Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Dorval--Lachine--LaSalleMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	119,395	...	...
Population, 2016¹	112,871^r	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.8	...	...
Total private dwellings²	55,176	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	52,376	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,402.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	49.70	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	119,395	57,840	61,555
0 to 14 years	18,960	9,600	9,360
0 to 4 years	5,890	3,005	2,885
5 to 9 years	6,595	3,345	3,250
10 to 14 years	6,480	3,250	3,225
15 to 64 years	77,755	38,635	39,120
15 to 19 years	5,995	3,095	2,900
20 to 24 years	7,635	4,050	3,585
25 to 29 years	8,260	4,160	4,105
30 to 34 years	8,050	3,890	4,155
35 to 39 years	8,140	3,965	4,170
40 to 44 years	8,160	3,955	4,200
45 to 49 years	7,705	3,780	3,930
50 to 54 years	7,760	3,795	3,965
55 to 59 years	8,290	4,120	4,170
60 to 64 years	7,770	3,830	3,935
65 years and over	22,675	9,605	13,070
65 to 69 years	6,370	2,970	3,395
70 to 74 years	5,530	2,495	3,035
75 to 79 years	4,120	1,720	2,400
80 to 84 years	2,985	1,175	1,810
85 years and over	3,675	1,250	2,420
85 to 89 years	2,115	815	1,300
90 to 94 years	1,210	335	875
95 to 99 years	320	100	220
100 years and over	30	5	25
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.9	16.6	15.2
15 to 64 years	65.1	66.8	63.6
65 years and over	19.0	16.6	21.2
85 years and over	3.1	2.2	3.9
Average age of the population	42.1	40.7	43.4
Median age of the population	41.6	40.0	42.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	52,375	...	...
Single-detached house	7,240	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,640	...	...
Row house	2,420	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	15,230	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	21,390	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	4,280	...	...
Other single-attached house	130	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	45	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	52,375	...	...
1 person	19,755	...	...
2 persons	15,760	...	...
3 persons	7,410	...	...
4 persons	6,165	...	...
5 or more persons	3,290	...	...
Number of persons in private households	116,065	56,790	59,275
Average household size	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	100,430	48,245	52,190
Married or living common-law	48,945	24,380	24,570
Married	36,220	17,995	18,220
Living common-law	12,730	6,380	6,345
Living common law - Never married	10,220	5,080	5,135
Living common law - Separated	215	135	75
Living common law - Divorced	2,100	1,090	1,015
Living common law - Widowed	200	80	120
Not married and not living common-law	51,485	23,860	27,620
Not married and not living common law - Never married	34,815	18,440	16,375
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,315	1,015	1,300
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	8,320	3,190	5,125
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,035	1,215	4,820
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	30,545	...	...
2 persons	15,380	...	...
3 persons	6,905	...	...
4 persons	5,830	...	...
5 or more persons	2,435	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	30,545	...	...
Total couple families	23,280	...	...
Married couples	16,925	...	...
With children⁶	9,735	...	...
Without children	7,185	...	...
Common-law couples	6,355	...	...
With children⁶	2,715	...	...
Without children	3,645	...	...
Total one-parent families	7,260	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,875	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,390	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	116,060	56,785	59,275
Total - Persons in census families	87,720	42,470	45,255
Married spouses or common-law partners	46,565	23,285	23,285
Parents in one-parent families	7,265	1,385	5,875
Children⁶	33,890	17,800	16,095
In a two-parent family	22,895	11,905	10,990
In a one-parent family	10,995	5,890	5,105
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	28,340	14,315	14,020
Living alone	19,755	9,615	10,145
Living with other relatives⁷	3,165	1,390	1,775
Living with non-relatives only	5,420	3,310	2,110
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	52,375	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,640	...	...
Couple-family households	21,460	...	...
With children⁶	11,490	...	...
Without children	9,970	...	...
One-parent-family households	6,180	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	980	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	155	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,170	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,670	...	...
One-person households	19,755	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	97,115	47,190	49,925
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	93,480	45,345	48,135
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	38,800	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	93,505	45,355	48,145
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600	34,400	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	82,120	40,430	41,685
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,600	33,600	25,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	67,465	34,485	32,980
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	35,200	30,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	79,185	36,820	42,370
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,400	9,900	12,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,675	5,155	5,520
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,520	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	31,125	16,280	14,845
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	97,045	47,070	49,975
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,385	45,220	48,165
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,440	50,960	44,120
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,415	45,230	48,180
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,320	41,280	37,480
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	81,975	40,320	41,660
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	46,960	37,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	67,400	34,450	32,950
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,040	46,840	39,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,955	36,565	42,395
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,520	11,290	13,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,725	5,285	5,440
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,860	6,090	7,620
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	30,580	15,935	14,645
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,130	9,070	9,200
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	97,045	47,070	49,975
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	30,135	15,920	14,220
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,200	59,600	54,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,200	73,400	62,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	28,440	14,055	14,390
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,400	17,800	15,300
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,820	26,200	23,480
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	77.6	82.0	72.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.4	70.0	60.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	22.3	17.9	27.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.7	1.4	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.1	6.9	7.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.3	6.3	6.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	97,115	47,190	49,925
Without total income	3,635	1,845	1,790
With total income	93,485	45,340	48,140
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,825	3,720	4,105
$10,000 to $19,999	12,300	5,655	6,650
$20,000 to $29,999	16,705	7,660	9,050
$30,000 to $39,999	13,570	6,385	7,185
$40,000 to $49,999	11,660	5,635	6,020
$50,000 to $59,999	8,710	4,110	4,600
$60,000 to $69,999	6,260	3,145	3,115
$70,000 to $79,999	4,375	2,195	2,180
$80,000 to $89,999	3,275	1,650	1,625
$90,000 to $99,999	2,345	1,235	1,110
$100,000 and over	6,445	3,950	2,500
$100,000 to $149,999	4,485	2,645	1,840
$150,000 and over	1,965	1,305	655
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	97,115	47,190	49,925
Without after-tax income	3,610	1,835	1,780
With after-tax income	93,500	45,355	48,150
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,125	3,830	4,295
$10,000 to $19,999	12,935	5,975	6,965
$20,000 to $29,999	19,820	9,255	10,570
$30,000 to $39,999	16,300	7,920	8,380
$40,000 to $49,999	12,970	6,265	6,705
$50,000 to $59,999	8,630	4,205	4,420
$60,000 to $69,999	5,410	2,675	2,740
$70,000 to $79,999	3,425	1,690	1,730
$80,000 to $89,999	1,950	1,085	865
$90,000 to $99,999	1,210	725	480
$100,000 and over	2,735	1,740	990
$100,000 to $124,999	1,485	895	585
$125,000 and over	1,245	840	410
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	97,115	47,190	49,925
Without employment income	29,655	12,705	16,945
With employment income	67,465	34,485	32,980
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,475	4,700	4,770
$5,000 to $9,999	6,410	3,000	3,410
$10,000 to $19,999	9,115	4,405	4,710
$20,000 to $29,999	6,960	3,385	3,580
$30,000 to $39,999	6,880	3,490	3,390
$40,000 to $49,999	6,810	3,355	3,450
$50,000 to $59,999	5,240	2,690	2,555
$60,000 to $69,999	4,155	2,285	1,870
$70,000 to $79,999	3,080	1,665	1,415
$80,000 to $89,999	2,575	1,320	1,250
$90,000 to $99,999	1,765	1,020	750
$100,000 and over	5,005	3,180	1,825
$100,000 to $124,999	2,370	1,445	920
$125,000 and over	2,635	1,740	900
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	97,115	47,190	49,925
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,170	44,120	47,055
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	36,400	32,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,190	44,120	47,070
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,800	32,400	29,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,435	39,615	40,830
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,400	35,200	27,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	66,650	34,010	32,640
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	36,800	31,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	71,655	32,520	39,140
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,720	3,320	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,205	3,510	3,695
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,840	4,480	5,280
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	97,045	47,070	49,975
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	90,935	43,885	47,055
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,080	48,320	40,160
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	90,950	43,890	47,060
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,440	39,000	34,040
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,065	39,360	40,710
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,320	47,960	36,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	66,385	33,845	32,540
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,640	47,920	39,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,380	32,205	39,175
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,730	7,210	9,980
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,150	3,515	3,640
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,260	5,935	8,550
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	97,045	47,070	49,975
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,870	15,765	14,105
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	52,800	56,000	49,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	63,850	69,300	57,750
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,135	12,975	13,160
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,000	24,200	20,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,240	32,520	27,960
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	84.4	89.0	79.4
Employment income (%)	72.2	76.4	67.4
Government transfers (%)	15.5	10.9	20.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.0	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	52,375	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	57,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	19,755	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	32,620	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	52,325	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	70,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	19,685	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,840	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	32,635	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	89,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	52,375	...	...
Under $5,000	755	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	455	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	935	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,310	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,120	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,330	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,335	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,465	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,720	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,605	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,635	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,305	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,700	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,210	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,825	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,660	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,165	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,320	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,450	...	...
$200,000 and over	2,735	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	52,375	...	...
Under $5,000	810	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	475	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	950	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,395	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,410	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,890	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,850	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,100	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,280	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,860	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,310	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,520	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,025	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,315	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,770	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,400	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,555	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,635	...	...
$150,000 and over	3,205	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	30,775	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,125	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	12,510	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	6,970	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	58,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	25,175	12,920	12,255
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	35,200	34,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,400	31,600	31,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	30,785	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	89,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,135	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,490	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,045	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,750	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	25,105	12,745	12,360
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,760	43,080	42,400
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,120	36,200	36,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	116,060	56,785	59,275
0 to 17 years	22,425	11,410	11,015
0 to 5 years	7,180	3,665	3,515
18 to 64 years	73,920	36,595	37,325
65 years and over	19,715	8,780	10,935
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	18,095	8,570	9,525
0 to 17 years	3,645	1,875	1,770
0 to 5 years	1,300	665	635
18 to 64 years	10,395	5,145	5,245
65 years and over	4,055	1,555	2,505
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	15.6	15.1	16.1
0 to 17 years (%)	16.3	16.4	16.1
0 to 5 years (%)	18.1	18.2	18.1
18 to 64 years (%)	14.1	14.1	14.1
65 years and over (%)	20.6	17.7	22.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	116,060	56,785	59,275
0 to 17 years	22,425	11,410	11,015
0 to 5 years	7,185	3,670	3,520
18 to 64 years	73,920	36,595	37,330
65 years and over	19,720	8,785	10,935
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	11,465	5,855	5,605
0 to 17 years	1,920	970	945
0 to 5 years	650	320	325
18 to 64 years	7,920	4,235	3,685
65 years and over	1,625	655	975
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.9	10.3	9.5
0 to 17 years (%)	8.5	8.5	8.6
0 to 5 years (%)	9.0	8.8	9.3
18 to 64 years (%)	10.7	11.6	9.9
65 years and over (%)	8.3	7.4	8.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	116,060	56,785	59,275
In bottom half of the distribution	73,805	35,745	38,060
In bottom decile	16,580	8,195	8,390
In second decile	15,105	7,080	8,020
In third decile	15,455	7,425	8,025
In fourth decile	14,160	6,920	7,240
In fifth decile	12,510	6,120	6,390
In top half of the distribution	42,255	21,040	21,215
In sixth decile	10,845	5,365	5,480
In seventh decile	9,675	4,865	4,810
In eighth decile	8,635	4,235	4,405
In ninth decile	7,230	3,645	3,580
In top decile	5,870	2,925	2,945
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	116,060	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.336	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.482	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.288	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	117,865	57,275	60,595
English only	24,150	12,240	11,910
French only	20,625	9,035	11,590
English and French	70,445	34,900	35,545
Neither English nor French	2,650	1,100	1,545
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	117,865	57,275	60,595
English	52,020	25,835	26,185
French	52,625	25,090	27,535
English and French	10,655	5,295	5,365
Neither English nor French	2,565	1,060	1,505
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	117,865	57,275	60,595
Single responses	109,590	53,200	56,390
Official languages	74,165	36,090	38,080
English	32,465	15,970	16,495
French	41,700	20,120	21,580
Non-official languages	35,420	17,110	18,315
Indigenous languages³⁹	100	35	65
Algonquian languages	35	15	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	10	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	10	15
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	20	5	10
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	5
Mi'kmaq	5	0	5
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	65	15	50
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	60	15	45
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	5	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	5	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	35,325	17,075	18,245
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,500	1,810	1,690
Berber languages	500	260	240
Kabyle	470	240	225
Tamazight	30	20	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	40	20	25
Hausa	30	15	15
Mina	10	5	5
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	45	20	25
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	45	15	25
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,910	1,510	1,405
Amharic	60	25	40
Arabic	2,680	1,395	1,285
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	30	20	15
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	130	60	65
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	490	205	285
Khmer (Cambodian)	80	30	45
Vietnamese	415	170	240
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,110	440	665
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Cebuano	20	5	15
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	20	5	10
Ilocano	105	45	60
Indonesian	15	5	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	25	10	10
Merina	10	5	10
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	10	5
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	5
Pangasinan	10	5	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	855	335	520
Waray-Waray	5	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Creole languages	465	225	245
Haitian Creole	285	135	150
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	80	40	40
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	85	45	40
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Dravidian languages	230	115	115
Kannada	5	0	0
Malayalam	35	20	15
Tamil	165	80	85
Telugu	30	15	10
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	10	10	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	21,350	10,435	10,915
Albanian	300	150	145
Armenian	75	40	40
Balto-Slavic languages	3,660	1,700	1,960
Baltic languages	35	15	15
Latvian	15	10	10
Lithuanian	15	5	10
Slavic languages	3,625	1,685	1,940
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	405	190	210
Czech	60	30	25
Macedonian	15	10	10
Polish	810	360	445
Russian	1,715	810	910
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	265	120	150
Bosnian	40	15	20
Croatian	125	55	65
Serbian	105	45	60
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	30	15	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	10
Ukrainian	300	140	160
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Celtic languages	5	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	395	150	245
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	295	115	185
German	275	105	170
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	5	10
Yiddish	5	5	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	70	25	45
Afrikaans	0	0	5
Dutch	60	20	35
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	5
Scandinavian languages	25	10	20
Danish	5	0	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	0	5
Swedish	15	5	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	430	210	220
Indo-Iranian languages	6,490	3,465	3,030
Indo-Aryan languages	5,770	3,115	2,660
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	750	375	375
Gujarati	320	160	160
Hindi	275	165	115
Kacchi	5	5	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	5	0	0
Marathi	10	5	5
Nepali	15	10	5
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,070	2,240	1,825
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	10
Urdu	305	145	155
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Iranian languages	715	350	375
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	35	20	15
Parsi	5	0	0
Pashto	5	5	0
Persian languages	655	315	340
Dari	40	15	30
Iranian Persian	535	255	275
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	75	40	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,990	4,715	5,275
Catalan	5	5	0
Italian	3,890	1,800	2,095
Portuguese	735	335	400
Romanian	1,310	650	660
Spanish	4,040	1,925	2,120
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	70	20	50
Korean	345	145	195
Mongolian	10	0	5
Niger-Congo languages	1,765	855	905
Akan (Twi)	120	60	60
Bamanankan	50	25	25
Edo	25	10	20
Éwé	25	15	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	165	85	80
Ga	10	5	5
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	15	10	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	220	100	120
Lingala	115	55	60
Luba-Kasai	10	5	5
Mòoré	15	10	5
Mwani	5	5	0
Ndebele	15	5	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	330	155	175
Shona	20	10	10
Soninke	5	5	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0
Swahili	120	50	65
Wojenaka	25	15	15
Wolof	85	45	35
Yoruba	190	90	100
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	195	95	100
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	15	15
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Sign languages	15	5	5
American Sign Language	5	5	5
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	5
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,355	2,510	2,850
Chinese languages	5,345	2,505	2,845
Hakka	10	5	5
Mandarin	4,040	1,905	2,140
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	35	40
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	25	35
Yue (Cantonese)	1,115	515	600
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	15	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	25	40
Lao	45	20	25
Thai	15	5	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	340	180	160
Azerbaijani	15	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	240	135	105
Uyghur	45	25	20
Uzbek	10	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	10	25
Uralic languages	165	80	90
Estonian	10	5	5
Finnish	10	5	10
Hungarian	145	70	75
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Multiple responses	8,280	4,075	4,205
English and French	3,225	1,555	1,665
English and non-official language(s)	2,230	1,115	1,110
French and non-official language(s)	1,595	800	795
English, French and non-official language(s)	910	435	465
Multiple non-official languages	325	160	165
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	117,865	57,275	60,595
English	32,760	16,125	16,635
French	37,005	17,765	19,240
Non-official language	12,480	5,970	6,510
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	10
Non-Indigenous	12,470	5,965	6,500
English and French	11,210	5,490	5,720
English and non-official language(s)	9,135	4,565	4,570
French and non-official language(s)	6,040	2,830	3,210
English, French and non-official language(s)	8,380	4,115	4,265
Multiple non-official languages	855	420	435
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	117,865	57,275	60,595
Single responses	108,415	52,620	55,795
Official languages	86,585	41,995	44,595
English	42,450	20,725	21,720
French	44,140	21,270	22,875
Non-official languages	21,830	10,625	11,205
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	10	25
Algonquian languages	15	10	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	15	5	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	5	10
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	5	15
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	20	5	15
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	21,785	10,610	11,175
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,720	845	875
Berber languages	225	115	110
Kabyle	215	105	105
Tamazight	10	5	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Chadic languages	25	10	20
Hausa	25	10	15
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	20	5	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	20	5	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,440	715	725
Amharic	40	15	20
Arabic	1,285	640	650
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	15	10	5
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	90	45	50
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	250	115	135
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	20	25
Vietnamese	205	95	110
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	600	275	325
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Cebuano	10	5	5
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	15	10	10
Ilocano	60	25	35
Indonesian	5	5	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	15	5	5
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	10
Pangasinan	5	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	465	215	250
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	170	75	100
Haitian Creole	70	25	45
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	50	20	30
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Dravidian languages	150	75	80
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	20	10	10
Tamil	115	50	65
Telugu	15	10	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	5	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	13,270	6,545	6,730
Albanian	185	95	95
Armenian	30	15	20
Balto-Slavic languages	2,475	1,175	1,305
Baltic languages	10	5	5
Latvian	10	5	5
Lithuanian	5	5	5
Slavic languages	2,465	1,170	1,300
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	290	135	155
Czech	20	10	10
Macedonian	10	5	10
Polish	425	190	235
Russian	1,410	690	725
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	155	70	85
Bosnian	35	15	20
Croatian	60	25	30
Serbian	65	30	40
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	5	5	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	130	65	70
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	40	15	30
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	30	15	20
German	30	15	20
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	0	5
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	0	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	165	75	95
Indo-Iranian languages	5,190	2,755	2,435
Indo-Aryan languages	4,675	2,525	2,150
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	570	280	290
Gujarati	195	90	105
Hindi	200	110	85
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	5	5	5
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,475	1,925	1,550
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	5	5
Urdu	215	100	120
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	515	230	280
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	20	10	10
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	470	210	260
Dari	30	10	15
Iranian Persian	395	175	215
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	25	25
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,180	2,415	2,765
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,295	545	745
Portuguese	385	175	210
Romanian	830	415	415
Spanish	2,675	1,280	1,395
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	20	5	15
Korean	280	120	155
Mongolian	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	620	295	325
Akan (Twi)	80	35	40
Bamanankan	15	10	5
Edo	5	0	5
Éwé	5	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	60	30	35
Ga	5	5	5
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	65	25	40
Lingala	50	25	20
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	130	55	75
Shona	5	0	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	50	30	20
Wojenaka	5	0	0
Wolof	40	20	15
Yoruba	50	25	30
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	35	20	10
American Sign Language	20	10	5
Quebec Sign Language	15	5	5
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,370	2,085	2,280
Chinese languages	4,360	2,085	2,280
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	3,495	1,680	1,815
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	20	25
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	20	20
Yue (Cantonese)	760	355	400
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	10	15
Lao	25	10	15
Thai	5	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	205	105	95
Azerbaijani	5	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	150	80	65
Uyghur	35	15	20
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Uralic languages	55	20	30
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	50	20	30
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	9,450	4,655	4,795
English and French	3,335	1,660	1,670
English and non-official language(s)	2,635	1,325	1,315
French and non-official language(s)	2,030	955	1,075
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,340	660	680
Multiple non-official languages	110	50	60
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	117,870	57,275	60,590
None	89,285	43,300	45,990
English	7,595	3,865	3,730
French	7,405	3,515	3,890
Non-official language	6,740	3,220	3,515
Indigenous³⁹	40	15	25
Non-Indigenous	6,700	3,210	3,490
English and French	2,060	1,020	1,040
English and non-official language(s)	1,790	905	880
French and non-official language(s)	2,040	980	1,055
English, French and non-official language(s)	285	130	155
Multiple non-official languages	675	335	335
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	116,045	56,680	59,370
Official languages	113,390	55,575	57,815
English	93,370	46,665	46,705
French	89,480	43,375	46,100
Non-official languages	50,310	24,495	25,815
Indigenous languages³⁹	170	40	125
Algonquian languages	55	10	40
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	45	10	35
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	45	10	30
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	20	0	15
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	15	0	15
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	105	25	80
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	105	25	80
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	50,150	24,455	25,695
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,655	2,905	2,755
Berber languages	895	475	420
Kabyle	800	420	380
Tamazight	95	60	40
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	95	50	45
Hausa	60	30	25
Mina	40	20	20
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	65	25	40
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	55	15	40
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	5,105	2,610	2,490
Amharic	90	40	50
Arabic	4,760	2,460	2,305
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	185	105	80
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	80	25	55
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	585	270	320
Khmer (Cambodian)	130	50	80
Vietnamese	455	220	240
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,425	555	870
Bikol	20	10	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	15	0
Cebuano	40	0	40
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	30	0	20
Ilocano	160	65	90
Indonesian	45	15	30
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	10	10	0
Merina	10	10	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40	15	20
Pangasinan	25	10	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,320	515	810
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35
Creole languages	1,275	585	695
Haitian Creole	840	390	450
Jamaican English Creole	40	20	15
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	145	70	80
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	195	85	110
Creole languages, n.i.e.	125	60	70
Dravidian languages	360	165	195
Kannada	20	10	0
Malayalam	35	20	15
Tamil	295	120	170
Telugu	40	20	20
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	25	20	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	30,615	15,125	15,495
Albanian	360	205	160
Armenian	150	75	70
Balto-Slavic languages	5,005	2,450	2,555
Baltic languages	35	10	25
Latvian	10	0	10
Lithuanian	25	10	15
Slavic languages	4,980	2,440	2,535
Belarusian	40	0	35
Bulgarian	430	220	215
Czech	95	55	40
Macedonian	40	15	25
Polish	1,115	565	550
Russian	2,845	1,360	1,485
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	410	205	200
Bosnian	120	60	55
Croatian	205	105	105
Serbian	180	95	85
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	70	30	40
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	10
Ukrainian	565	275	290
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	15	0	15
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,020	455	565
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	860	365	490
German	840	350	485
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	15	10	10
Yiddish	15	15	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	115	65	50
Afrikaans	20	0	10
Dutch	80	50	30
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	0
Scandinavian languages	80	30	50
Danish	15	0	15
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	20	0	15
Swedish	50	20	25
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	740	360	385
Indo-Iranian languages	8,625	4,610	4,015
Indo-Aryan languages	7,645	4,125	3,520
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	1,180	570	605
Gujarati	395	205	195
Hindi	3,025	1,620	1,405
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	10	0
Marathi	20	10	10
Nepali	0	0	0
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,340	2,985	2,355
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	10	30
Urdu	680	340	335
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Iranian languages	995	485	510
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	100	65	40
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	10	0	10
Persian languages	890	420	470
Dari	50	15	30
Iranian Persian	725	345	380
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	135	75	60
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	16,000	7,595	8,405
Catalan	15	0	0
Italian	6,280	2,960	3,320
Portuguese	1,025	525	500
Romanian	1,550	755	790
Spanish	8,255	3,845	4,410
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	40	10	30
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Japanese	275	125	150
Korean	510	225	285
Mongolian	10	0	10
Niger-Congo languages	4,105	1,965	2,145
Akan (Twi)	170	90	85
Bamanankan	90	55	35
Edo	120	55	65
Éwé	45	35	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	335	180	160
Ga	30	20	10
Ganda	20	10	10
Gikuyu	25	0	20
Igbo	80	50	30
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	445	190	255
Lingala	660	300	360
Luba-Kasai	65	25	40
Mòoré	50	25	20
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	75	35	40
Rundi (Kirundi)	505	225	275
Shona	95	55	40
Soninke	20	20	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	525	250	280
Wojenaka	95	45	50
Wolof	210	125	90
Yoruba	510	220	290
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	755	375	380
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	0
African, n.o.s.	70	20	45
Sign languages	115	70	45
American Sign Language	65	35	25
Quebec Sign Language	35	20	15
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,895	2,820	3,075
Chinese languages	5,895	2,820	3,075
Hakka	30	15	15
Mandarin	4,940	2,330	2,610
Min Dong	15	0	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	115	60	55
Wu (Shanghainese)	120	55	60
Yue (Cantonese)	1,400	645	750
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	85	35	50
Lao	60	25	35
Thai	25	15	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	735	415	315
Azerbaijani	30	20	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	510	310	205
Uyghur	145	70	75
Uzbek	20	20	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	55	20	40
Uralic languages	245	110	135
Estonian	10	0	0
Finnish	15	10	0
Hungarian	220	95	125
Other languages, n.i.e.	105	55	60
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	116,045	56,680	59,365
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,515	660	850
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,400	610	785
First Nations (North American Indian)	880	405	475
Métis	400	170	230
Inuk (Inuit)	120	35	80
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	45	20	25
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	65	30	40
Non-Indigenous identity	114,535	56,020	58,515
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	116,045	56,680	59,365
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	430	205	230
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	115,615	56,480	59,135
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	52,325	...	...
Owner	22,385	...	...
Renter	29,940	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	52,325	...	...
Condominium	10,130	...	...
Not condominium	42,195	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	52,325	...	...
No bedrooms	625	...	...
1 bedroom	12,280	...	...
2 bedrooms	17,005	...	...
3 bedrooms	17,195	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	5,220	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	52,325	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	25,855	...	...
5 rooms	11,945	...	...
6 rooms	5,050	...	...
7 rooms	3,840	...	...
8 or more rooms	5,635	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	52,325	...	...
One person or fewer per room	50,695	...	...
More than one person per room	1,625	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	52,325	...	...
Suitable	47,750	...	...
Not suitable	4,570	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	52,325	...	...
1960 or before	17,220	...	...
1961 to 1980	18,635	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,090	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,905	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,785	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,640	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,675	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,375	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	52,325	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	48,020	...	...
Major repairs needed	4,305	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	52,325	...	...
One-maintainer household	31,200	...	...
Two-maintainer household	19,210	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,910	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	52,325	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,590	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,590	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,395	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,930	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,170	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,740	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,160	...	...
85 years and over	1,745	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	52,000	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	40,690	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	11,315	...	...
30% to less than 100%	10,390	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	52,325	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	18,045	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,750	...	...
Not suitable only	3,395	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,815	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	590	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	900	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	520	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	70	...	...
Acceptable housing	34,280	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	51,075	...	...
In core need	5,385	...	...
Not in core need	45,690	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	22,385	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,270	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,392	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	500,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	544,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	29,940	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	15.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	850	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	914	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	116,045	56,680	59,365
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	815	355	465
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	785	335	450
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	635	270	365
Métis single ancestry	45	30	20
Inuit single ancestry	105	35	65
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	35	20	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	35	20	15
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,865	860	1,000
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,845	850	990
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,605	750	860
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	170	80	90
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	20	40
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	20	10	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	113,360	55,465	57,900
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	116,050	56,680	59,370
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	98,570	47,955	50,610
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,505	9,920	9,585
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	79,070	38,040	41,025
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	17,475	8,720	8,755
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	116,050	56,680	59,370
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	72,025	35,340	36,685
Immigrants⁸¹	36,435	17,205	19,235
Before 1980	6,040	2,810	3,230
1980 to 1990	3,005	1,520	1,490
1991 to 2000	6,345	3,000	3,345
2001 to 2010	9,400	4,375	5,020
2011 to 2021⁸²	11,650	5,500	6,150
2011 to 2015	5,475	2,615	2,860
2016 to 2021	6,175	2,885	3,290
Non-permanent residents⁸³	7,585	4,135	3,445
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	36,440	17,205	19,230
Under 5 years	2,955	1,455	1,500
5 to 14 years	6,040	3,040	3,005
15 to 24 years	6,765	2,970	3,795
25 to 44 years	17,920	8,425	9,490
45 years and over	2,760	1,310	1,445
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	36,440	17,205	19,230
Americas	7,565	3,395	4,170
Brazil	210	100	115
Colombia	515	210	305
El Salvador	330	185	145
Guyana	285	115	170
Haiti	610	295	310
Jamaica	800	355	445
Mexico	485	235	245
Peru	235	115	120
Trinidad and Tobago	565	250	310
United States of America	455	265	185
Other places of birth in Americas	3,085	1,270	1,815
Europe	8,690	4,060	4,625
Bosnia and Herzegovina	130	70	60
Croatia	95	50	45
France	860	425	435
Germany	215	100	110
Greece	175	80	90
Hungary	85	30	50
Italy	2,030	980	1,045
Netherlands	45	25	20
Poland	685	325	355
Portugal	250	130	115
Romania	875	395	485
Russian Federation	585	250	335
Serbia⁸⁶	40	20	20
Ukraine	450	195	260
United Kingdom⁸⁷	440	215	230
Other places of birth in Europe	1,730	765	965
Africa	8,550	4,225	4,330
Algeria	1,395	725	670
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	610	270	340
Egypt	325	180	145
Eritrea	50	10	40
Ethiopia	80	35	50
Morocco	1,250	630	615
Nigeria	355	185	170
Somalia	30	15	20
South Africa, Republic of	20	15	0
Other places of birth in Africa	4,425	2,155	2,265
Asia	11,595	5,505	6,090
Afghanistan	30	0	20
Iran⁸⁸	620	305	315
Iraq	55	30	20
Lebanon	245	165	85
Syria⁸⁹	165	90	70
Turkey	280	160	125
China⁹⁰	3,460	1,585	1,875
Hong Kong⁹¹	180	115	60
Korea, South⁹²	315	140	175
Taiwan	225	75	145
Philippines	1,320	500	820
Viet Nam	375	175	205
Bangladesh	650	315	330
India	2,230	1,170	1,055
Pakistan	295	165	130
Sri Lanka	145	70	75
Other places of birth in Asia	1,020	445	580
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	35	20	20
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,170	2,885	3,290
Americas	805	335	470
Brazil	50	20	35
Colombia	85	40	40
Haiti	60	30	25
Jamaica	40	15	20
Mexico	75	30	40
United States of America	90	40	50
Venezuela⁹⁵	65	20	45
Other places of birth in Americas	345	130	215
Europe	670	340	325
France	180	100	80
Germany	20	10	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	20	15	0
Russian Federation	45	15	30
Ukraine	85	40	50
United Kingdom⁸⁷	20	20	0
Other places of birth in Europe	300	135	160
Africa	2,490	1,175	1,320
Algeria	230	120	110
Burundi	230	100	130
Cameroon	590	250	345
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	135	75	60
Côte d'Ivoire	285	155	130
Egypt	35	15	20
Eritrea	30	0	25
Ethiopia	20	10	10
Morocco	155	60	100
Nigeria	150	70	80
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	65	25	40
Other places of birth in Africa	560	290	270
Asia	2,205	1,035	1,165
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	75	30	45
China⁹⁰	590	255	340
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	780	405	375
Iran⁸⁸	75	25	55
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	80	35	45
Lebanon	15	15	0
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	50	30	20
Philippines	180	95	90
Saudi Arabia	60	35	25
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	105	45	60
Turkey	65	30	30
United Arab Emirates	25	10	20
Viet Nam	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Asia	75	20	60
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	116,045	56,680	59,365
First generation¹⁰⁰	44,895	21,700	23,195
Second generation¹⁰¹	24,965	12,485	12,480
Third generation or more¹⁰²	46,190	22,500	23,695
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	30,400	14,395	16,005
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	15,820	7,945	7,875
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,455	4,195	3,260
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	8,365	3,750	4,610
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,650	3,605	5,045
Refugees¹⁰⁸	5,265	2,590	2,675
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	670	255	415
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	30,400	14,395	16,005
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	3,985	1,925	2,060
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,585	1,100	1,490
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	615	355	255
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,380	765	620
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	245	90	150
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	21,590	10,155	11,430
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	116,045	56,680	59,365
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	47,370	23,060	24,310
South Asian	8,600	4,595	4,005
Chinese	6,175	2,945	3,225
Black	18,345	8,615	9,730
Filipino	1,885	850	1,040
Arab	4,085	2,065	2,025
Latin American	3,945	1,950	1,995
Southeast Asian	885	390	490
West Asian	1,130	545	585
Korean	525	240	285
Japanese	190	70	120
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	460	210	245
Multiple visible minorities	1,140	590	545
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	68,680	33,615	35,065
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	116,045	56,680	59,370
Canadian	16,150	7,760	8,390
English	4,950	2,455	2,495
Irish	9,330	4,740	4,590
Scottish	5,560	2,580	2,980
French, n.o.s.¹²²	15,290	7,750	7,540
German	2,570	1,220	1,345
Chinese	5,785	2,775	3,015
Italian	10,035	4,840	5,195
Indian (India)	4,980	2,675	2,300
Ukrainian	1,890	905	980
Dutch	505	255	250
Polish	2,305	1,180	1,125
Québécois	6,040	2,950	3,085
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,240	590	650
Filipino	1,895	855	1,040
French Canadian	3,965	1,935	2,030
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,625	780	845
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	985	445	540
Métis	235	120	115
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,080	505	575
Russian	1,925	960	965
Norwegian	160	85	85
Welsh	435	165	275
Portuguese	1,220	560	660
American	680	350	335
Spanish	1,470	720	750
Swedish	185	80	105
Hungarian	665	305	360
Acadian	665	320	350
Pakistani	480	230	250
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	3,520	1,635	1,885
Jewish	750	365	385
Punjabi	1,460	860	600
Vietnamese	600	300	300
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,475	745	735
Greek	1,205	610	595
Jamaican	1,535	750	785
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	845	390	455
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	95	40	50
Korean	540	255	285
Romanian	1,485	710	780
Lebanese	685	390	295
Iranian	740	345	400
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	835	405	430
Danish	90	55	35
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	335	160	170
Sikh	1,100	565	530
Austrian	250	115	135
Belgian	455	210	245
Haitian	1,430	685	745
Hindu	500	270	230
Mexican	845	400	445
Mennonite	10	0	0
Swiss	245	140	105
Finnish	90	55	35
Sri Lankan	170	80	85
Croatian	185	75	110
Japanese	295	115	180
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	180	90	90
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	175	60	125
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	100	45	50
Muslim	265	125	140
Egyptian	550	275	275
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	780	375	405
Tamil	135	55	75
Icelandic	0	0	0
Colombian	535	265	270
Moroccan	1,190	630	560
Czech	245	135	110
Syrian	295	130	165
Guyanese	235	125	115
Afghan	50	10	40
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,090	440	650
Serbian	140	60	80
Ojibway	0	0	0
Newfoundlander	50	35	15
Hong Konger	85	30	50
Ontarian	55	30	30
Persian	220	120	100
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	725	375	350
Turkish	415	230	185
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	210	80	135
Bangladeshi	830	385	445
Algerian	1,480	670	800
Brazilian	275	135	145
Nigerian	530	200	330
Armenian	275	125	150
Slovak	125	60	65
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	155	85	75
Somali	65	25	40
Taiwanese	260	135	125
Iraqi	60	25	30
Salvadorean	365	175	195
African Caribbean	575	255	325
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	115	65	45
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	70	35	30
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	680	265	415
Algonquin	155	70	85
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	485	185	300
Lithuanian	175	90	90
South African	30	0	30
Australian	30	15	15
Palestinian	50	25	25
Chilean	310	120	195
Congolese	820	390	440
Nova Scotian	170	70	95
Ethiopian	55	20	35
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	260	110	145
Peruvian	285	120	165
Yoruba	470	245	225
Cambodian (Khmer)	150	60	90
Berber	770	420	350
Albanian	320	185	140
Maltese	10	0	10
Macedonian	40	15	20
Slovenian	85	25	55
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	105	50	60
New Brunswicker	65	30	35
Gujarati	30	20	15
Eritrean	40	15	25
African Canadian	215	105	115
Israeli	115	65	50
Mohawk	235	115	120
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	30	10	15
Bulgarian	425	210	215
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	265	150	115
Barbadian	725	380	345
African American	310	125	185
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	90	35	55
Tunisian	285	110	170
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	125	50	80
Cuban	265	150	120
Bosnian	60	30	30
Venezuelan	400	185	215
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	35	15	15
Latvian	65	35	25
Bengali	290	160	135
Cameroonian	875	425	450
Guatemalan	195	80	115
Indonesian	40	15	30
Laotian	80	40	40
Ilocano	70	45	30
Northern Irish	20	0	15
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	30	25	10
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	70	30	40
Franco Ontarian	40	15	25
Argentinian	110	65	45
Estonian	35	20	10
Kurdish	145	90	50
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	60	30	30
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	60	30	30
Coptic	80	40	40
Thai	30	10	15
Dominican	240	120	120
Nepali	0	0	0
Kabyle	555	240	310
Assyrian	55	15	35
Igbo	125	75	50
Byelorussian	220	110	110
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	25	0	20
Abenaki	65	25	35
Moldovan	520	250	275
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	65	35	40
New Zealander	0	0	0
Sudanese	0	0	0
Breton	155	75	85
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0
Malaysian	20	10	10
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	145	65	80
Huron (Wendat)	120	75	45
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	90	20	70
Gaspesian	95	40	55
Norman	55	30	25
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	90	45	45
Ivorian	400	220	180
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	505	215	285
Tigrinya	65	20	45
Nicaraguan	120	70	50
Mauritian	150	70	80
Kenyan	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	690	270	420
Jordanian	10	10	0
Manitoban	0	0	0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	515	215	300
Grenadian	275	105	170
Malayali	0	0	0
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	10	10	0
Mayan	85	45	40
Honduran	140	80	55
Cherokee	25	15	15
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	20	0	20
Flemish	10	0	0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0
Senegalese	150	70	85
Azerbaijani	15	0	15
Sicilian	95	60	30
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Goan	25	10	10
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	155	90	70
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	50	20	25
Burmese	0	0	0
Mongolian	25	10	15
Azorean	15	10	10
Atikamekw	15	10	0
Bamileke	340	160	185
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	25	0	20
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	0	0	0
Yemeni	10	0	10
Central African	100	35	65
Libyan	25	10	10
Basque	40	15	25
Uruguayan	30	10	20
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	75	40	40
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	90	45	40
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	325	180	145
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	275	115	160
St. Lucian	60	20	40
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	170	95	75
Telugu	15	10	0
Roma	30	10	20
Costa Rican	70	40	30
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	15	15	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	120	55	70
Tajik	60	25	40
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	116,045	56,680	59,365
Buddhist	925	415	510
Christian	66,750	31,265	35,480
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	9,300	4,265	5,035
Anabaptist	10	0	10
Anglican	2,100	955	1,145
Baptist	575	295	285
Catholic	43,730	20,810	22,920
Christian Orthodox	4,040	1,890	2,145
Jehovah's Witness	475	185	290
Latter Day Saints	110	40	70
Lutheran	125	65	60
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	150	70	80
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,225	970	1,255
Presbyterian	405	220	190
Reformed	0	0	0
United Church	865	370	495
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,620	1,120	1,500
Hindu	2,200	1,205	995
Jewish	770	355	415
Muslim	9,405	4,775	4,625
Sikh	4,555	2,470	2,085
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	40	15	30
Other religions and spiritual traditions	625	255	370
No religion and secular perspectives	30,780	15,925	14,860
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	114,955	56,170	58,785
Non-movers	102,190	49,990	52,200
Movers	12,760	6,180	6,580
Non-migrants	9,250	4,475	4,780
Migrants	3,515	1,710	1,805
Internal migrants	2,275	1,110	1,165
Intraprovincial migrants	1,885	905	975
Interprovincial migrants	390	205	185
External migrants	1,235	595	640
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	110,030	53,695	56,335
Non-movers	63,785	30,835	32,950
Movers	46,245	22,860	23,390
Non-migrants	24,135	11,790	12,350
Migrants	22,110	11,070	11,040
Internal migrants	11,250	5,595	5,655
Intraprovincial migrants	10,095	5,000	5,095
Interprovincial migrants	1,160	600	560
External migrants	10,855	5,470	5,385
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	97,045	47,070	49,975
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	18,600	9,610	8,990
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	78,450	37,460	40,990
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	63,825	31,095	32,730
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,230	4,615	3,620
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	55,595	26,480	29,110
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	97,045	47,070	49,975
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,770	8,465	8,310
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	23,685	11,740	11,945
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	56,595	26,865	29,720
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	30,360	14,590	15,770
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	10,430	6,000	4,430
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	7,400	3,975	3,425
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,035	2,025	1,010
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,220	7,040	9,180
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,705	1,550	2,155
Bachelor's degree or higher	26,235	12,275	13,955
Bachelor's degree	16,525	7,680	8,845
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,715	1,245	1,465
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	445	215	230
Master's degree	5,705	2,570	3,125
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	845	560	285
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	63,820	31,095	32,730
No certificate, diploma or degree	7,115	3,950	3,165
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	13,090	6,780	6,315
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	43,615	20,360	23,255
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,635	10,270	11,360
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,680	4,280	3,405
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,565	2,885	2,675
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,120	1,395	730
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,185	4,855	6,335
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,765	1,140	1,625
Bachelor's degree or higher	21,985	10,090	11,895
Bachelor's degree	13,650	6,315	7,330
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,290	1,015	1,275
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	325	125	200
Master's degree	5,055	2,200	2,855
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	670	435	235
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	97,045	47,065	49,975
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	40,455	20,200	20,250
Education	3,145	675	2,465
13. Education	3,145	675	2,465
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,320	1,025	1,300
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	300	195	105
50. Visual and performing arts	2,020	830	1,190
Humanities	3,455	1,230	2,225
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	655	100	555
23. English language and literature/letters	450	155	290
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,410	535	875
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	65	25	40
38. Philosophy and religious studies	120	75	45
39. Theology and religious vocations	140	90	50
54. History	260	140	120
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	360	105	250
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,080	2,555	4,525
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	45	20	30
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	685	210	475
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,175	150	1,025
22. Legal professions and studies	1,105	420	690
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	85	25	60
42. Psychology	915	185	735
45. Social sciences	3,060	1,545	1,515
Business, management and public administration	13,625	5,535	8,090
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	10	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	490	85	395
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,120	5,435	7,680
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,695	1,400	1,295
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,020	440	580
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	555	315	250
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	210	105	110
40. Physical sciences	800	500	300
41. Science technologies/technicians	110	50	60
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,530	2,365	1,160
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,985	2,100	890
25. Library science	175	30	145
27. Mathematics and statistics	290	175	115
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	75	65	15
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,530	9,090	1,440
04. Architecture and related services	375	220	155
14. Engineering	3,950	3,165	785
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,970	1,665	300
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,560	1,460	105
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,795	1,750	50
48. Precision production	880	835	45
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	645	315	330
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	425	205	215
03. Natural resources and conservation	220	115	110
Health and related fields	6,825	1,285	5,540
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	440	210	235
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,250	1,020	5,225
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	120	55	65
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,740	1,385	1,350
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,650	495	1,155
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0
43. Security and protective services	410	275	130
49. Transportation and materials moving	660	600	65
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	63,825	31,095	32,730
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	20,205	10,735	9,470
Education	2,250	435	1,815
13. Education	2,250	435	1,815
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,805	785	1,020
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	235	150	80
50. Visual and performing arts	1,570	635	940
Humanities	2,380	890	1,485
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	470	80	395
23. English language and literature/letters	355	130	230
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	840	330	510
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	25	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	90	55	35
39. Theology and religious vocations	100	65	35
54. History	205	110	90
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	270	100	175
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,525	1,930	3,600
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	45	20	20
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	535	165	370
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	885	75	815
22. Legal professions and studies	930	335	605
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	75	15	60
42. Psychology	685	135	545
45. Social sciences	2,370	1,190	1,185
Business, management and public administration	10,870	4,230	6,640
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	10	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	400	75	325
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,450	4,145	6,305
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,820	910	905
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	805	345	460
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	280	140	140
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	70	40	30
40. Physical sciences	580	355	225
41. Science technologies/technicians	90	35	55
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,880	1,945	935
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,480	1,755	725
25. Library science	135	20	105
27. Mathematics and statistics	205	115	90
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	60	50	15
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,175	6,960	1,220
04. Architecture and related services	315	170	140
14. Engineering	3,395	2,690	705
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,425	1,210	220
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,205	1,130	80
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,265	1,235	40
48. Precision production	575	530	40
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	550	260	290
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	355	160	195
03. Natural resources and conservation	200	105	90
Health and related fields	5,225	945	4,280
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	350	160	190
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,785	760	4,025
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	80	25	50
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,130	1,070	1,055
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,265	360	905
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	345	240	105
49. Transportation and materials moving	515	460	50
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	63,825	31,095	32,730
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	20,205	10,735	9,470
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	43,620	20,360	23,260
Location of study inside Canada	31,755	14,600	17,155
Same as province or territory of residence	30,290	13,965	16,325
Different than province or territory of residence	1,470	640	830
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	11,865	5,760	6,105
Americas	1,885	935	955
United States of America	515	270	245
Mexico	275	140	140
Cuba	85	45	40
Haiti	65	50	20
Jamaica	35	20	15
Brazil	140	60	80
Colombia	185	75	105
Peru	40	10	30
Venezuela⁹⁵	180	80	95
Other locations of study in Americas	365	165	200
Europe	2,900	1,455	1,445
Belgium	40	30	10
France	770	415	355
Germany	25	0	20
Netherlands	0	0	0
Switzerland	50	35	15
Hungary	10	0	10
Moldova¹⁸³	280	130	150
Poland	95	40	55
Romania	315	150	165
Russian Federation	285	140	145
Ukraine	245	130	115
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	185	110	75
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	10	15
Italy	75	30	40
Serbia⁸⁶	10	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	475	205	275
Africa	2,830	1,460	1,370
Nigeria	400	185	215
Algeria	540	265	275
Morocco	345	195	150
Tunisia	100	55	50
Egypt	100	70	35
South Africa, Republic of	25	10	15
Other locations of study in Africa	1,305	680	625
Asia	4,165	1,870	2,295
Iran⁸⁸	215	85	130
Iraq	20	15	10
Israel	0	0	0
Lebanon	65	55	15
Syria⁸⁹	55	40	20
Turkey	80	60	15
China⁹⁰	1,415	610	805
Taiwan	40	10	25
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	10
Japan	50	10	40
Korea, South⁹²	95	35	60
Philippines	385	145	240
Viet Nam	15	0	10
Bangladesh	195	110	85
Sri Lanka	30	10	20
India	1,230	570	670
Pakistan	45	20	30
Other locations of study in Asia	225	100	125
Oceania	85	45	40
Australia	70	35	35
New Zealand	10	10	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	97,045	47,070	49,975
In the labour force	62,625	32,160	30,465
Employed	56,170	28,815	27,355
Unemployed	6,455	3,350	3,110
Not in the labour force	34,420	14,910	19,515
Participation rate	64.5	68.3	61.0
Employment rate	57.9	61.2	54.7
Unemployment rate	10.3	10.4	10.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	97,045	47,065	49,975
Did not work¹⁸⁶	35,980	15,665	20,315
Worked	61,065	31,405	29,665
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	30,925	16,415	14,510
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	30,135	14,980	15,155
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.9	40.4	39.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	62,620	32,160	30,465
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,805	860	945
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	60,820	31,300	29,515
Employee	53,430	26,580	26,850
Permanent position	45,030	22,705	22,325
Temporary position	8,405	3,875	4,525
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,250	1,375	1,875
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,150	2,500	2,650
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,385	4,720	2,665
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	62,620	32,160	30,465
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,805	860	945
All occupations¹⁹¹	60,820	31,300	29,515
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	860	555	300
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,685	4,145	7,545
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,300	4,020	1,275
3 Health occupations	4,740	820	3,920
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,355	1,755	4,600
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,860	840	1,015
6 Sales and service occupations	16,720	8,040	8,680
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	9,710	8,765	950
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	400	325	80
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,195	2,035	1,160
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	62,620	32,160	30,465
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,805	860	945
All industries¹⁹¹	60,820	31,300	29,515
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	170	95	75
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	85	70	20
22 Utilities	235	155	80
23 Construction	2,670	2,265	400
31-33 Manufacturing	6,205	4,265	1,935
41 Wholesale trade	3,105	1,725	1,380
44-45 Retail trade	6,505	3,225	3,280
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	5,895	4,400	1,495
51 Information and cultural industries	1,600	910	690
52 Finance and insurance	2,740	1,140	1,600
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,200	625	570
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,140	2,890	2,250
55 Management of companies and enterprises	115	40	75
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,035	1,850	1,180
61 Educational services	4,705	1,550	3,160
62 Health care and social assistance	7,945	1,515	6,430
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,035	510	525
72 Accommodation and food services	3,765	1,920	1,850
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,450	1,055	1,395
91 Public administration	2,225	1,100	1,130
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	66,235	33,985	32,240
English	16,270	8,775	7,495
French	17,080	8,530	8,550
Non-official language	535	260	275
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	535	260	275
English and French	29,720	14,950	14,770
English and non-official language(s)	1,065	630	435
French and non-official language(s)	185	100	85
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,345	715	630
Multiple non-official languages	35	25	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	66,235	33,985	32,240
Single responses	57,230	29,440	27,790
Official languages	56,320	28,980	27,340
English	27,380	14,455	12,930
French	28,935	14,525	14,410
Non-official languages	910	455	450
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	15
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	0	15
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	15	0	15
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	895	455	435
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	10	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	15	10	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	15	10	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	30	15	15
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	30	15	15
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	395	200	200
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	60	20	35
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	60	20	35
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	15	10	0
Russian	40	15	30
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	210	110	100
Indo-Aryan languages	210	110	100
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	15	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	200	105	90
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	120	60	60
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	10	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	15	10	0
Spanish	100	40	55
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	30	15	15
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	410	220	195
Chinese languages	410	220	195
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	320	165	155
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	90	50	40
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	9,000	4,550	4,450
English and French	8,450	4,220	4,230
English and non-official language(s)	365	240	125
French and non-official language(s)	55	25	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	135	70	70
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	66,235	33,985	32,240
None	42,335	21,845	20,490
English	11,685	5,890	5,795
French	10,305	5,195	5,110
Non-official language	1,040	575	460
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	20
Non-Indigenous	1,010	565	440
English and French	80	30	55
English and non-official language(s)	300	175	125
French and non-official language(s)	365	225	135
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	120	45	75
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	56,165	28,815	27,355
Worked at home	13,120	6,120	7,000
Worked outside Canada	170	130	45
No fixed workplace address	6,025	4,260	1,765
Usual place of work	36,855	18,300	18,550
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	36,855	18,300	18,550
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	25,160	11,980	13,180
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	8,575	4,400	4,175
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,985	1,820	1,160
Commute to a different province or territory	135	100	35
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	42,875	22,560	20,315
Car, truck or van	29,580	17,055	12,525
Car, truck or van - as a driver	27,280	16,185	11,095
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,295	870	1,425
Public transit	9,455	3,745	5,715
Walked	2,580	1,015	1,565
Bicycle	490	370	120
Other method	770	375	395
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	42,875	22,560	20,315
Less than 15 minutes	9,635	4,830	4,800
15 to 29 minutes	16,525	9,105	7,415
30 to 44 minutes	8,940	5,015	3,925
45 to 59 minutes	3,455	1,575	1,875
60 minutes and over	4,325	2,025	2,295
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	42,875	22,560	20,315
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,845	1,980	865
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	7,010	3,980	3,030
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,825	5,110	5,710
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,235	3,800	4,430
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,710	2,760	2,945
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	8,260	4,935	3,330
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,795	11,615	11,185
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,280	4,320	3,960
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,520	7,295	7,225
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,495	8,405	8,090
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,170	3,220	2,950
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	5,175	2,695	2,480
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,000	525	475
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,325	5,180	5,140

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed March 14, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

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