish	32,815	17,375	15,440	290	155	130
Uyghur	1,035	510	525	5	0	5
Uzbek	1,715	855	865	30	5	15
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,315	590	720	15	10	10
Uralic languages	81,985	37,790	44,195	1,555	735	820
Estonian	5,445	2,325	3,115	20	10	10
Finnish	15,295	6,395	8,900	205	85	120
Hungarian	61,235	29,060	32,175	1,330	650	685
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	3,690	2,045	1,645	100	55	45
Multiple responses	818,635	398,325	420,305	18,560	8,955	9,605
English and French	165,320	80,460	84,860	2,045	985	1,060
English and non-official language	533,265	259,160	274,100	15,925	7,675	8,245
French and non-official language	86,150	42,170	43,985	315	150	165
English, French and non-official language	33,900	16,535	17,365	280	145	135
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	34,767,250	17,101,165	17,666,085	1,083,240	539,100	544,130
Single responses	33,103,860	16,298,475	16,805,395	1,049,130	522,390	526,740
Official languages	29,106,670	14,383,020	14,723,645	968,625	481,845	486,780
English	22,162,865	10,966,135	11,196,730	964,640	479,915	484,730
French	6,943,800	3,416,890	3,526,910	3,985	1,930	2,050
Non-official languages	3,997,195	1,915,450	2,081,750	80,505	40,540	39,960
Aboriginal languages	118,470	59,720	58,750	16,605	8,355	8,245
Algonquian languages	75,080	37,825	37,260	10,145	5,185	4,960
Blackfoot	1,115	555	555	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	55,825	28,135	27,685	10,000	5,105	4,895
Atikamekw	5,465	2,825	2,640	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	8,590	4,195	4,395	0	0	0
Moose Cree	10	5	5	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,200	595	605	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	110	55	60	0	0	0
Plains Cree	1,350	665	685	1,195	580	610
Southern East Cree	20	5	15	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	330	140	190	95	40	55
Woods Cree	800	410	390	180	100	85
Cree, n.o.s.	37,945	19,240	18,710	8,525	4,380	4,145
Eastern Algonquian languages	3,615	1,795	1,820	0	0	0
Malecite	55	30	30	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	3,560	1,770	1,795	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	14,525	7,335	7,190	140	75	65
Algonquin	370	170	200	0	0	0
Ojibway	6,175	3,165	3,015	145	80	70
Oji-Cree	7,900	3,960	3,940	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	75	40	35	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10,265	5,125	5,135	6,360	3,130	3,235
Northern Athabaskan languages	10,255	5,120	5,135	6,365	3,130	3,230
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Beaver	50	30	20	0	0	0
Carrier	245	115	130	0	0	0
Chilcotin	255	125	130	0	0	0
Dene	7,710	3,805	3,905	6,360	3,130	3,230
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,020	550	475	0	0	0
Gwich'in	45	25	25	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	10	5	5	0	0	0
Sekani	15	10	5	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	820	425	395	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	340	180	155	0	0	0
South Slavey	370	190	185	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	105	55	55	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	25	15	15	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	25	10	10	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	5	5	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	30	15	15	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	25	15	10	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	10	0	5	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0	0	0
Haida	10	5	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	29,490	14,995	14,495	5	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	165	75	90	0	0	0
Inuktitut	29,230	14,885	14,345	5	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	90	40	55	5	0	0
Iroquoian languages	285	135	155	0	0	0
Cayuga	10	0	5	0	0	0
Mohawk	255	115	140	0	0	0
Oneida	15	5	10	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	0	0
Kutenai	15	10	5	0	0	0
Michif	85	40	45	45	20	25
Salish languages	285	130	150	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	45	20	25	0	0	0
Lillooet	25	15	10	0	0	0
Okanagan	85	35	45	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	55	30	20	0	0	0
Squamish	5	0	5	0	0	0
Straits	20	10	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0	0	0
Siouan languages	2,225	1,085	1,140	50	25	20
Dakota	255	140	120	35	15	10
Stoney	1,950	940	1,010	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	15	5	10
Tlingit	5	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	410	210	190	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	315	155	155	0	0	0
Nisga'a	70	40	30	0	0	0
Tsimshian	25	15	15	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	75	45	35	0	0	0
Haisla	20	10	15	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	5	5	5	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	20	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	30	15	15	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	235	110	125	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	3,878,725	1,855,730	2,022,995	63,905	32,185	31,720
Afro-Asiatic languages	307,755	153,275	154,480	4,625	2,340	2,290
Berber languages	8,105	4,215	3,895	0	0	0
Kabyle	5,490	2,855	2,640	5	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	2,620	1,365	1,260	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	27,095	12,455	14,640	720	335	380
Bilen	620	330	285	30	15	15
Oromo	3,410	1,700	1,710	140	75	70
Somali	22,895	10,340	12,555	530	245	290
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	185	85	95	15	5	5
Semitic languages	272,100	136,390	135,720	3,900	1,995	1,905
Amharic	12,780	6,010	6,770	150	75	70
Arabic	223,540	112,690	110,850	2,890	1,500	1,390
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10,510	5,090	5,425	225	105	120
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	3,445	1,695	1,750	115	60	55
Harari	735	335	400	0	0	0
Hebrew	8,560	4,425	4,135	25	10	15
Maltese	1,130	525	605	0	0	0
Tigrigna	10,205	5,040	5,170	430	205	220
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	1,200	585	620	70	40	30
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	440	215	230	5	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	115,210	53,500	61,710	1,740	850	895
Khmer (Cambodian)	10,880	4,940	5,945	40	20	25
Vietnamese	104,245	48,525	55,725	1,700	830	865
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	85	40	45	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	239,785	108,110	131,680	12,515	6,210	6,300
Bikol	290	140	155	15	5	10
Cebuano	7,210	3,325	3,880	580	280	295
Fijian	195	105	90	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	2,205	970	1,240	110	60	50
Ilocano	9,125	4,045	5,080	240	115	120
Malagasy	435	220	210	0	0	0
Malay	3,620	1,710	1,910	35	20	15
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,200	565	630	70	35	35
Pangasinan	240	110	135	10	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	213,790	96,235	117,555	11,345	5,630	5,715
Waray-Waray	310	135	170	15	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,160	545	620	95	50	45
Creole languages	27,860	12,005	15,850	95	35	65
Haitian Creole	1,280	575	705	0	0	5
Creole, n.o.s.	24,575	10,510	14,060	65	25	40
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,005	920	1,085	35	10	20
Dravidian languages	122,490	59,780	62,710	845	440	410
Kannada	1,630	825	800	20	10	10
Malayalam	15,440	7,865	7,575	525	265	260
Tamil	96,955	46,570	50,385	155	90	65
Telugu	8,280	4,430	3,850	145	75	70
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	190	85	105	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	340	160	180	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,911,215	927,225	983,985	31,235	15,915	15,325
Albanian	13,135	6,575	6,560	205	100	100
Armenian	21,505	10,165	11,345	45	25	20
Balto-Slavic languages	314,965	149,315	165,650	5,170	2,560	2,610
Baltic languages	3,275	1,400	1,870	80	35	45
Latvian	1,255	530	725	40	20	20
Lithuanian	2,020	870	1,150	40	15	25
Slavic languages	311,690	147,910	163,780	5,090	2,525	2,560
Belarusan	230	105	120	0	0	0
Bosnian	6,045	3,010	3,040	85	45	40
Bulgarian	11,985	5,835	6,150	35	20	15
Croatian	16,775	7,980	8,795	170	85	85
Czech	6,235	3,060	3,180	30	20	15
Macedonian	6,830	3,250	3,580	35	15	15
Polish	74,780	34,910	39,870	480	220	255
Russian	116,595	55,175	61,425	1,725	875	840
Serbian	31,750	15,665	16,085	270	140	130
Serbo-Croatian	3,885	1,865	2,020	45	20	25
Slovak	5,615	2,685	2,920	30	15	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	2,050	905	1,145	5	5	0
Ukrainian	28,250	13,150	15,100	2,010	985	1,025
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	670	310	360	170	80	90
Celtic languages	360	205	155	10	5	5
Scottish Gaelic	185	105	80	5	0	5
Welsh	95	50	45	5	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	80	50	30	0	5	0
Germanic languages	146,455	71,835	74,615	8,110	3,990	4,120
Afrikaans	4,790	2,355	2,435	530	275	250
Danish	855	410	445	10	5	0
Dutch	9,565	4,630	4,935	200	110	95
Frisian	185	95	90	5	0	0
German	120,335	58,905	61,435	7,290	3,565	3,725
Icelandic	270	120	150	0	0	0
Norwegian	345	145	200	10	5	10
Swedish	1,045	500	545	10	5	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	355	170	185	0	0	5
Yiddish	7,080	3,695	3,385	5	0	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	1,625	820	810	45	25	20
Greek	44,545	21,110	23,440	395	190	205
Indo-Iranian languages	838,755	416,960	421,795	14,385	7,560	6,825
Indo-Aryan languages	676,185	337,440	338,745	12,960	6,820	6,140
Bengali	47,350	23,585	23,765	1,915	980	930
Gujarati	64,150	31,740	32,405	1,585	865	720
Hindi	55,510	27,805	27,710	880	490	390
Kashmiri	135	70	70	5	0	0
Konkani	720	355	370	10	5	5
Marathi	3,780	1,940	1,840	55	30	30
Nepali	13,375	6,710	6,670	570	290	275
Oriya (Odia)	470	235	240	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	349,145	174,905	174,240	3,485	1,885	1,605
Sindhi	4,975	2,280	2,695	55	25	25
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,790	3,860	3,925	140	70	70
Urdu	128,785	63,965	64,820	4,265	2,180	2,080
Iranian languages	160,195	78,310	81,880	1,280	660	615
Kurdish	6,580	3,400	3,175	65	40	30
Pashto	10,590	5,305	5,290	345	185	160
Persian (Farsi)	143,020	69,600	73,425	865	435	430
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	2,375	1,215	1,160	150	80	65
Italic (Romance) languages	531,485	251,050	280,440	2,920	1,480	1,435
Catalan	355	165	190	0	0	0
Italian	115,415	49,975	65,440	155	80	75
Portuguese	98,710	46,915	51,795	220	100	115
Romanian	53,320	25,795	27,525	315	165	150
Spanish	263,510	128,110	135,400	2,220	1,130	1,085
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95	10	0	5
Japanese	19,785	8,265	11,515	120	45	75
Kartvelian languages	1,040	565	475	0	0	0
Georgian	1,035	565	475	0	0	0
Korean	109,705	51,385	58,320	1,180	590	595
Mongolic languages	910	440	470	25	10	10
Mongolian	910	435	470	25	10	10
Niger-Congo languages	28,665	13,340	15,320	735	350	380
Akan (Twi)	5,990	2,695	3,295	55	30	25
Bamanankan	340	180	160	0	0	0
Edo	415	175	240	10	0	5
Ewe	410	185	225	5	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	825	400	425	20	10	10
Ga	250	105	140	0	0	0
Ganda	345	160	185	10	5	5
Igbo	1,000	485	510	40	15	20
Lingala	1,045	455	590	15	10	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,110	990	1,115	85	45	40
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,530	670	865	35	15	25
Shona	1,035	475	560	35	25	15
Swahili	5,370	2,500	2,870	200	90	110
Wolof	1,380	745	635	0	5	0
Yoruba	2,615	1,275	1,340	115	55	55
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	4,010	1,850	2,160	100	45	55
Nilo-Saharan languages	2,650	1,305	1,350	135	65	70
Dinka	1,130	580	550	65	30	30
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,525	730	800	70	35	40
Sign languages	10,445	5,870	4,570	285	175	105
American Sign Language	3,015	1,560	1,460	50	30	20
Quebec Sign Language	730	375	355	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	6,690	3,935	2,755	230	150	85
Sino-Tibetan languages	924,720	433,530	491,190	9,700	4,835	4,865
Chinese languages	913,365	427,860	485,505	8,925	4,450	4,475
Cantonese	400,215	184,340	215,885	2,400	1,140	1,265
Hakka	4,080	1,820	2,265	5	0	0
Mandarin	462,890	220,075	242,815	5,645	2,865	2,780
Min Dong	345	150	195	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	13,965	6,345	7,625	80	45	35
Wu (Shanghainese)	7,650	3,580	4,075	30	15	15
Chinese, n.o.s.	23,935	11,440	12,500	760	385	380
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	280	130	150	0	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	11,350	5,670	5,680	775	380	395
Burmese	2,245	1,115	1,125	115	65	55
Karenic languages	3,865	1,935	1,930	640	310	335
Tibetan	4,590	2,305	2,280	10	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	655	305	345	5	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages	9,565	4,455	5,110	190	85	105
Lao	6,175	2,995	3,180	125	60	60
Thai	3,360	1,450	1,915	70	25	45
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	30	15	15	0	0	0
Turkic languages	22,250	11,205	11,045	195	100	95
Azerbaijani	1,245	640	610	5	5	5
Turkish	18,955	9,525	9,430	170	90	85
Uyghur	610	315	290	0	0	0
Uzbek	990	505	490	10	5	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	455	230	225	5	0	5
Uralic languages	23,245	10,715	12,535	240	125	120
Estonian	975	365	610	10	0	5
Finnish	2,790	1,220	1,565	15	10	5
Hungarian	19,485	9,125	10,355	215	110	105
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,110	605	500	45	25	20
Multiple responses	1,663,390	802,695	860,690	34,110	16,720	17,395
English and French	160,185	77,940	82,235	1,210	575	635
English and non-official language	1,284,975	620,375	664,600	32,250	15,810	16,435
French and non-official language	148,915	70,915	78,000	150	85	70
English, French and non-official language	69,315	33,465	35,850	495	250	250
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	34,767,255	17,101,165	17,666,080	1,083,235	539,100	544,130
None	29,615,245	14,612,175	15,003,065	983,935	490,490	493,450
English	2,109,340	1,045,215	1,064,120	41,920	21,045	20,875
French	731,095	342,245	388,855	9,340	4,085	5,255
Non-official language	2,151,690	1,023,940	1,127,750	46,495	22,705	23,785
Aboriginal	90,740	42,890	47,850	13,490	6,445	7,050
Non-Aboriginal	2,060,945	981,055	1,079,895	33,005	16,265	16,740
English and French	47,970	23,785	24,190	170	85	85
English and non-official language	61,075	30,045	31,030	860	440	420
French and non-official language	48,755	22,690	26,065	495	245	255
English, French and non-official language	2,080	1,075	1,010	20	5	10
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,355	857,270	424,245	433,025
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,190	822,620	407,715	414,905
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,204	40,782	28,860	38,299	46,117	31,978
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175	822,745	407,730	415,015
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,866	35,933	26,621	34,570	40,492	29,564
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	24,583,315	12,296,595	12,286,725	750,515	378,290	372,225
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,762	39,925	26,613	36,883	45,587	29,314
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	19,743,240	8,755,815	10,987,430	550,165	236,760	313,405
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	5,453	4,199	6,136	5,340	4,200	5,870
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	20,428,685	10,547,760	9,880,925	636,955	331,975	304,970
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	33,684	39,836	28,474	36,612	44,551	30,027
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	857,300	424,265	433,030
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	27,489,395	13,441,555	14,047,845	822,545	407,840	414,705
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	47,487	56,740	38,632	49,409	58,791	40,184
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	27,500,230	13,446,230	14,053,995	822,655	407,855	414,800
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	38,977	45,404	32,828	40,933	47,453	34,523
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	24,584,065	12,295,015	12,289,055	750,475	378,445	372,035
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	46,885	56,803	36,962	48,491	58,779	38,026
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	19,742,130	8,752,070	10,990,060	549,500	236,590	312,910
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,738	7,345	8,050	7,734	7,322	8,045
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	20,428,670	10,542,540	9,886,130	636,950	331,745	305,205
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	46,057	54,369	37,193	46,853	55,728	37,207
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	857,295	424,260	433,030
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	9,367,045	5,231,015	4,136,035	302,780	173,250	129,525
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	53,431	59,326	47,420	55,368	62,070	48,579
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	65,997	74,289	55,510	64,855	72,366	54,808
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	88.3	91.6	83.7	89.5	92.8	84.8
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	72.0	75.2	67.7	73.2	76.8	68.0
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	11.7	8.4	16.3	10.5	7.2	15.2
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360	857,270	424,245	433,025
Without total income	1,154,450	546,285	608,165	34,645	16,530	18,120
With total income	27,488,530	13,444,335	14,044,195	822,620	407,715	414,905
Percentage with total income	96.0	96.1	95.8	96.0	96.1	95.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	3,877,620	1,668,960	2,208,655	105,780	47,325	58,455
$10,000 to $19,999	4,680,380	1,867,600	2,812,785	118,380	46,195	72,180
$20,000 to $29,999	3,807,840	1,593,335	2,214,505	107,890	42,345	65,545
$30,000 to $39,999	3,206,175	1,472,670	1,733,510	95,605	41,315	54,295
$40,000 to $49,999	2,827,045	1,376,565	1,450,480	89,285	42,260	47,025
$50,000 to $59,999	2,179,775	1,145,685	1,034,090	70,395	36,950	33,450
$60,000 to $69,999	1,655,070	938,755	716,310	53,855	31,055	22,795
$70,000 to $79,999	1,271,850	745,830	526,015	41,930	25,290	16,645
$80,000 to $89,999	966,885	579,290	387,590	34,305	20,750	13,560
$90,000 to $99,999	749,290	452,240	297,050	26,165	16,100	10,060
$100,000 and over	2,266,600	1,603,400	663,195	79,030	58,125	20,905
$100,000 to $149,999	1,493,570	1,024,210	469,365	56,160	40,025	16,140
$150,000 and over	773,025	579,190	193,830	22,870	18,100	4,770
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	28,642,980	13,990,620	14,652,360	857,270	424,245	433,025
Without after-tax income	1,143,795	541,620	602,175	34,520	16,515	18,010
With after-tax income	27,499,185	13,449,010	14,050,175	822,745	407,730	415,015
Percentage with after-tax income	96.0	96.1	95.9	96.0	96.1	95.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	4,004,475	1,706,825	2,297,645	108,310	48,150	60,160
$10,000 to $19,999	4,905,055	1,972,920	2,932,130	123,690	48,420	75,275
$20,000 to $29,999	4,489,925	1,926,175	2,563,755	125,285	50,160	75,125
$30,000 to $39,999	3,924,960	1,870,705	2,054,250	119,460	54,365	65,100
$40,000 to $49,999	3,144,200	1,619,670	1,524,525	103,250	52,900	50,350
$50,000 to $59,999	2,209,280	1,245,570	963,705	73,855	42,315	31,540
$60,000 to $69,999	1,540,300	912,230	628,065	53,925	32,645	21,280
$70,000 to $79,999	1,076,180	654,570	421,610	38,615	23,385	15,235
$80,000 and over	2,204,820	1,540,335	664,485	76,345	55,395	20,950
$80,000 to $89,999	688,705	444,550	244,145	24,935	16,370	8,560
$90,000 to $99,999	420,975	291,090	129,885	16,260	11,815	4,445
$100,000 and over	1,095,140	804,690	290,445	35,155	27,210	7,945
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	28,642,980	13,990,625	14,652,360	857,270	424,245	433,025
Without employment income	8,214,295	3,442,860	4,771,430	220,320	92,270	128,055
With employment income	20,428,690	10,547,760	9,880,925	636,950	331,980	304,970
Percentage with employment income	71.3	75.4	67.4	74.3	78.3	70.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	2,778,990	1,357,430	1,421,560	82,210	38,805	43,410
$5,000 to $9,999	1,602,140	697,025	905,120	46,620	20,310	26,310
$10,000 to $19,999	2,736,010	1,212,855	1,523,155	77,480	33,900	43,575
$20,000 to $29,999	2,293,785	1,022,090	1,271,695	68,175	29,285	38,885
$30,000 to $39,999	2,149,860	1,001,065	1,148,795	66,120	29,825	36,295
$40,000 to $49,999	1,928,565	946,625	981,940	61,800	29,930	31,870
$50,000 to $59,999	1,554,100	839,045	715,055	51,075	27,565	23,510
$60,000 to $69,999	1,220,310	708,270	512,040	39,805	23,605	16,195
$70,000 to $79,999	992,170	591,945	400,225	32,265	20,015	12,255
$80,000 and over	3,172,770	2,171,415	1,001,355	111,405	78,745	32,665
$80,000 to $89,999	773,755	475,700	298,055	28,240	17,220	11,020
$90,000 to $99,999	623,980	382,330	241,650	21,415	13,645	7,770
$100,000 and over	1,775,030	1,313,385	461,645	61,750	47,885	13,870
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	14,072,080	...	...	432,625	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	70,336	...	...	75,412	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	61,348	...	...	65,784	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	3,969,790	...	...	121,175	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	35,174	...	...	38,188	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	31,446	...	...	34,099	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	10,102,290	...	...	311,450	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	88,249	...	...	94,530	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	76,419	...	...	81,696	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	14,072,075	...	...	432,620	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	92,764	...	...	93,942	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	76,171	...	...	77,837	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	3,967,765	...	...	121,040	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	46,799	...	...	48,880	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	38,685	...	...	40,555	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	10,104,315	...	...	311,580	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	110,813	...	...	111,447	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	90,890	...	...	92,320	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	14,072,075	...	...	432,625	...	...
Under $5,000	228,790	...	...	6,930	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	200,315	...	...	4,575	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	374,575	...	...	7,675	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	565,940	...	...	18,025	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	602,800	...	...	18,845	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	538,710	...	...	14,875	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	603,480	...	...	17,700	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	606,600	...	...	17,410	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	596,110	...	...	17,345	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	578,325	...	...	16,525	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,097,345	...	...	31,595	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,010,415	...	...	29,700	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	924,320	...	...	27,605	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	836,765	...	...	25,810	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	745,655	...	...	23,280	...	...
$100,000 and over	4,561,920	...	...	154,720	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,470,255	...	...	48,375	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	1,016,245	...	...	35,320	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	1,116,140	...	...	40,875	...	...
$200,000 and over	959,285	...	...	30,160	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	14,072,075	...	...	432,625	...	...
Under $5,000	243,780	...	...	7,355	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	203,865	...	...	4,680	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	380,680	...	...	7,860	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	591,660	...	...	18,625	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	673,740	...	...	20,275	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	628,225	...	...	17,325	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	719,825	...	...	20,700	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	725,675	...	...	20,990	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	711,180	...	...	20,395	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	691,695	...	...	19,790	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,299,680	...	...	37,680	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,169,515	...	...	35,255	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,041,635	...	...	32,575	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	900,055	...	...	28,995	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	757,295	...	...	25,545	...	...
$100,000 and over	3,333,575	...	...	114,570	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,371,945	...	...	47,890	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	809,540	...	...	29,680	...	...
$150,000 and over	1,152,090	...	...	36,995	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	9,688,845	...	...	299,345	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	88,306	...	...	93,747	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	76,372	...	...	81,065	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	3,706,220	...	...	122,845	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	78,976	...	...	87,865	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	68,309	...	...	75,765	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	4,222,140	...	...	124,285	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	113,465	...	...	119,530	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	96,608	...	...	101,656	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	4.0	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	1,481,410	...	...	44,110	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	53,193	...	...	50,749	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	48,856	...	...	47,776	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	9,689,855	...	...	299,455	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	111,235	...	...	111,031	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	91,040	...	...	91,825	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	3,706,400	...	...	123,045	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	101,086	...	...	104,889	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	82,296	...	...	86,074	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	4,225,855	...	...	124,275	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	137,094	...	...	135,718	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	111,307	...	...	111,601	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	1,477,190	...	...	44,125	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	65,549	...	...	62,208	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	56,687	...	...	54,678	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	5,313,545	2,608,845	2,704,705	161,805	82,400	79,405
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	31,890	34,483	29,801	35,875	40,000	32,247
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	28,959	30,746	27,495	32,415	35,306	29,777
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	5,299,050	2,596,985	2,702,070	161,560	82,510	79,050
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	42,939	46,085	39,915	45,756	49,739	41,598
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	35,801	37,724	33,952	38,229	40,766	35,581
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	34,460,065	16,971,550	17,488,515	1,070,555	533,385	537,175
In the bottom half of the distribution	17,229,835	8,256,970	8,972,865	506,055	243,040	263,010
In the bottom decile	3,445,950	1,672,900	1,773,050	111,770	55,530	56,245
In the second decile	3,445,660	1,564,965	1,880,700	104,900	46,610	58,285
In the third decile	3,446,165	1,641,930	1,804,235	94,035	44,535	49,500
In the fourth decile	3,445,850	1,677,120	1,768,730	96,045	47,015	49,030
In the fifth decile	3,446,210	1,700,060	1,746,150	99,300	49,350	49,950
In the top half of the distribution	17,230,230	8,714,580	8,515,650	564,505	290,345	274,160
In the sixth decile	3,445,695	1,716,510	1,729,185	104,200	52,705	51,495
In the seventh decile	3,446,470	1,730,975	1,715,500	109,400	55,670	53,725
In the eighth decile	3,445,940	1,741,640	1,704,300	115,215	59,255	55,965
In the ninth decile	3,446,045	1,751,850	1,694,195	121,965	62,875	59,085
In the top decile	3,446,080	1,773,600	1,672,475	113,730	59,840	53,885
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	33,968,295	16,724,265	17,244,035	1,014,605	505,225	509,380
0 to 17 years	6,836,380	3,504,250	3,332,125	230,205	117,925	112,275
0 to 5 years	2,228,770	1,142,505	1,086,270	79,345	40,700	38,645
18 to 64 years	21,695,090	10,690,090	11,005,005	631,280	316,125	315,155
65 years and over	5,436,830	2,529,930	2,906,905	153,120	71,180	81,950
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	4,809,940	2,243,200	2,566,740	130,220	60,375	69,845
0 to 17 years	1,163,830	597,570	566,255	41,010	20,960	20,050
0 to 5 years	396,095	203,055	193,030	15,420	7,850	7,575
18 to 64 years	2,855,290	1,341,590	1,513,700	67,080	31,315	35,765
65 years and over	790,825	304,040	486,780	22,130	8,100	14,025
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.2	13.4	14.9	12.8	12.0	13.7
0 to 17 years (%)	17.0	17.1	17.0	17.8	17.8	17.9
0 to 5 years (%)	17.8	17.8	17.8	19.4	19.3	19.6
18 to 64 years (%)	13.2	12.5	13.8	10.6	9.9	11.3
65 years and over (%)	14.5	12.0	16.7	14.5	11.4	17.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,128,995	1,519,370	1,609,630	59,440	29,890	29,545
0 to 17 years	696,025	357,255	338,770	17,870	9,140	8,735
0 to 5 years	236,435	121,170	115,260	7,005	3,540	3,465
18 to 64 years	2,157,745	1,057,585	1,100,160	38,775	19,470	19,305
65 years and over	275,225	104,525	170,695	2,795	1,280	1,510
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.2	9.1	9.3	5.9	5.9	5.8
0 to 17 years (%)	10.2	10.2	10.2	7.8	7.8	7.8
0 to 5 years (%)	10.6	10.6	10.6	8.8	8.7	9.0
18 to 64 years (%)	9.9	9.9	10.0	6.1	6.2	6.1
65 years and over (%)	5.1	4.1	5.9	1.8	1.8	1.8
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	1,070,560	533,385	537,175
Official languages	33,818,210	16,709,290	17,108,920	1,062,885	529,920	532,965
English	29,748,265	14,806,270	14,941,995	1,062,275	529,630	532,645
French	10,242,945	4,952,455	5,290,495	51,325	23,600	27,725
Non-official languages	9,369,280	4,488,185	4,881,090	187,450	91,805	95,645
Aboriginal languages	263,845	127,550	136,295	38,110	18,390	19,720
Algonquian languages	177,570	85,505	92,065	28,270	13,675	14,590
Blackfoot	5,645	2,695	2,950	10	10	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	116,585	56,515	60,070	27,065	13,115	13,950
Atikamekw	6,640	3,335	3,305	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	11,440	5,500	5,945	0	0	0
Moose Cree	195	80	115	0	0	0
Naskapi	1,465	710	755	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	545	225	320	40	30	15
Plains Cree	5,905	2,705	3,200	3,665	1,770	1,900
Southern East Cree	40	30	10	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	2,345	995	1,350	470	185	285
Woods Cree	2,665	1,230	1,435	1,260	570	695
Cree, n.o.s.	86,115	42,080	44,035	21,870	10,695	11,175
Eastern Algonquian languages	9,765	4,710	5,050	0	0	0
Malecite	755	370	390	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	9,025	4,350	4,670	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	46,685	22,100	24,585	1,310	620	695
Algonquin	2,480	1,165	1,315	0	0	0
Ojibway	28,585	13,365	15,220	1,300	610	690
Oji-Cree	15,610	7,575	8,030	10	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	205	105	105	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	120	60	60	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	23,655	11,340	12,320	9,120	4,350	4,770
Northern Athabaskan languages	23,570	11,300	12,265	9,105	4,345	4,760
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	210	105	100	0	0	0
Beaver	340	180	165	0	0	0
Carrier	2,105	955	1,145	0	0	0
Chilcotin	1,150	535	610	0	0	0
Dene	13,060	6,270	6,790	9,105	4,350	4,755
Dogrib (Tlicho)	2,375	1,210	1,165	0	0	0
Gwich'in	360	165	200	10	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	150	60	90	0	0	0
Sekani	185	85	100	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	2,815	1,340	1,475	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	1,010	475	530	0	0	0
South Slavey	1,365	660	710	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	680	320	360	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	630	340	285	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	365	205	170	0	0	0
Tahltan	270	140	130	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	420	160	260	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	285	115	170	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	145	50	95	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50	10	0	10
Haida	465	205	260	10	0	10
Inuit languages	42,980	21,355	21,630	10	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,975	895	1,080	0	0	0
Inuktitut	40,620	20,280	20,340	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	470	225	240	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	2,800	1,240	1,555	10	10	10
Cayuga	125	40	85	0	0	0
Mohawk	2,415	1,120	1,295	10	0	10
Oneida	180	60	125	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	115	45	75	0	0	0
Kutenai	175	95	80	0	0	0
Michif	1,210	585	625	505	240	260
Salish languages	5,750	2,730	3,015	0	0	0
Comox	185	75	110	0	0	0
Halkomelem	1,060	475	585	0	0	0
Lillooet	790	405	385	0	0	0
Okanagan	820	370	450	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	1,305	640	665	0	0	0
Squamish	285	125	155	0	0	0
Straits	360	160	200	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	450	220	235	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	565	295	270	0	0	0
Siouan languages	5,430	2,665	2,770	510	255	250
Dakota	1,760	870	890	415	205	210
Stoney	3,675	1,805	1,875	10	10	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	140	70	70	90	50	45
Tlingit	260	140	120	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	2,730	1,350	1,380	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	1,305	645	660	0	0	0
Nisga'a	1,060	545	515	0	0	0
Tsimshian	410	180	235	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	1,490	680	805	0	0	0
Haisla	175	65	110	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	125	50	75	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	605	285	320	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	565	265	300	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	665	310	360	30	15	20
Non-Aboriginal languages	9,107,075	4,361,420	4,745,660	149,475	73,470	76,000
Afro-Asiatic languages	837,355	432,560	404,795	8,595	4,585	4,015
Berber languages	29,460	15,745	13,715	40	35	0
Kabyle	17,120	9,100	8,015	10	10	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	12,505	6,735	5,775	30	25	0
Cushitic languages	57,125	26,870	30,250	1,305	620	690
Bilen	1,085	625	470	85	40	45
Oromo	6,245	3,070	3,175	160	70	90
Somali	49,665	23,070	26,590	1,090	520	570
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	480	220	265	0	0	0
Semitic languages	771,130	400,780	370,350	7,500	4,075	3,425
Amharic	33,670	16,675	16,995	545	255	290
Arabic	629,055	329,235	299,820	5,605	3,165	2,435
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	19,745	9,720	10,020	505	240	265
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	7,115	3,505	3,610	195	95	100
Harari	1,710	855	860	0	0	0
Hebrew	75,020	38,730	36,290	470	245	230
Maltese	7,625	3,760	3,870	0	0	0
Tigrigna	21,340	10,640	10,705	705	350	355
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	3,220	1,655	1,565	245	120	125
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	2,775	1,440	1,335	70	35	30
Austro-Asiatic languages	224,865	105,845	119,020	3,315	1,685	1,635
Khmer (Cambodian)	27,035	12,640	14,400	210	105	105
Vietnamese	198,895	93,735	105,155	3,105	1,580	1,525
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	190	70	120	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	656,200	273,075	383,125	29,705	14,065	15,640
Bikol	2,075	885	1,190	90	30	55
Cebuano	27,045	10,960	16,085	2,115	945	1,170
Fijian	1,660	955	705	20	10	10
Hiligaynon	7,925	3,200	4,720	285	130	150
Ilocano	34,530	13,805	20,730	785	365	415
Malagasy	2,335	1,120	1,220	10	0	0
Malay	22,470	10,370	12,100	215	95	115
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5,425	2,445	2,980	265	130	135
Pangasinan	1,800	790	1,015	45	25	20
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	612,735	253,210	359,530	28,655	13,575	15,080
Waray-Waray	1,395	530	860	35	25	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5,585	2,540	3,040	300	145	155
Creole languages	155,615	70,545	85,070	495	230	270
Haitian Creole	6,850	3,140	3,710	10	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	133,045	59,890	73,160	240	95	145
Creole languages, n.i.e.	16,635	7,955	8,675	250	125	120
Dravidian languages	250,180	126,220	123,960	2,190	1,205	980
Kannada	8,245	4,180	4,065	115	65	55
Malayalam	37,810	19,410	18,400	1,170	625	540
Tamil	189,860	94,640	95,220	635	345	290
Telugu	23,160	12,770	10,390	435	270	165
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	790	385	405	15	0	15
Hmong-Mien languages	870	435	435	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,158,010	2,506,455	2,651,555	81,985	40,685	41,300
Albanian	31,930	16,140	15,790	560	275	285
Armenian	41,295	19,980	21,315	115	65	45
Balto-Slavic languages	817,315	384,960	432,350	20,395	9,470	10,925
Baltic languages	14,675	6,470	8,205	225	120	110
Latvian	6,500	2,960	3,540	135	60	70
Lithuanian	8,185	3,510	4,675	95	60	35
Slavic languages	805,915	379,965	425,945	20,265	9,400	10,860
Belarusan	2,265	1,070	1,195	20	0	15
Bosnian	18,265	9,055	9,215	325	155	165
Bulgarian	22,425	10,920	11,505	75	40	35
Croatian	69,840	34,515	35,325	605	355	250
Czech	28,720	13,675	15,050	300	155	150
Macedonian	23,075	11,190	11,880	65	35	35
Polish	214,965	99,365	115,600	2,185	1,040	1,145
Russian	269,645	127,055	142,595	5,275	2,585	2,690
Serbian	73,775	37,040	36,740	790	410	385
Serbo-Croatian	11,275	5,525	5,750	80	30	50
Slovak	21,470	10,215	11,255	125	85	40
Slovene (Slovenian)	11,495	5,205	6,290	105	50	50
Ukrainian	132,115	58,820	73,300	13,090	5,770	7,325
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	3,000	1,590	1,405	345	205	140
Celtic languages	9,165	4,705	4,455	165	105	65
Scottish Gaelic	3,980	2,010	1,975	55	35	25
Welsh	1,690	830	860	50	30	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	3,590	1,915	1,680	70	45	20
Germanic languages	695,535	337,215	358,320	21,275	10,435	10,840
Afrikaans	23,410	11,795	11,610	1,455	750	705
Danish	15,745	7,320	8,425	320	195	125
Dutch	120,865	57,885	62,990	1,510	720	790
Frisian	2,910	1,515	1,395	25	15	15
German	502,730	245,745	256,985	17,390	8,525	8,870
Icelandic	1,780	830	945	70	40	30
Norwegian	8,120	3,860	4,260	415	180	235
Swedish	14,140	6,510	7,635	230	95	130
Vlaams (Flemish)	4,400	1,945	2,455	80	25	50
Yiddish	20,985	10,435	10,550	75	35	30
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	8,710	4,425	4,285	265	135	125
Greek	150,965	75,510	75,455	1,470	725	745
Indo-Iranian languages	1,658,220	840,850	817,365	27,395	14,650	12,740
Indo-Aryan languages	1,387,805	704,370	683,435	25,355	13,530	11,825
Bengali	91,220	46,935	44,285	3,520	1,895	1,620
Gujarati	149,045	74,765	74,285	3,320	1,760	1,555
Hindi	433,365	221,665	211,700	8,040	4,480	3,560
Kashmiri	905	490	420	40	25	20
Konkani	6,790	3,185	3,605	40	30	15
Marathi	15,570	8,200	7,365	185	120	70
Nepali	21,380	10,915	10,470	835	435	400
Oriya (Odia)	1,535	755	775	25	15	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	668,240	341,450	326,790	8,300	4,635	3,665
Sindhi	20,260	9,310	10,945	180	105	75
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	27,825	13,970	13,855	355	205	150
Urdu	322,220	164,685	157,535	9,455	4,815	4,635
Iranian languages	281,715	142,030	139,680	2,285	1,240	1,040
Kurdish	15,290	8,290	7,000	145	90	60
Pashto	23,180	12,465	10,715	555	315	240
Persian (Farsi)	252,320	126,565	125,755	1,630	870	760
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	8,875	4,715	4,155	275	135	140
Italic (Romance) languages	1,897,630	898,530	999,100	12,660	6,085	6,570
Catalan	2,035	1,145	890	0	10	0
Italian	574,725	278,500	296,225	1,360	670	690
Portuguese	295,955	144,465	151,485	885	380	505
Romanian	115,050	55,275	59,770	1,105	525	575
Spanish	995,255	460,250	535,010	9,605	4,635	4,965
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	2,680	1,610	1,075	40	30	10
Japanese	83,090	36,760	46,335	1,205	540	665
Kartvelian languages	2,150	1,075	1,075	15	0	15
Georgian	2,150	1,080	1,070	15	0	10
Korean	172,755	80,170	92,590	1,930	850	1,080
Mongolic languages	2,090	960	1,130	55	20	30
Mongolian	2,090	960	1,130	60	25	30
Niger-Congo languages	177,215	88,135	89,080	4,125	2,245	1,885
Akan (Twi)	22,145	10,810	11,340	355	185	170
Bamanankan	3,190	1,660	1,530	0	0	10
Edo	3,220	1,510	1,705	20	0	20
Ewe	3,000	1,685	1,315	100	45	55
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	4,725	2,460	2,260	60	45	15
Ga	2,250	1,140	1,110	45	25	15
Ganda	2,495	1,175	1,320	20	10	10
Igbo	8,850	4,710	4,140	625	325	300
Lingala	17,010	7,865	9,145	140	70	65
Rundi (Kirundi)	8,590	4,075	4,515	280	150	130
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	7,860	3,600	4,260	125	65	55
Shona	5,425	2,530	2,905	150	90	55
Swahili	38,680	19,565	19,115	950	570	380
Wolof	8,240	4,455	3,785	40	25	15
Yoruba	22,420	11,475	10,940	965	470	495
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40,760	20,375	20,385	815	480	335
Nilo-Saharan languages	7,015	3,520	3,495	300	150	145
Dinka	2,475	1,280	1,190	100	65	40
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	4,555	2,240	2,315	195	90	105
Sign languages	48,115	18,985	29,130	1,565	585	985
American Sign Language	21,930	7,780	14,155	650	215	435
Quebec Sign Language	4,665	1,665	3,005	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	22,275	9,835	12,440	915	365	545
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,430,440	672,100	758,340	14,580	7,115	7,470
Chinese languages	1,413,110	663,465	749,640	13,630	6,625	7,005
Cantonese	699,125	325,840	373,285	4,675	2,245	2,435
Hakka	12,445	5,555	6,890	30	10	20
Mandarin	814,450	377,635	436,815	8,995	4,335	4,660
Min Dong	1,045	440	600	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	42,840	19,005	23,835	260	125	135
Wu (Shanghainese)	16,530	7,490	9,040	45	20	30
Chinese, n.o.s.	41,690	19,995	21,690	1,245	620	630
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	590	250	340	10	0	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	18,270	9,100	9,175	960	495	460
Burmese	4,995	2,490	2,500	315	185	130
Karenic languages	4,895	2,425	2,475	635	310	325
Tibetan	7,050	3,555	3,490	30	15	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	2,375	1,160	1,220	70	25	40
Tai-Kadai languages	30,400	13,210	17,195	635	245	385
Lao	17,235	8,240	8,990	410	170	240
Thai	15,390	5,875	9,520	275	105	170
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	115	50	65	0	0	0
Turkic languages	60,530	31,585	28,945	640	365	285
Azerbaijani	5,450	2,885	2,565	25	20	10
Turkish	50,775	26,605	24,165	530	310	220
Uyghur	1,385	685	700	0	0	0
Uzbek	2,465	1,230	1,235	60	25	35
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,870	905	965	25	10	15
Uralic languages	94,810	44,270	50,545	1,765	850	915
Estonian	6,070	2,750	3,315	20	15	10
Finnish	17,595	7,540	10,050	360	170	190
Hungarian	71,285	34,005	37,280	1,385	670	715
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	9,730	5,375	4,355	340	210	135
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490	1,070,555	533,385	537,175
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	32,034,590	15,799,495	16,235,090	998,035	496,635	501,395
Canadian citizens aged under 18	6,652,795	3,412,785	3,240,010	237,720	121,535	116,185
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	25,381,795	12,386,710	12,995,080	760,310	375,105	385,210
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	2,425,480	1,172,085	1,253,400	72,525	36,750	35,780
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	1,070,560	533,385	537,170
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	26,412,610	13,124,325	13,288,290	945,810	470,790	475,025
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330	112,490	55,800	56,690
Before 1981	1,941,510	927,795	1,013,715	16,650	8,190	8,465
1981 to 1990	915,555	439,245	476,310	5,545	2,670	2,875
1991 to 2000	1,486,655	696,720	789,940	9,315	4,645	4,665
2001 to 2010	1,985,035	940,570	1,044,465	33,045	16,410	16,635
2001 to 2005	928,935	439,890	489,050	8,670	4,165	4,505
2006 to 2010	1,056,095	500,680	555,415	24,370	12,245	12,130
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	1,212,075	582,175	629,895	47,935	23,880	24,055
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	506,625	260,755	245,870	12,255	6,800	5,455
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	7,540,830	3,586,500	3,954,335	112,495	55,795	56,695
Under 5 years	731,340	364,165	367,175	12,060	6,100	5,965
5 to 14 years	1,311,810	665,870	645,945	21,295	11,015	10,280
15 to 24 years	1,604,430	724,430	880,005	19,295	8,990	10,305
25 to 44 years	3,198,920	1,513,970	1,684,950	50,945	25,060	25,890
45 years and over	694,320	318,060	376,260	8,895	4,635	4,260
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	7,540,830	3,586,495	3,954,330	112,490	55,800	56,690
Americas	1,128,745	510,650	618,100	10,765	5,010	5,760
Brazil	29,320	13,235	16,080	185	65	120
Colombia	70,035	32,065	37,965	555	275	280
El Salvador	48,080	23,865	24,215	630	290	340
Guyana	87,685	38,940	48,745	155	75	85
Haiti	93,480	40,955	52,525	65	45	20
Jamaica	138,345	59,960	78,390	815	425	395
Mexico	80,585	37,530	43,055	1,330	665	665
Peru	29,615	12,950	16,665	165	60	100
Trinidad and Tobago	65,040	29,325	35,710	210	105	110
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	253,715	113,505	140,215	4,845	2,045	2,800
Other places of birth in Americas	232,850	108,325	124,530	1,805	955	845
Europe	2,088,410	1,015,145	1,073,260	23,640	11,900	11,740
Bosnia and Herzegovina	36,135	18,050	18,085	455	215	245
Croatia	40,045	20,005	20,035	445	280	165
France	105,565	55,395	50,170	215	90	125
Germany	145,845	69,525	76,320	2,575	1,280	1,295
Greece	62,715	31,580	31,135	605	325	280
Hungary	36,820	17,945	18,875	395	215	180
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	28,325	14,355	13,970	845	490	355
Italy	236,640	118,595	118,040	570	305	265
Netherlands	88,475	45,185	43,295	1,220	585	635
Poland	146,465	66,450	80,020	1,395	690	705
Portugal	139,450	68,150	71,300	220	105	120
Romania	90,305	42,795	47,510	695	335	360
Russian Federation	78,685	34,265	44,420	805	345	460
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	33,320	16,325	17,000	585	305	280
Ukraine	73,030	33,360	39,665	3,280	1,630	1,650
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	499,115	243,225	255,890	7,020	3,520	3,505
Other places of birth in Europe	247,470	119,945	127,530	2,320	1,195	1,125
Africa	637,485	322,510	314,970	10,285	5,360	4,925
Algeria	64,620	33,920	30,705	50	35	15
Egypt	64,615	34,125	30,495	435	230	205
Ethiopia	32,790	15,980	16,810	635	285	355
Kenya	27,150	12,810	14,340	425	225	200
Morocco	69,655	36,120	33,535	180	95	80
Nigeria	42,430	21,830	20,600	1,695	845	855
Somalia	27,230	12,070	15,160	635	335	300
South Africa, Republic of	44,660	22,205	22,460	1,775	920	855
Other places of birth in Africa	264,320	133,450	130,870	4,455	2,390	2,065
Asia	3,629,160	1,709,985	1,919,175	67,120	33,175	33,945
Afghanistan	51,955	26,030	25,930	515	230	285
Bangladesh	58,735	29,875	28,865	2,575	1,365	1,210
China^{Census data footnote 59}	649,260	290,800	358,460	7,485	3,445	4,035
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	208,940	98,020	110,915	765	370	400
India	668,565	334,030	334,540	9,630	5,190	4,435
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	154,425	77,970	76,455	785	465	325
Iraq	68,485	34,785	33,705	1,175	625	550
Japan	27,240	7,955	19,285	265	65	200
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	123,305	57,170	66,140	1,120	475	645
Lebanon	88,745	47,295	41,450	255	160	90
Pakistan	202,260	103,225	99,035	6,860	3,575	3,280
Philippines	588,305	247,095	341,210	26,860	12,655	14,210
Sri Lanka	131,995	64,825	67,170	440	235	205
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	52,960	26,595	26,365	1,155	610	550
Taiwan	63,770	28,170	35,605	180	80	100
Viet Nam	169,250	78,000	91,250	2,615	1,340	1,280
Other places of birth in Asia	320,965	158,150	162,815	4,425	2,290	2,140
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	57,030	28,210	28,825	675	350	325
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	1,212,075	582,180	629,895	47,935	23,880	24,055
Americas	152,595	72,870	79,720	2,320	1,090	1,230
Brazil	8,500	4,000	4,490	45	10	35
Colombia	15,300	6,885	8,415	115	55	65
Cuba	5,370	2,545	2,820	35	20	15
Haiti	19,985	9,160	10,830	10	10	0
Jamaica	12,495	6,680	5,820	405	230	180
Mexico	18,660	9,090	9,575	435	215	225
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	33,060	16,480	16,580	745	330	420
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	6,425	2,990	3,435	35	10	30
Other places of birth in Americas	32,790	15,040	17,750	490	220	270
Europe	140,030	70,995	69,035	4,855	2,405	2,455
France	24,150	13,000	11,150	50	15	45
Germany	6,300	3,255	3,045	190	105	80
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	5,660	3,540	2,120	525	315	205
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	5,900	2,735	3,165	100	50	50
Romania	7,610	3,330	4,280	95	35	60
Russian Federation	11,565	4,485	7,080	220	85	135
Ukraine	13,425	6,015	7,410	1,320	550	770
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	24,445	14,235	10,215	855	495	355
Other places of birth in Europe	40,970	20,405	20,570	1,505	755	750
Africa	162,800	81,545	81,245	4,405	2,315	2,085
Algeria	17,175	8,440	8,735	0	0	0
Cameroon	10,265	5,005	5,255	70	35	30
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	7,400	3,570	3,835	245	145	100
Côte d'Ivoire	6,240	3,030	3,210	15	15	0
Egypt	16,115	8,445	7,665	160	75	85
Eritrea	6,050	3,195	2,855	305	145	160
Ethiopia	7,510	3,625	3,890	190	110	85
Morocco	15,105	7,470	7,635	90	40	45
Nigeria	17,285	8,850	8,435	1,035	525	520
Somalia	5,335	2,600	2,730	300	170	125
South Africa, Republic of	5,765	2,935	2,830	550	285	265
Tunisia	6,700	3,475	3,230	85	45	40
Other places of birth in Africa	41,855	20,905	20,950	1,360	725	635
Asia	748,700	352,095	396,610	36,205	17,980	18,225
Afghanistan	9,240	4,530	4,710	125	45	85
Bangladesh	12,900	6,445	6,460	1,495	780	720
China^{Census data footnote 59}	129,020	57,745	71,270	3,345	1,595	1,750
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	4,975	2,090	2,880	75	35	40
India	147,190	75,145	72,045	6,150	3,315	2,840
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	42,070	20,580	21,490	330	180	150
Iraq	20,665	10,345	10,320	405	200	205
Israel	4,740	2,615	2,130	95	55	35
Japan	4,905	1,250	3,655	40	10	35
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	21,710	9,630	12,075	475	195	280
Lebanon	9,375	4,980	4,400	80	50	30
Nepal	7,505	3,780	3,715	235	145	90
Pakistan	41,480	20,530	20,945	3,460	1,780	1,680
Philippines	188,810	83,050	105,760	16,615	7,905	8,715
Saudi Arabia	5,465	2,820	2,640	125	90	30
Sri Lanka	11,495	5,190	6,305	145	85	60
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	29,945	15,245	14,700	1,105	585	520
Taiwan	4,310	1,685	2,625	60	30	30
Turkey	4,255	2,365	1,890	80	45	35
United Arab Emirates	6,135	3,220	2,910	85	55	30
Viet Nam	11,210	4,500	6,705	855	415	445
Other places of birth in Asia	31,320	14,345	16,970	815	395	420
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	7,955	4,670	3,280	150	90	60
Australia	4,965	2,950	2,010	85	55	30
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	2,990	1,720	1,270	65	30	30
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	34,460,060	16,971,575	17,488,485	1,070,560	533,385	537,175
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	8,219,555	3,936,045	4,283,505	127,720	64,125	63,595
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	6,100,725	3,053,075	3,047,650	129,250	62,550	66,705
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	20,139,790	9,982,460	10,157,330	813,580	406,710	406,870
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	5,703,615	2,709,530	2,994,085	96,750	48,140	48,610
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	2,994,130	1,496,240	1,497,885	66,930	34,420	32,510
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	1,220,755	755,370	465,380	26,475	17,690	8,790
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	1,773,380	740,870	1,032,510	40,455	16,735	23,725
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	1,782,490	728,085	1,054,400	16,835	6,740	10,095
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	858,845	453,675	405,175	12,625	6,810	5,820
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	68,145	31,530	36,615	350	170	185
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	1,070,555	533,385	537,175
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	1,673,785	813,520	860,265	175,020	84,730	90,290
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	1,629,805	792,970	836,835	172,810	83,750	89,055
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	977,235	471,510	505,725	114,570	55,275	59,290
Métis	587,545	289,435	298,115	57,880	28,325	29,550
Inuk (Inuit)	65,030	32,030	32,995	360	145	215
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	21,310	10,165	11,145	1,305	605	705
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	22,670	10,385	12,290	905	375	530
Non-Aboriginal identity	32,786,280	16,158,060	16,628,225	895,535	448,655	446,885
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	34,460,065	16,971,580	17,488,490	1,070,555	533,385	537,170
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	820,120	395,670	424,445	110,370	52,930	57,440
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	33,639,945	16,575,905	17,064,040	960,190	480,455	479,735
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,490	1,070,555	533,385	537,175
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	727,790	356,970	370,815	98,315	47,665	50,650
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	709,235	347,985	361,245	94,565	45,900	48,665
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	573,215	280,040	293,180	84,015	40,960	43,055
Métis single ancestry	91,255	45,740	45,515	10,465	4,905	5,560
Inuit single ancestry	44,765	22,210	22,555	85	40	50
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	18,555	8,985	9,565	3,750	1,765	1,985
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	15,140	7,305	7,835	3,640	1,705	1,935
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	2,470	1,205	1,265	70	30	40
Métis and Inuit ancestries	770	390	380	20	15	10
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	170	85	85	15	15	0
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	1,402,735	669,710	733,025	79,035	38,120	40,915
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	1,347,610	644,210	703,400	72,560	35,130	37,430
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	881,455	418,215	463,235	36,680	17,715	18,960
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	441,000	213,940	227,065	35,545	17,265	18,285
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	25,155	12,045	13,105	335	150	180
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	55,125	25,505	29,625	6,480	2,990	3,485
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	49,325	22,740	26,585	6,355	2,930	3,420
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	3,470	1,655	1,815	80	40	45
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	2,005	940	1,065	15	0	10
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	325	170	160	30	15	15
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	32,329,545	15,944,900	16,384,645	893,205	447,595	445,610
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	1,070,560	533,385	537,170
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	7,674,580	3,725,090	3,949,495	115,875	58,810	57,065
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	1,924,635	977,690	946,945	29,960	16,065	13,895
Chinese	1,577,060	746,400	830,665	15,545	7,545	7,995
Black	1,198,540	580,070	618,475	14,925	7,845	7,085
Filipino	780,125	341,800	438,330	32,340	15,540	16,795
Latin American	447,325	215,460	231,860	4,195	2,095	2,095
Arab	523,235	276,425	246,810	4,300	2,385	1,915
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	313,260	148,880	164,385	5,745	2,940	2,800
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	264,305	133,475	130,825	2,065	1,100	965
Korean	188,710	89,110	99,600	1,875	795	1,085
Japanese	92,920	40,105	52,815	955	420	530
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	132,090	62,540	69,550	1,150	605	545
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	232,375	113,140	119,230	2,820	1,460	1,355
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	26,785,480	13,246,485	13,539,000	954,685	474,575	480,110
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	34,460,065	16,971,575	17,488,485	1,070,560	533,385	537,170
North American Aboriginal origins	2,130,520	1,026,675	1,103,840	177,355	85,790	91,565
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,525,570	731,410	794,155	130,880	63,405	67,475
Inuit	79,130	38,695	40,435	650	305	345
Métis	599,995	291,310	308,690	56,090	26,860	29,235
Other North American origins	11,628,535	5,745,695	5,882,835	230,620	115,250	115,370
Acadian	119,675	57,805	61,865	485	270	215
American	377,405	182,690	194,715	13,455	6,410	7,045
Canadian	11,135,965	5,501,595	5,634,370	220,960	110,550	110,410
New Brunswicker	1,490	800	685	10	10	0
Newfoundlander	22,215	11,420	10,800	130	65	60
Nova Scotian	3,700	1,770	1,930	25	10	20
Ontarian	3,925	1,980	1,945	20	20	10
Québécois	194,560	99,320	95,235	240	100	140
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	1,895	950	945	85	35	55
European origins	19,683,320	9,687,715	9,995,605	759,080	375,755	383,325
British Isles origins	11,211,850	5,474,735	5,737,115	427,735	210,345	217,390
Channel Islander	3,595	1,740	1,855	10	0	0
Cornish	1,975	995	975	35	15	20
English	6,320,085	3,069,515	3,250,570	253,205	123,490	129,715
Irish	4,627,000	2,195,620	2,431,385	155,725	74,480	81,245
Manx	6,125	3,090	3,040	250	120	130
Scottish	4,799,005	2,323,390	2,475,620	193,330	94,500	98,825
Welsh	474,805	226,600	248,210	17,790	8,510	9,280
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	644,695	307,090	337,610	16,095	7,900	8,190
French origins	4,680,820	2,283,480	2,397,340	125,810	60,920	64,890
Alsatian	2,800	1,300	1,495	10	10	10
Breton	11,845	5,765	6,080	25	10	15
Corsican	1,750	950	805	15	0	15
French	4,670,595	2,278,430	2,392,165	125,775	60,910	64,870
Western European origins (except French origins)	4,600,855	2,258,095	2,342,760	336,715	166,380	170,340
Austrian	207,050	100,775	106,275	17,565	8,670	8,895
Bavarian	940	485	455	50	45	0
Belgian	186,665	91,395	95,270	9,660	4,745	4,915
Dutch	1,111,655	546,565	565,090	36,230	17,500	18,730
Flemish	11,685	5,730	5,960	805	415	395
Frisian	4,590	2,395	2,195	70	35	35
German	3,322,405	1,626,785	1,695,615	296,385	146,600	149,780
Luxembourger	3,915	2,025	1,890	500	275	225
Swiss	155,120	76,935	78,185	4,710	2,370	2,340
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	3,365	1,645	1,720	35	25	15
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	1,201,320	579,005	622,315	115,995	56,380	59,615
Danish	207,470	100,660	106,810	11,530	5,605	5,935
Finnish	143,645	69,045	74,600	5,400	2,585	2,815
Icelandic	101,795	49,875	51,915	8,255	4,055	4,205
Norwegian	463,275	223,075	240,200	68,640	33,310	35,335
Swedish	349,645	163,545	186,095	32,815	15,630	17,185
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	52,780	26,965	25,820	3,530	1,735	1,790
Eastern European origins	3,431,245	1,666,740	1,764,505	243,055	119,620	123,435
Bulgarian	34,565	16,935	17,625	355	190	160
Byelorussian	20,710	10,190	10,515	290	150	140
Czech	104,580	51,555	53,030	4,960	2,545	2,415
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	40,715	19,235	21,480	2,765	1,270	1,495
Estonian	24,530	11,715	12,815	265	150	115
Hungarian	348,085	170,040	178,045	27,885	13,730	14,155
Latvian	30,725	14,920	15,805	535	265	265
Lithuanian	59,285	28,745	30,535	1,045	550	500
Moldovan	14,915	7,265	7,650	345	145	200
Polish	1,106,585	533,830	572,750	59,950	28,680	31,275
Romanian	238,050	114,705	123,345	12,730	6,215	6,515
Russian	622,445	297,600	324,850	39,395	19,620	19,775
Slovak	72,285	35,360	36,925	1,390	750	645
Ukrainian	1,359,655	663,560	696,095	143,700	70,670	73,025
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	20,415	9,895	10,520	255	115	135
Southern European origins	3,012,375	1,494,605	1,517,775	27,415	13,420	13,995
Albanian	36,185	18,385	17,800	605	310	290
Bosnian	26,740	13,320	13,420	515	260	260
Catalan	1,280	740	535	15	10	10
Croatian	133,970	67,825	66,140	2,570	1,295	1,275
Cypriot	5,650	2,850	2,795	45	35	10
Greek	271,410	137,405	134,005	2,880	1,475	1,400
Italian	1,587,965	794,525	793,445	11,310	5,585	5,725
Kosovar	2,865	1,470	1,395	30	25	10
Macedonian	43,110	21,650	21,460	110	45	65
Maltese	41,920	20,955	20,965	125	65	60
Montenegrin	4,160	2,180	1,985	85	40	40
Portuguese	482,605	239,360	243,250	1,885	850	1,035
Serbian	96,530	49,095	47,440	1,300	670	630
Sicilian	6,940	3,500	3,435	100	75	25
Slovenian	40,470	20,105	20,365	640	275	365
Spanish	396,460	184,520	211,945	5,670	2,615	3,050
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	38,480	18,620	19,860	1,065	535	525
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	2,170	1,030	1,135	35	0	30
Other European origins	226,695	115,110	111,580	3,885	2,075	1,805
Basque	6,965	3,690	3,275	50	40	10
Jewish	143,660	72,625	71,035	1,725	905	815
Roma (Gypsy)	4,630	2,195	2,440	165	85	80
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	4,870	2,560	2,310	200	95	105
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	67,890	34,730	33,160	1,755	965	790
Caribbean origins	749,155	349,810	399,345	3,810	2,005	1,805
Antiguan	4,500	2,115	2,385	0	0	0
Bahamian	3,675	1,915	1,760	15	10	0
Barbadian	37,780	17,745	20,035	110	45	60
Bermudan	3,075	1,435	1,640	20	20	0
Carib	3,030	1,175	1,860	10	0	10
Cuban	29,065	13,800	15,270	185	125	55
Dominican	23,130	11,000	12,125	115	75	45
Grenadian	17,915	7,835	10,080	60	25	30
Guadeloupean	1,125	515	605	0	0	0
Haitian	165,095	76,460	88,635	110	75	40
Jamaican	309,485	145,080	164,410	2,250	1,200	1,050
Kittitian/Nevisian	2,915	1,460	1,460	0	0	0
Martinican	2,010	900	1,110	0	0	0
Montserratan	930	460	470	0	0	0
Puerto Rican	3,405	1,645	1,765	55	15	40
St. Lucian	8,985	4,095	4,890	45	15	25
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	78,965	37,325	41,635	415	215	200
Vincentian/Grenadinian	17,420	7,475	9,945	30	20	0
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	70,270	31,625	38,645	355	135	225
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	26,830	12,520	14,310	190	90	100
Latin, Central and South American origins	674,640	325,210	349,430	6,695	3,295	3,400
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	22,725	10,875	11,850	300	150	150
Arawak	1,440	610	830	0	0	0
Argentinian	20,680	10,130	10,545	160	60	95
Belizean	1,755	915	845	55	35	15
Bolivian	5,055	2,480	2,580	45	30	15
Brazilian	36,830	17,380	19,455	305	150	155
Chilean	45,190	22,280	22,910	860	450	415
Colombian	96,325	45,590	50,735	705	335	370
Costa Rican	5,535	2,680	2,855	50	15	35
Ecuadorian	25,405	11,995	13,415	105	70	30
Guatemalan	26,275	13,360	12,915	270	135	140
Guyanese	84,275	39,530	44,745	185	110	75
Hispanic	11,055	5,380	5,670	125	75	50
Honduran	10,650	5,235	5,415	95	45	50
Maya	6,285	3,350	2,940	140	75	65
Mexican	128,485	62,890	65,595	2,125	1,060	1,065
Nicaraguan	13,705	6,650	7,055	140	50	90
Panamanian	4,700	2,210	2,495	15	0	10
Paraguayan	4,325	2,165	2,160	40	30	10
Peruvian	42,145	19,645	22,505	295	120	175
Salvadorean	66,220	32,960	33,255	765	350	415
Uruguayan	6,795	3,390	3,410	65	20	40
Venezuelan	26,345	12,220	14,125	55	30	30
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	28,455	13,930	14,525	320	165	160
African origins	1,067,930	539,805	528,120	16,170	8,480	7,690
Central and West African origins	230,110	118,040	112,070	4,440	2,355	2,090
Akan	1,955	1,090	870	115	80	40
Angolan	2,960	1,475	1,480	10	0	10
Ashanti	1,585	855	735	10	10	0
Beninese	4,995	2,670	2,320	0	0	0
Burkinabe	3,150	1,665	1,485	20	15	10
Cameroonian	24,615	12,390	12,230	205	90	110
Chadian	1,845	955	885	0	0	0
Congolese	38,365	18,925	19,440	530	290	240
Edo	1,945	1,095	855	40	20	15
Ewe	845	470	375	10	0	0
Gabonese	1,405	660	750	0	0	0
Gambian	975	495	475	40	20	15
Ghanaian	35,495	17,720	17,770	555	320	235
Guinean	7,240	3,785	3,455	25	20	10
Ibo	5,315	2,850	2,470	485	275	215
Ivorian	10,935	5,485	5,450	75	35	45
Liberian	2,485	1,130	1,360	85	25	60
Malian	4,490	2,280	2,210	30	15	15
Malinké	1,125	585	535	0	0	0
Nigerian	51,835	27,025	24,805	1,715	875	835
Peulh	2,435	1,270	1,170	0	0	0
Senegalese	10,175	5,500	4,670	20	15	10
Sierra Leonean	2,620	1,330	1,295	40	25	10
Togolese	5,300	2,870	2,430	55	35	20
Wolof	840	495	345	0	10	0
Yoruba	9,585	5,075	4,515	520	270	255
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	15,380	7,940	7,445	235	115	125
North African origins	355,045	185,775	169,270	2,190	1,210	980
Algerian	67,335	34,755	32,580	70	50	15
Berber	37,060	19,685	17,375	55	45	15
Coptic	3,535	1,860	1,680	40	15	20
Dinka	900	500	400	35	20	15
Egyptian	99,140	51,730	47,410	535	290	245
Libyan	7,740	4,135	3,605	205	115	85
Maure	1,190	655	535	0	0	0
Moroccan	103,940	54,005	49,945	220	110	115
Sudanese	19,960	10,315	9,645	935	515	420
Tunisian	25,645	13,985	11,665	105	60	50
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	6,115	3,320	2,795	40	30	10
Southern and East African origins	260,145	128,325	131,815	6,320	3,210	3,110
Afrikaner	1,870	955	915	60	35	30
Amhara	1,530	815	715	20	10	10
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	3,965	2,175	1,785	45	30	10
Burundian	10,990	5,405	5,580	300	155	145
Djiboutian	1,710	790	920	10	10	10
Eritrean	25,255	12,830	12,430	1,130	540	590
Ethiopian	44,065	21,680	22,385	675	335	345
Harari	665	355	305	0	0	0
Kenyan	10,915	5,230	5,685	190	95	95
Malagasy	4,500	2,175	2,325	10	0	10
Mauritian	9,325	4,655	4,665	205	90	110
Oromo	3,350	1,745	1,605	140	65	75
Rwandan	10,775	5,065	5,705	80	20	60
Seychellois	1,285	575	710	10	10	0
Somali	62,550	30,215	32,330	1,275	635	635
South African	41,375	20,575	20,800	1,295	680	615
Tanzanian	4,710	2,400	2,310	55	35	20
Tigrian	2,155	1,160	995	45	30	15
Ugandan	5,705	2,875	2,830	90	40	50
Zambian	1,860	935	920	190	90	100
Zimbabwean	8,090	3,975	4,110	260	170	90
Zulu	945	475	475	35	30	10
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	17,305	8,445	8,860	535	300	240
Other African origins	239,560	116,400	123,165	3,605	1,940	1,665
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	30,385	14,015	16,370	345	190	160
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	212,005	103,790	108,215	3,290	1,770	1,525
Asian origins	6,095,235	2,958,120	3,137,115	99,125	49,845	49,280
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	1,011,145	518,170	492,980	9,415	5,015	4,400
Afghan	83,995	42,320	41,675	780	390	385
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	111,400	58,930	52,475	1,175	645	530
Armenian	63,810	31,505	32,305	240	130	115
Assyrian	13,835	7,115	6,720	215	120	95
Azerbaijani	6,425	3,230	3,200	50	25	25
Georgian	4,775	2,430	2,345	35	20	10
Hazara	1,515	810	705	25	10	20
Iranian	210,405	106,565	103,840	1,345	740	600
Iraqi	70,925	35,965	34,955	1,290	690	605
Israeli	28,735	15,065	13,675	120	75	50
Jordanian	14,250	7,520	6,735	75	40	30
Kazakh	3,330	1,615	1,710	30	15	15
Kurd	16,315	8,810	7,515	200	110	90
Kuwaiti	2,235	1,185	1,055	10	0	0
Kyrgyz	1,060	510	550	30	10	20
Lebanese	219,555	112,970	106,590	1,360	660	700
Palestinian	44,820	23,900	20,920	120	60	55
Pashtun	4,810	2,565	2,245	175	100	75
Saudi Arabian	6,810	3,935	2,880	110	80	30
Syrian	77,045	38,445	38,600	1,365	740	625
Tajik	2,905	1,410	1,495	10	10	0
Tatar	4,825	2,155	2,670	60	25	35
Turk	63,955	32,855	31,100	860	450	405
Turkmen	1,040	540	500	20	10	10
Uighur	1,555	775	785	0	0	0
Uzbek	3,920	1,920	2,000	70	15	50
Yemeni	6,645	3,335	3,305	45	20	20
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	25,280	13,180	12,100	265	130	130
South Asian origins	1,963,330	993,595	969,735	29,830	15,955	13,870
Bangladeshi	45,940	23,645	22,300	2,040	1,090	945
Bengali	22,900	11,730	11,180	600	350	250
Bhutanese	3,600	1,765	1,835	210	110	100
East Indian	1,374,710	694,990	679,720	18,695	10,090	8,600
Goan	6,070	2,915	3,155	45	25	15
Gujarati	8,350	4,305	4,050	195	105	95
Kashmiri	3,115	1,605	1,510	115	75	40
Nepali	17,140	8,715	8,420	565	320	245
Pakistani	215,555	110,420	105,140	6,255	3,220	3,035
Punjabi	118,400	61,155	57,240	1,425	790	635
Sinhalese	7,285	3,605	3,685	65	30	30
Sri Lankan	152,595	75,010	77,585	515	290	225
Tamil	48,670	24,845	23,825	120	65	55
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	76,400	38,815	37,585	1,075	545	530
East and Southeast Asian origins	3,163,360	1,467,205	1,696,155	60,010	28,955	31,060
Burmese	9,335	4,535	4,795	465	210	260
Cambodian (Khmer)	38,490	18,515	19,980	305	165	145
Chinese	1,769,195	836,150	933,045	19,075	9,300	9,780
Filipino	837,130	369,105	468,025	33,630	16,200	17,425
Hmong	805	420	390	0	0	0
Indonesian	21,390	9,950	11,440	220	115	105
Japanese	121,485	53,415	68,070	1,220	530	690
Karen	4,510	2,275	2,240	585	290	290
Korean	198,210	93,680	104,525	2,025	870	1,155
Laotian	24,580	12,190	12,390	705	335	380
Malaysian	16,920	7,735	9,185	160	75	80
Mongolian	7,480	3,560	3,915	205	105	100
Singaporean	2,850	1,325	1,520	10	0	10
Taiwanese	36,510	16,570	19,945	265	115	155
Thai	19,010	7,330	11,680	420	170	250
Tibetan	8,040	4,055	3,985	50	35	25
Vietnamese	240,615	115,935	124,680	3,690	1,885	1,800
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	6,500	3,150	3,355	95	40	55
Other Asian origins	22,745	11,280	11,460	735	340	390
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	22,740	11,280	11,460	735	345	385
Oceania origins	85,470	43,030	42,440	1,430	760	665
Australian	42,315	21,710	20,605	890	505	385
New Zealander	15,395	8,065	7,330	265	140	125
Pacific Islands origins	29,485	14,240	15,250	310	140	170
Fijian	19,375	9,280	10,090	110	60	50
Hawaiian	3,295	1,500	1,795	25	10	10
Maori	2,500	1,310	1,195	45	0	35
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	1,530	725	805	25	15	10
Samoan	1,100	625	475	55	25	30
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	2,335	1,145	1,185	60	25	35
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	14,072,075	...	...	432,620	...	...
Owner	9,541,320	...	...	311,470	...	...
Renter	4,474,530	...	...	109,685	...	...
Band housing	56,230	...	...	11,470	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	14,072,075	...	...	432,620	...	...
Condominium	1,874,840	...	...	41,960	...	...
Not condominium	12,197,240	...	...	390,660	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	14,072,080	...	...	432,625	...	...
No bedrooms	93,345	...	...	1,290	...	...
1 bedroom	1,925,015	...	...	40,600	...	...
2 bedrooms	3,547,090	...	...	97,340	...	...
3 bedrooms	4,836,485	...	...	148,060	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	3,670,145	...	...	145,330	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	14,072,075	...	...	432,620	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	4,068,915	...	...	92,375	...	...
5 rooms	2,177,045	...	...	67,645	...	...
6 rooms	1,981,585	...	...	64,215	...	...
7 rooms	1,790,180	...	...	57,945	...	...
8 or more rooms	4,054,355	...	...	150,440	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	14,072,080	...	...	432,625	...	...
One person or fewer per room	13,802,060	...	...	422,915	...	...
More than 1 person per room	270,020	...	...	9,705	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	14,072,075	...	...	432,620	...	...
Suitable	13,376,345	...	...	412,220	...	...
Not suitable	695,730	...	...	20,410	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	14,072,080	...	...	432,620	...	...
1960 or before	3,126,380	...	...	101,805	...	...
1961 to 1980	4,185,510	...	...	150,440	...	...
1981 to 1990	1,977,640	...	...	62,270	...	...
1991 to 2000	1,746,390	...	...	33,495	...	...
2001 to 2005	976,390	...	...	17,905	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,089,750	...	...	28,610	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	970,015	...	...	38,095	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	14,072,080	...	...	432,625	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	13,151,600	...	...	395,105	...	...
Major repairs needed	920,480	...	...	37,520	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	14,072,080	...	...	432,620	...	...
1 household maintainer	8,324,865	...	...	261,245	...	...
2 household maintainers	5,404,800	...	...	162,550	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	342,415	...	...	8,825	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	14,072,080	...	...	432,625	...	...
15 to 24 years	437,230	...	...	18,235	...	...
25 to 34 years	1,991,685	...	...	72,225	...	...
35 to 44 years	2,414,920	...	...	73,675	...	...
45 to 54 years	2,862,870	...	...	77,920	...	...
55 to 64 years	2,859,315	...	...	84,110	...	...
65 to 74 years	2,034,220	...	...	56,280	...	...
75 to 84 years	1,084,700	...	...	34,845	...	...
85 years and over	387,135	...	...	15,340	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	13,798,305	...	...	396,790	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	10,472,355	...	...	316,505	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	3,325,950	...	...	80,295	...	...
30% to less than 100%	2,861,615	...	...	70,690	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,368,330	...	...	289,805	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	60.7	...	...	57.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	16.6	...	...	12.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,130	...	...	1,001	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,313	...	...	1,178	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	341,556	...	...	299,606	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	443,058	...	...	318,917	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	4,452,850	...	...	107,535	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	13.0	...	...	21.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	40.0	...	...	42.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	910	...	...	965	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,002	...	...	1,021	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,580	857,295	424,265	433,035
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,239,575	2,667,995	2,571,585	177,210	96,680	80,530
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	7,576,400	3,686,630	3,889,770	261,210	133,730	127,480
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,230	418,880	193,855	225,025
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,800,260	1,906,610	893,650	89,440	64,100	25,340
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	1,549,880	880,365	669,515	38,045	21,495	16,550
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	1,250,385	1,026,250	224,140	51,395	42,605	8,790
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	5,553,825	2,326,940	3,226,890	146,770	51,240	95,530
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	813,335	331,940	481,395	28,195	10,790	17,405
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	6,659,615	3,070,315	3,589,300	154,480	67,730	86,745
Bachelor's degree	4,443,835	1,967,905	2,475,935	112,760	47,490	65,270
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	462,295	203,725	258,570	7,635	3,400	4,235
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	190,925	102,530	88,395	4,830	2,580	2,245
Master's degree	1,331,045	651,510	679,535	24,375	11,095	13,275
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	231,510	144,640	86,870	4,880	3,155	1,725
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830	566,245	282,510	283,735
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,169,790	1,200,110	969,685	69,200	42,050	27,150
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	4,494,585	2,247,020	2,247,565	168,035	88,530	79,505
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,267,005	5,821,425	6,445,580	329,005	151,930	177,075
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,042,430	1,377,775	664,650	66,955	48,885	18,075
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	1,145,035	639,785	505,250	27,765	16,095	11,670
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	897,390	737,990	159,405	39,190	32,785	6,400
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	4,241,985	1,786,065	2,455,920	115,085	41,085	74,000
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	580,885	240,040	340,850	19,380	7,775	11,605
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	5,401,705	2,417,555	2,984,155	127,585	54,190	73,395
Bachelor's degree	3,590,080	1,562,160	2,027,925	92,905	38,180	54,730
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	362,455	151,205	211,250	5,890	2,525	3,365
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	153,290	74,440	78,855	4,065	1,995	2,070
Master's degree	1,120,190	527,335	592,850	20,975	9,170	11,805
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	175,685	102,415	73,275	3,750	2,320	1,435
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	28,643,015	13,990,430	14,652,585	857,295	424,265	433,030
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	12,815,980	6,354,625	6,461,350	438,420	230,405	208,005
Education	1,060,095	251,290	808,800	40,995	10,635	30,355
13. Education	1,060,095	251,290	808,805	40,990	10,635	30,350
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	596,230	268,050	328,180	8,870	4,150	4,720
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	99,020	72,865	26,150	2,015	1,455	560
50. Visual and performing arts	497,210	195,185	302,025	6,850	2,690	4,160
Humanities	850,840	330,490	520,345	15,400	6,905	8,495
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	98,000	22,100	75,900	1,030	260	770
23. English language and literature/letters	178,590	52,785	125,810	3,180	990	2,190
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	275,525	104,135	171,390	3,105	1,185	1,920
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	4,160	1,640	2,520	35	0	30
38. Philosophy and religious studies	51,930	30,185	21,750	1,180	695	480
39. Theology and religious vocations	77,490	46,285	31,200	4,700	2,645	2,050
54. History	111,465	59,965	51,500	1,760	1,000	760
55. French language and literature/letters	53,680	13,400	40,290	425	120	300
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,761,900	586,455	1,175,445	30,500	10,015	20,485
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	24,685	5,660	19,025	750	185	565
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	182,275	68,030	114,245	2,060	905	1,160
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	324,660	26,065	298,595	6,805	425	6,380
22. Legal professions and studies	289,600	102,660	186,945	5,410	1,930	3,480
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	35,445	8,150	27,295	465	155	310
42. Psychology	281,470	71,230	210,230	5,555	1,480	4,075
45. Social sciences	623,775	304,660	319,110	9,455	4,940	4,510
Business, management and public administration	3,360,045	1,272,475	2,087,565	85,800	25,105	60,695
30.16 Accounting and computer science	6,190	1,850	4,340	240	50	190
44. Public administration and social service professions	237,835	48,815	189,015	8,250	1,710	6,545
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	3,116,025	1,221,805	1,894,215	77,310	23,350	53,960
Physical and life sciences and technologies	614,280	315,665	298,615	11,455	5,905	5,550
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	249,955	105,560	144,400	5,675	2,515	3,160
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	125,600	61,685	63,915	1,395	725	670
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	28,155	12,625	15,530	105	25	80
40. Physical sciences	179,305	122,815	56,485	3,240	2,265	970
41. Science technologies/technicians	31,270	12,980	18,290	1,045	375	670
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	651,480	420,370	231,110	11,695	7,040	4,655
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	514,685	356,435	158,250	9,390	6,135	3,250
25. Library science	40,820	6,495	34,320	990	85	905
27. Mathematics and statistics	86,655	50,930	35,725	1,145	700	445
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	9,325	6,510	2,815	170	110	55
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	3,327,405	3,022,700	304,700	93,145	86,660	6,485
04. Architecture and related services	114,315	72,880	41,435	1,520	960	560
14. Engineering	752,465	615,880	136,585	14,090	11,790	2,300
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	620,065	551,855	68,205	13,790	12,290	1,505
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	410	85	325	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	702,155	682,710	19,445	24,650	23,840	810
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	731,135	709,430	21,705	26,325	25,535	790
48. Precision production	406,855	389,850	17,005	12,765	12,240	525
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	339,050	219,040	120,010	16,655	12,040	4,615
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	205,930	127,925	78,005	13,585	9,885	3,705
03. Natural resources and conservation	133,120	91,115	42,005	3,075	2,160	910
Health and related fields	2,266,720	441,180	1,825,545	74,750	12,215	62,530
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	164,295	81,260	83,040	4,340	2,030	2,315
51. Health professions and related programs	2,047,680	329,010	1,718,670	69,090	9,460	59,630
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	54,740	30,910	23,830	1,315	725	590
Personal, protective and transportation services	995,825	507,200	488,630	29,585	13,165	16,420
12. Personal and culinary services	565,555	151,530	414,025	18,450	3,845	14,605
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	3,505	3,080	420	10	10	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	7,900	7,230	670	175	160	20
43. Security and protective services	206,745	150,540	56,205	5,070	3,705	1,360
49. Transportation and materials moving	212,125	194,810	17,315	5,880	5,450	430
Other	3,170	885	2,280	40	20	20
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	3,170	890	2,280	40	20	20
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	18,931,385	9,268,555	9,662,825	566,245	282,510	283,730
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	6,664,380	3,447,130	3,217,250	237,235	130,580	106,660
Education	727,515	160,315	567,205	28,195	6,885	21,310
13. Education	727,515	160,315	567,200	28,195	6,885	21,310
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	467,905	208,365	259,545	7,175	3,350	3,825
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	74,530	53,995	20,535	1,550	1,100	450
50. Visual and performing arts	393,375	154,370	239,005	5,630	2,250	3,380
Humanities	614,815	232,425	382,390	11,760	5,110	6,650
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	76,540	16,200	60,340	825	205	620
23. English language and literature/letters	133,800	38,310	95,485	2,470	745	1,735
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	191,005	71,770	119,235	2,515	910	1,605
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	3,140	1,250	1,895	30	10	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	37,870	21,930	15,940	920	540	380
39. Theology and religious vocations	52,295	31,200	21,090	3,345	1,905	1,435
54. History	82,565	43,475	39,085	1,365	725	640
55. French language and literature/letters	37,600	8,285	29,315	285	75	205
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,417,625	453,100	964,525	25,830	8,205	17,625
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	20,300	4,595	15,705	670	165	505
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	152,080	56,125	95,955	1,870	800	1,065
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	259,845	19,160	240,685	5,680	350	5,330
22. Legal professions and studies	241,170	76,720	164,445	4,735	1,550	3,185
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	27,310	6,390	20,920	370	120	250
42. Psychology	218,470	51,570	166,900	4,335	1,055	3,280
45. Social sciences	498,450	238,540	259,915	8,175	4,160	4,010
Business, management and public administration	2,696,770	1,000,895	1,695,875	69,300	20,470	48,835
30.16 Accounting and computer science	4,955	1,480	3,475	195	35	165
44. Public administration and social service professions	192,190	36,890	155,305	6,795	1,230	5,570
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	2,499,625	962,530	1,537,095	62,310	19,205	43,105
Physical and life sciences and technologies	449,870	222,120	227,755	8,985	4,575	4,405
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	195,830	79,945	115,880	4,490	1,995	2,495
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	89,205	42,265	46,945	1,085	530	550
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	9,280	3,850	5,430	95	25	70
40. Physical sciences	132,935	87,025	45,905	2,545	1,700	845
41. Science technologies/technicians	22,625	9,035	13,590	770	320	450
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	567,415	368,840	198,575	10,235	6,210	4,030
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	464,000	321,805	142,190	8,590	5,615	2,970
25. Library science	29,955	4,870	25,080	730	60	670
27. Mathematics and statistics	65,620	36,895	28,725	760	430	335
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	7,840	5,270	2,575	160	105	55
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	2,532,555	2,271,735	260,820	72,720	67,225	5,500
04. Architecture and related services	93,135	57,280	35,850	1,215	745	470
14. Engineering	612,265	490,980	121,285	11,685	9,635	2,045
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	475,045	418,595	56,450	11,195	9,865	1,330
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	350	70	275	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	515,630	499,670	15,960	18,905	18,275	630
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	540,800	523,425	17,375	19,855	19,240	620
48. Precision production	295,335	281,715	13,620	9,865	9,460	410
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	269,445	167,680	101,770	13,365	9,360	4,005
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	159,975	94,680	65,295	10,720	7,545	3,175
03. Natural resources and conservation	109,470	73,000	36,470	2,645	1,815	835
Health and related fields	1,749,545	342,395	1,407,145	57,985	9,720	48,265
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	129,560	63,315	66,245	3,520	1,635	1,890
51. Health professions and related programs	1,576,945	256,895	1,320,050	53,345	7,510	45,835
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	43,040	22,185	20,860	1,120	580	545
Personal, protective and transportation services	770,950	392,820	378,135	23,415	10,820	12,600
12. Personal and culinary services	431,415	114,395	317,025	14,320	3,175	11,155
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	2,725	2,355	375	10	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	4,425	3,975	445	100	95	0
43. Security and protective services	162,995	116,750	46,240	4,055	2,955	1,105
49. Transportation and materials moving	169,400	155,340	14,050	4,935	4,590	340
Other	2,590	745	1,845	35	15	20
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	2,585	740	1,845	35	10	20
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	28,643,015	13,990,435	14,652,585	857,300	424,265	433,035
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,815,975	6,354,625	6,461,350	438,415	230,410	208,005
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	15,827,040	7,635,805	8,191,235	418,880	193,855	225,025
Location of study inside Canada	13,117,190	6,299,305	6,817,890	366,620	167,715	198,905
Same as province or territory of residence	11,519,215	5,503,640	6,015,575	293,455	130,990	162,465
Different than province or territory of residence	1,597,975	795,655	802,315	73,165	36,725	36,445
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	2,709,850	1,336,505	1,373,345	52,260	26,140	26,120
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	349,540	189,995	159,545	7,230	3,670	3,560
Philippines	298,830	109,820	189,020	13,980	6,230	7,750
India	281,415	142,410	138,995	6,215	3,280	2,930
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	232,035	131,050	100,980	3,250	1,830	1,420
China^{Census data footnote 162}	205,375	94,690	110,685	2,730	1,295	1,435
France	88,860	50,400	38,455	220	125	95
Other	1,253,790	618,135	635,655	18,630	9,705	8,925
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	18,931,380	9,268,555	9,662,830	566,245	282,510	283,735
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	6,664,380	3,447,125	3,217,250	237,235	130,580	106,660
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	12,267,005	5,821,430	6,445,575	329,010	151,930	177,075
Location of study inside Canada	10,134,590	4,807,045	5,327,545	283,450	129,445	154,005
Same as province or territory of residence	8,918,160	4,207,495	4,710,665	225,420	100,405	125,010
Different than province or territory of residence	1,216,425	599,545	616,875	58,035	29,035	28,995
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	2,132,415	1,014,385	1,118,030	45,560	22,490	23,070
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	254,245	131,955	122,290	5,210	2,495	2,715
Philippines	263,095	96,025	167,065	13,335	5,950	7,385
India	239,535	117,445	122,090	5,560	2,935	2,625
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	133,655	73,575	60,085	2,180	1,275	905
China^{Census data footnote 162}	175,825	79,635	96,190	2,520	1,180	1,345
France	72,920	40,610	32,310	200	115	85
Other	993,135	475,145	517,990	16,555	8,540	8,015
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,585	857,295	424,260	433,035
In the labour force	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,645	585,540	311,110	274,430
Employed	17,230,040	8,923,540	8,306,490	544,095	286,330	257,760
Unemployed	1,442,435	808,285	634,150	41,445	24,775	16,665
Not in the labour force	9,970,545	4,258,605	5,711,945	271,760	113,155	158,605
Participation rate	65.2	69.6	61.0	68.3	73.3	63.4
Employment rate	60.2	63.8	56.7	63.5	67.5	59.5
Unemployment rate	7.7	8.3	7.1	7.1	8.0	6.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	28,643,020	13,990,430	14,652,580	857,295	424,260	433,030
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	9,282,005	3,930,570	5,351,440	242,835	100,140	142,695
Worked	19,361,010	10,059,865	9,301,150	614,460	324,130	290,335
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	9,626,010	5,402,110	4,223,895	313,945	180,260	133,690
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	9,735,005	4,657,755	5,077,245	300,515	143,870	156,650
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.4	42.9	42.0	42.6	43.1	41.9
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	18,672,470	9,731,825	8,940,640	585,535	311,110	274,425
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,705	206,640	10,230	5,205	5,020
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000	575,310	305,900	269,405
Employee	16,073,685	8,158,745	7,914,940	490,180	250,460	239,710
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	2,194,440	1,375,380	819,060	85,130	55,440	29,695
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	18,672,470	9,731,830	8,940,645	585,535	311,105	274,430
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,710	206,640	10,225	5,205	5,020
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,120	9,534,120	8,734,005	575,310	305,905	269,410
0 Management occupations	2,013,370	1,251,165	762,205	81,060	54,030	27,035
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	2,874,305	862,870	2,011,440	80,640	20,280	60,355
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	1,273,660	990,560	283,105	28,325	21,685	6,640
3 Health occupations	1,245,885	244,730	1,001,155	41,675	6,510	35,170
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	2,138,445	672,945	1,465,495	64,685	19,715	44,970
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	557,275	255,705	301,570	10,760	4,025	6,735
6 Sales and service occupations	4,265,895	1,843,510	2,422,390	124,090	50,165	73,920
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	2,668,875	2,504,290	164,585	99,755	93,540	6,215
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	416,135	331,920	84,215	28,155	22,590	5,565
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	814,285	576,435	237,845	16,165	13,370	2,800
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	18,672,475	9,731,830	8,940,640	585,540	311,105	274,430
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	404,350	197,710	206,640	10,225	5,200	5,020
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	18,268,125	9,534,120	8,734,000	575,310	305,905	269,410
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	444,680	310,000	134,675	51,255	36,820	14,440
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	271,300	219,880	51,420	23,070	20,040	3,025
22 Utilities	136,350	100,135	36,210	5,395	3,780	1,610
23 Construction	1,365,010	1,196,550	168,455	49,310	43,460	5,850
31-33 Manufacturing	1,596,570	1,149,745	446,820	26,710	21,000	5,710
41 Wholesale trade	665,685	451,230	214,455	20,480	15,325	5,155
44-45 Retail trade	2,110,200	984,090	1,126,115	63,360	30,185	33,180
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	876,050	656,375	219,670	24,755	19,385	5,370
51 Information and cultural industries	420,350	243,650	176,705	10,005	5,055	4,950
52 Finance and insurance	790,580	327,865	462,715	20,155	6,495	13,655
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	333,305	184,350	148,955	7,650	4,425	3,220
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	1,335,125	740,520	594,605	25,250	12,985	12,265
55 Management of companies and enterprises	28,795	12,795	16,000	1,340	680	660
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	802,420	462,825	339,590	16,395	9,660	6,735
61 Educational services	1,346,585	420,845	925,735	45,360	13,670	31,690
62 Health care and social assistance	2,138,025	383,755	1,754,270	72,625	11,285	61,335
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	379,740	192,875	186,865	10,545	5,120	5,425
72 Accommodation and food services	1,283,725	535,210	748,515	37,785	14,295	23,490
81 Other services (except public administration)	814,695	371,880	442,815	25,680	12,590	13,090
91 Public administration	1,128,945	589,530	539,405	38,180	19,640	18,535
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	17,230,035	8,923,540	8,306,495	544,095	286,330	257,760
Worked at home	1,272,285	639,500	632,785	59,385	34,110	25,275
Worked outside Canada	78,815	54,235	24,580	840	550	295
No fixed workplace address	1,987,260	1,487,445	499,820	68,510	54,860	13,650
Worked at usual place	13,891,675	6,742,360	7,149,315	415,355	196,815	218,545
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	13,891,680	6,742,365	7,149,315	415,355	196,815	218,540
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	8,102,115	3,723,115	4,379,005	288,875	131,440	157,430
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,906,390	1,435,640	1,470,750	89,420	45,175	44,250
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,725,205	1,492,170	1,233,030	28,040	15,365	12,675
Commute to a different province or territory	157,970	91,445	66,525	9,015	4,830	4,185
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135	483,865	251,675	232,190
Car, truck, van - as a driver	11,748,095	6,380,120	5,367,975	402,405	216,695	185,705
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	868,920	349,855	519,065	27,960	10,265	17,695
Public transit	1,968,215	846,735	1,121,485	13,825	5,380	8,445
Walked	877,985	392,950	485,030	27,120	11,505	15,615
Bicycle	222,130	146,615	75,515	5,475	3,415	2,065
Other method	193,595	113,525	80,060	7,075	4,410	2,665
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	15,878,945	8,229,810	7,649,130	483,865	251,675	232,190
Less than 15 minutes	4,449,920	2,071,365	2,378,555	212,525	101,290	111,235
15 to 29 minutes	5,314,295	2,725,165	2,589,130	179,160	95,105	84,055
30 to 44 minutes	3,228,845	1,782,680	1,446,165	53,345	30,035	23,310
45 to 59 minutes	1,391,060	768,115	622,940	17,630	10,285	7,345
60 minutes and over	1,494,830	882,485	612,345	21,205	14,960	6,245
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	15,878,940	8,229,810	7,649,135	483,865	251,675	232,190
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,073,680	781,230	292,455	29,630	21,835	7,800
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	2,814,750	1,754,045	1,060,710	88,420	56,715	31,705
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	4,458,835	2,217,210	2,241,620	158,875	83,520	75,355
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	3,349,975	1,408,710	1,941,265	101,065	40,385	60,680
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	1,756,265	752,940	1,003,325	41,740	16,680	25,065
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	2,425,435	1,315,670	1,109,765	64,140	32,540	31,600
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	19,956,255	10,342,970	9,613,285	633,325	332,450	300,875
Single responses	19,365,980	10,042,855	9,323,130	630,465	331,130	299,335
Official languages	19,090,545	9,897,470	9,193,075	626,545	329,115	297,435
English	15,265,335	7,952,010	7,313,320	624,555	328,520	296,030
French	3,825,215	1,945,465	1,879,750	1,995	590	1,405
Non-official languages	275,430	145,380	130,055	3,920	2,020	1,895
Aboriginal languages	24,950	12,385	12,565	1,540	775	770
Algonquian languages	14,440	7,370	7,070	915	485	435
Blackfoot	80	45	35	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	11,540	5,820	5,720	905	470	430
Atikamekw	1,095	580	515	0	0	0
Montagnais (Innu)	2,055	970	1,085	0	0	0
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	370	180	190	0	0	0
Northern East Cree	40	25	10	0	0	0
Plains Cree	95	60	35	95	55	40
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	15	10	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	75	35	40	40	25	20
Cree, n.o.s.	7,795	3,965	3,835	770	395	375
Eastern Algonquian languages	925	510	420	0	0	0
Malecite	10	0	10	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	915	505	410	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,895	995	900	15	10	10
Algonquin	45	20	25	0	0	0
Ojibway	765	380	385	15	10	0
Oji-Cree	1,080	595	485	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	1,140	530	610	620	290	340
Northern Athabaskan languages	1,135	525	610	625	285	340
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	20	0	15	0	0	0
Chilcotin	20	0	10	0	0	0
Dene	770	360	405	625	285	335
Dogrib (Tlicho)	165	80	80	0	0	0
Gwich'in	10	10	10	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	10	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	135	65	70	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	95	45	45	0	0	0
South Slavey	35	20	20	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	10	10	10	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	10	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	10	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	10	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	10	0	10	0	0	0
Inuit languages	8,845	4,255	4,595	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	35	10	25	0	0	0
Inuktitut	8,800	4,240	4,555	0	0	0
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Cayuga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	35	10	25	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	10	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	110	25	85	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	15	10	10	0	0	0
Lillooet	15	10	10	0	0	0
Okanagan	20	10	20	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	35	0	30	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	15	0	15	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	260	155	105	10	0	0
Dakota	20	10	10	0	10	0
Stoney	240	145	95	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	10	10	10	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	25	0	20	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Nisga'a	10	10	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	35	15	20	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	15	10	10	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	10	10	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0	0	0
Non-Aboriginal languages	250,485	132,990	117,490	2,375	1,245	1,130
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,380	4,530	2,850	115	100	20
Berber languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Kabyle	20	0	20	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	10	15	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	275	105	170	10	0	10
Bilen	10	10	10	0	0	0
Oromo	45	25	20	0	0	0
Somali	220	80	145	10	0	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	7,065	4,420	2,650	110	95	10
Amharic	200	95	100	0	0	0
Arabic	5,585	3,695	1,890	75	65	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	205	155	55	20	20	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	20	15	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	825	335	490	0	0	0
Maltese	25	15	10	0	0	0
Tigrigna	135	70	60	10	0	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	10	10	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	8,550	3,790	4,760	245	135	115
Khmer (Cambodian)	475	230	245	0	0	0
Vietnamese	8,070	3,560	4,510	245	135	115
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,850	1,750	2,095	205	105	95
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	75	20	55	10	10	10
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	0	15	0	0	0
Ilocano	110	50	60	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	140	75	65	10	0	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,450	1,580	1,875	185	100	85
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0	0	0
Creole languages	350	125	225	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	25	10	15	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	315	110	200	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	2,225	1,060	1,165	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	90	50	45	0	0	0
Tamil	2,090	1,005	1,080	0	0	0
Telugu	45	10	35	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	85,550	47,305	38,245	560	250	305
Albanian	350	220	125	0	0	0
Armenian	450	220	230	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	10,075	4,745	5,330	100	35	60
Baltic languages	95	35	60	0	0	0
Latvian	40	10	25	0	0	0
Lithuanian	60	25	30	0	0	0
Slavic languages	9,980	4,710	5,270	95	35	60
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	155	90	65	0	0	0
Bulgarian	205	110	90	0	0	0
Croatian	220	130	95	0	0	0
Czech	70	40	30	0	0	0
Macedonian	95	45	55	0	0	0
Polish	2,500	1,265	1,235	0	0	0
Russian	4,850	2,135	2,720	25	10	10
Serbian	530	320	210	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	30	25	0	0	0	0
Slovak	100	60	40	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	10	0	0	0
Ukrainian	1,210	485	725	65	20	50
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	25	20	10	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	15	15	0	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	0	0
Germanic languages	13,285	7,455	5,835	165	95	65
Afrikaans	85	40	40	30	10	20
Danish	90	50	35	0	0	0
Dutch	1,165	630	540	40	25	20
Frisian	40	25	15	0	0	0
German	10,065	5,715	4,345	80	50	30
Icelandic	0	10	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	65	30	40	0	0	0
Swedish	125	55	70	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	20	15	0	0	0
Yiddish	895	390	505	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	720	495	225	10	15	0
Greek	1,020	545	475	0	0	10
Indo-Iranian languages	37,330	21,140	16,190	180	75	100
Indo-Aryan languages	32,485	18,125	14,360	160	70	90
Bengali	530	275	245	25	15	10
Gujarati	880	300	585	0	0	10
Hindi	1,405	755	650	20	10	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	10	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	30	15	15	0	0	0
Nepali	195	95	100	10	0	10
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	27,870	15,945	11,920	40	20	20
Sindhi	35	10	30	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	25	20	10	0	0
Urdu	1,495	705	790	50	25	30
Iranian languages	4,820	3,000	1,815	20	10	15
Kurdish	185	150	40	0	0	0
Pashto	50	20	25	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi)	4,580	2,830	1,750	25	0	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	23,025	12,965	10,060	110	45	70
Catalan	30	10	20	0	0	0
Italian	1,705	895	805	0	0	0
Portuguese	7,490	4,795	2,695	0	0	0
Romanian	745	365	380	10	0	0
Spanish	13,030	6,885	6,145	105	40	60
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0
Japanese	3,255	1,195	2,065	10	0	10
Kartvelian languages	30	10	20	0	0	0
Georgian	30	10	20	0	0	0
Korean	12,150	6,260	5,885	110	40	70
Mongolic languages	10	10	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	10	0	10	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	235	120	115	10	0	0
Akan (Twi)	25	10	20	0	0	0
Bamanankan	10	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	10	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	20	10	10	0	0	0
Igbo	10	10	0	0	0	0
Lingala	10	0	10	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	0	15	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	80	50	30	0	0	0
Wolof	10	0	10	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	0	15	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	20	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	1,920	740	1,180	60	35	30
American Sign Language	1,145	340	810	10	0	10
Quebec Sign Language	135	15	115	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e	640	390	255	50	30	20
Sino-Tibetan languages	122,880	65,030	57,850	1,030	560	465
Chinese languages	122,610	64,880	57,730	990	540	450
Cantonese	58,815	30,485	28,340	250	140	105
Hakka	70	25	45	10	0	10
Mandarin	60,090	32,430	27,665	605	310	300
Min Dong	25	15	10	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	565	335	225	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	105	65	45	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,930	1,530	1,405	135	90	40
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	270	155	115	40	25	20
Burmese	75	35	35	15	10	0
Karenic languages	135	75	55	25	20	10
Tibetan	50	30	20	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	675	270	405	15	10	0
Lao	150	70	80	0	0	0
Thai	525	205	325	10	0	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	750	475	275	15	10	0
Azerbaijani	30	20	0	0	0	0
Turkish	685	435	255	15	0	0
Uyghur	15	15	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	15	10	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	595	270	325	10	0	10
Estonian	50	15	40	0	0	0
Finnish	105	40	65	0	0	0
Hungarian	435	225	215	10	0	10
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35	0	0	0
Multiple responses	590,270	300,115	290,155	2,860	1,315	1,540
English and French	412,680	211,095	201,585	650	235	410
English and non-official language	154,285	77,870	76,420	2,190	1,065	1,125
French and non-official language	7,830	3,595	4,235	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language	15,475	7,565	7,915	20	15	0
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	19,956,250	10,342,970	9,613,290	633,320	332,445	300,875
None	17,456,725	9,056,235	8,400,490	613,955	323,280	290,670
English	1,259,225	661,460	597,765	3,515	1,450	2,070
French	705,780	349,035	356,745	3,800	1,675	2,125
Non-official language	496,565	257,455	239,105	11,880	5,960	5,925
Aboriginal	37,615	17,215	20,400	4,590	2,095	2,490
Non-Aboriginal	458,945	240,245	218,710	7,290	3,860	3,435
English and French	2,535	1,200	1,335	0	0	0
English and non-official language	18,040	8,765	9,280	10	0	10
French and non-official language	17,265	8,730	8,540	170	90	85
English, French and non-official language	115	90	30	0	0	0
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	34,091,785	16,783,745	17,308,035	1,055,820	525,975	529,850
Non-movers	29,644,795	14,593,190	15,051,605	905,630	451,665	453,965
Movers	4,446,990	2,190,555	2,256,435	150,195	74,310	75,880
Non-migrants	2,623,515	1,292,750	1,330,760	89,005	43,990	45,015
Migrants	1,823,475	897,805	925,670	61,185	30,320	30,865
Internal migrants	1,451,005	713,060	737,945	49,930	24,855	25,075
Intraprovincial migrants	1,189,525	580,895	608,630	35,965	17,690	18,275
Interprovincial migrants	261,475	132,160	129,315	13,970	7,165	6,805
External migrants	372,475	184,745	187,730	11,255	5,465	5,790
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	32,568,560	16,004,315	16,564,245	998,200	496,505	501,695
Non-movers	20,134,760	9,902,645	10,232,115	602,890	300,715	302,175
Movers	12,433,805	6,101,675	6,332,130	395,310	195,790	199,520
Non-migrants	6,755,630	3,314,730	3,440,905	201,450	99,955	101,495
Migrants	5,678,175	2,786,945	2,891,230	193,860	95,835	98,025
Internal migrants	4,296,720	2,104,325	2,192,395	147,360	72,815	74,540
Intraprovincial migrants	3,467,670	1,689,950	1,777,720	98,780	47,825	50,950
Interprovincial migrants	829,045	414,375	414,670	48,585	24,995	23,590
External migrants	1,381,460	682,625	698,835	46,500	23,015	23,485

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 23 referrer

Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 24 referrer

Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 25 referrer

Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 27 referrer

Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

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Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 40 referrer

Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 41 referrer

Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

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Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Canada [Country] and Saskatchewan [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 16, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Canada [Country] and Saskatchewan [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Canada [Country] and Saskatchewan [Province]