Census Profile, 2016 Census
Quebec [Province] and Quebec [Province]

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The table shows total, male and female data grouped by geography (appearing as column headers) for selected characteristics (appearing as row headers).
Characteristic	Quebec [Province]			Quebec [Province]
	Data quality , Quebec [Province] Map : Quebec [Province] Change geography 1			Data quality : Quebec [Province] Map : geography 2 Change geography 2
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
	Counts (unless otherwise specified)
Population and dwellings
Population, 2016^{Census data footnote 1}	8,164,361	...	...	8,164,361	...	...
Population, 2011^{Census data footnote 1}	7,903,001	...	...	7,903,001	...	...
Population percentage change, 2011 to 2016	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total private dwellings^{Census data footnote 2}	3,858,943	...	...	3,858,943	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents^{Census data footnote 3}	3,531,663	...	...	3,531,663	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,356,625.27	...	...	1,356,625.27	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data^{Census data footnote 4}	8,164,360	4,016,760	4,147,605	8,164,360	4,016,760	4,147,605
0 to 14 years	1,333,260	682,535	650,720	1,333,260	682,535	650,720
0 to 4 years	444,930	227,965	216,970	444,930	227,965	216,970
5 to 9 years	469,165	240,225	228,940	469,165	240,225	228,940
10 to 14 years	419,160	214,345	204,815	419,160	214,345	204,815
15 to 64 years	5,335,910	2,664,630	2,671,280	5,335,910	2,664,630	2,671,280
15 to 19 years	429,825	219,070	210,755	429,825	219,070	210,755
20 to 24 years	500,100	252,600	247,500	500,100	252,600	247,500
25 to 29 years	495,410	248,030	247,380	495,410	248,030	247,380
30 to 34 years	515,505	256,440	259,070	515,505	256,440	259,070
35 to 39 years	550,540	274,595	275,945	550,540	274,595	275,945
40 to 44 years	506,525	254,100	252,425	506,525	254,100	252,425
45 to 49 years	519,425	260,410	259,015	519,425	260,410	259,015
50 to 54 years	619,435	309,070	310,370	619,435	309,070	310,370
55 to 59 years	636,475	314,190	322,285	636,475	314,190	322,285
60 to 64 years	562,670	276,140	286,535	562,670	276,140	286,535
65 years and over	1,495,195	669,590	825,605	1,495,195	669,590	825,605
65 to 69 years	488,175	236,395	251,775	488,175	236,395	251,775
70 to 74 years	373,590	176,905	196,690	373,590	176,905	196,690
75 to 79 years	256,905	116,020	140,890	256,905	116,020	140,890
80 to 84 years	187,835	78,390	109,450	187,835	78,390	109,450
85 years and over	188,685	61,885	126,805	188,685	61,885	126,805
85 to 89 years	120,635	43,795	76,840	120,635	43,795	76,840
90 to 94 years	53,165	15,155	38,015	53,165	15,155	38,015
95 to 99 years	13,035	2,685	10,350	13,035	2,685	10,350
100 years and over	1,850	255	1,600	1,850	255	1,600
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.3	17.0	15.7	16.3	17.0	15.7
15 to 64 years	65.4	66.3	64.4	65.4	66.3	64.4
65 years and over	18.3	16.7	19.9	18.3	16.7	19.9
85 years and over	2.3	1.5	3.1	2.3	1.5	3.1
Average age of the population	41.9	40.9	42.9	41.9	40.9	42.9
Median age of the population	42.5	41.4	43.6	42.5	41.4	43.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data^{Census data footnote 5}	3,531,660	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Single-detached house	1,602,680	...	...	1,602,680	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	187,800	...	...	187,800	...	...
Other attached dwelling^{Census data footnote 6}	1,717,680	...	...	1,717,680	...	...
Semi-detached house	188,245	...	...	188,245	...	...
Row house	93,350	...	...	93,350	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	265,195	...	...	265,195	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,154,955	...	...	1,154,955	...	...
Other single-attached house	15,940	...	...	15,940	...	...
Movable dwelling^{Census data footnote 7}	23,505	...	...	23,505	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 8}	3,531,665	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
1 person	1,175,230	...	...	1,175,230	...	...
2 persons	1,227,765	...	...	1,227,765	...	...
3 persons	489,460	...	...	489,460	...	...
4 persons	426,250	...	...	426,250	...	...
5 or more persons	212,960	...	...	212,960	...	...
Number of persons in private households	7,965,455	...	...	7,965,455	...	...
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the population aged 15 years and over - 100% data^{Census data footnote 9}	6,831,105	3,334,220	3,496,885	6,831,105	3,334,220	3,496,885
Married or living common law	3,844,145	1,924,750	1,919,395	3,844,145	1,924,750	1,919,395
Married	2,342,980	1,172,720	1,170,260	2,342,980	1,172,720	1,170,260
Living common law	1,501,160	752,025	749,135	1,501,160	752,025	749,135
Not married and not living common law	2,986,960	1,409,475	1,577,490	2,986,960	1,409,475	1,577,490
Never married	2,010,580	1,084,300	926,280	2,010,580	1,084,300	926,280
Separated	103,625	46,390	57,240	103,625	46,390	57,240
Divorced	483,195	194,430	288,760	483,195	194,430	288,760
Widowed	389,555	84,345	305,210	389,555	84,345	305,210
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 10}	2,257,560	...	...	2,257,560	...	...
2 persons	1,204,955	...	...	1,204,955	...	...
3 persons	466,310	...	...	466,310	...	...
4 persons	412,160	...	...	412,160	...	...
5 or more persons	174,140	...	...	174,140	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 11}	2,257,560	...	...	2,257,560	...	...
Total couple families	1,878,095	...	...	1,878,095	...	...
Married couples	1,128,355	...	...	1,128,355	...	...
Common-law couples	749,740	...	...	749,740	...	...
Total lone-parent families by sex of parent	379,460	...	...	379,460	...	...
Female parent	284,900	...	...	284,900	...	...
Male parent	94,565	...	...	94,565	...	...
Total - Couple census families in private households - 100% data	1,878,095	...	...	1,878,095	...	...
Couples without children	970,260	...	...	970,260	...	...
Couples with children	907,840	...	...	907,840	...	...
1 child	356,640	...	...	356,640	...	...
2 children	384,875	...	...	384,875	...	...
3 or more children	166,315	...	...	166,315	...	...
Total - Lone-parent census families in private households - 100% data	379,465	...	...	379,465	...	...
1 child	234,695	...	...	234,695	...	...
2 children	109,670	...	...	109,670	...	...
3 or more children	35,100	...	...	35,100	...	...
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	1,579,070	775,765	803,305	1,579,070	775,765	803,305
Household type
Total - Private households by household type - 100% data^{Census data footnote 12}	3,531,660	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
One-census-family households	2,197,340	...	...	2,197,340	...	...
Without children in a census family^{Census data footnote 13}	947,305	...	...	947,305	...	...
With children in a census family^{Census data footnote 14}	1,250,040	...	...	1,250,040	...	...
Multiple-census-family households	29,595	...	...	29,595	...	...
Non-census-family households	1,304,725	...	...	1,304,725	...	...
One-person households	1,175,230	...	...	1,175,230	...	...
Two-or-more person non-census-family households	129,500	...	...	129,500	...	...
Knowledge of official languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 15}	8,066,560	3,977,275	4,089,285	8,066,560	3,977,275	4,089,285
English only	372,445	187,595	184,860	372,445	187,595	184,860
French only	4,032,640	1,874,545	2,158,095	4,032,640	1,874,545	2,158,095
English and French	3,586,410	1,884,135	1,702,275	3,586,410	1,884,135	1,702,275
Neither English nor French	75,065	31,000	44,060	75,065	31,000	44,060
First official language spokenUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 16}	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285
English	964,120	482,985	481,135	964,120	482,985	481,135
French	6,750,945	3,320,380	3,430,560	6,750,945	3,320,380	3,430,560
English and French	278,710	144,060	134,655	278,710	144,060	134,655
Neither English nor French	72,775	29,845	42,930	72,775	29,845	42,930
Official language minority (number)^{Census data footnote 17}	1,103,480	555,015	548,465	1,103,480	555,015	548,465
Official language minority (percentage)^{Census data footnote 17}	13.7	14.0	13.4	13.7	14.0	13.4
Mother tongueUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 18}	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285	8,066,555	3,977,270	4,089,285
Single responses	7,881,650	3,884,675	3,996,975	7,881,650	3,884,675	3,996,975
Official languages	6,820,815	3,366,970	3,453,845	6,820,815	3,366,970	3,453,845
English	601,155	301,860	299,300	601,155	301,860	299,300
French	6,219,665	3,065,115	3,154,550	6,219,665	3,065,115	3,154,550
Non-official languages	1,060,830	517,700	543,125	1,060,830	517,700	543,125
Aboriginal languages	45,570	22,530	23,040	45,570	22,530	23,040
Algonquian languages	33,140	16,365	16,770	33,140	16,365	16,770
Blackfoot	5	0	0	5	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	31,430	15,575	15,855	31,430	15,575	15,855
Atikamekw	6,150	3,135	3,015	6,150	3,135	3,015
Montagnais (Innu)	8,715	4,155	4,555	8,715	4,155	4,555
Moose Cree	0	5	0	0	5	0
Naskapi	590	285	305	590	285	305
Northern East Cree	135	55	80	135	55	80
Plains Cree	5	0	5	5	0	5
Southern East Cree	35	15	15	35	15	15
Swampy Cree	5	5	0	5	5	0
Woods Cree	10	5	5	10	5	5
Cree, n.o.s.	15,790	7,920	7,875	15,790	7,920	7,875
Eastern Algonquian languages	485	225	260	485	225	260
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	485	220	260	485	220	260
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,215	565	645	1,215	565	645
Algonquin	1,185	555	630	1,185	555	630
Ojibway	20	10	15	20	10	15
Oji-Cree	5	0	5	5	0	5
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	5	0	5
Athabaskan languages	15	10	5	15	10	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	10	5	15	10	5
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	5	0	0	5	0	0
Sekani	0	5	0	0	5	0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	5	0	10	5	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	10	0	10	10	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	5	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	11,970	5,955	6,015	11,970	5,955	6,015
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	11,895	5,925	5,970	11,895	5,925	5,970
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	75	25	45	75	25	45
Iroquoian languages	375	165	210	375	165	210
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	365	160	210	365	160	210
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	5	5	5
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	5	5	0	5	5	0
Salish languages	5	0	0	5	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0	5	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	65	30	35	65	30	35
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,015,260	495,175	520,090	1,015,260	495,175	520,090
Afro-Asiatic languages	197,535	104,185	93,355	197,535	104,185	93,355
Berber languages	20,845	11,125	9,720	20,845	11,125	9,720
Kabyle	12,470	6,625	5,840	12,470	6,625	5,840
Berber languages, n.i.e.	8,375	4,500	3,875	8,375	4,500	3,875
Cushitic languages	1,125	545	580	1,125	545	580
Bilen	10	10	5	10	10	5
Oromo	15	10	5	15	10	5
Somali	1,075	515	560	1,075	515	560
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	30	20	10
Semitic languages	175,215	92,310	82,900	175,215	92,310	82,900
Amharic	745	340	405	745	340	405
Arabic	169,890	89,590	80,300	169,890	89,590	80,300
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	150	80	70	150	80	70
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	10	5	15	10	5
Harari	0	5	5	0	5	5
Hebrew	3,885	2,040	1,845	3,885	2,040	1,845
Maltese	25	10	15	25	10	15
Tigrigna	385	185	205	385	185	205
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	110	60	50	110	60	50
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	355	200	155	355	200	155
Austro-Asiatic languages	36,305	17,030	19,275	36,305	17,030	19,275
Khmer (Cambodian)	8,855	4,105	4,750	8,855	4,105	4,750
Vietnamese	27,425	12,920	14,505	27,425	12,920	14,505
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	25	10	15	25	10	15
Austronesian languages	21,635	7,800	13,835	21,635	7,800	13,835
Bikol	115	35	80	115	35	80
Cebuano	885	270	610	885	270	610
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	410	125	275	410	125	275
Ilocano	2,060	745	1,315	2,060	745	1,315
Malagasy	1,250	590	660	1,250	590	660
Malay	705	265	440	705	265	440
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	205	90	110	205	90	110
Pangasinan	95	40	50	95	40	50
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15,545	5,480	10,065	15,545	5,480	10,065
Waray-Waray	50	10	40	50	10	40
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	320	140	180	320	140	180
Creole languages	56,990	25,220	31,770	56,990	25,220	31,770
Haitian Creole	2,220	1,055	1,170	2,220	1,055	1,170
Creole, n.o.s.	53,785	23,675	30,110	53,785	23,675	30,110
Creole languages, n.i.e.	980	490	490	980	490	490
Dravidian languages	14,865	7,435	7,430	14,865	7,435	7,430
Kannada	240	130	110	240	130	110
Malayalam	440	235	205	440	235	205
Tamil	13,600	6,715	6,880	13,600	6,715	6,880
Telugu	570	345	230	570	345	230
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	15	10	5
Hmong-Mien languages	25	10	15	25	10	15
Indo-European languages	553,045	269,625	283,420	553,045	269,625	283,420
Albanian	2,795	1,420	1,370	2,795	1,420	1,370
Armenian	16,430	7,970	8,460	16,430	7,970	8,460
Balto-Slavic languages	68,155	30,960	37,195	68,155	30,960	37,195
Baltic languages	850	335	515	850	335	515
Latvian	290	120	175	290	120	175
Lithuanian	555	215	340	555	215	340
Slavic languages	67,310	30,630	36,675	67,310	30,630	36,675
Belarusan	80	45	35	80	45	35
Bosnian	1,620	805	815	1,620	805	815
Bulgarian	6,985	3,385	3,600	6,985	3,385	3,600
Croatian	2,330	1,165	1,170	2,330	1,165	1,170
Czech	1,465	690	775	1,465	690	775
Macedonian	205	105	95	205	105	95
Polish	13,935	6,065	7,865	13,935	6,065	7,865
Russian	28,565	12,715	15,850	28,565	12,715	15,850
Serbian	3,140	1,590	1,545	3,140	1,590	1,545
Serbo-Croatian	1,805	865	940	1,805	865	940
Slovak	1,040	455	585	1,040	455	585
Slovene (Slovenian)	755	350	405	755	350	405
Ukrainian	5,210	2,285	2,920	5,210	2,285	2,920
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	175	90	85	175	90	85
Celtic languages	155	95	60	155	95	60
Scottish Gaelic	20	15	10	20	15	10
Welsh	40	20	20	40	20	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	90	55	30	90	55	30
Germanic languages	27,540	13,280	14,260	27,540	13,280	14,260
Afrikaans	125	60	65	125	60	65
Danish	395	190	200	395	190	200
Dutch	2,825	1,395	1,430	2,825	1,395	1,430
Frisian	10	10	0	10	10	0
German	13,670	6,340	7,330	13,670	6,340	7,330
Icelandic	65	30	35	65	30	35
Norwegian	200	100	100	200	100	100
Swedish	555	255	300	555	255	300
Vlaams (Flemish)	540	240	300	540	240	300
Yiddish	8,985	4,560	4,420	8,985	4,560	4,420
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	175	100	75	175	100	75
Greek	38,635	19,435	19,205	38,635	19,435	19,205
Indo-Iranian languages	76,040	39,205	36,835	76,040	39,205	36,835
Indo-Aryan languages	45,845	23,875	21,970	45,845	23,875	21,970
Bengali	10,995	5,620	5,380	10,995	5,620	5,380
Gujarati	6,070	2,980	3,090	6,070	2,980	3,090
Hindi	3,030	1,635	1,390	3,030	1,635	1,390
Kashmiri	20	15	5	20	15	5
Konkani	110	60	55	110	60	55
Marathi	255	145	110	255	145	110
Nepali	1,505	740	765	1,505	740	765
Oriya (Odia)	35	20	15	35	20	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	12,380	6,720	5,660	12,380	6,720	5,660
Sindhi	330	160	165	330	160	165
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	645	310	330	645	310	330
Urdu	10,470	5,460	5,010	10,470	5,460	5,010
Iranian languages	29,760	15,105	14,655	29,760	15,105	14,655
Kurdish	985	550	430	985	550	430
Pashto	1,285	680	610	1,285	680	610
Persian (Farsi)	27,490	13,875	13,615	27,490	13,875	13,615
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	440	225	210	440	225	210
Italic (Romance) languages	323,290	157,260	166,030	323,290	157,260	166,030
Catalan	320	170	150	320	170	150
Italian	104,600	51,705	52,895	104,600	51,705	52,895
Portuguese	36,770	17,735	19,035	36,770	17,735	19,035
Romanian	35,840	17,170	18,665	35,840	17,170	18,665
Spanish	145,635	70,405	75,235	145,635	70,405	75,235
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	125	75	50	125	75	50
Japanese	2,525	775	1,750	2,525	775	1,750
Kartvelian languages	170	80	85	170	80	85
Georgian	170	80	90	170	80	90
Korean	5,160	2,270	2,890	5,160	2,270	2,890
Mongolic languages	190	75	115	190	75	115
Mongolian	195	80	115	195	80	115
Niger-Congo languages	28,355	14,360	13,995	28,355	14,360	13,995
Akan (Twi)	1,050	520	525	1,050	520	525
Bamanankan	1,200	655	545	1,200	655	545
Edo	75	45	30	75	45	30
Ewe	730	400	325	730	400	325
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,055	1,080	970	2,055	1,080	970
Ga	80	40	40	80	40	40
Ganda	35	15	20	35	15	20
Igbo	120	70	50	120	70	50
Lingala	2,465	1,185	1,285	2,465	1,185	1,285
Rundi (Kirundi)	3,345	1,600	1,745	3,345	1,600	1,745
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	2,500	1,115	1,380	2,500	1,115	1,380
Shona	85	45	40	85	45	40
Swahili	3,010	1,460	1,545	3,010	1,460	1,545
Wolof	3,230	1,745	1,485	3,230	1,745	1,485
Yoruba	255	155	100	255	155	100
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	8,135	4,235	3,895	8,135	4,235	3,895
Nilo-Saharan languages	345	180	165	345	180	165
Dinka	5	5	0	5	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	335	170	165	335	170	165
Sign languages	1,330	700	630	1,330	700	630
American Sign Language	65	35	30	65	35	30
Quebec Sign Language	670	330	340	670	330	340
Sign languages, n.i.e	595	340	255	595	340	255
Sino-Tibetan languages	76,840	35,775	41,065	76,840	35,775	41,065
Chinese languages	76,490	35,600	40,895	76,490	35,600	40,895
Cantonese	24,375	11,505	12,875	24,375	11,505	12,875
Hakka	470	215	260	470	215	260
Mandarin	43,700	20,175	23,525	43,700	20,175	23,525
Min Dong	20	10	15	20	10	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	3,225	1,480	1,745	3,225	1,480	1,745
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,075	465	605	1,075	465	605
Chinese, n.o.s.	3,535	1,710	1,825	3,535	1,710	1,825
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	90	40	45	90	40	45
Tibeto-Burman languages	345	175	170	345	175	170
Burmese	80	30	50	80	30	50
Karenic languages	70	40	30	70	40	30
Tibetan	110	65	50	110	65	50
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	85	45	40	85	45	40
Tai-Kadai languages	4,895	2,185	2,710	4,895	2,185	2,710
Lao	4,115	1,995	2,120	4,115	1,995	2,120
Thai	765	180	585	765	180	585
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	10	5	10	10	5	10
Turkic languages	7,980	4,095	3,880	7,980	4,095	3,880
Azerbaijani	290	160	130	290	160	130
Turkish	7,155	3,685	3,470	7,155	3,685	3,470
Uyghur	205	100	105	205	100	105
Uzbek	145	70	75	145	70	75
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	185	80	105	185	80	105
Uralic languages	6,400	2,985	3,410	6,400	2,985	3,410
Estonian	195	75	120	195	75	120
Finnish	360	125	240	360	125	240
Hungarian	5,835	2,790	3,045	5,835	2,790	3,045
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0	0	5
Other languages, n.i.e.	685	385	300	685	385	300
Multiple responses	184,905	92,600	92,310	184,905	92,600	92,310
English and French	72,395	36,695	35,695	72,395	36,695	35,695
English and non-official language	27,485	13,545	13,945	27,485	13,545	13,945
French and non-official language	67,075	33,110	33,970	67,075	33,110	33,970
English, French and non-official language	17,950	9,245	8,705	17,950	9,245	8,705
Language spoken most often at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 19}	8,066,560	3,977,270	4,089,285	8,066,560	3,977,270	4,089,285
Single responses	7,743,740	3,819,315	3,924,425	7,743,740	3,819,315	3,924,425
Official languages	7,157,850	3,536,165	3,621,685	7,157,850	3,536,165	3,621,685
English	782,185	391,125	391,060	782,185	391,125	391,060
French	6,375,665	3,145,040	3,230,625	6,375,665	3,145,040	3,230,625
Non-official languages	585,890	283,150	302,735	585,890	283,150	302,735
Aboriginal languages	40,190	20,205	19,980	40,190	20,205	19,980
Algonquian languages	28,695	14,385	14,310	28,695	14,385	14,310
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	28,110	14,105	14,005	28,110	14,105	14,005
Atikamekw	5,465	2,825	2,640	5,465	2,825	2,640
Montagnais (Innu)	7,375	3,590	3,790	7,375	3,590	3,790
Moose Cree	5	5	0	5	5	0
Naskapi	590	295	290	590	295	290
Northern East Cree	60	30	30	60	30	30
Plains Cree	5	0	0	5	0	0
Southern East Cree	15	5	10	15	5	10
Swampy Cree	5	5	5	5	5	5
Woods Cree	0	5	0	0	5	0
Cree, n.o.s.	14,590	7,355	7,235	14,590	7,355	7,235
Eastern Algonquian languages	220	115	110	220	115	110
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	220	110	105	220	110	105
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	370	170	200	370	170	200
Algonquin	360	165	195	360	165	195
Ojibway	5	5	0	5	5	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	5	0	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	11,375	5,770	5,615	11,375	5,770	5,615
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	5	0	0	5	0
Inuktitut	11,350	5,750	5,600	11,350	5,750	5,600
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	20	15	10
Iroquoian languages	70	35	35	70	35	35
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	70	35	30	70	35	30
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	5	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	5	5	5	5	5	5
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	5	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	35	10	25	35	10	25
Non-Aboriginal languages	545,695	262,940	282,755	545,695	262,940	282,755
Afro-Asiatic languages	91,660	46,550	45,110	91,660	46,550	45,110
Berber languages	7,495	3,895	3,605	7,495	3,895	3,605
Kabyle	5,105	2,660	2,450	5,105	2,660	2,450
Berber languages, n.i.e.	2,390	1,235	1,150	2,390	1,235	1,150
Cushitic languages	535	240	295	535	240	295
Bilen	5	0	5	5	0	5
Oromo	5	0	0	5	0	0
Somali	520	230	290	520	230	290
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	5	5	5
Semitic languages	83,520	42,365	41,160	83,520	42,365	41,160
Amharic	340	150	185	340	150	185
Arabic	81,105	41,150	39,955	81,105	41,150	39,955
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	95	50	45	95	50	45
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	5	10	0	5
Harari	5	0	5	5	0	5
Hebrew	1,705	880	825	1,705	880	825
Maltese	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tigrigna	205	95	105	205	95	105
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35	60	25	35
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	105	50	55	105	50	55
Austro-Asiatic languages	24,980	11,675	13,305	24,980	11,675	13,305
Khmer (Cambodian)	5,180	2,370	2,805	5,180	2,370	2,805
Vietnamese	19,790	9,295	10,495	19,790	9,295	10,495
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15	5	10	15	5	10
Austronesian languages	9,715	3,960	5,750	9,715	3,960	5,750
Bikol	15	5	10	15	5	10
Cebuano	230	100	125	230	100	125
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	130	55	75	130	55	75
Ilocano	740	305	435	740	305	435
Malagasy	360	185	170	360	185	170
Malay	175	85	95	175	85	95
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	60	30	30	60	30	30
Pangasinan	10	5	10	10	5	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	7,905	3,150	4,760	7,905	3,150	4,760
Waray-Waray	15	10	10	15	10	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	75	35	35	75	35	35
Creole languages	20,705	8,780	11,925	20,705	8,780	11,925
Haitian Creole	855	380	475	855	380	475
Creole, n.o.s.	19,405	8,200	11,210	19,405	8,200	11,210
Creole languages, n.i.e.	440	200	240	440	200	240
Dravidian languages	11,400	5,595	5,805	11,400	5,595	5,805
Kannada	150	85	65	150	85	65
Malayalam	200	100	100	200	100	100
Tamil	10,720	5,215	5,500	10,720	5,215	5,500
Telugu	330	190	135	330	190	135
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	10	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	15	5	5	15	5	5
Indo-European languages	303,215	146,100	157,115	303,215	146,100	157,115
Albanian	1,615	795	820	1,615	795	820
Armenian	11,990	5,680	6,310	11,990	5,680	6,310
Balto-Slavic languages	40,405	19,085	21,325	40,405	19,085	21,325
Baltic languages	190	80	105	190	80	105
Latvian	75	40	40	75	40	40
Lithuanian	115	40	70	115	40	70
Slavic languages	40,220	19,000	21,220	40,220	19,000	21,220
Belarusan	25	15	15	25	15	15
Bosnian	965	475	495	965	475	495
Bulgarian	5,125	2,495	2,630	5,125	2,495	2,630
Croatian	1,015	475	545	1,015	475	545
Czech	460	220	240	460	220	240
Macedonian	130	65	65	130	65	65
Polish	5,970	2,695	3,270	5,970	2,695	3,270
Russian	20,680	9,775	10,900	20,680	9,775	10,900
Serbian	2,010	1,020	990	2,010	1,020	990
Serbo-Croatian	960	470	490	960	470	490
Slovak	245	120	130	245	120	130
Slovene (Slovenian)	225	95	135	225	95	135
Ukrainian	2,365	1,060	1,300	2,365	1,060	1,300
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	40	15	25
Celtic languages	30	20	10	30	20	10
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	5	5	0
Welsh	10	10	0	10	10	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	5	15	15	5
Germanic languages	9,890	4,980	4,905	9,890	4,980	4,905
Afrikaans	15	10	10	15	10	10
Danish	50	25	25	50	25	25
Dutch	375	170	205	375	170	205
Frisian	0	0	0	0	0	0
German	2,550	1,190	1,365	2,550	1,190	1,365
Icelandic	30	15	20	30	15	20
Norwegian	20	5	10	20	5	10
Swedish	105	50	60	105	50	60
Vlaams (Flemish)	70	35	40	70	35	40
Yiddish	6,665	3,485	3,180	6,665	3,485	3,180
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	10	5	5
Greek	18,545	8,865	9,680	18,545	8,865	9,680
Indo-Iranian languages	53,555	26,845	26,710	53,555	26,845	26,710
Indo-Aryan languages	31,575	15,985	15,585	31,575	15,985	15,585
Bengali	8,180	4,055	4,125	8,180	4,055	4,125
Gujarati	3,840	1,860	1,985	3,840	1,860	1,985
Hindi	1,535	790	745	1,535	790	745
Kashmiri	5	0	0	5	0	0
Konkani	30	15	15	30	15	15
Marathi	80	40	40	80	40	40
Nepali	1,355	655	700	1,355	655	700
Oriya (Odia)	15	10	5	15	10	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,840	4,690	4,155	8,840	4,690	4,155
Sindhi	135	65	75	135	65	75
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	365	185	180	365	185	180
Urdu	7,180	3,620	3,565	7,180	3,620	3,565
Iranian languages	21,745	10,740	11,010	21,745	10,740	11,010
Kurdish	510	280	235	510	280	235
Pashto	925	460	465	925	460	465
Persian (Farsi)	20,310	10,005	10,305	20,310	10,005	10,305
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	235	120	120	235	120	120
Italic (Romance) languages	167,190	79,835	87,355	167,190	79,835	87,355
Catalan	110	50	60	110	50	60
Italian	32,935	14,595	18,340	32,935	14,595	18,340
Portuguese	17,260	8,250	9,005	17,260	8,250	9,005
Romanian	24,520	12,000	12,525	24,520	12,000	12,525
Spanish	92,330	44,920	47,415	92,330	44,920	47,415
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	35	20	15
Japanese	1,050	425	620	1,050	425	620
Kartvelian languages	70	35	35	70	35	35
Georgian	70	40	35	70	40	35
Korean	3,540	1,630	1,910	3,540	1,630	1,910
Mongolic languages	145	70	75	145	70	75
Mongolian	145	70	75	145	70	75
Niger-Congo languages	7,250	3,450	3,800	7,250	3,450	3,800
Akan (Twi)	445	215	235	445	215	235
Bamanankan	265	135	125	265	135	125
Edo	10	5	5	10	5	5
Ewe	140	60	80	140	60	80
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	530	255	280	530	255	280
Ga	15	5	10	15	5	10
Ganda	5	5	5	5	5	5
Igbo	15	10	10	15	10	10
Lingala	625	270	355	625	270	355
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,110	510	600	1,110	510	600
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	530	225	305	530	225	305
Shona	20	10	10	20	10	10
Swahili	1,100	535	565	1,100	535	565
Wolof	1,035	555	480	1,035	555	480
Yoruba	55	25	25	55	25	25
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,350	635	710	1,350	635	710
Nilo-Saharan languages	135	70	65	135	70	65
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	130	65	65	130	65	65
Sign languages	1,770	1,000	775	1,770	1,000	775
American Sign Language	90	35	50	90	35	50
Quebec Sign Language	700	360	340	700	360	340
Sign languages, n.i.e	985	600	385	985	600	385
Sino-Tibetan languages	60,370	28,925	31,450	60,370	28,925	31,450
Chinese languages	60,155	28,805	31,345	60,155	28,805	31,345
Cantonese	17,845	8,470	9,375	17,845	8,470	9,375
Hakka	155	75	80	155	75	80
Mandarin	37,075	17,870	19,200	37,075	17,870	19,200
Min Dong	0	0	0	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,830	830	1,000	1,830	830	1,000
Wu (Shanghainese)	780	355	420	780	355	420
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,435	1,190	1,240	2,435	1,190	1,240
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	40	20	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	215	115	100	215	115	100
Burmese	35	15	20	35	15	20
Karenic languages	65	40	30	65	40	30
Tibetan	70	45	30	70	45	30
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	40	20	20
Tai-Kadai languages	2,375	1,145	1,230	2,375	1,145	1,230
Lao	2,150	1,055	1,100	2,150	1,055	1,100
Thai	225	90	135	225	90	135
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	5,120	2,540	2,575	5,120	2,540	2,575
Azerbaijani	100	50	55	100	50	55
Turkish	4,715	2,340	2,370	4,715	2,340	2,370
Uyghur	140	75	70	140	75	70
Uzbek	105	50	55	105	50	55
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	65	30	35
Uralic languages	2,025	895	1,130	2,025	895	1,130
Estonian	30	10	20	30	10	20
Finnish	50	20	30	50	20	30
Hungarian	1,945	860	1,085	1,945	860	1,085
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	150	90	60	150	90	60
Multiple responses	322,820	157,960	164,860	322,820	157,960	164,860
English and French	86,715	43,820	42,890	86,715	43,820	42,890
English and non-official language	54,400	26,255	28,140	54,400	26,255	28,140
French and non-official language	139,385	66,610	72,775	139,385	66,610	72,775
English, French and non-official language	42,320	21,270	21,045	42,320	21,270	21,045
Other language spoken regularly at homeUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data^{Census data footnote 20}	8,066,555	3,977,275	4,089,285	8,066,555	3,977,275	4,089,285
None	6,825,240	3,356,340	3,468,900	6,825,240	3,356,340	3,468,900
English	513,410	263,670	249,735	513,410	263,670	249,735
French	320,370	158,340	162,030	320,370	158,340	162,030
Non-official language	317,790	154,450	163,340	317,790	154,450	163,340
Aboriginal	5,700	2,645	3,060	5,700	2,645	3,060
Non-Aboriginal	312,085	151,810	160,280	312,085	151,810	160,280
English and French	36,235	18,285	17,955	36,235	18,285	17,955
English and non-official language	28,630	14,075	14,555	28,630	14,075	14,555
French and non-official language	23,470	11,365	12,095	23,470	11,365	12,095
English, French and non-official language	1,420	740	680	1,420	740	680
Income of individuals in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020
Median total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	32,975	37,842	28,522	32,975	37,842	28,522
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,400	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,400
Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	29,535	33,110	26,119	29,535	33,110	26,119
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	5,685,690	2,866,470	2,819,220	5,685,690	2,866,470	2,819,220
Median market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	30,067	35,597	25,012	30,067	35,597	25,012
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,973,245	2,300,800	2,672,445	4,973,245	2,300,800	2,672,445
Median government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	7,307	5,851	8,246	7,307	5,851	8,246
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data	4,627,795	2,408,420	2,219,370	4,627,795	2,408,420	2,219,370
Median employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	31,263	35,627	27,219	31,263	35,627	27,219
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 22}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	6,417,010	3,159,415	3,257,595	6,417,010	3,159,415	3,257,595
Average total income in 2015 among recipients ($)	42,546	49,087	36,203	42,546	49,087	36,203
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	6,418,440	3,159,550	3,258,890	6,418,440	3,159,550	3,258,890
Average after-tax income in 2015 among recipients ($)	34,887	39,292	30,616	34,887	39,292	30,616
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	5,685,905	2,866,415	2,819,485	5,685,905	2,866,415	2,819,485
Average market income in 2015 among recipients ($)	40,505	47,810	33,079	40,505	47,810	33,079
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,972,650	2,299,595	2,673,050	4,972,650	2,299,595	2,673,050
Average government transfers in 2015 among recipients ($)	8,590	7,846	9,229	8,590	7,846	9,229
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data	4,627,775	2,408,655	2,219,120	4,627,775	2,408,655	2,219,120
Average employment income in 2015 among recipients ($)	40,382	45,974	34,313	40,382	45,974	34,313
Total - Employment income statistics for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 23}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households who worked full year full time in 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 24}	2,036,965	1,114,940	922,025	2,036,965	1,114,940	922,025
Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 25}	47,111	51,622	42,433	47,111	51,622	42,433
Average employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($)^{Census data footnote 26}	56,564	62,750	49,085	56,564	62,750	49,085
Composition of total income in 2015 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 100% data^{Census data footnote 27}	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)^{Census data footnote 28}	84.4	88.3	79.1	84.4	88.3	79.1
Employment income (%)^{Census data footnote 29}	68.4	71.4	64.6	68.4	71.4	64.6
Government transfers (%)^{Census data footnote 30}	15.6	11.7	20.9	15.6	11.7	20.9
Total - Total income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 31}	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,140	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,140
Without total income	216,685	99,555	117,125	216,685	99,555	117,125
With total income	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020	6,417,615	3,160,595	3,257,020
Percentage with total income	96.7	96.9	96.5	96.7	96.9	96.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	789,595	351,935	437,660	789,595	351,935	437,660
$10,000 to $19,999	1,188,135	476,630	711,500	1,188,135	476,630	711,500
$20,000 to $29,999	976,210	428,390	547,830	976,210	428,390	547,830
$30,000 to $39,999	852,735	414,105	438,625	852,735	414,105	438,625
$40,000 to $49,999	747,995	378,215	369,780	747,995	378,215	369,780
$50,000 to $59,999	540,265	292,110	248,150	540,265	292,110	248,150
$60,000 to $69,999	375,935	214,805	161,130	375,935	214,805	161,130
$70,000 to $79,999	286,025	164,240	121,790	286,025	164,240	121,790
$80,000 to $89,999	189,350	113,715	75,635	189,350	113,715	75,635
$90,000 to $99,999	122,750	80,090	42,660	122,750	80,090	42,660
$100,000 and over	348,620	246,360	102,255	348,620	246,360	102,255
$100,000 to $149,999	236,515	164,145	72,370	236,515	164,145	72,370
$150,000 and over	112,105	82,215	29,885	112,105	82,215	29,885
Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	6,634,295	3,260,150	3,374,140	6,634,295	3,260,150	3,374,140
Without after-tax income	215,120	99,375	115,750	215,120	99,375	115,750
With after-tax income	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,395	6,419,175	3,160,780	3,258,395
Percentage with after-tax income	96.8	97.0	96.6	96.8	97.0	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	822,725	359,045	463,675	822,725	359,045	463,675
$10,000 to $19,999	1,246,480	505,165	741,315	1,246,480	505,165	741,315
$20,000 to $29,999	1,192,885	541,080	651,810	1,192,885	541,080	651,810
$30,000 to $39,999	1,096,510	553,200	543,315	1,096,510	553,200	543,315
$40,000 to $49,999	793,150	425,040	368,115	793,150	425,040	368,115
$50,000 to $59,999	498,475	283,130	215,345	498,475	283,130	215,345
$60,000 to $69,999	309,415	180,470	128,945	309,415	180,470	128,945
$70,000 to $79,999	167,895	108,500	59,395	167,895	108,500	59,395
$80,000 and over	291,635	205,155	86,485	291,635	205,155	86,485
$80,000 to $89,999	95,010	64,670	30,335	95,010	64,670	30,335
$90,000 to $99,999	55,980	39,080	16,905	55,980	39,080	16,905
$100,000 and over	140,645	101,405	39,240	140,645	101,405	39,240
Total - Employment income groups in 2015 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 33}	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145	6,634,295	3,260,155	3,374,145
Without employment income	2,006,505	851,730	1,154,775	2,006,505	851,730	1,154,775
With employment income	4,627,790	2,408,420	2,219,375	4,627,790	2,408,420	2,219,375
Percentage with employment income	69.8	73.9	65.8	69.8	73.9	65.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	606,300	311,780	294,520	606,300	311,780	294,520
$5,000 to $9,999	367,030	162,150	204,885	367,030	162,150	204,885
$10,000 to $19,999	681,920	305,995	375,920	681,920	305,995	375,920
$20,000 to $29,999	586,140	269,950	316,195	586,140	269,950	316,195
$30,000 to $39,999	565,425	277,135	288,285	565,425	277,135	288,285
$40,000 to $49,999	476,665	247,105	229,560	476,665	247,105	229,560
$50,000 to $59,999	359,180	203,580	155,600	359,180	203,580	155,600
$60,000 to $69,999	266,650	156,255	110,395	266,650	156,255	110,395
$70,000 to $79,999	224,040	129,890	94,150	224,040	129,890	94,150
$80,000 and over	494,440	344,585	149,855	494,440	344,585	149,855
$80,000 to $89,999	139,830	90,295	49,540	139,830	90,295	49,540
$90,000 to $99,999	93,860	64,160	29,700	93,860	64,160	29,700
$100,000 and over	260,745	190,125	70,620	260,745	190,125	70,620
Income of households in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 100% data^{Census data footnote 34}	3,531,665	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Median total income of households in 2015 ($)	59,822	...	...	59,822	...	...
Median after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	52,207	...	...	52,207	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 100% data	1,175,230	...	...	1,175,230	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	31,574	...	...	31,574	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	28,469	...	...	28,469	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 100% data	2,356,430	...	...	2,356,430	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	78,645	...	...	78,645	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	67,665	...	...	67,665	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for private households by household size - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 35}	3,531,665	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Average total income of households in 2015 ($)	77,306	...	...	77,306	...	...
Average after-tax income of households in 2015 ($)	63,404	...	...	63,404	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for one-person private households - 25% sample data	1,174,695	...	...	1,174,695	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	40,042	...	...	40,042	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2015 ($)	33,262	...	...	33,262	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for two-or-more-person private households - 25% sample data	2,356,970	...	...	2,356,970	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	95,878	...	...	95,878	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2015 ($)	78,426	...	...	78,426	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 36}	3,531,665	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Under $5,000	47,170	...	...	47,170	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	56,315	...	...	56,315	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	119,570	...	...	119,570	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	180,865	...	...	180,865	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	179,690	...	...	179,690	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	154,150	...	...	154,150	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	185,000	...	...	185,000	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	184,435	...	...	184,435	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	179,855	...	...	179,855	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	170,445	...	...	170,445	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	313,600	...	...	313,600	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	273,620	...	...	273,620	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	241,940	...	...	241,940	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	208,620	...	...	208,620	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	176,355	...	...	176,355	...	...
$100,000 and over	860,030	...	...	860,030	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	327,435	...	...	327,435	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	204,105	...	...	204,105	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	192,155	...	...	192,155	...	...
$200,000 and over	136,335	...	...	136,335	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2015 for private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 32}	3,531,660	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Under $5,000	50,445	...	...	50,445	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	57,335	...	...	57,335	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	120,860	...	...	120,860	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	190,300	...	...	190,300	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	202,905	...	...	202,905	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	187,365	...	...	187,365	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	231,765	...	...	231,765	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	225,695	...	...	225,695	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	211,990	...	...	211,990	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	202,760	...	...	202,760	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	363,775	...	...	363,775	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	309,825	...	...	309,825	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	256,150	...	...	256,150	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	208,765	...	...	208,765	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	166,295	...	...	166,295	...	...
$100,000 and over	545,440	...	...	545,440	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	269,170	...	...	269,170	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	130,225	...	...	130,225	...	...
$150,000 and over	146,045	...	...	146,045	...	...
Income of economic families in 2015
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 37}	2,261,890	...	...	2,261,890	...	...
Median total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	79,378	...	...	79,378	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	68,152	...	...	68,152	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 100% data	930,195	...	...	930,195	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	70,075	...	...	70,075	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	60,224	...	...	60,224	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families without children or other relatives	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 100% data	911,980	...	...	911,980	...	...
Median total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	105,246	...	...	105,246	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	88,844	...	...	88,844	...	...
Average family size of couple economic families with children	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	364,085	...	...	364,085	...	...
Median total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	52,708	...	...	52,708	...	...
Median after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	47,805	...	...	47,805	...	...
Average family size of lone-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 38}	2,262,045	...	...	2,262,045	...	...
Average total income of economic families in 2015 ($)	96,863	...	...	96,863	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic families in 2015 ($)	79,060	...	...	79,060	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families without children or other relatives in private households - 25% sample data	929,645	...	...	929,645	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	86,304	...	...	86,304	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families without children or other relatives in 2015 ($)	70,167	...	...	70,167	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for couple economic families with children in private households - 25% sample data	912,560	...	...	912,560	...	...
Average total income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	122,835	...	...	122,835	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple economic families with children in 2015 ($)	99,279	...	...	99,279	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for lone-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	363,610	...	...	363,610	...	...
Average total income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	61,753	...	...	61,753	...	...
Average after-tax income of lone-parent economic families in 2015 ($)	53,052	...	...	53,052	...	...
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 21}	1,433,210	711,180	722,030	1,433,210	711,180	722,030
Median total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	29,195	31,526	27,210	29,195	31,526	27,210
Median after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 39}	26,706	28,214	25,434	26,706	28,214	25,434
Total - Income statistics in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 40}	1,430,625	708,225	722,405	1,430,625	708,225	722,405
Average total income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	37,684	39,840	35,571	37,684	39,840	35,571
Average after-tax income in 2015 for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families ($)^{Census data footnote 41}	31,513	32,729	30,321	31,513	32,729	30,321
Total - Economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data^{Census data footnote 42}	7,965,455	3,941,475	4,023,970	7,965,455	3,941,475	4,023,970
In the bottom half of the distribution	4,577,885	2,216,770	2,361,115	4,577,885	2,216,770	2,361,115
In the bottom decile	747,785	368,385	379,395	747,785	368,385	379,395
In the second decile	898,605	408,705	489,900	898,605	408,705	489,900
In the third decile	997,185	481,975	515,210	997,185	481,975	515,210
In the fourth decile	996,230	490,275	505,960	996,230	490,275	505,960
In the fifth decile	938,080	467,425	470,655	938,080	467,425	470,655
In the top half of the distribution	3,387,565	1,724,710	1,662,855	3,387,565	1,724,710	1,662,855
In the sixth decile	881,640	444,865	436,775	881,640	444,865	436,775
In the seventh decile	806,685	409,470	397,220	806,685	409,470	397,220
In the eighth decile	700,450	357,000	343,455	700,450	357,000	343,455
In the ninth decile	557,160	286,195	270,960	557,160	286,195	270,960
In the top decile	441,630	227,185	214,445	441,630	227,185	214,445
Low income in 2015
Total - Low-income status in 2015 for the population in private households to whom low-income concepts are applicable - 100% data^{Census data footnote 43}	7,921,505	3,919,560	4,001,945	7,921,505	3,919,560	4,001,945
0 to 17 years	1,564,410	800,455	763,960	1,564,410	800,455	763,960
0 to 5 years	532,410	272,790	259,625	532,410	272,790	259,625
18 to 64 years	5,021,875	2,498,900	2,522,980	5,021,875	2,498,900	2,522,980
65 years and over	1,335,220	620,210	715,010	1,335,220	620,210	715,010
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	1,160,190	542,405	617,785	1,160,190	542,405	617,785
0 to 17 years	222,955	114,410	108,540	222,955	114,410	108,540
0 to 5 years	75,270	38,595	36,670	75,270	38,595	36,670
18 to 64 years	688,130	334,825	353,305	688,130	334,825	353,305
65 years and over	249,110	93,170	155,930	249,110	93,170	155,930
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.6	13.8	15.4	14.6	13.8	15.4
0 to 17 years (%)	14.3	14.3	14.2	14.3	14.3	14.2
0 to 5 years (%)	14.1	14.1	14.1	14.1	14.1	14.1
18 to 64 years (%)	13.7	13.4	14.0	13.7	13.4	14.0
65 years and over (%)	18.7	15.0	21.8	18.7	15.0	21.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	731,340	358,085	373,260	731,340	358,085	373,260
0 to 17 years	129,325	66,400	62,925	129,325	66,400	62,925
0 to 5 years	44,375	22,705	21,675	44,375	22,705	21,675
18 to 64 years	514,540	261,485	253,060	514,540	261,485	253,060
65 years and over	87,475	30,205	57,270	87,475	30,205	57,270
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.2	9.1	9.3	9.2	9.1	9.3
0 to 17 years (%)	8.3	8.3	8.2	8.3	8.3	8.2
0 to 5 years (%)	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3
18 to 64 years (%)	10.2	10.5	10.0	10.2	10.5	10.0
65 years and over (%)	6.6	4.9	8.0	6.6	4.9	8.0
Knowledge of languagesUpdate of the 2016 Census language data
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 44}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Official languages	7,891,110	3,911,220	3,979,890	7,891,110	3,911,220	3,979,890
English	3,930,690	2,058,470	1,872,225	3,930,690	2,058,470	1,872,225
French	7,522,350	3,725,145	3,797,200	7,522,350	3,725,145	3,797,200
Non-official languages	1,610,980	776,265	834,720	1,610,980	776,265	834,720
Aboriginal languages	50,890	25,190	25,700	50,890	25,190	25,700
Algonquian languages	37,515	18,545	18,965	37,515	18,545	18,965
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	34,415	17,050	17,370	34,415	17,050	17,370
Atikamekw	6,640	3,335	3,305	6,640	3,335	3,305
Montagnais (Innu)	9,850	4,735	5,115	9,850	4,735	5,115
Moose Cree	0	10	0	0	10	0
Naskapi	775	385	385	775	385	385
Northern East Cree	260	130	130	260	130	130
Plains Cree	10	0	0	10	0	0
Southern East Cree	35	25	10	35	25	10
Swampy Cree	15	0	10	15	0	10
Woods Cree	10	10	0	10	10	0
Cree, n.o.s.	17,175	8,600	8,575	17,175	8,600	8,575
Eastern Algonquian languages	885	460	420	885	460	420
Malecite	10	0	0	10	0	0
Mi'kmaq	880	460	425	880	460	425
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	2,340	1,105	1,235	2,340	1,105	1,235
Algonquin	2,240	1,055	1,185	2,240	1,055	1,185
Ojibway	105	50	50	105	50	50
Oji-Cree	10	0	0	10	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	10	35	20	10
Athabaskan languages	20	10	10	20	10	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	15	10	20	15	10
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	10	0	10	10	0	10
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	10	0	0	10
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0	0	10	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	10	10	0	10	10	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	10	0	0	10	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	12,595	6,270	6,330	12,595	6,270	6,330
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	12,485	6,210	6,270	12,485	6,210	6,270
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	115	60	60	115	60	60
Iroquoian languages	740	360	375	740	360	375
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	690	350	335	690	350	335
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	50	15	35	50	15	35
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	30	15	10	30	15	10
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	10	0	0	10	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	10	0	0	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	90	40	55	90	40	55
Non-Aboriginal languages	1,560,375	751,215	809,160	1,560,375	751,215	809,160
Afro-Asiatic languages	301,035	157,545	143,490	301,035	157,545	143,490
Berber languages	27,595	14,650	12,945	27,595	14,650	12,945
Kabyle	16,170	8,580	7,590	16,170	8,580	7,590
Berber languages, n.i.e.	11,580	6,150	5,425	11,580	6,150	5,425
Cushitic languages	1,550	745	805	1,550	745	805
Bilen	35	20	10	35	20	10
Oromo	45	30	10	45	30	10
Somali	1,460	680	780	1,460	680	780
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	10	10	0
Semitic languages	286,625	149,970	136,660	286,625	149,970	136,660
Amharic	1,145	540	600	1,145	540	600
Arabic	267,965	140,280	127,685	267,965	140,280	127,685
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	195	95	95	195	95	95
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	0	10	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	18,035	9,490	8,540	18,035	9,490	8,540
Maltese	40	10	25	40	10	25
Tigrigna	420	195	225	420	195	225
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95	180	85	95
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	810	430	380	810	430	380
Austro-Asiatic languages	46,050	21,955	24,095	46,050	21,955	24,095
Khmer (Cambodian)	11,840	5,620	6,220	11,840	5,620	6,220
Vietnamese	34,580	16,520	18,060	34,580	16,520	18,060
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	40	25	15
Austronesian languages	31,230	11,820	19,410	31,230	11,820	19,410
Bikol	105	45	60	105	45	60
Cebuano	1,105	360	750	1,105	360	750
Fijian	15	0	10	15	0	10
Hiligaynon	540	195	350	540	195	350
Ilocano	2,500	890	1,610	2,500	890	1,610
Malagasy	1,980	940	1,040	1,980	940	1,040
Malay	1,210	525	690	1,210	525	690
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	195	95	100	195	95	100
Pangasinan	60	20	40	60	20	40
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	26,705	9,785	16,915	26,705	9,785	16,915
Waray-Waray	55	10	45	55	10	45
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	540	270	275	540	270	275
Creole languages	115,445	51,970	63,475	115,445	51,970	63,475
Haitian Creole	4,910	2,285	2,620	4,910	2,285	2,620
Creole, n.o.s.	108,315	48,615	59,705	108,315	48,615	59,705
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,835	1,390	1,445	2,835	1,390	1,445
Dravidian languages	18,710	9,495	9,210	18,710	9,495	9,210
Kannada	415	210	205	415	210	205
Malayalam	510	285	220	510	285	220
Tamil	17,245	8,680	8,565	17,245	8,680	8,565
Telugu	930	540	390	930	540	390
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	15	10	0
Hmong-Mien languages	35	15	25	35	15	25
Indo-European languages	912,945	435,785	477,155	912,945	435,785	477,155
Albanian	3,375	1,730	1,645	3,375	1,730	1,645
Armenian	20,290	9,790	10,500	20,290	9,790	10,500
Balto-Slavic languages	88,425	41,725	46,700	88,425	41,725	46,700
Baltic languages	1,080	500	585	1,080	500	585
Latvian	335	150	185	335	150	185
Lithuanian	755	350	410	755	350	410
Slavic languages	87,520	41,315	46,205	87,520	41,315	46,205
Belarusan	365	150	215	365	150	215
Bosnian	1,975	990	985	1,975	990	985
Bulgarian	7,345	3,595	3,750	7,345	3,595	3,750
Croatian	3,580	1,760	1,820	3,580	1,760	1,820
Czech	2,070	975	1,095	2,070	975	1,095
Macedonian	285	140	145	285	140	145
Polish	17,760	8,090	9,665	17,760	8,090	9,665
Russian	46,665	22,265	24,400	46,665	22,265	24,400
Serbian	4,050	1,980	2,070	4,050	1,980	2,070
Serbo-Croatian	2,385	1,140	1,245	2,385	1,140	1,245
Slovak	1,520	705	820	1,520	705	820
Slovene (Slovenian)	970	490	480	970	490	480
Ukrainian	9,015	3,885	5,135	9,015	3,885	5,135
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	150	75	75	150	75	75
Celtic languages	495	305	195	495	305	195
Scottish Gaelic	155	95	65	155	95	65
Welsh	85	45	40	85	45	40
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	265	175	95	265	175	95
Germanic languages	63,370	31,835	31,530	63,370	31,835	31,530
Afrikaans	415	260	150	415	260	150
Danish	835	410	420	835	410	420
Dutch	5,060	2,665	2,395	5,060	2,665	2,395
Frisian	15	10	0	15	10	0
German	43,475	21,950	21,530	43,475	21,950	21,530
Icelandic	140	80	60	140	80	60
Norwegian	510	255	255	510	255	255
Swedish	1,580	785	795	1,580	785	795
Vlaams (Flemish)	760	265	495	760	265	495
Yiddish	12,375	6,225	6,155	12,375	6,225	6,155
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	270	125	140	270	125	140
Greek	51,060	25,520	25,540	51,060	25,520	25,540
Indo-Iranian languages	93,655	48,040	45,615	93,655	48,040	45,615
Indo-Aryan languages	59,570	30,870	28,700	59,570	30,870	28,700
Bengali	12,870	6,610	6,260	12,870	6,610	6,260
Gujarati	7,950	3,860	4,090	7,950	3,860	4,090
Hindi	15,570	8,285	7,280	15,570	8,285	7,280
Kashmiri	45	35	15	45	35	15
Konkani	150	70	75	150	70	75
Marathi	475	240	230	475	240	230
Nepali	1,445	725	720	1,445	725	720
Oriya (Odia)	55	35	20	55	35	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	17,860	9,690	8,165	17,860	9,690	8,165
Sindhi	500	240	255	500	240	255
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,335	625	710	1,335	625	710
Urdu	16,545	8,655	7,890	16,545	8,655	7,890
Iranian languages	35,420	17,830	17,585	35,420	17,830	17,585
Kurdish	1,255	665	590	1,255	665	590
Pashto	1,825	1,005	825	1,825	1,005	825
Persian (Farsi)	32,965	16,560	16,405	32,965	16,560	16,405
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	845	425	420	845	425	420
Italic (Romance) languages	627,545	293,620	333,920	627,545	293,620	333,920
Catalan	890	525	365	890	525	365
Italian	173,710	84,430	89,275	173,710	84,430	89,275
Portuguese	55,100	27,620	27,475	55,100	27,620	27,475
Romanian	42,655	20,550	22,110	42,655	20,550	22,110
Spanish	390,355	177,610	212,745	390,355	177,610	212,745
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	490	345	145	490	345	145
Japanese	7,040	3,340	3,695	7,040	3,340	3,695
Kartvelian languages	220	110	110	220	110	110
Georgian	215	105	110	215	105	110
Korean	6,260	2,825	3,430	6,260	2,825	3,430
Mongolic languages	270	135	130	270	135	130
Mongolian	265	135	130	265	135	130
Niger-Congo languages	52,840	26,665	26,175	52,840	26,665	26,175
Akan (Twi)	1,800	945	855	1,800	945	855
Bamanankan	2,385	1,240	1,145	2,385	1,240	1,145
Edo	190	95	95	190	95	95
Ewe	1,410	865	545	1,410	865	545
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	3,400	1,785	1,620	3,400	1,785	1,620
Ga	315	155	160	315	155	160
Ganda	90	40	55	90	40	55
Igbo	275	190	90	275	190	90
Lingala	9,630	4,430	5,200	9,630	4,430	5,200
Rundi (Kirundi)	4,490	2,210	2,285	4,490	2,210	2,285
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	3,535	1,640	1,895	3,535	1,640	1,895
Shona	150	75	80	150	75	80
Swahili	8,015	4,080	3,935	8,015	4,080	3,935
Wolof	6,555	3,545	3,015	6,555	3,545	3,015
Yoruba	885	485	395	885	485	395
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	17,720	9,125	8,595	17,720	9,125	8,595
Nilo-Saharan languages	695	345	350	695	345	350
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	695	345	350	695	345	350
Sign languages	7,775	3,095	4,675	7,775	3,095	4,675
American Sign Language	675	245	435	675	245	435
Quebec Sign Language	4,405	1,590	2,815	4,405	1,590	2,815
Sign languages, n.i.e.	2,960	1,350	1,605	2,960	1,350	1,605
Sino-Tibetan languages	90,460	42,695	47,770	90,460	42,695	47,770
Chinese languages	90,060	42,480	47,580	90,060	42,480	47,580
Cantonese	31,885	14,900	16,980	31,885	14,900	16,980
Hakka	545	240	310	545	240	310
Mandarin	59,240	27,560	31,685	59,240	27,560	31,685
Min Dong	15	10	10	15	10	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,215	1,860	2,350	4,215	1,860	2,350
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,230	535	690	1,230	535	690
Chinese, n.o.s.	4,800	2,380	2,425	4,800	2,380	2,425
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	90	40	55	90	40	55
Tibeto-Burman languages	430	235	195	430	235	195
Burmese	140	75	60	140	75	60
Karenic languages	105	55	45	105	55	45
Tibetan	65	50	10	65	50	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	140	65	80	140	65	80
Tai-Kadai languages	7,280	3,400	3,880	7,280	3,400	3,880
Lao	5,785	2,850	2,935	5,785	2,850	2,935
Thai	2,255	875	1,375	2,255	875	1,375
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	15	10	10
Turkic languages	12,475	6,265	6,210	12,475	6,265	6,210
Azerbaijani	510	275	235	510	275	235
Turkish	11,415	5,755	5,665	11,415	5,755	5,665
Uyghur	230	110	120	230	110	120
Uzbek	230	105	125	230	105	125
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	235	115	120	235	115	120
Uralic languages	7,870	3,710	4,160	7,870	3,710	4,160
Estonian	150	55	95	150	55	95
Finnish	500	195	305	500	195	305
Hungarian	7,215	3,450	3,765	7,215	3,450	3,765
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	2,140	1,170	970	2,140	1,170	970
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 45}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 46}	7,585,545	3,753,190	3,832,350	7,585,545	3,753,190	3,832,350
Canadian citizens aged under 18	1,521,230	779,620	741,610	1,521,230	779,620	741,610
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	6,064,310	2,973,575	3,090,740	6,064,310	2,973,575	3,090,740
Not Canadian citizens^{Census data footnote 47}	379,910	188,245	191,665	379,910	188,245	191,665
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 48}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Non-immigrants^{Census data footnote 49}	6,788,085	3,365,345	3,422,735	6,788,085	3,365,345	3,422,735
Immigrants^{Census data footnote 50}	1,091,310	530,325	560,980	1,091,310	530,325	560,980
Before 1981	238,655	117,080	121,575	238,655	117,080	121,575
1981 to 1990	127,340	63,150	64,190	127,340	63,150	64,190
1991 to 2000	187,860	89,210	98,650	187,860	89,210	98,650
2001 to 2010	322,280	155,785	166,495	322,280	155,785	166,495
2001 to 2005	140,170	67,835	72,335	140,170	67,835	72,335
2006 to 2010	182,115	87,945	94,165	182,115	87,945	94,165
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 51}	215,170	105,105	110,065	215,170	105,105	110,065
Non-permanent residents^{Census data footnote 52}	86,065	45,765	40,295	86,065	45,765	40,295
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 53}	1,091,305	530,325	560,980	1,091,305	530,325	560,980
Under 5 years	112,930	54,600	58,330	112,930	54,600	58,330
5 to 14 years	174,020	87,165	86,855	174,020	87,165	86,855
15 to 24 years	215,350	98,880	116,475	215,350	98,880	116,475
25 to 44 years	515,770	256,095	259,675	515,770	256,095	259,675
45 years and over	73,230	33,590	39,640	73,230	33,590	39,640
Immigrants by selected place of birthUpdate of the 2016 Census immigration data
Total - Selected places of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	1,091,305	530,330	560,980	1,091,305	530,330	560,980
Americas	247,505	113,190	134,315	247,505	113,190	134,315
Brazil	7,345	3,515	3,830	7,345	3,515	3,830
Colombia	25,580	11,645	13,935	25,580	11,645	13,935
El Salvador	11,120	5,500	5,615	11,120	5,500	5,615
Guyana	2,490	1,085	1,410	2,490	1,085	1,410
Haiti	80,965	35,375	45,585	80,965	35,375	45,585
Jamaica	4,665	2,040	2,625	4,665	2,040	2,625
Mexico	15,820	7,090	8,730	15,820	7,090	8,730
Peru	13,265	5,945	7,325	13,265	5,945	7,325
Trinidad and Tobago	4,075	1,840	2,240	4,075	1,840	2,240
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	25,955	12,800	13,155	25,955	12,800	13,155
Other places of birth in Americas	56,235	26,370	29,870	56,235	26,370	29,870
Europe	311,090	154,910	156,185	311,090	154,910	156,185
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,785	1,890	1,895	3,785	1,890	1,895
Croatia	2,140	1,085	1,050	2,140	1,085	1,050
France	81,225	43,490	37,735	81,225	43,490	37,735
Germany	9,750	4,365	5,390	9,750	4,365	5,390
Greece	18,420	9,135	9,285	18,420	9,135	9,285
Hungary	3,325	1,620	1,700	3,325	1,620	1,700
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	820	485	330	820	485	330
Italy	51,025	25,370	25,655	51,025	25,370	25,655
Netherlands	1,990	1,035	955	1,990	1,035	955
Poland	10,735	4,675	6,060	10,735	4,675	6,060
Portugal	18,985	9,185	9,800	18,985	9,185	9,800
Romania	28,695	13,695	15,005	28,695	13,695	15,005
Russian Federation	11,355	4,975	6,375	11,355	4,975	6,375
Serbia^{Census data footnote 57}	1,790	830	960	1,790	830	960
Ukraine	8,670	3,800	4,870	8,670	3,800	4,870
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	12,905	6,645	6,260	12,905	6,645	6,260
Other places of birth in Europe	45,500	22,630	22,870	45,500	22,630	22,870
Africa	241,410	125,250	116,165	241,410	125,250	116,165
Algeria	59,465	31,180	28,280	59,465	31,180	28,280
Egypt	19,490	10,290	9,200	19,490	10,290	9,200
Ethiopia	995	495	495	995	495	495
Kenya	785	355	430	785	355	430
Morocco	60,700	31,435	29,270	60,700	31,435	29,270
Nigeria	1,340	740	600	1,340	740	600
Somalia	580	270	310	580	270	310
South Africa, Republic of	865	475	385	865	475	385
Other places of birth in Africa	97,200	50,005	47,190	97,200	50,005	47,190
Asia	289,825	136,175	153,655	289,825	136,175	153,655
Afghanistan	7,280	3,640	3,640	7,280	3,640	3,640
Bangladesh	7,940	3,990	3,950	7,940	3,990	3,950
China^{Census data footnote 59}	49,555	19,905	29,655	49,555	19,905	29,655
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	4,730	2,290	2,435	4,730	2,290	2,435
India	17,865	9,195	8,670	17,865	9,195	8,670
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	17,760	8,880	8,885	17,760	8,880	8,885
Iraq	3,735	1,960	1,775	3,735	1,960	1,775
Japan	1,725	395	1,330	1,725	395	1,330
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	4,230	1,995	2,230	4,230	1,995	2,230
Lebanon	39,135	20,800	18,340	39,135	20,800	18,340
Pakistan	10,010	5,260	4,750	10,010	5,260	4,750
Philippines	24,410	9,040	15,370	24,410	9,040	15,370
Sri Lanka	10,715	5,335	5,380	10,715	5,335	5,380
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	17,775	8,800	8,980	17,775	8,800	8,980
Taiwan	2,735	1,100	1,635	2,735	1,100	1,635
Viet Nam	25,440	11,765	13,675	25,440	11,765	13,675
Other places of birth in Asia	44,795	21,840	22,950	44,795	21,840	22,950
Oceania and other places of birth^{Census data footnote 64}	1,480	805	670	1,480	805	670
Recent immigrants by selected places of birth
Total - Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 54}	215,170	105,105	110,065	215,170	105,105	110,065
Americas	47,710	22,625	25,085	47,710	22,625	25,085
Brazil	3,010	1,495	1,520	3,010	1,495	1,520
Colombia	7,540	3,465	4,075	7,540	3,465	4,075
Cuba	2,565	1,260	1,315	2,565	1,260	1,315
Haiti	16,880	7,690	9,190	16,880	7,690	9,190
Jamaica	190	140	55	190	140	55
Mexico	4,210	1,955	2,255	4,210	1,955	2,255
United States^{Census data footnote 55}	3,990	2,265	1,720	3,990	2,265	1,720
Venezuela^{Census data footnote 65}	1,955	935	1,020	1,955	935	1,020
Other places of birth in Americas	7,365	3,425	3,935	7,365	3,425	3,935
Europe	39,320	20,085	19,235	39,320	20,085	19,235
France	20,030	10,855	9,175	20,030	10,855	9,175
Germany	580	250	330	580	250	330
Ireland^{Census data footnote 56}	135	105	35	135	105	35
Moldova^{Census data footnote 66}	3,750	1,695	2,055	3,750	1,695	2,055
Romania	2,945	1,260	1,685	2,945	1,260	1,685
Russian Federation	1,970	865	1,105	1,970	865	1,105
Ukraine	2,460	1,110	1,350	2,460	1,110	1,350
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 58}	860	565	290	860	565	290
Other places of birth in Europe	6,590	3,385	3,205	6,590	3,385	3,205
Africa	74,200	37,110	37,090	74,200	37,110	37,090
Algeria	16,380	8,060	8,320	16,380	8,060	8,320
Cameroon	7,550	3,705	3,845	7,550	3,705	3,845
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	3,370	1,655	1,715	3,370	1,655	1,715
Côte d'Ivoire	5,070	2,505	2,565	5,070	2,505	2,565
Egypt	4,360	2,260	2,095	4,360	2,260	2,095
Eritrea	50	30	20	50	30	20
Ethiopia	125	65	60	125	65	60
Morocco	13,475	6,675	6,805	13,475	6,675	6,805
Nigeria	540	280	260	540	280	260
Somalia	95	40	50	95	40	50
South Africa, Republic of	175	115	60	175	115	60
Tunisia	5,855	3,025	2,825	5,855	3,025	2,825
Other places of birth in Africa	17,155	8,690	8,470	17,155	8,690	8,470
Asia	53,595	25,070	28,525	53,595	25,070	28,525
Afghanistan	1,555	715	840	1,555	715	840
Bangladesh	860	455	405	860	455	405
China^{Census data footnote 59}	10,705	4,805	5,895	10,705	4,805	5,895
Hong Kong^{Census data footnote 60}	120	35	80	120	35	80
India	2,960	1,555	1,405	2,960	1,555	1,405
Iran^{Census data footnote 61}	7,505	3,545	3,960	7,505	3,545	3,960
Iraq	985	465	515	985	465	515
Israel	645	390	255	645	390	255
Japan	330	30	295	330	30	295
Korea, South^{Census data footnote 62}	825	370	455	825	370	455
Lebanon	3,955	2,100	1,860	3,955	2,100	1,860
Nepal	360	165	195	360	165	195
Pakistan	1,815	920	895	1,815	920	895
Philippines	5,635	2,345	3,290	5,635	2,345	3,290
Saudi Arabia	435	210	225	435	210	225
Sri Lanka	860	380	480	860	380	480
Syria^{Census data footnote 63}	7,455	3,740	3,715	7,455	3,740	3,715
Taiwan	170	60	105	170	60	105
Turkey	585	300	285	585	300	285
United Arab Emirates	300	160	145	300	160	145
Viet Nam	1,505	560	945	1,505	560	945
Other places of birth in Asia	4,025	1,765	2,265	4,025	1,765	2,265
Oceania and other^{Census data footnote 64}	345	215	135	345	215	135
Australia	190	120	70	190	120	70
Other places of birth^{Census data footnote 67}	155	95	65	155	95	65
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 68}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
First generation^{Census data footnote 69}	1,204,895	590,175	614,720	1,204,895	590,175	614,720
Second generation^{Census data footnote 70}	792,085	399,535	392,550	792,085	399,535	392,550
Third generation or more^{Census data footnote 71}	5,968,475	2,951,730	3,016,745	5,968,475	2,951,730	3,016,745
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who landed between 1980 and 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 72}	867,685	420,465	447,220	867,685	420,465	447,220
Economic immigrants^{Census data footnote 73}	469,015	243,915	225,100	469,015	243,915	225,100
Principal applicants^{Census data footnote 74}	224,720	137,975	86,745	224,720	137,975	86,745
Secondary applicants^{Census data footnote 75}	244,300	105,945	138,360	244,300	105,945	138,360
Immigrants sponsored by family^{Census data footnote 76}	241,225	96,130	145,095	241,225	96,130	145,095
Refugees^{Census data footnote 77}	146,295	75,100	71,195	146,295	75,100	71,195
Other immigrants^{Census data footnote 78}	11,150	5,320	5,825	11,150	5,320	5,825
Aboriginal population
Total - Aboriginal identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 79}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,010	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,010
Aboriginal identity^{Census data footnote 80}	182,885	91,890	90,995	182,885	91,890	90,995
Single Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 81}	175,960	88,635	87,325	175,960	88,635	87,325
First Nations (North American Indian)^{Census data footnote 82}	92,655	45,510	47,145	92,655	45,510	47,145
Métis	69,365	36,260	33,100	69,365	36,260	33,100
Inuk (Inuit)	13,940	6,865	7,075	13,940	6,865	7,075
Multiple Aboriginal responses^{Census data footnote 83}	2,760	1,330	1,430	2,760	1,330	1,430
Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere^{Census data footnote 84}	4,170	1,930	2,245	4,170	1,930	2,245
Non-Aboriginal identity	7,782,560	3,849,550	3,933,015	7,782,560	3,849,550	3,933,015
Total - Population by Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 85}	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015
Registered or Treaty Indian^{Census data footnote 86}	77,490	38,580	38,915	77,490	38,580	38,915
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	7,887,960	3,902,860	3,985,100	7,887,960	3,902,860	3,985,100
Total - Aboriginal ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 87}	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015	7,965,455	3,941,440	4,024,015
Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 88}	118,780	58,535	60,245	118,780	58,535	60,245
Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 89}	115,480	56,930	58,550	115,480	56,930	58,550
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry^{Census data footnote 82}	87,700	42,730	44,965	87,700	42,730	44,965
Métis single ancestry	17,585	9,225	8,360	17,585	9,225	8,360
Inuit single ancestry	10,200	4,980	5,220	10,200	4,980	5,220
Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)^{Census data footnote 90}	3,300	1,605	1,700	3,300	1,605	1,700
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestries	2,220	1,115	1,105	2,220	1,115	1,105
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestries	995	455	540	995	455	540
Métis and Inuit ancestries	65	25	40	65	25	40
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries	20	10	15	20	10	15
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 91}	240,650	113,905	126,740	240,650	113,905	126,740
Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 92}	235,365	111,205	124,165	235,365	111,205	124,165
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries	193,625	90,650	102,975	193,625	90,650	102,975
Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	37,080	18,320	18,760	37,080	18,320	18,760
Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	4,660	2,230	2,425	4,660	2,230	2,425
Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries^{Census data footnote 93}	5,280	2,700	2,575	5,280	2,700	2,575
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries	4,040	2,105	1,940	4,040	2,105	1,940
First Nations (North American Indian), Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	990	475	515	990	475	515
Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	225	110	115	225	110	115
First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries	25	15	10	25	15	10
Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)^{Census data footnote 94}	7,606,025	3,769,000	3,837,030	7,606,025	3,769,000	3,837,030
Visible minority population
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 95}	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015	7,965,450	3,941,440	4,024,015
Total visible minority population^{Census data footnote 96}	1,032,365	505,180	527,185	1,032,365	505,180	527,185
South Asian^{Census data footnote 97}	90,335	46,750	43,585	90,335	46,750	43,585
Chinese	99,505	44,370	55,135	99,505	44,370	55,135
Black	319,230	154,110	165,120	319,230	154,110	165,120
Filipino	34,910	14,275	20,635	34,910	14,275	20,635
Latin American	133,920	64,655	69,260	133,920	64,655	69,260
Arab	213,740	113,420	100,320	213,740	113,420	100,320
Southeast Asian^{Census data footnote 98}	62,820	29,960	32,865	62,820	29,960	32,865
West Asian^{Census data footnote 99}	32,405	16,200	16,210	32,405	16,200	16,210
Korean	8,055	3,865	4,190	8,055	3,865	4,190
Japanese	4,570	1,755	2,820	4,570	1,755	2,820
Visible minority, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 100}	9,840	4,670	5,175	9,840	4,670	5,175
Multiple visible minorities^{Census data footnote 101}	23,045	11,160	11,885	23,045	11,160	11,885
Not a visible minority^{Census data footnote 102}	6,933,085	3,436,260	3,496,830	6,933,085	3,436,260	3,496,830
Ethnic origin populationUpdate of the 2016 Census data on ethnic origin
Total - Ethnic origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 103}	7,965,455	3,941,435	4,024,010	7,965,455	3,941,435	4,024,010
North American Aboriginal origins	359,430	172,440	186,985	359,430	172,440	186,985
First Nations (North American Indian)	289,610	137,550	152,065	289,610	137,550	152,065
Inuit	17,175	8,300	8,880	17,175	8,300	8,880
Métis	61,260	30,915	30,345	61,260	30,915	30,345
Other North American origins	4,850,145	2,390,545	2,459,605	4,850,145	2,390,545	2,459,605
Acadian	34,785	16,440	18,345	34,785	16,440	18,345
American	45,050	21,470	23,580	45,050	21,470	23,580
Canadian	4,647,840	2,288,280	2,359,555	4,647,840	2,288,280	2,359,555
New Brunswicker	750	370	380	750	370	380
Newfoundlander	570	280	295	570	280	295
Nova Scotian	365	155	215	365	155	215
Ontarian	1,345	660	685	1,345	660	685
Québécois	184,005	93,895	90,110	184,005	93,895	90,110
Other North American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 104}	205	110	100	205	110	100
European origins	3,037,890	1,511,060	1,526,825	3,037,890	1,511,060	1,526,825
British Isles origins	745,715	360,135	385,575	745,715	360,135	385,575
Channel Islander	1,440	725	720	1,440	725	720
Cornish	70	35	40	70	35	40
English	228,520	111,855	116,670	228,520	111,855	116,670
Irish	446,215	211,545	234,665	446,215	211,545	234,665
Manx	200	105	95	200	105	95
Scottish	215,030	103,395	111,635	215,030	103,395	111,635
Welsh	10,765	5,075	5,690	10,765	5,075	5,690
British Isles origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 105}	32,525	15,440	17,080	32,525	15,440	17,080
French origins	1,878,795	941,770	937,025	1,878,795	941,770	937,025
Alsatian	1,050	520	525	1,050	520	525
Breton	11,140	5,410	5,725	11,140	5,410	5,725
Corsican	1,270	690	580	1,270	690	580
French	1,870,545	937,665	932,875	1,870,545	937,665	932,875
Western European origins (except French origins)	244,380	119,115	125,260	244,380	119,115	125,260
Austrian	12,710	6,285	6,430	12,710	6,285	6,430
Bavarian	40	30	20	40	30	20
Belgian	51,340	25,295	26,050	51,340	25,295	26,050
Dutch	26,000	12,805	13,190	26,000	12,805	13,190
Flemish	1,345	660	685	1,345	660	685
Frisian	15	20	0	15	20	0
German	142,225	68,250	73,975	142,225	68,250	73,975
Luxembourger	910	445	460	910	445	460
Swiss	24,500	12,615	11,885	24,500	12,615	11,885
Western European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 106}	125	80	50	125	80	50
Northern European origins (except British Isles origins)	25,460	12,490	12,975	25,460	12,490	12,975
Danish	5,700	2,815	2,885	5,700	2,815	2,885
Finnish	3,130	1,430	1,700	3,130	1,430	1,700
Icelandic	955	480	470	955	480	470
Norwegian	7,820	3,835	3,985	7,820	3,835	3,985
Swedish	6,840	3,275	3,565	6,840	3,275	3,565
Northern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 107}	2,500	1,265	1,230	2,500	1,265	1,230
Eastern European origins	249,940	121,660	128,285	249,940	121,660	128,285
Bulgarian	9,570	4,675	4,895	9,570	4,675	4,895
Byelorussian	2,530	1,235	1,295	2,530	1,235	1,295
Czech	6,295	2,965	3,330	6,295	2,965	3,330
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 108}	2,150	1,100	1,050	2,150	1,100	1,050
Estonian	890	460	435	890	460	435
Hungarian	28,280	13,970	14,310	28,280	13,970	14,310
Latvian	1,740	835	905	1,740	835	905
Lithuanian	6,630	3,320	3,305	6,630	3,320	3,305
Moldovan	7,620	3,710	3,900	7,620	3,710	3,900
Polish	79,040	38,705	40,335	79,040	38,705	40,335
Romanian	53,060	25,935	27,125	53,060	25,935	27,125
Russian	55,230	26,405	28,830	55,230	26,405	28,830
Slovak	4,770	2,375	2,395	4,770	2,375	2,395
Ukrainian	42,550	20,575	21,975	42,550	20,575	21,975
Eastern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 109}	2,900	1,505	1,400	2,900	1,505	1,400
Southern European origins	549,750	273,670	276,080	549,750	273,670	276,080
Albanian	3,760	1,950	1,805	3,760	1,950	1,805
Bosnian	2,970	1,485	1,490	2,970	1,485	1,490
Catalan	735	395	340	735	395	340
Croatian	6,745	3,375	3,370	6,745	3,375	3,370
Cypriot	480	240	245	480	240	245
Greek	71,330	36,235	35,090	71,330	36,235	35,090
Italian	326,700	162,650	164,045	326,700	162,650	164,045
Kosovar	505	295	210	505	295	210
Macedonian	775	400	370	775	400	370
Maltese	1,220	615	610	1,220	615	610
Montenegrin	450	250	200	450	250	200
Portuguese	69,805	34,825	34,980	69,805	34,825	34,980
Serbian	5,950	2,915	3,040	5,950	2,915	3,040
Sicilian	1,435	710	725	1,435	710	725
Slovenian	2,510	1,225	1,280	2,510	1,225	1,280
Spanish	85,360	41,745	43,615	85,360	41,745	43,615
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 110}	3,270	1,595	1,670	3,270	1,595	1,670
Southern European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 111}	300	155	145	300	155	145
Other European origins	38,670	19,875	18,800	38,670	19,875	18,800
Basque	3,620	1,930	1,690	3,620	1,930	1,690
Jewish	25,235	12,955	12,280	25,235	12,955	12,280
Roma (Gypsy)	475	270	205	475	270	205
Slavic, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 112}	360	180	185	360	180	185
Other European origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 113}	9,215	4,690	4,530	9,215	4,690	4,530
Caribbean origins	201,625	93,935	107,690	201,625	93,935	107,690
Antiguan	380	170	205	380	170	205
Bahamian	430	205	225	430	205	225
Barbadian	5,570	2,585	2,985	5,570	2,585	2,985
Bermudan	115	50	65	115	50	65
Carib	405	150	255	405	150	255
Cuban	9,830	4,800	5,035	9,830	4,800	5,035
Dominican	11,560	5,320	6,235	11,560	5,320	6,235
Grenadian	1,965	790	1,175	1,965	790	1,175
Guadeloupean	1,010	475	535	1,010	475	535
Haitian	143,165	66,245	76,925	143,165	66,245	76,925
Jamaican	14,100	6,785	7,315	14,100	6,785	7,315
Kittitian/Nevisian	360	200	160	360	200	160
Martinican	1,775	820	950	1,775	820	950
Montserratan	240	140	105	240	140	105
Puerto Rican	530	270	255	530	270	255
St. Lucian	860	450	405	860	450	405
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	6,585	2,925	3,660	6,585	2,925	3,660
Vincentian/Grenadinian	4,020	1,695	2,325	4,020	1,695	2,325
West Indian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 114}	5,635	2,610	3,025	5,635	2,610	3,025
Caribbean origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 115}	4,195	1,995	2,205	4,195	1,995	2,205
Latin, Central and South American origins	167,275	81,215	86,065	167,275	81,215	86,065
Aboriginal from Central/South America (except Arawak and Maya)	6,100	2,885	3,210	6,100	2,885	3,210
Arawak	180	60	120	180	60	120
Argentinian	4,950	2,490	2,460	4,950	2,490	2,460
Belizean	80	40	40	80	40	40
Bolivian	1,730	815	915	1,730	815	915
Brazilian	8,345	4,075	4,275	8,345	4,075	4,275
Chilean	14,060	7,055	7,005	14,060	7,055	7,005
Colombian	33,965	15,915	18,050	33,965	15,915	18,050
Costa Rican	1,180	570	610	1,180	570	610
Ecuadorian	2,720	1,255	1,470	2,720	1,255	1,470
Guatemalan	10,175	5,380	4,795	10,175	5,380	4,795
Guyanese	3,670	1,810	1,860	3,670	1,810	1,860
Hispanic	1,155	570	585	1,155	570	585
Honduran	4,335	2,135	2,200	4,335	2,135	2,200
Maya	1,670	935	735	1,670	935	735
Mexican	26,930	13,185	13,745	26,930	13,185	13,745
Nicaraguan	2,805	1,360	1,445	2,805	1,360	1,445
Panamanian	1,460	755	710	1,460	755	710
Paraguayan	365	155	205	365	155	205
Peruvian	19,735	9,240	10,495	19,735	9,240	10,495
Salvadorean	19,200	9,535	9,665	19,200	9,535	9,665
Uruguayan	1,755	815	940	1,755	815	940
Venezuelan	7,475	3,430	4,045	7,475	3,430	4,045
Latin, Central and South American origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 116}	5,845	2,965	2,880	5,845	2,965	2,880
African origins	382,665	196,910	185,755	382,665	196,910	185,755
Central and West African origins	86,695	44,720	41,975	86,695	44,720	41,975
Akan	630	325	310	630	325	310
Angolan	875	425	450	875	425	450
Ashanti	120	90	35	120	90	35
Beninese	4,125	2,220	1,915	4,125	2,220	1,915
Burkinabe	2,465	1,325	1,145	2,465	1,325	1,145
Cameroonian	17,095	8,635	8,465	17,095	8,635	8,465
Chadian	1,045	525	520	1,045	525	520
Congolese	20,210	9,960	10,250	20,210	9,960	10,250
Edo	110	60	45	110	60	45
Ewe	460	265	200	460	265	200
Gabonese	1,165	545	620	1,165	545	620
Gambian	150	95	55	150	95	55
Ghanaian	3,235	1,660	1,575	3,235	1,660	1,575
Guinean	5,255	2,765	2,485	5,255	2,765	2,485
Ibo	185	95	95	185	95	95
Ivorian	8,545	4,350	4,200	8,545	4,350	4,200
Liberian	150	60	90	150	60	90
Malian	3,535	1,755	1,775	3,535	1,755	1,775
Malinké	635	340	295	635	340	295
Nigerian	2,820	1,510	1,310	2,820	1,510	1,310
Peulh	2,110	1,080	1,030	2,110	1,080	1,030
Senegalese	8,250	4,420	3,835	8,250	4,420	3,835
Sierra Leonean	110	55	55	110	55	55
Togolese	4,080	2,210	1,870	4,080	2,210	1,870
Wolof	660	390	270	660	390	270
Yoruba	460	225	235	460	225	235
Central and West African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 117}	6,955	3,690	3,275	6,955	3,690	3,275
North African origins	225,125	117,725	107,410	225,125	117,725	107,410
Algerian	60,375	31,185	29,190	60,375	31,185	29,190
Berber	33,825	17,840	15,985	33,825	17,840	15,985
Coptic	685	385	305	685	385	305
Dinka	15	10	10	15	10	10
Egyptian	29,400	15,295	14,100	29,400	15,295	14,100
Libyan	1,075	590	485	1,075	590	485
Maure	530	290	240	530	290	240
Moroccan	85,940	44,520	41,420	85,940	44,520	41,420
Sudanese	370	220	150	370	220	150
Tunisian	21,475	11,775	9,695	21,475	11,775	9,695
North African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 118}	3,340	1,845	1,490	3,340	1,845	1,490
Southern and East African origins	28,925	14,225	14,705	28,925	14,225	14,705
Afrikaner	115	75	40	115	75	40
Amhara	65	30	35	65	30	35
Bantu, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 119}	1,905	1,040	870	1,905	1,040	870
Burundian	6,015	2,945	3,070	6,015	2,945	3,070
Djiboutian	450	205	245	450	205	245
Eritrean	580	290	290	580	290	290
Ethiopian	1,575	785	785	1,575	785	785
Harari	20	10	10	20	10	10
Kenyan	530	270	260	530	270	260
Malagasy	3,735	1,815	1,920	3,735	1,815	1,920
Mauritian	3,695	1,735	1,960	3,695	1,735	1,960
Oromo	20	15	10	20	15	10
Rwandan	5,130	2,445	2,685	5,130	2,445	2,685
Seychellois	775	345	425	775	345	425
Somali	1,785	865	915	1,785	865	915
South African	900	490	420	900	490	420
Tanzanian	325	190	140	325	190	140
Tigrian	95	35	55	95	35	55
Ugandan	290	135	160	290	135	160
Zambian	45	20	25	45	20	25
Zimbabwean	300	150	145	300	150	145
Zulu	70	35	35	70	35	35
Southern and East African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 120}	1,790	915	875	1,790	915	875
Other African origins	46,805	22,845	23,965	46,805	22,845	23,965
Black, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 121}	3,800	1,845	1,950	3,800	1,845	1,950
Other African origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 122}	43,785	21,415	22,370	43,785	21,415	22,370
Asian origins	563,150	275,170	287,980	563,150	275,170	287,980
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins	240,795	123,985	116,810	240,795	123,985	116,810
Afghan	10,945	5,550	5,395	10,945	5,550	5,395
Arab, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 123}	44,875	23,680	21,195	44,875	23,680	21,195
Armenian	27,380	13,515	13,865	27,380	13,515	13,865
Assyrian	370	205	165	370	205	165
Azerbaijani	555	295	255	555	295	255
Georgian	635	295	345	635	295	345
Hazara	385	190	200	385	190	200
Iranian	25,530	12,845	12,685	25,530	12,845	12,685
Iraqi	5,520	2,780	2,740	5,520	2,780	2,740
Israeli	6,060	3,235	2,830	6,060	3,235	2,830
Jordanian	1,610	840	770	1,610	840	770
Kazakh	620	295	325	620	295	325
Kurd	2,135	1,180	960	2,135	1,180	960
Kuwaiti	95	50	50	95	50	50
Kyrgyz	260	140	120	260	140	120
Lebanese	78,140	40,695	37,450	78,140	40,695	37,450
Palestinian	6,865	3,520	3,345	6,865	3,520	3,345
Pashtun	515	280	235	515	280	235
Saudi Arabian	645	390	255	645	390	255
Syrian	27,465	13,845	13,620	27,465	13,845	13,620
Tajik	390	180	210	390	180	210
Tatar	910	430	485	910	430	485
Turk	15,060	7,520	7,545	15,060	7,520	7,545
Turkmen	65	45	25	65	45	25
Uighur	375	185	190	375	185	190
Uzbek	465	210	255	465	210	255
Yemeni	805	450	355	805	450	355
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 124}	2,465	1,385	1,075	2,465	1,385	1,075
South Asian origins	95,670	48,925	46,745	95,670	48,925	46,745
Bangladeshi	7,075	3,625	3,450	7,075	3,625	3,450
Bengali	4,125	2,035	2,090	4,125	2,035	2,090
Bhutanese	420	205	215	420	205	215
East Indian	51,650	26,505	25,140	51,650	26,505	25,140
Goan	210	105	110	210	105	110
Gujarati	420	205	215	420	205	215
Kashmiri	260	155	105	260	155	105
Nepali	930	460	470	930	460	470
Pakistani	13,535	7,000	6,535	13,535	7,000	6,535
Punjabi	2,970	1,675	1,295	2,970	1,675	1,295
Sinhalese	310	135	175	310	135	175
Sri Lankan	14,750	7,300	7,450	14,750	7,300	7,450
Tamil	3,100	1,610	1,495	3,100	1,610	1,495
South Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 125}	2,135	1,190	945	2,135	1,190	945
East and Southeast Asian origins	229,985	103,805	126,180	229,985	103,805	126,180
Burmese	530	270	255	530	270	255
Cambodian (Khmer)	15,345	7,360	7,985	15,345	7,360	7,985
Chinese	121,445	54,595	66,850	121,445	54,595	66,850
Filipino	37,910	15,590	22,320	37,910	15,590	22,320
Hmong	35	10	20	35	10	20
Indonesian	1,320	570	755	1,320	570	755
Japanese	6,495	2,615	3,875	6,495	2,615	3,875
Karen	95	55	40	95	55	40
Korean	8,740	4,155	4,580	8,740	4,155	4,580
Laotian	7,625	3,860	3,770	7,625	3,860	3,770
Malaysian	645	300	340	645	300	340
Mongolian	960	470	485	960	470	485
Singaporean	105	65	40	105	65	40
Taiwanese	2,205	940	1,265	2,205	940	1,265
Thai	2,695	1,065	1,635	2,695	1,065	1,635
Tibetan	80	45	30	80	45	30
Vietnamese	43,080	20,790	22,290	43,080	20,790	22,290
East and Southeast Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 126}	275	125	155	275	125	155
Other Asian origins	1,765	905	865	1,765	905	865
Other Asian origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 127}	1,770	905	860	1,770	905	860
Oceania origins	3,250	1,730	1,515	3,250	1,730	1,515
Australian	2,055	1,125	935	2,055	1,125	935
New Zealander	490	245	245	490	245	245
Pacific Islands origins	785	410	380	785	410	380
Fijian	70	25	40	70	25	40
Hawaiian	60	40	20	60	40	20
Maori	90	55	35	90	55	35
Polynesian, n.o.s.^{Census data footnote 128}	290	145	145	290	145	145
Samoan	15	15	0	15	15	0
Pacific Islands origins, n.i.e.^{Census data footnote 129}	295	155	145	295	155	145
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 130}	3,531,665	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Owner	2,163,735	...	...	2,163,735	...	...
Renter	1,362,010	...	...	1,362,010	...	...
Band housing	5,915	...	...	5,915	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 131}	3,531,660	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Condominium	413,325	...	...	413,325	...	...
Not condominium	3,118,340	...	...	3,118,340	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 132}	3,531,665	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
No bedrooms	23,725	...	...	23,725	...	...
1 bedroom	573,370	...	...	573,370	...	...
2 bedrooms	1,100,310	...	...	1,100,310	...	...
3 bedrooms	1,157,300	...	...	1,157,300	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	676,955	...	...	676,955	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 133}	3,531,665	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	1,258,215	...	...	1,258,215	...	...
5 rooms	620,935	...	...	620,935	...	...
6 rooms	432,090	...	...	432,090	...	...
7 rooms	403,255	...	...	403,255	...	...
8 or more rooms	817,165	...	...	817,165	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.8	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 134}	3,531,665	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
One person or fewer per room	3,492,135	...	...	3,492,135	...	...
More than 1 person per room	39,530	...	...	39,530	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 135}	3,531,660	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
Suitable	3,398,910	...	...	3,398,910	...	...
Not suitable	132,755	...	...	132,755	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 136}	3,531,660	...	...	3,531,660	...	...
1960 or before	894,495	...	...	894,495	...	...
1961 to 1980	1,116,760	...	...	1,116,760	...	...
1981 to 1990	503,495	...	...	503,495	...	...
1991 to 2000	369,020	...	...	369,020	...	...
2001 to 2005	196,830	...	...	196,830	...	...
2006 to 2010	241,545	...	...	241,545	...	...
2011 to 2016^{Census data footnote 137}	209,515	...	...	209,515	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 138}	3,531,665	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed	3,304,625	...	...	3,304,625	...	...
Major repairs needed	227,040	...	...	227,040	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 139}	3,531,665	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
1 household maintainer	2,221,970	...	...	2,221,970	...	...
2 household maintainers	1,264,195	...	...	1,264,195	...	...
3 or more household maintainers	45,500	...	...	45,500	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 140}	3,531,665	...	...	3,531,665	...	...
15 to 24 years	119,495	...	...	119,495	...	...
25 to 34 years	498,070	...	...	498,070	...	...
35 to 44 years	603,840	...	...	603,840	...	...
45 to 54 years	682,290	...	...	682,290	...	...
55 to 64 years	731,390	...	...	731,390	...	...
65 to 74 years	541,630	...	...	541,630	...	...
75 to 84 years	270,280	...	...	270,280	...	...
85 years and over	84,680	...	...	84,680	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 141}	3,496,460	...	...	3,496,460	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	2,763,105	...	...	2,763,105	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	733,355	...	...	733,355	...	...
30% to less than 100%	647,975	...	...	647,975	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	2,141,690	...	...	2,141,690	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage^{Census data footnote 142}	61.9	...	...	61.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	12.9	...	...	12.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	983	...	...	983	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	1,085	...	...	1,085	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	250,302	...	...	250,302	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 144}	290,484	...	...	290,484	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,358,265	...	...	1,358,265	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing^{Census data footnote 145}	9.3	...	...	9.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs^{Census data footnote 141}	33.7	...	...	33.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	720	...	...	720	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)^{Census data footnote 143}	775	...	...	775	...	...
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,323,070	674,955	648,115	1,323,070	674,955	648,115
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	1,426,980	674,820	752,155	1,426,980	674,820	752,155
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	3,884,235	1,910,260	1,973,970	3,884,235	1,910,260	1,973,970
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,120,730	681,515	439,215	1,120,730	681,515	439,215
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	806,585	435,090	371,495	806,585	435,090	371,495
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	314,145	246,425	67,720	314,145	246,425	67,720
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	1,165,515	506,775	658,740	1,165,515	506,775	658,740
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	236,255	93,680	142,575	236,255	93,680	142,575
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	1,361,730	628,290	733,440	1,361,730	628,290	733,440
Bachelor's degree	872,060	384,275	487,790	872,060	384,275	487,790
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	118,955	54,255	64,695	118,955	54,255	64,695
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	39,045	19,865	19,185	39,045	19,865	19,185
Master's degree	281,215	139,280	141,935	281,215	139,280	141,935
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	50,455	30,615	19,840	50,455	30,615	19,840
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 146}	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,125	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,125
No certificate, diploma or degree	580,635	323,880	256,750	580,635	323,880	256,750
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate^{Census data footnote 147}	808,955	396,620	412,330	808,955	396,620	412,330
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,982,345	1,447,305	1,535,040	2,982,345	1,447,305	1,535,040
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	866,595	513,575	353,015	866,595	513,575	353,015
Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 148}	631,795	330,140	301,655	631,795	330,140	301,655
Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification^{Census data footnote 149}	234,800	183,440	51,360	234,800	183,440	51,360
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma	832,430	367,185	465,245	832,430	367,185	465,245
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	167,025	67,530	99,495	167,025	67,530	99,495
University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above	1,116,300	499,010	617,290	1,116,300	499,010	617,290
Bachelor's degree	712,935	308,760	404,175	712,935	308,760	404,175
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	94,240	40,085	54,160	94,240	40,085	54,160
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	30,775	13,505	17,270	30,775	13,505	17,270
Master's degree	238,300	113,895	124,410	238,300	113,895	124,410
Earned doctorate^{Census data footnote 150}	40,050	22,780	17,270	40,050	22,780	17,270
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	2,750,050	1,349,775	1,400,270	2,750,050	1,349,775	1,400,270
Education	273,320	62,470	210,845	273,320	62,470	210,845
13. Education	273,320	62,470	210,845	273,320	62,470	210,845
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	156,720	71,485	85,240	156,720	71,485	85,240
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	25,380	18,280	7,100	25,380	18,280	7,100
50. Visual and performing arts	131,340	53,200	78,140	131,340	53,200	78,140
Humanities	215,735	86,065	129,675	215,735	86,065	129,675
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	32,180	7,165	25,020	32,180	7,165	25,020
23. English language and literature/letters	12,900	4,060	8,835	12,900	4,060	8,835
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	103,120	42,685	60,435	103,120	42,685	60,435
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	880	395	485	880	395	485
38. Philosophy and religious studies	10,400	6,650	3,755	10,400	6,650	3,755
39. Theology and religious vocations	10,125	6,200	3,930	10,125	6,200	3,930
54. History	17,055	9,990	7,065	17,055	9,990	7,065
55. French language and literature/letters	29,070	8,920	20,155	29,070	8,920	20,155
Social and behavioural sciences and law	380,995	125,025	255,975	380,995	125,025	255,975
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,315	1,165	3,150	4,315	1,165	3,150
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	48,530	16,690	31,845	48,530	16,690	31,845
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	77,470	6,070	71,400	77,470	6,070	71,400
22. Legal professions and studies	67,185	25,785	41,395	67,185	25,785	41,395
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	9,905	2,035	7,870	9,905	2,035	7,870
42. Psychology	57,335	14,030	43,305	57,335	14,030	43,305
45. Social sciences	116,255	59,245	57,015	116,255	59,245	57,015
Business, management and public administration	879,190	321,450	557,740	879,190	321,450	557,740
30.16 Accounting and computer science	815	300	520	815	300	520
44. Public administration and social service professions	47,715	10,490	37,225	47,715	10,490	37,225
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	830,660	310,665	519,990	830,660	310,665	519,990
Physical and life sciences and technologies	140,990	76,780	64,215	140,990	76,780	64,215
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	49,705	20,900	28,805	49,705	20,900	28,805
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	23,210	13,865	9,350	23,210	13,865	9,350
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	21,890	10,810	11,080	21,890	10,810	11,080
40. Physical sciences	39,060	27,545	11,515	39,060	27,545	11,515
41. Science technologies/technicians	7,120	3,660	3,465	7,120	3,660	3,465
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	152,105	104,850	47,255	152,105	104,850	47,255
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	125,480	92,730	32,750	125,480	92,730	32,750
25. Library science	11,110	2,145	8,965	11,110	2,145	8,965
27. Mathematics and statistics	13,415	8,365	5,045	13,415	8,365	5,045
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	2,100	1,605	495	2,100	1,605	495
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	828,400	758,350	70,055	828,400	758,350	70,055
04. Architecture and related services	29,015	17,055	11,960	29,015	17,055	11,960
14. Engineering	150,450	124,585	25,865	150,450	124,585	25,865
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	150,640	135,445	15,195	150,640	135,445	15,195
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	60	20	40	60	20	40
46. Construction trades	185,385	179,995	5,390	185,385	179,995	5,390
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	184,280	178,510	5,770	184,280	178,510	5,770
48. Precision production	128,580	122,750	5,830	128,580	122,750	5,830
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	85,485	56,900	28,585	85,485	56,900	28,585
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	51,770	30,870	20,900	51,770	30,870	20,900
03. Natural resources and conservation	33,715	26,025	7,690	33,715	26,025	7,690
Health and related fields	480,230	95,450	384,780	480,230	95,450	384,780
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	27,955	14,675	13,280	27,955	14,675	13,280
51. Health professions and related programs	441,105	74,630	366,470	441,105	74,630	366,470
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	11,160	6,140	5,020	11,160	6,140	5,020
Personal, protective and transportation services	290,005	151,070	138,935	290,005	151,070	138,935
12. Personal and culinary services	164,595	43,720	120,875	164,595	43,720	120,875
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	290	270	20	290	270	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	1,345	1,245	100	1,345	1,245	100
43. Security and protective services	54,625	42,415	12,210	54,625	42,415	12,210
49. Transportation and materials moving	69,160	63,425	5,740	69,160	63,425	5,740
Other	1,055	375	680	1,055	375	680
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	1,055	375	675	1,055	375	675
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2016 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 151}	4,371,935	2,167,805	2,204,130	4,371,935	2,167,805	2,204,130
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 152}	1,389,585	720,500	669,085	1,389,585	720,500	669,085
Education	180,615	37,990	142,625	180,615	37,990	142,625
13. Education	180,615	37,990	142,625	180,615	37,990	142,625
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	122,045	55,575	66,475	122,045	55,575	66,475
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	19,510	13,740	5,770	19,510	13,740	5,770
50. Visual and performing arts	102,535	41,830	60,705	102,535	41,830	60,705
Humanities	138,330	54,580	83,750	138,330	54,580	83,750
16. Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics	25,220	5,455	19,765	25,220	5,455	19,765
23. English language and literature/letters	9,585	2,990	6,595	9,585	2,990	6,595
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	57,730	25,305	32,430	57,730	25,305	32,430
30A Interdisciplinary humanities^{Census data footnote 153}	600	255	350	600	255	350
38. Philosophy and religious studies	6,980	4,415	2,570	6,980	4,415	2,570
39. Theology and religious vocations	5,415	3,380	2,035	5,415	3,380	2,035
54. History	12,235	7,140	5,095	12,235	7,140	5,095
55. French language and literature/letters	20,555	5,640	14,915	20,555	5,640	14,915
Social and behavioural sciences and law	301,550	95,120	206,430	301,550	95,120	206,430
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,550	925	2,620	3,550	925	2,620
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	40,275	13,900	26,370	40,275	13,900	26,370
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	63,120	4,295	58,825	63,120	4,295	58,825
22. Legal professions and studies	53,620	18,830	34,790	53,620	18,830	34,790
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences^{Census data footnote 154}	6,840	1,420	5,420	6,840	1,420	5,420
42. Psychology	44,540	10,255	34,285	44,540	10,255	34,285
45. Social sciences	89,610	45,495	44,110	89,610	45,495	44,110
Business, management and public administration	706,400	248,920	457,480	706,400	248,920	457,480
30.16 Accounting and computer science	615	215	400	615	215	400
44. Public administration and social service professions	38,320	7,835	30,485	38,320	7,835	30,485
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	667,470	240,870	426,600	667,470	240,870	426,600
Physical and life sciences and technologies	92,480	49,390	43,090	92,480	49,390	43,090
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	40,895	16,635	24,260	40,895	16,635	24,260
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	12,450	7,435	5,015	12,450	7,435	5,015
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences^{Census data footnote 155}	4,175	2,385	1,785	4,175	2,385	1,785
40. Physical sciences	29,705	20,255	9,445	29,705	20,255	9,445
41. Science technologies/technicians	5,255	2,675	2,580	5,255	2,675	2,580
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	132,750	91,865	40,885	132,750	91,865	40,885
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	112,715	83,240	29,470	112,715	83,240	29,470
25. Library science	8,720	1,665	7,055	8,720	1,665	7,055
27. Mathematics and statistics	9,725	5,815	3,915	9,725	5,815	3,915
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences^{Census data footnote 156}	1,585	1,150	440	1,585	1,150	440
Architecture, engineering, and related technologies	639,185	577,845	61,335	639,185	577,845	61,335
04. Architecture and related services	24,260	13,870	10,385	24,260	13,870	10,385
14. Engineering	126,835	103,165	23,665	126,835	103,165	23,665
15. Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields	116,595	103,710	12,885	116,595	103,710	12,885
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	50	15	30	50	15	30
46. Construction trades	134,865	130,350	4,510	134,865	130,350	4,510
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	139,935	135,155	4,780	139,935	135,155	4,780
48. Precision production	96,655	91,580	5,075	96,655	91,580	5,075
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	69,865	45,215	24,655	69,865	45,215	24,655
01. Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences	41,755	23,965	17,795	41,755	23,965	17,795
03. Natural resources and conservation	28,110	21,250	6,860	28,110	21,250	6,860
Health and related fields	368,600	72,245	296,355	368,600	72,245	296,355
31. Parks, recreation, leisure and fitness studies	22,660	11,635	11,030	22,660	11,635	11,030
51. Health professions and related programs	337,320	56,510	280,810	337,320	56,510	280,810
60. Dental, medical and veterinary residency programs	8,620	4,110	4,510	8,620	4,110	4,510
Personal, protective and transportation services	229,640	118,260	111,375	229,640	118,260	111,375
12. Personal and culinary services	129,245	32,830	96,410	129,245	32,830	96,410
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	225	200	25	225	200	25
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	875	795	80	875	795	80
43. Security and protective services	42,550	32,575	9,975	42,550	32,575	9,975
49. Transportation and materials moving	56,750	51,860	4,890	56,750	51,860	4,890
Other	890	300	595	890	300	595
30.99 Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies, other	890	300	595	890	300	595
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,240
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,750,045	1,349,775	1,400,270	2,750,045	1,349,775	1,400,270
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	3,884,235	1,910,265	1,973,970	3,884,235	1,910,265	1,973,970
Location of study inside Canada	3,509,610	1,716,730	1,792,880	3,509,610	1,716,730	1,792,880
Same as province or territory of residence	3,367,195	1,642,930	1,724,270	3,367,195	1,642,930	1,724,270
Different than province or territory of residence	142,415	73,800	68,610	142,415	73,800	68,610
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	374,620	193,530	181,090	374,620	193,530	181,090
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	28,320	16,915	11,410	28,320	16,915	11,410
Philippines	12,515	3,600	8,920	12,515	3,600	8,920
India	6,805	3,660	3,150	6,805	3,660	3,150
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	11,250	6,535	4,715	11,250	6,535	4,715
China^{Census data footnote 162}	17,155	7,755	9,395	17,155	7,755	9,395
France	69,665	39,885	29,780	69,665	39,885	29,780
Other	228,905	115,185	113,725	228,905	115,185	113,725
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence with countries outside Canada for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 157}	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,130	4,371,935	2,167,810	2,204,130
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,389,590	720,505	669,085	1,389,590	720,505	669,085
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree^{Census data footnote 158}	2,982,350	1,447,305	1,535,045	2,982,350	1,447,305	1,535,045
Location of study inside Canada	2,676,230	1,293,455	1,382,780	2,676,230	1,293,455	1,382,780
Same as province or territory of residence	2,567,605	1,238,320	1,329,280	2,567,605	1,238,320	1,329,280
Different than province or territory of residence	108,630	55,125	53,500	108,630	55,125	53,500
Location of study outside Canada^{Census data footnote 159}	306,115	153,850	152,265	306,115	153,850	152,265
United States^{Census data footnote 160}	19,655	11,145	8,505	19,655	11,145	8,505
Philippines	10,545	2,935	7,610	10,545	2,935	7,610
India	4,865	2,465	2,400	4,865	2,465	2,400
United Kingdom^{Census data footnote 161}	7,390	4,245	3,145	7,390	4,245	3,145
China^{Census data footnote 162}	15,420	6,865	8,550	15,420	6,865	8,550
France	57,315	32,115	25,205	57,315	32,115	25,205
Other	190,930	94,085	96,850	190,930	94,085	96,850
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by Labour force status - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 163}	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245	6,634,280	3,260,040	3,374,245
In the labour force	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765
Employed	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220
Unemployed	306,170	177,630	128,540	306,170	177,630	128,540
Not in the labour force	2,378,780	1,045,300	1,333,480	2,378,780	1,045,300	1,333,480
Participation rate	64.1	67.9	60.5	64.1	67.9	60.5
Employment rate	59.5	62.5	56.7	59.5	62.5	56.7
Unemployment rate	7.2	8.0	6.3	7.2	8.0	6.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 164}	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240	6,634,280	3,260,035	3,374,240
Did not work^{Census data footnote 165}	2,228,315	967,660	1,260,655	2,228,315	967,660	1,260,655
Worked	4,405,965	2,292,375	2,113,585	4,405,965	2,292,375	2,113,585
Worked full year, full time^{Census data footnote 166}	2,084,020	1,145,805	938,215	2,084,020	1,145,805	938,215
Worked part year and/or part time^{Census data footnote 167}	2,321,945	1,146,575	1,175,375	2,321,945	1,146,575	1,175,375
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.5	42.7	42.3	42.5	42.7	42.3
Class of worker
Total labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 168}	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765
Class of worker - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	101,485	51,640	49,850	101,485	51,640	49,850
All classes of workers^{Census data footnote 170}	4,154,015	2,163,095	1,990,915	4,154,015	2,163,095	1,990,915
Employee	3,664,920	1,863,740	1,801,185	3,664,920	1,863,740	1,801,185
Self-employed^{Census data footnote 171}	489,090	299,355	189,730	489,090	299,355	189,730
Occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by occupation - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 172}	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765	4,255,500	2,214,735	2,040,765
Occupation - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	101,490	51,640	49,850	101,490	51,640	49,850
All occupations^{Census data footnote 170}	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915
0 Management occupations	418,450	263,585	154,875	418,450	263,585	154,875
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	677,390	210,525	466,865	677,390	210,525	466,865
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	286,270	222,375	63,895	286,270	222,375	63,895
3 Health occupations	295,765	57,160	238,610	295,765	57,160	238,610
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	502,945	147,145	355,795	502,945	147,145	355,795
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	135,730	64,370	71,365	135,730	64,370	71,365
6 Sales and service occupations	988,610	449,820	538,790	988,610	449,820	538,790
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	574,675	544,100	30,570	574,675	544,100	30,570
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	67,290	55,610	11,685	67,290	55,610	11,685
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	206,875	148,405	58,475	206,875	148,405	58,475
Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012
Total labour force population aged 15 years and over by Industry - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2012 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 173}	4,255,495	2,214,735	2,040,765	4,255,495	2,214,735	2,040,765
Industry - NAICS2012 - not applicable^{Census data footnote 169}	101,490	51,635	49,850	101,490	51,635	49,850
All industry categories^{Census data footnote 170}	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915	4,154,010	2,163,095	1,990,915
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	84,060	60,460	23,595	84,060	60,460	23,595
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	20,920	18,175	2,745	20,920	18,175	2,745
22 Utilities	28,410	20,650	7,755	28,410	20,650	7,755
23 Construction	254,055	223,770	30,285	254,055	223,770	30,285
31-33 Manufacturing	458,315	332,080	126,240	458,315	332,080	126,240
41 Wholesale trade	157,365	104,885	52,475	157,365	104,885	52,475
44-45 Retail trade	508,170	239,625	268,545	508,170	239,625	268,545
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	187,550	142,550	45,000	187,550	142,550	45,000
51 Information and cultural industries	100,775	59,705	41,070	100,775	59,705	41,070
52 Finance and insurance	165,140	66,175	98,965	165,140	66,175	98,965
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	61,380	36,505	24,875	61,380	36,505	24,875
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	288,715	161,030	127,685	288,715	161,030	127,685
55 Management of companies and enterprises	3,305	1,270	2,035	3,305	1,270	2,035
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	176,185	108,280	67,905	176,185	108,280	67,905
61 Educational services	306,575	96,170	210,405	306,575	96,170	210,405
62 Health care and social assistance	532,680	99,380	433,295	532,680	99,380	433,295
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	84,130	44,235	39,895	84,130	44,235	39,895
72 Accommodation and food services	278,500	123,235	155,265	278,500	123,235	155,265
81 Other services (except public administration)	193,700	89,455	104,245	193,700	89,455	104,245
91 Public administration	264,085	135,455	128,630	264,085	135,455	128,630
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 174}	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220	3,949,325	2,037,105	1,912,220
Worked at home	266,285	134,325	131,960	266,285	134,325	131,960
Worked outside Canada	10,600	7,580	3,020	10,600	7,580	3,020
No fixed workplace address	351,595	265,405	86,185	351,595	265,405	86,185
Worked at usual place	3,320,850	1,629,795	1,691,050	3,320,850	1,629,795	1,691,050
Commuting destinationUpdate of the 2016 Census commuting destination data
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work - 25% sample data	3,320,845	1,629,795	1,691,050	3,320,845	1,629,795	1,691,050
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	1,732,155	810,895	921,260	1,732,155	810,895	921,260
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	485,450	234,700	250,750	485,450	234,700	250,750
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,037,125	549,095	488,030	1,037,125	549,095	488,030
Commute to a different province or territory	66,125	35,110	31,015	66,125	35,110	31,015
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 175}	3,672,445	1,895,200	1,777,240	3,672,445	1,895,200	1,777,240
Car, truck, van - as a driver	2,739,405	1,475,775	1,263,625	2,739,405	1,475,775	1,263,625
Car, truck, van - as a passenger	133,760	51,045	82,715	133,760	51,045	82,715
Public transit	503,285	217,465	285,820	503,285	217,465	285,820
Walked	205,350	93,595	111,760	205,350	93,595	111,760
Bicycle	54,625	36,470	18,155	54,625	36,470	18,155
Other method	36,010	20,845	15,170	36,010	20,845	15,170
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 176}	3,672,440	1,895,200	1,777,240	3,672,440	1,895,200	1,777,240
Less than 15 minutes	1,035,455	493,225	542,235	1,035,455	493,225	542,235
15 to 29 minutes	1,200,455	617,010	583,445	1,200,455	617,010	583,445
30 to 44 minutes	777,955	425,640	352,310	777,955	425,640	352,310
45 to 59 minutes	343,540	184,440	159,100	343,540	184,440	159,100
60 minutes and over	315,035	174,875	140,160	315,035	174,875	140,160
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over in private households with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 177}	3,672,440	1,895,205	1,777,240	3,672,440	1,895,205	1,777,240
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	256,150	192,835	63,315	256,150	192,835	63,315
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	675,585	420,120	255,465	675,585	420,120	255,465
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	1,133,510	527,925	605,580	1,133,510	527,925	605,580
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	714,935	296,300	418,630	714,935	296,300	418,630
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	349,845	148,715	201,125	349,845	148,715	201,125
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	542,425	309,295	233,125	542,425	309,295	233,125
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 178}	4,529,770	2,352,115	2,177,655	4,529,770	2,352,115	2,177,655
Single responses	4,187,865	2,169,480	2,018,385	4,187,865	2,169,480	2,018,385
Official languages	4,153,710	2,152,290	2,001,420	4,153,710	2,152,290	2,001,420
English	541,720	294,935	246,780	541,720	294,935	246,780
French	3,611,990	1,857,350	1,754,640	3,611,990	1,857,350	1,754,640
Non-official languages	34,160	17,190	16,970	34,160	17,190	16,970
Aboriginal languages	12,670	6,180	6,490	12,670	6,180	6,490
Algonquian languages	8,350	4,095	4,260	8,350	4,095	4,260
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Montagnais languages	8,285	4,060	4,220	8,285	4,060	4,220
Atikamekw	1,100	580	515	1,100	580	515
Montagnais (Innu)	1,800	840	960	1,800	840	960
Moose Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	210	105	100	210	105	100
Northern East Cree	35	20	15	35	20	15
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern East Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swampy Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Woods Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5,145	2,515	2,630	5,145	2,515	2,630
Eastern Algonquian languages	30	20	10	30	20	10
Malecite	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	25	20	10	25	20	10
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	45	15	25	45	15	25
Algonquin	45	20	30	45	20	30
Ojibway	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ottawa (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Babine (Wetsuwet'en)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Beaver	0	0	0	0	0	0
Carrier	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chilcotin	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dogrib (Tlicho)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sarsi (Sarcee)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sekani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
North Slavey (Hare)	0	0	0	0	0	0
South Slavey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuit languages	4,305	2,080	2,220	4,305	2,080	2,220
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	4,290	2,075	2,215	4,290	2,075	2,215
Inuit languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	10	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	0	15	15	0	15
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	0	15	10	0	15
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kutenai	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Comox	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Okanagan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thompson (Ntlakapamux)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwakiutl (Kwak'wala)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aboriginal languages, n.o.s.	0	0	10	0	0	10
Non-Aboriginal languages	21,490	11,005	10,480	21,490	11,005	10,480
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,895	1,125	775	1,895	1,125	775
Berber languages	35	10	30	35	10	30
Kabyle	15	0	20	15	0	20
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	15	0	10
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,860	1,110	745	1,860	1,110	745
Amharic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Arabic	1,715	1,045	665	1,715	1,045	665
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	10	10	0	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	140	70	70	140	70	70
Maltese	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Afro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	10	0	0	10	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,725	850	870	1,725	850	870
Khmer (Cambodian)	315	140	175	315	140	175
Vietnamese	1,410	710	695	1,410	710	695
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	135	65	70	135	65	70
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ilocano	10	0	0	10	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	10	0	0	10
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	115	50	60	115	50	60
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole languages	275	90	190	275	90	190
Haitian Creole	10	0	10	10	0	10
Creole, n.o.s.	265	90	175	265	90	175
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	10	0	0
Dravidian languages	150	75	75	150	75	75
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tamil	145	75	70	145	75	70
Telugu	0	0	10	0	0	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	0	10	10	0	10
Indo-European languages	10,165	5,255	4,910	10,165	5,255	4,910
Albanian	30	20	10	30	20	10
Armenian	275	130	145	275	130	145
Balto-Slavic languages	1,130	500	635	1,130	500	635
Baltic languages	15	0	10	15	0	10
Latvian	15	10	10	15	10	10
Lithuanian	0	10	0	0	10	0
Slavic languages	1,115	495	625	1,115	495	625
Belarusan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bosnian	10	0	0	10	0	0
Bulgarian	55	20	30	55	20	30
Croatian	10	0	10	10	0	10
Czech	10	0	10	10	0	10
Macedonian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Polish	170	65	105	170	65	105
Russian	735	340	395	735	340	395
Serbian	10	15	0	10	15	0
Serbo-Croatian	10	10	0	10	10	0
Slovak	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ukrainian	110	35	75	110	35	75
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,285	575	715	1,285	575	715
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0	0	0
Danish	15	10	0	15	10	0
Dutch	25	10	15	25	10	15
Frisian	0	0	0	0	0	0
German	370	170	195	370	170	195
Icelandic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swedish	15	10	10	15	10	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yiddish	860	375	485	860	375	485
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Greek	525	260	270	525	260	270
Indo-Iranian languages	1,385	780	600	1,385	780	600
Indo-Aryan languages	680	390	295	680	390	295
Bengali	110	70	35	110	70	35
Gujarati	20	0	10	20	0	10
Hindi	35	20	15	35	20	15
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nepali	20	0	10	20	0	10
Oriya (Odia)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	415	225	190	415	225	190
Sindhi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Urdu	85	50	35	85	50	35
Iranian languages	700	395	305	700	395	305
Kurdish	15	0	15	15	0	15
Pashto	10	0	15	10	0	15
Persian (Farsi)	675	385	285	675	385	285
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	10	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,525	2,990	2,540	5,525	2,990	2,540
Catalan	15	0	15	15	0	15
Italian	590	315	275	590	315	275
Portuguese	635	365	270	635	365	270
Romanian	320	140	175	320	140	175
Spanish	3,975	2,165	1,810	3,975	2,165	1,810
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	10	0	0
Japanese	235	80	150	235	80	150
Kartvelian languages	10	0	10	10	0	10
Georgian	10	0	0	10	0	0
Korean	300	150	150	300	150	150
Mongolic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	45	25	20	45	25	20
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	10	0	0	10	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ewe	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	10	0	0	10	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	25	20	0	25	20	0
Wolof	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	0	0	10	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	10	0	0	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	205	60	140	205	60	140
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	125	20	110	125	20	110
Sign languages, n.i.e	70	45	30	70	45	30
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,070	3,125	2,945	6,070	3,125	2,945
Chinese languages	6,075	3,130	2,950	6,075	3,130	2,950
Cantonese	2,655	1,325	1,330	2,655	1,325	1,330
Hakka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mandarin	3,100	1,630	1,465	3,100	1,630	1,465
Min Dong	0	0	0	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	70	40	30	70	40	30
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	10	15	10	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	235	130	110	235	130	110
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	40	75	110	40	75
Lao	55	25	30	55	25	30
Thai	55	10	40	55	10	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	110	60	50	110	60	50
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkish	110	55	55	110	55	55
Uyghur	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	40	10	40	40	10	40
Estonian	10	0	0	10	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hungarian	35	0	35	35	0	35
Uralic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	10	0	10
Multiple responses	341,900	182,635	159,265	341,900	182,635	159,265
English and French	315,620	169,365	146,255	315,620	169,365	146,255
English and non-official language	6,545	3,655	2,890	6,545	3,655	2,890
French and non-official language	7,525	3,460	4,065	7,525	3,460	4,065
English, French and non-official language	12,205	6,160	6,055	12,205	6,160	6,055
Other language used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015 - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 179}	4,529,770	2,352,110	2,177,655	4,529,770	2,352,110	2,177,655
None	3,107,035	1,588,345	1,518,690	3,107,035	1,588,345	1,518,690
English	1,031,380	555,940	475,440	1,031,380	555,940	475,440
French	317,490	169,785	147,705	317,490	169,785	147,705
Non-official language	49,850	25,900	23,950	49,850	25,900	23,950
Aboriginal	4,985	2,285	2,705	4,985	2,285	2,705
Non-Aboriginal	44,865	23,620	21,245	44,865	23,620	21,245
English and French	2,185	1,040	1,140	2,185	1,040	1,140
English and non-official language	14,910	7,255	7,655	14,910	7,255	7,655
French and non-official language	6,855	3,795	3,055	6,855	3,795	3,055
English, French and non-official language	65	50	20	65	50	20
Mobility status - Place of residence 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 180}	7,880,315	3,897,740	3,982,575	7,880,315	3,897,740	3,982,575
Non-movers	6,965,520	3,447,320	3,518,195	6,965,520	3,447,320	3,518,195
Movers	914,800	450,420	464,380	914,800	450,420	464,380
Non-migrants	547,410	269,850	277,560	547,410	269,850	277,560
Migrants	367,385	180,565	186,820	367,385	180,565	186,820
Internal migrants	305,465	149,335	156,135	305,465	149,335	156,135
Intraprovincial migrants	284,280	137,945	146,330	284,280	137,945	146,330
Interprovincial migrants	21,190	11,385	9,805	21,190	11,385	9,805
External migrants	61,920	31,235	30,685	61,920	31,235	30,685
Mobility status - Place of residence 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data^{Census data footnote 181}	7,520,960	3,714,155	3,806,805	7,520,960	3,714,155	3,806,805
Non-movers	4,825,870	2,388,805	2,437,065	4,825,870	2,388,805	2,437,065
Movers	2,695,090	1,325,345	1,369,740	2,695,090	1,325,345	1,369,740
Non-migrants	1,507,665	741,220	766,440	1,507,665	741,220	766,440
Migrants	1,187,425	584,125	603,295	1,187,425	584,125	603,295
Internal migrants	949,170	464,830	484,340	949,170	464,830	484,340
Intraprovincial migrants	893,800	436,525	457,270	893,800	436,525	457,270
Interprovincial migrants	55,370	28,300	27,070	55,370	28,300	27,070
External migrants	238,250	119,295	118,960	238,250	119,295	118,960

Symbol(s):

^...

not applicable

...

Note(s):

Footnote 1

2016 and 2011 population

Statistics Canada is committed to protect the privacy of all Canadians and the confidentiality of the data they provide to us. As part of this commitment, some population counts of geographic areas are adjusted in order to ensure confidentiality.

The adjustment to counts of the total population for any dissemination block is controlled to ensure that the population counts for dissemination areas will always be within 5 of the actual values. The adjustment has no impact on the population counts of census divisions and large census subdivisions.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Total private dwellings

'Private dwelling' refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one that can be used without passing through the living quarters of some other person or group of persons.

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Private dwelling.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents

'Private dwelling occupied by usual residents' refers to a private dwelling in which a person or a group of persons is permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on May 10, 2016.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Total - Age groups and average age of the population - 100% data

For data on the population by single years of age, refer to the table titled 'Age (in single years) and average age' in the census data tables.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data

'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Other attached dwelling

The category 'Other attached-dwelling' is a subtotal of the following categories: semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys and other single-attached house.

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

Movable dwelling

The category 'Movable dwelling' includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Total - Private households by household size - 100% data

Household size refers to the number of persons in a private household.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

Total - Population aged 15 years and over by marital status - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Marital status.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data

Census family is defined as a married couple (with or without children of either and/or both spouses), a common-law couple (with or without children of either and/or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Census family structure.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

Total number of census families in private households - 100% data

'Census family structure' refers to the combination of relatives that comprise a census family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners and children.

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

Total - Private households by household type - 100% data

For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Household type.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

One-census-family households - Without children in a census family

The household includes a single couple (without children). Other persons related or unrelated to the couple may also be present.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

One-census-family households - With children in a census family

The household includes either a couple with children or a lone parent and his or her children. Other persons related or unrelated to the census family may also be present.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Knowledge of official languages refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both languages or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

First official language spoken is specified within the framework of the Official Languages Act. It refers to the first official language (i.e., English or French) spoken by the person.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Footnote 17

Official language minority

The official language minority population of Quebec includes all individuals with English as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French. The official language minority population of the country overall and of every province and territory other than Quebec includes individuals with French as a first official language spoken and half of those with both English and French.

Return to footnote 17 referrer

Footnote 18

Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the person at the time the data was collected. If the person no longer understands the first language learned, the mother tongue is the second language learned. For a person who learned two languages at the same time in early childhood, the mother tongue is the language this person spoke most often at home before starting school. The person has two mother tongues only if the two languages were used equally often and are still understood by the person. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, the mother tongue is the language spoken most often to this child at home. The child has two mother tongues only if both languages are spoken equally often so that the child learns both languages at the same time.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 18 referrer

Footnote 19

Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Language spoken most often at home refers to the language the person speaks most often at home at the time of data collection. A person can report more than one language as 'spoken most often at home' if the languages are spoken equally often.

For a person who lives alone, the language spoken most often at home is the language in which he or she feels most comfortable. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this is the language spoken most often to the child at home. Where two languages are spoken to the child, the language spoken most often at home is the language spoken most often. If both languages are used equally often, then both languages are included here.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Return to footnote 19 referrer

Footnote 20

Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data

Other language(s) spoken regularly at home refers to the languages, if any, that the person speaks at home on a regular basis at the time of data collection, other than the language or languages he or she speaks most often at home.

Total population excluding institutional residents refers to the total population excluding persons who live in institutional collective dwellings.

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Footnote 21

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 21 referrer

Footnote 22

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 22 referrer

Footnote 23

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 23 referrer

Footnote 24

Full-year full-time workers - Persons aged 15 years and over who worked mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) and full year (49 weeks and over per year) in 2015. For more information, see variable work activity in 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 24 referrer

Footnote 25

Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 25 referrer

Footnote 26

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group.

Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

Return to footnote 26 referrer

Footnote 27

Composition of total income - The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 27 referrer

Footnote 28

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 28 referrer

Footnote 29

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 29 referrer

Footnote 30

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Working income tax benefit;
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 30 referrer

Footnote 31

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 31 referrer

Footnote 32

After-tax income - After-tax income refers to total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 32 referrer

Footnote 33

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 33 referrer

Footnote 34

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 34 referrer

Footnote 35

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 35 referrer

Footnote 36

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 36 referrer

Footnote 37

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 37 referrer

Footnote 38

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable "economic family structure," Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

Return to footnote 38 referrer

Footnote 39

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 39 referrer

Footnote 40

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Return to footnote 40 referrer

Footnote 41

Calculation includes persons not in economic families without income (with an income of zero).

Return to footnote 41 referrer

Footnote 42

Economic family after-tax income decile group - The economic family income decile group provides a rough ranking of the economic situation of a person based on his or her relative position in the Canadian distribution of the adjusted after-tax income of economic families for all persons in private households.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the population in private households is sorted according to its adjusted after-tax family income and then divided into 10 equal groups each containing 10% of the population. The decile cut-points are the levels of adjusted after-tax family income that define the 10 groups.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

Return to footnote 42 referrer

Footnote 43

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2016 Census, the reference period is the calendar year 2015 for all income variables.

The low-income concepts are not applied in the territories and in certain areas based on census subdivision type (such as Indian reserves). The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2016 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 4.2 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 4.3 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

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Footnote 44

'Knowledge of official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in English only, French only, in both or in neither language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home.

'Knowledge of non-official languages' refers to whether the person can conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages that the child is learning to speak at home. The number of languages that can be reported may vary between surveys, depending on the objectives of the survey.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

This is a total population count. The sum of the languages in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one language in the census.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

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Footnote 45

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 46

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

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Footnote 47

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

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Footnote 48

Immigrant status refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 49

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

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Footnote 50

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 51

Includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 52

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members sharing the same permit and living in Canada with them.

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Footnote 53

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2016 Census of Population, 'Immigrant' includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 54

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2011 and May 10, 2016.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2016 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on immigration and place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 55

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 56

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

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Footnote 57

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

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Footnote 58

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

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Footnote 59

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 60

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

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Footnote 61

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Footnote 62

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

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Footnote 63

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

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Footnote 64

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 65

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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Footnote 66

The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.

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Footnote 67

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

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Footnote 68

Generation status refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 69

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

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Footnote 70

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

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Footnote 71

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with both parents born in Canada.

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Footnote 72

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on the application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.In the 2016 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who landed in Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 10, 2016.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 73

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

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Footnote 74

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 75

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on the application for permanent residence.

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Footnote 76

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

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Footnote 77

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

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Footnote 78

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

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Footnote 79

Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 80

'Aboriginal identity' includes persons who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

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Footnote 81

'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 82

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 2016 Census of Population. For additional information, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 83

'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit).

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Footnote 84

'Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere' includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band.

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Footnote 85

Registered or Treaty Indian status refers to whether or not a person is a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

Users should be aware that the estimates associated with this variable are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the Census of Population. For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 86

'Registered or Treaty Indian Status' includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians.

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Footnote 87

Aboriginal ancestry refers to whether a person has ancestry associated with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis, and Inuit. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. Ancestry refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors, an ancestor being usually more distant than a grandparent. A person can have more than one ethnic or cultural origin.

For more information on Aboriginal variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, refer to the Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016 and the Aboriginal Peoples Technical Report, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 88

'Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 89

'Single Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 90

'Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only)' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 91

'Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 92

'Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 93

'Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries' includes persons who have two or more of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and Inuit ancestries, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry.

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Footnote 94

'Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only)' includes persons who have non-Aboriginal ancestry only.

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Footnote 95

Visible minority refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

For more information on the Visible minority variable, including information on its classification, the questions from which it is derived, data quality and its comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 96

The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'

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Footnote 97

For example, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.

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Footnote 98

For example, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.

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Footnote 99

For example, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.

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Footnote 100

The abbreviation 'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere.' Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.

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Footnote 101

Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'

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Footnote 102

Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question (Question 18), as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group.

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Footnote 103

This is a total population estimate. The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population estimate because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census.

'Ethnic origin' refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. An ancestor is usually more distant than a grandparent. For additional information on the collection and dissemination of ethnic origin data, refer to the Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 104

Includes general responses indicating North American origins (e.g., 'North American') as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maritimer').

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Footnote 105

Includes general responses indicating British Isles origins (e.g., 'British,' 'United Kingdom') as well as more specific responses indicating British Isles origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Celtic').

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Footnote 106

Includes general responses indicating Western European origins (e.g., 'Western European') as well as more specific responses indicating Western European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Liechtensteiner').

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Footnote 107

Includes general responses indicating Northern European origins (e.g., 'Northern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Northern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Faroese,' 'Scandinavian').

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Footnote 108

Includes responses of 'Czechoslovakian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 109

Includes general responses indicating Eastern European origins (e.g., 'Eastern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Eastern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baltic').

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Footnote 110

Includes responses of 'Yugoslavian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 111

Includes general responses indicating Southern European origins (e.g., 'Southern European') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Gibraltarian').

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Footnote 112

Includes responses of 'Slavic,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 113

Includes general responses indicating Other European origins (e.g., 'European') as well as more specific responses indicating European origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Central European').

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Footnote 114

Includes responses of 'West Indian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 115

Includes general responses indicating Caribbean origins (e.g., 'Antilles,' 'Caribbean') as well as more specific responses indicating Caribbean origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Aruban').

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Footnote 116

Includes general responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins (e.g., 'South American') as well as more specific responses indicating Latin, Central or South American origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Surinamese').

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Footnote 117

Includes general responses indicating Central or West African origins (e.g., 'West African') as well as more specific responses indicating Central or West African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Luba,' 'Mossi').

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Footnote 118

Includes general responses indicating North African origins (e.g., 'North African') as well as more specific responses indicating North African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Maghreb').

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Footnote 119

Includes responses of 'Bantu,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 120

Includes general responses indicating Southern or East African origins (e.g., 'East African') as well as more specific responses indicating Southern or East African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Hutu,' 'Shona').

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Footnote 121

Includes responses of 'Black,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 122

Includes general responses indicating Other African origins (e.g., 'African') as well as more specific responses indicating Other African origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Saharan').

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Footnote 123

Includes responses of 'Arab,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 124

Includes general responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins (e.g., 'West Asian,' 'Middle Eastern') as well as more specific responses indicating West Asian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Baloch,' 'Circassian').

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Footnote 125

Includes general responses indicating South Asian origins (e.g., 'South Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating South Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Telugu').

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Footnote 126

Includes general responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins (e.g., 'Southeast Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating East and Southeast Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Bruneian').

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Footnote 127

Includes general responses indicating Other Asian origins (e.g., 'Asian') as well as more specific responses indicating Other Asian origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Eurasian').

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Footnote 128

Includes responses of 'Polynesian,' not otherwise specified.

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Footnote 129

Includes general responses indicating Pacific Islands origins (e.g., 'Pacific Islander') as well as more specific responses indicating Pacific Islands origins that have not been included elsewhere (e.g., 'Tahitian').

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Footnote 130

Tenure - Refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative.

For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created and is included in the classification of tenure.

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Footnote 131

Condominium status - Refers to whether the private dwelling is part of a condominium development. A condominium is a residential complex in which dwellings are owned individually while land and common elements are held in joint ownership with others.

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Footnote 132

Bedrooms - Refers to rooms in a private dwelling that are designed mainly for sleeping purposes even if they are now used for other purposes, such as guest rooms and television rooms. Also included are rooms used as bedrooms now, even if they were not originally built as bedrooms, such as bedrooms in a finished basement. Bedrooms exclude rooms designed for another use during the day such as dining rooms and living rooms even if they may be used for sleeping purposes at night. By definition, one-room private dwellings such as bachelor or studio apartments have zero bedrooms.

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Footnote 133

Rooms - Refers to enclosed areas within a private dwelling which are finished and suitable for year-round living. The number of rooms of a private dwelling includes kitchens, bedrooms and finished rooms in the attic or basement. The number of rooms of a private dwelling excludes bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes. Partially divided rooms are considered to be separate rooms if they are considered as such by the respondent (e.g., L-shaped dining-room and living-room arrangements).

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Footnote 134

Persons per room - Refers to an indicator of the level of crowding in a private dwelling. It is calculated by dividing the number of persons in the household by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

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Footnote 135

Housing suitability - Refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS.

Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies.

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Footnote 136

Period of construction - Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was completed, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or conversions.

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Footnote 137

Includes data up to May 10, 2016.

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Footnote 138

Dwelling condition - Refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions.

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Footnote 139

Number of household maintainers - Refers to the number of persons of the same household who have been identified as household maintainers.

A household maintainer is a person residing in the household who is responsible for paying the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities. Where a number of people may contribute to the payments, more than one person in the household may be identified as a household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

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Footnote 140

Primary household maintainer - The first person in the household identified as someone who pays the rent, or the mortgage, or the taxes, or the electricity or other services or utilities for the dwelling. When more than one member of the household contributes to the payments, the first person listed is chosen as the primary household maintainer. If no person in the household is identified as making any such payments, the first person listed is selected by default.

The order of the persons in a household is determined by the order in which they are listed on the questionnaire. Generally, an adult is listed first followed, if applicable, by their spouse or common-law partner and then by their children. The order does not necessarily correspond to the proportion of household payments made by each person.

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Footnote 141

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio - Refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs.

Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero.

Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded.

The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year.

For more information on household total income or shelter costs, refer to the Census Dictionary: Total income and Shelter cost.

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Footnote 142

Presence of mortgage payments - Refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling.

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Footnote 143

Shelter cost refers to the average monthly total of all shelter expenses paid by households that own or rent their dwelling.

Shelter costs for owner households include, where applicable, mortgage payments, property taxes and condominium fees, along with the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services. For renter households, shelter costs include, where applicable, the rent and the costs of electricity, heat, water and other municipal services.

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Footnote 144

Value (owner estimated) of private dwelling - Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the asset were to be sold.

In the context of dwelling, it refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwellings, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides.

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Footnote 145

Subsidized housing - Refers to whether the dwelling is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.

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Footnote 146

Highest certificate, diploma or degree is the classification used in the census to measure the broader concept of 'Educational attainment.'

This variable refers to the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed and is derived from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported.

The general hierarchy used in deriving this variable (high school, trades, college, university) is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. At the detailed level, someone who has completed one type of certificate, diploma or degree will not necessarily have completed the credentials listed below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma may not have completed a high school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a 'master's degree' necessarily have a 'certificate or diploma above bachelor level.' Although the hierarchy may not fit all programs perfectly, it gives a general measure of educational attainment.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

Users are advised to consult data quality comments for 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree', available in the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 147

'Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate' includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. It excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 148

'Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' includes trades certificates or diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates and diplomas from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and similar institutions.

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Footnote 149

'Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification' also includes Journeyperson's designations.

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Footnote 150

'Earned doctorate' refers to persons who have completed a doctorate degree awarded by a university. This includes, for example, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). It does not include honorary doctorates.

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Footnote 151

'Field of study' refers to the discipline or area of learning/training associated with a particular course or programme of study.

This variable refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest completed postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016.

This 'Major field of study' variable can be used either independently or in conjunction with the 'Highest certificate, diploma or degree' variable. When the latter is used with 'Major field of study,' it should be noted that different fields of study will be more common for different types of postsecondary qualifications. At the detailed program level, some programs are only offered by certain types of institutions.

There was an explicit instruction in the questionnaire which instructed respondents to be as specific as possible in indicating a subfield or subcategory of specialization within a broad discipline or area of training.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

This variable shows the 'Variant of CIP 2016 - Alternative primary groupings' CIP variant, with the hierarchy of the primary groupings and two-digit series. When a primary grouping contains more than one subseries from series '30. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies,' these subseries are grouped together. An exception is made for '30.01 Biological and physical sciences' due to its large size. For more information on the CIP classification, see the Classification of Instructional Programs, Canada 2016.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for this variable, refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

Certain series and their subcomponents are not used when coding major field of study for the census. These are series 21, 32 to 37 and 53, which represent non-credit and personal improvement fields of study.

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Footnote 152

'No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes persons who have not completed an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree.

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Footnote 153

'Interdisciplinary humanities' includes '30.13 Medieval and renaissance studies,' '30.21 Holocaust and related studies,' '30.22 Classical and ancient studies' and '30.29 Maritime studies.'

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Footnote 154

'Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences' includes '30.05 Peace studies and conflict resolution,' '30.10 Biopsychology,' '30.11 Gerontology,' '30.14 Museology/museum studies,' '30.15 Science, technology and society,' '30.17 Behavioural sciences,' '30.20 International/global studies,' '30.23 Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies,' '30.25 Cognitive science,' '30.26 Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis,' '30.28 Dispute resolution,' '30.31 Human computer interaction' and '30.33 Sustainability studies.'

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Footnote 155

'Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences' includes '30.18 Natural sciences,' '30.19 Nutrition sciences,' '30.27 Human biology' and '30.32 Marine sciences.'

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Footnote 156

'Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences' includes '30.06 Systems science and theory,' '30.08 Mathematics and computer science' and '30.30 Computational science.'

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Footnote 157

'Location of study' refers to either:

the province, territory or country of the institution from which a person obtained a certificate, diploma or degree, or;
the province, territory or country of the institution that a person attended during a specified reference period, or for a specific level of education.

In both cases, location of study refers to the location of the institution granting the certificate, diploma or degree, not the location of the person at the time he or she obtained the qualification or was attending the institution. The geographic location is specified according to boundaries current at the time the data are collected, not the boundaries at the time of study.

This is a summary variable that indicates whether the 'Location of study' of the person's highest certificate, diploma or degree was the same province or territory where the person lived at the time of the 2016 Census of Population, a different Canadian province or territory, or outside Canada. This variable is derived from 'Location of study' and 'Province or territory of current residence.' It only applies to individuals who had completed a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree.

'Location of study outside Canada' may be further sub-classified using the Standard Classification of Countries and Areas of Interest (SCCAI). When using the SCCAI for this sub-classification, the class 'Canada' is not used.

This variable is reported for persons aged 15 years and over in private households.

For information on collection, classification and data quality for 'Location of study compared with province or territory of residence,' refer to the Education Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016, Catalogue no. 98-500-X2016013.

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Footnote 158

'Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree' includes 'apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma,' 'college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma' and university certificates, diplomas and degrees.

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Footnote 159

Refers to all locations of study outside Canada, including the six locations outside Canada most often reported at the national level. These will not necessarily be the top six countries for other geographies.

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Footnote 160

The official name of United States is United States of America.

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Footnote 161

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Footnote 162

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

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Footnote 163

Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016.

Early enumeration was conducted in remote, isolated parts of the provinces and territories. When enumeration has taken place before May 2016, the reference date used is the date on which the household was enumerated.

In the past, this variable was called Labour force activity.

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Footnote 164

Refers to the number of weeks in which a person aged 15 years and over worked for pay or in self-employment in 2015 at all jobs held, even if only for a few hours, and whether these weeks were mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) or mostly part time (less than 30 hours per week).

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Footnote 165

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who never worked, persons who worked prior to 2015 and persons who worked in 2016, but not in 2015.

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Footnote 166

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year (49 weeks and over) and mostly full time (30 hours or more per week) in 2015.

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Footnote 167

Includes persons aged 15 years and over who worked full year mostly part time or part year mostly full time or part year mostly part time in 2015. Part year is less than 49 weeks and part time is less than 30 hours per week.

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Footnote 168

Class of worker refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over is an employee or is self-employed.

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Footnote 169

Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 170

Includes the experienced labour force which refers to persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either 2015 or 2016.

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Footnote 171

Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with paid help or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers.

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Footnote 172

Refers to the kind of work performed by persons aged 15 years and over as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. The occupation data are produced according to the NOC 2016.

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Footnote 173

Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. The data are produced according to the NAICS 2012.

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Footnote 174

Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work).

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Footnote 175

The census assumes that the commute to work originates from the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Sometimes, respondents may be on a business trip and may have reported their place of work or main mode of commuting based on where they were working during the trip. Some persons maintain a residence close to work and commute to their home on weekends. Students often work after school at a location near their school. As a result, the data may show unusual commutes or unusual main modes of commuting.

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Footnote 176

Refers to the length of time, in minutes, usually required by a person to travel between his or her place of residence and his or her place of work.

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Footnote 177

Refers to the time of day at which a person usually leaves home to go to their place of work.

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Footnote 178

Language used most often at work refers to the language the person uses most often at work. A person can report more than one language as 'used most often at work' if the languages are used equally often.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

n.i.e. = not included elsewhere

n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Refers to the language used most often at work, as reported on May 10, 2016 by the individuals aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2015.

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Footnote 179

Other language(s) used regularly at work refers to the languages, if any, that the person uses in their job on a regular basis, other than the language or languages he or she uses most often at work.

For more information on language variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Languages Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2016.

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Footnote 180

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Footnote 181

Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier at the provincial level. Persons who have not moved are referred to as non-movers and persons who have moved from one residence to another are referred to as movers. Movers include non-migrants and migrants. Non-migrants are persons who did move but remained in the same city, town, township, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different city, town, township, village or Indian reserve within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date.

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2017. Quebec [Province] and Quebec [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 19, 2024).

Date modified:: 2021-10-27

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Quebec [Province] and Quebec [Province]

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Census Profile, 2016 Census
Quebec [Province] and Quebec [Province]