Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Ottawa, City (CV)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision] Remove	Ottawa - GatineauMore information: Ontario/Quebec [Census metropolitan area] Remove	Ottawa - Gatineau (Ontario part)More information: Ontario [Census metropolitan area part] Remove	Ottawa - Gatineau (Quebec part)More information: Quebec [Census metropolitan area part] Remove	Ottawa - GatineauMore information: Ontario [Population centre] Remove
	Counts	Counts	Counts	Counts	Counts
	Total	Total	Total	Total	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,017,449	1,488,307	1,135,014	353,293	1,068,821
Population, 2016¹	934,243	1,371,576^r	1,039,150^r	332,426^r	994,576^r
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.9	8.5	9.2	6.3	7.5
Total private dwellings²	427,113	638,013	474,806	163,207	470,979
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	407,252	604,721	453,579	151,142	446,411
Population density per square kilometre	364.9	185.0	243.3	104.5	1,945.1
Land area in square kilometres	2,788.20	8,046.99	4,665.16	3,381.83	549.49
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,017,445	1,488,305	1,135,015	353,290	1,068,820
0 to 14 years	166,920	251,345	187,045	64,300	174,765
0 to 4 years	48,790	74,165	55,070	19,095	52,035
5 to 9 years	57,410	86,825	64,320	22,505	60,365
10 to 14 years	60,720	90,350	67,655	22,695	62,370
15 to 64 years	678,375	983,785	751,990	231,795	712,995
15 to 19 years	60,385	85,865	66,645	19,220	60,795
20 to 24 years	70,785	95,515	75,880	19,635	75,310
25 to 29 years	72,830	101,490	78,860	22,630	80,135
30 to 34 years	70,190	101,450	77,695	23,755	75,465
35 to 39 years	69,520	101,965	77,215	24,750	73,945
40 to 44 years	65,890	97,820	72,930	24,895	70,125
45 to 49 years	66,240	96,800	73,650	23,150	67,980
50 to 54 years	67,265	97,960	74,835	23,125	68,225
55 to 59 years	71,465	107,175	81,190	25,985	73,475
60 to 64 years	63,795	97,735	73,085	24,650	67,540
65 years and over	172,150	253,180	195,980	57,200	181,060
65 to 69 years	52,355	80,115	60,450	19,665	55,805
70 to 74 years	45,375	67,345	52,025	15,325	47,415
75 to 79 years	30,940	45,455	35,170	10,280	32,435
80 to 84 years	21,080	29,605	23,545	6,065	21,840
85 years and over	22,395	30,660	24,790	5,865	23,560
85 to 89 years	13,385	18,400	14,845	3,555	13,975
90 to 94 years	6,775	9,285	7,485	1,800	7,260
95 to 99 years	1,960	2,625	2,160	465	2,060
100 years and over	275	350	310	40	270
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.4	16.9	16.5	18.2	16.4
15 to 64 years	66.7	66.1	66.3	65.6	66.7
65 years and over	16.9	17.0	17.3	16.2	16.9
85 years and over	2.2	2.1	2.2	1.7	2.2
Average age of the population	40.7	40.8	40.9	40.4	40.6
Median age of the population	40.0	40.4	40.4	40.4	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	407,250	604,725	453,580	151,145	446,410
Single-detached house	169,760	272,125	204,485	67,640	159,770
Semi-detached house	21,675	43,225	24,265	18,960	33,955
Row house	87,045	98,330	89,915	8,405	77,735
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,595	16,795	8,440	8,355	14,050
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	43,025	87,770	47,530	40,240	77,910
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	76,895	84,155	77,160	6,995	81,885
Other single-attached house	460	845	570	275	580
Movable dwelling⁴	795	1,480	1,210	270	520
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	407,255	604,720	453,580	151,140	446,410
1 person	116,370	175,875	126,595	49,285	143,480
2 persons	135,365	204,795	153,730	51,065	147,090
3 persons	61,740	90,600	68,950	21,650	63,865
4 persons	59,175	85,105	66,095	19,010	57,945
5 or more persons	34,605	48,355	38,220	10,135	34,035
Number of persons in private households	1,000,935	1,464,500	1,116,795	347,700	1,049,705
Average household size	2.5	2.4	2.5	2.3	2.4
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	850,525	1,236,965	947,970	288,995	894,055
Married or living common-law	474,220	698,880	537,835	161,045	476,595
Married	390,555	542,430	441,320	101,105	366,785
Living common-law	83,660	156,450	96,510	59,935	109,810
Living common law - Never married	63,475	120,225	72,080	48,145	86,485
Living common law - Separated	3,270	4,975	4,000	970	3,105
Living common law - Divorced	15,380	28,225	18,470	9,760	18,365
Living common law - Widowed	1,535	3,025	1,965	1,055	1,860
Not married and not living common-law	376,305	538,080	410,135	127,950	417,460
Not married and not living common law - Never married	265,265	373,635	285,990	87,640	293,045
Not married and not living common law - Separated	22,900	31,235	25,715	5,515	23,320
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	48,880	74,805	53,970	20,840	57,880
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	39,265	58,410	44,455	13,950	43,220
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	275,395	408,695	311,175	97,525	283,590
2 persons	135,105	205,070	154,440	50,630	143,645
3 persons	57,890	85,495	64,960	20,530	59,055
4 persons	56,630	81,435	63,240	18,195	54,945
5 or more persons	25,765	36,695	28,530	8,165	25,940
Average size of census families	2.9	2.9	2.9	2.9	2.9
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.8
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	275,395	408,695	311,175	97,520	283,590
Total couple families	231,060	341,435	262,440	78,990	231,880
Married couples	189,255	263,250	214,220	49,030	177,005
With children⁶	108,720	145,305	120,725	24,575	98,725
Without children	80,535	117,945	93,495	24,455	78,280
Common-law couples	41,805	78,180	48,220	29,965	54,875
With children⁶	12,885	30,480	15,540	14,935	19,885
Without children	28,920	47,710	32,680	15,030	34,990
Total one-parent families	44,335	67,260	48,730	18,525	51,710
in which the parent is a woman+	35,065	52,010	38,265	13,745	40,825
in which the parent is a man+	9,270	15,245	10,465	4,785	10,895
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,000,935	1,464,500	1,116,800	347,700	1,049,705
Total - Persons in census families	809,960	1,190,305	910,945	279,365	825,005
Married spouses or common-law partners	462,120	682,870	524,885	157,985	463,755
Parents in one-parent families	44,335	67,260	48,730	18,530	51,710
Children⁶	303,505	440,175	337,325	102,850	309,540
In a two-parent family	231,930	333,495	258,980	74,515	227,035
In a one-parent family	71,570	106,680	78,345	28,335	82,500
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	190,980	274,190	205,855	68,335	224,695
Living alone	116,365	175,875	126,595	49,280	143,480
Living with other relatives⁷	25,225	35,335	27,235	8,095	27,435
Living with non-relatives only	49,385	62,980	52,025	10,955	53,785
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	407,255	604,725	453,580	151,145	446,410
One-census-family households without additional persons	245,945	367,650	278,265	89,385	255,600
Couple-family households	210,295	312,915	239,175	73,740	213,095
With children⁶	110,890	161,380	124,420	36,960	108,985
Without children	99,405	151,535	114,750	36,780	104,110
One-parent-family households	35,650	54,735	39,095	15,640	42,510
Multigenerational households⁸	9,915	13,515	11,020	2,495	8,985
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,870	2,625	2,130	495	1,650
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	10,995	15,875	12,265	3,610	11,570
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	22,155	29,185	23,310	5,875	25,125
One-person households	116,370	175,875	126,595	49,280	143,475
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	834,205	1,213,380	929,955	283,425	875,115
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	799,200	1,167,200	892,280	274,925	840,315
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,000	49,200	50,000	47,600	48,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	799,650	1,167,885	892,810	275,075	840,740
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	43,200	44,000	41,200	42,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	728,470	1,065,725	814,570	251,160	762,470
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,800	45,600	46,800	42,000	44,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	592,955	868,770	662,080	206,685	622,065
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,600	46,400	47,200	44,000	45,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	708,155	1,005,450	789,955	215,495	727,395
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,650	7,950	6,850	10,200	8,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	56,350	92,315	64,030	28,285	65,915
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,720	5,720	5,720	5,640	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	197,900	287,365	217,710	69,660	214,350
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	834,140	1,213,350	929,885	283,465	875,080
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	799,175	1,167,295	892,320	274,975	840,480
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	64,500	61,900	63,900	55,450	61,250
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	799,595	1,167,985	892,830	275,160	840,945
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,450	50,440	52,050	45,080	49,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	728,550	1,065,735	814,465	251,265	762,575
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,750	58,450	60,850	50,560	57,950
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	592,955	868,785	662,080	206,705	622,005
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,650	57,700	59,900	50,640	56,900
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	708,130	1,006,065	790,090	215,970	727,745
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,340	9,930	9,420	11,780	10,030
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	55,125	92,405	63,100	29,305	65,950
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,990	7,130	7,060	7,300	7,000
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	196,650	286,475	216,425	70,055	213,620
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,100	8,890	9,030	8,460	9,080
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	834,140	1,213,355	929,890	283,465	875,080
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	313,220	459,015	350,340	108,675	323,285
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	77,500	74,000	77,000	67,000	73,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,800	85,500	89,400	72,900	85,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	211,910	309,765	235,315	74,450	225,725
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,000	17,400	17,200	18,600	17,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,480	29,080	29,360	28,200	28,800
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	87.2	86.2	87.0	83.4	85.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.8	69.4	69.6	68.6	68.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	12.8	13.8	13.0	16.7	14.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.9	0.8	1.4	0.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.0	4.1	3.9	4.5	4.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.5	3.5	3.4	3.9	3.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	834,205	1,213,380	929,950	283,425	875,120
Without total income	35,010	46,180	37,675	8,505	34,800
With total income	799,195	1,167,205	892,280	274,920	840,320
Under $10,000 (including loss)	64,735	88,990	70,840	18,150	64,025
$10,000 to $19,999	81,905	119,405	91,435	27,965	87,215
$20,000 to $29,999	99,655	147,010	110,570	36,445	110,100
$30,000 to $39,999	82,070	122,850	91,940	30,910	90,845
$40,000 to $49,999	72,320	112,950	82,245	30,705	81,330
$50,000 to $59,999	65,745	103,025	74,965	28,055	73,625
$60,000 to $69,999	60,485	93,830	68,800	25,025	66,815
$70,000 to $79,999	51,755	78,370	58,635	19,735	55,635
$80,000 to $89,999	44,255	65,490	49,825	15,665	46,130
$90,000 to $99,999	36,745	52,665	41,080	11,580	36,950
$100,000 and over	139,520	182,630	151,940	30,685	127,645
$100,000 to $149,999	96,335	129,670	105,845	23,825	90,775
$150,000 and over	43,185	52,965	46,095	6,860	36,870
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	834,205	1,213,380	929,950	283,425	875,120
Without after-tax income	34,560	45,495	37,145	8,350	34,380
With after-tax income	799,645	1,167,885	892,805	275,075	840,740
Under $10,000 (including loss)	68,945	95,395	75,675	19,715	68,310
$10,000 to $19,999	85,505	125,165	95,465	29,700	91,380
$20,000 to $29,999	112,255	168,220	124,790	43,425	125,725
$30,000 to $39,999	96,660	148,585	108,825	39,760	109,135
$40,000 to $49,999	87,825	139,310	100,100	39,215	99,790
$50,000 to $59,999	80,210	124,935	91,135	33,800	89,210
$60,000 to $69,999	65,560	98,765	74,310	24,450	69,835
$70,000 to $79,999	53,935	77,390	60,360	17,025	54,680
$80,000 to $89,999	45,245	61,295	50,270	11,030	42,800
$90,000 to $99,999	32,110	41,940	35,160	6,785	29,450
$100,000 and over	71,395	86,885	76,710	10,175	60,430
$100,000 to $124,999	38,570	48,115	41,780	6,335	33,410
$125,000 and over	32,825	38,770	34,925	3,845	27,025
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	834,205	1,213,380	929,950	283,425	875,120
Without employment income	241,250	344,610	267,870	76,735	253,050
With employment income	592,955	868,770	662,080	206,690	622,070
Under $5,000 (including loss)	76,830	109,580	85,735	23,850	79,110
$5,000 to $9,999	44,305	64,245	48,900	15,340	47,600
$10,000 to $19,999	60,500	89,565	67,320	22,245	66,095
$20,000 to $29,999	43,960	67,455	49,240	18,220	49,265
$30,000 to $39,999	40,800	63,000	46,105	16,895	45,755
$40,000 to $49,999	40,555	63,300	46,175	17,125	45,025
$50,000 to $59,999	41,380	64,655	46,925	17,730	46,190
$60,000 to $69,999	40,990	63,970	46,465	17,500	45,630
$70,000 to $79,999	35,050	53,095	39,690	13,405	37,675
$80,000 to $89,999	32,370	48,775	36,490	12,290	34,215
$90,000 to $99,999	29,120	41,365	32,650	8,720	28,775
$100,000 and over	107,100	139,760	116,380	23,375	96,745
$100,000 to $124,999	51,775	70,495	57,080	13,410	49,090
$125,000 and over	55,320	69,260	59,300	9,965	47,655
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	834,205	1,213,380	929,955	283,425	875,115
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	780,535	1,141,270	872,240	269,035	820,890
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,200	46,800	47,600	45,600	45,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	780,930	1,141,925	872,690	269,230	821,320
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	41,200	42,000	39,200	40,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	714,635	1,046,400	799,740	246,655	747,885
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,400	45,200	46,000	42,000	44,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	588,510	863,385	657,780	205,605	617,130
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,000	45,200	46,000	43,200	43,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	664,760	939,415	742,365	197,050	679,670
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,450	2,420	1,590	6,750	2,220
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	40,110	71,455	47,115	24,335	47,785
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,040	5,680	6,000	5,200	5,720
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	834,140	1,213,350	929,885	283,465	875,080
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	780,035	1,140,685	871,710	268,970	820,570
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,900	58,650	60,400	53,050	57,700
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	780,415	1,141,285	872,150	269,135	820,965
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,440	47,720	49,160	43,040	46,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	714,295	1,046,305	799,500	246,810	747,660
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,550	57,650	59,800	50,720	56,950
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	588,525	863,565	657,990	205,575	616,810
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,900	56,450	58,350	50,440	55,450
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	664,165	938,420	741,640	196,785	679,005
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,400	7,030	6,530	8,880	6,970
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	40,730	72,635	47,820	24,810	48,365
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,840	7,750	7,790	7,690	7,780
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	834,140	1,213,355	929,890	283,465	875,080
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	310,985	456,130	347,970	108,155	321,170
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	72,500	69,500	72,000	63,600	68,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	83,700	79,300	82,700	68,500	78,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	196,430	287,915	218,615	69,305	209,150
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,600	22,400	22,000	23,800	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,480	34,120	34,440	33,120	33,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.0	90.2	90.8	87.8	90.0
Employment income (%)	73.0	72.8	73.0	72.6	72.2
Government transfers (%)	9.0	9.9	9.2	12.2	10.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.8	0.7	1.3	0.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	407,255	604,720	453,580	151,140	446,410
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	102,000	98,000	102,000	85,000	93,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	88,000	84,000	88,000	72,000	79,500
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	116,370	175,875	126,595	49,280	143,475
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,600	52,000	54,800	46,800	52,000
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,000	44,800	47,600	40,000	44,800
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	290,885	428,845	326,985	101,860	302,935
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	127,000	122,000	126,000	110,000	119,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,000	104,000	108,000	92,000	102,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	407,250	604,720	453,580	151,145	446,480
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	126,700	119,500	125,700	100,900	115,300
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	103,000	97,400	102,500	82,100	94,100
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	116,230	175,675	126,460	49,215	143,395
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	64,800	61,100	64,100	53,450	60,850
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,100	50,080	52,550	43,760	50,000
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	291,025	429,050	327,115	101,930	303,080
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	151,400	143,400	149,600	123,800	141,000
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,000	116,800	121,800	100,600	115,000
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	407,250	604,720	453,580	151,140	446,410
Under $5,000	4,455	5,910	4,660	1,250	5,055
$5,000 to $9,999	2,405	3,395	2,530	870	2,870
$10,000 to $14,999	4,680	6,710	5,045	1,665	5,675
$15,000 to $19,999	5,985	9,410	6,560	2,850	7,800
$20,000 to $24,999	10,820	17,735	11,835	5,900	14,495
$25,000 to $29,999	9,080	14,480	10,080	4,400	11,670
$30,000 to $34,999	9,475	14,875	10,415	4,465	12,090
$35,000 to $39,999	10,320	16,660	11,490	5,170	13,210
$40,000 to $44,999	10,715	17,485	11,985	5,505	13,690
$45,000 to $49,999	11,070	17,955	12,385	5,565	14,090
$50,000 to $59,999	23,155	37,100	25,785	11,315	29,185
$60,000 to $69,999	24,780	38,860	27,660	11,200	30,025
$70,000 to $79,999	24,500	37,955	27,390	10,565	28,970
$80,000 to $89,999	24,185	36,715	27,040	9,675	27,620
$90,000 to $99,999	22,710	34,195	25,510	8,680	25,205
$100,000 and over	208,915	295,275	233,205	62,070	204,760
$100,000 to $124,999	50,875	76,280	57,440	18,840	54,540
$125,000 to $149,999	40,410	59,580	45,815	13,770	41,235
$150,000 to $199,999	54,675	78,240	61,535	16,705	53,475
$200,000 and over	62,955	81,175	68,415	12,760	55,500
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	407,250	604,720	453,580	151,140	446,410
Under $5,000	4,980	6,620	5,240	1,385	5,560
$5,000 to $9,999	2,470	3,505	2,610	890	2,945
$10,000 to $14,999	4,800	6,905	5,180	1,725	5,830
$15,000 to $19,999	6,240	9,880	6,835	3,045	8,180
$20,000 to $24,999	11,615	19,235	12,700	6,535	15,720
$25,000 to $29,999	10,425	17,005	11,605	5,400	13,690
$30,000 to $34,999	11,305	18,090	12,435	5,655	14,715
$35,000 to $39,999	12,425	20,750	13,900	6,850	16,360
$40,000 to $44,999	13,055	21,875	14,605	7,275	17,175
$45,000 to $49,999	13,980	22,635	15,595	7,040	17,855
$50,000 to $59,999	29,855	47,365	33,120	14,245	36,935
$60,000 to $69,999	29,930	46,675	33,525	13,150	35,615
$70,000 to $79,999	29,450	44,975	32,960	12,015	33,715
$80,000 to $89,999	28,010	42,550	31,615	10,940	30,890
$90,000 to $99,999	26,500	39,580	29,890	9,690	28,220
$100,000 and over	172,210	237,070	191,770	45,290	163,005
$100,000 to $124,999	54,115	79,740	61,305	18,435	55,400
$125,000 to $149,999	39,740	56,540	44,740	11,810	38,800
$150,000 and over	78,355	100,785	85,735	15,055	68,805
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	274,735	407,930	310,020	97,915	284,800
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	129,000	123,000	128,000	111,000	120,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,000	105,000	109,000	93,000	102,000
Average family size of economic families	3.0	3.0	3.0	2.9	3.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	101,595	154,340	117,125	37,215	106,255
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	118,000	112,000	116,000	100,000	112,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	94,000	99,000	83,000	95,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	122,135	176,745	136,940	39,800	119,165
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	162,000	157,000	162,000	145,000	155,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,000	131,000	136,000	120,000	130,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	41,580	63,410	45,630	17,770	49,020
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	79,000	81,000	75,500	78,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	70,500	73,000	66,000	70,000
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.7
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	165,755	238,855	178,615	60,240	197,260
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,400	45,600	46,400	43,600	44,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,600	40,400	41,600	38,000	39,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	274,750	407,915	310,005	97,910	284,765
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	153,400	144,800	151,200	124,500	143,000
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	124,100	117,600	122,800	101,000	116,100
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	101,380	154,025	116,760	37,260	106,070
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	140,800	131,200	137,400	111,600	133,400
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,800	105,500	110,600	89,700	106,900
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	122,400	177,200	137,270	39,930	119,410
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	186,600	178,400	184,400	157,600	176,600
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	143,800	148,600	126,800	142,400
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	41,480	63,125	45,485	17,640	48,905
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,900	89,500	92,500	81,900	88,600
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,200	77,000	79,900	69,600	76,400
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	165,700	238,730	178,515	60,215	197,330
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	56,900	55,200	56,700	50,800	54,550
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,360	45,840	47,160	41,840	45,400
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,000,940	1,464,495	1,116,795	347,700	1,049,705
0 to 17 years	202,130	302,195	226,180	76,020	210,000
0 to 5 years	59,530	90,720	67,240	23,480	63,495
18 to 64 years	638,295	926,500	707,675	218,825	672,680
65 years and over	160,515	235,805	182,945	52,855	167,025
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	89,205	128,500	95,880	32,615	104,790
0 to 17 years	21,565	29,545	22,900	6,650	24,155
0 to 5 years	7,035	9,805	7,435	2,375	8,195
18 to 64 years	52,460	74,555	55,950	18,605	62,130
65 years and over	15,185	24,395	17,030	7,365	18,510
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.9	8.8	8.6	9.4	10.0
0 to 17 years (%)	10.7	9.8	10.1	8.8	11.5
0 to 5 years (%)	11.8	10.8	11.1	10.1	12.9
18 to 64 years (%)	8.2	8.1	7.9	8.5	9.2
65 years and over (%)	9.5	10.4	9.3	13.9	11.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,000,935	1,464,500	1,116,800	347,700	1,049,705
0 to 17 years	202,125	302,200	226,180	76,015	210,005
0 to 5 years	59,525	90,720	67,240	23,480	63,490
18 to 64 years	638,295	926,495	707,675	218,825	672,680
65 years and over	160,515	235,800	182,945	52,860	167,020
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	59,550	79,070	61,495	17,575	71,080
0 to 17 years	11,235	14,485	11,555	2,935	12,860
0 to 5 years	3,615	4,720	3,690	1,030	4,295
18 to 64 years	43,190	57,005	44,620	12,385	51,480
65 years and over	5,120	7,580	5,320	2,255	6,740
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.0	5.4	5.5	5.1	6.8
0 to 17 years (%)	5.6	4.8	5.1	3.9	6.1
0 to 5 years (%)	6.1	5.2	5.5	4.4	6.8
18 to 64 years (%)	6.8	6.2	6.3	5.7	7.7
65 years and over (%)	3.2	3.2	2.9	4.3	4.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,000,940	1,464,495	1,116,795	347,700	1,049,705
In bottom half of the distribution	380,325	587,380	422,530	164,850	447,580
In bottom decile	86,925	122,070	92,710	29,360	101,120
In second decile	70,295	106,190	77,400	28,785	83,575
In third decile	70,060	112,220	78,560	33,660	84,680
In fourth decile	72,780	118,035	82,495	35,540	86,510
In fifth decile	80,265	128,860	91,365	37,495	91,695
In top half of the distribution	620,610	877,115	694,260	182,850	602,120
In sixth decile	88,850	140,910	101,500	39,410	97,965
In seventh decile	100,465	154,165	114,670	39,495	105,485
In eighth decile	117,410	173,330	133,120	40,210	118,570
In ninth decile	146,625	201,925	163,985	37,940	137,455
In top decile	167,260	206,785	180,990	25,795	142,655
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,000,935	1,464,500	1,116,800	347,700	1,049,705
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.345	0.332	0.339	0.297	0.344
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.430	0.421	0.424	0.399	0.438
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.301	0.290	0.296	0.257	0.300
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	3.8	3.9	3.4	4.0
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,006,965	1,473,200	1,123,540	349,660	1,056,855
English only	610,175	713,765	682,710	31,060	484,265
French only	14,275	107,400	16,715	90,680	78,340
English and French	367,035	634,425	408,500	225,925	479,540
Neither English nor French	15,480	17,610	15,615	1,995	14,705
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,006,965	1,473,200	1,123,540	349,660	1,056,855
English	824,560	977,640	913,975	63,670	679,505
French	141,555	439,030	167,645	271,380	329,280
English and French	25,845	39,525	26,805	12,720	33,850
Neither English nor French	15,000	17,000	15,120	1,885	14,210
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,006,965	1,473,200	1,123,540	349,660	1,056,855
Single responses	944,105	1,389,400	1,057,185	332,215	989,510
Official languages	711,900	1,116,605	820,290	296,315	765,380
English	585,865	715,670	668,715	46,950	470,895
French	126,030	400,940	151,570	249,365	294,490
Non-official languages	232,210	272,795	236,895	35,905	224,125
Indigenous languages³⁹	595	780	630	145	695
Algonquian languages	205	335	210	120	300
Blackfoot	5	5	5	0	5
Cree-Innu languages	110	205	115	85	185
Atikamekw	5	5	5	5	5
Cree languages	105	195	105	85	170
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5	5	5	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	5	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	25	65	25	40	60
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	40	40	40	0	30
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	5	5	0	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	5	5	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	30	75	30	40	65
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	5	5	5	0	5
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	20	20	0	15
Mi'kmaq	15	15	15	0	10
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5	5	5	0	5
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	75	105	75	25	100
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10	35	10	25	30
Oji-Cree	10	10	10	0	10
Ojibway languages	55	60	60	5	60
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	10	10	0	10
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	5	5	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	40	45	45	5	40
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	10	5	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	10	5	0	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0	5
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	365	420	390	30	370
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	5	5	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	360	415	385	30	365
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	15	15	0	15
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	15	15	15	0	15
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	231,615	272,020	236,265	35,750	223,430
Afro-Asiatic languages	55,580	65,195	56,000	9,200	58,930
Berber languages	500	1,100	500	605	1,015
Kabyle	355	830	355	475	765
Tamazight	125	235	125	110	220
Berber languages, n.i.e.	20	35	20	10	35
Chadic languages	80	180	80	105	180
Hausa	50	65	50	20	65
Mina	30	115	30	85	115
Coptic	30	35	30	0	20
Cushitic languages	7,610	7,945	7,615	330	7,605
Bilen	90	90	90	0	90
Oromo	210	210	210	5	195
Somali	7,150	7,475	7,150	320	7,150
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	165	175	165	5	170
Semitic languages	47,365	55,935	47,770	8,165	50,110
Amharic	1,615	1,680	1,620	65	1,540
Arabic	43,645	52,060	44,035	8,020	46,625
Aramaic languages	115	125	115	10	110
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	65	70	65	5	60
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	20	15	0	20
Aramaic, n.o.s.	30	35	30	5	30
Harari	40	40	40	0	35
Hebrew	475	510	485	30	375
Maltese	35	40	40	0	25
Tigrigna	1,390	1,430	1,395	30	1,350
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	45	50	45	5	50
Austro-Asiatic languages	7,685	8,400	7,750	645	6,590
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,085	1,335	1,100	230	990
Vietnamese	6,590	7,055	6,640	420	5,585
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	5	0	5
Austronesian languages	8,640	9,620	8,780	840	8,400
Bikol	30	35	30	5	35
Bisaya, n.o.s.	150	180	145	30	155
Cebuano	340	430	345	85	360
Fijian	5	5	5	0	5
Hiligaynon	165	205	165	40	190
Ilocano	725	735	725	10	675
Indonesian	365	410	375	30	315
Kankanaey	20	20	20	0	15
Kinaray-a	15	25	15	0	25
Malagasy languages	70	155	70	80	150
Merina	20	65	20	45	65
Malagasy, n.o.s.	50	85	50	35	85
Malay	55	55	55	5	55
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	50	55	50	0	50
Pangasinan	20	25	20	0	25
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,440	7,090	6,555	530	6,175
Waray-Waray	40	45	40	0	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	145	155	145	10	145
Creole languages	4,355	5,980	4,480	1,505	5,570
Haitian Creole	3,240	4,565	3,340	1,220	4,245
Jamaican English Creole	25	25	25	0	25
Krio	25	25	25	0	25
Morisyen	220	270	230	45	240
Sango	20	35	20	10	35
Creole, n.o.s.	750	975	765	205	915
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65	85	65	15	80
Dravidian languages	5,840	6,105	5,930	180	4,495
Kannada	330	330	330	0	205
Malayalam	1,350	1,475	1,395	85	1,100
Tamil	2,920	3,030	2,950	80	2,225
Telugu	1,200	1,225	1,210	15	935
Tulu	25	30	25	0	15
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	15	15	0	15
Georgian	40	50	40	5	40
Hmong-Mien languages	5	5	5	0	5
Indo-European languages	97,715	117,310	100,945	16,360	92,655
Albanian	765	840	775	65	680
Armenian	450	555	460	90	460
Balto-Slavic languages	20,590	24,720	21,355	3,365	18,260
Baltic languages	405	455	420	35	330
Latvian	215	240	225	10	175
Lithuanian	185	220	195	20	160
Slavic languages	20,185	24,265	20,930	3,335	17,930
Belarusian	50	60	55	10	40
Bulgarian	870	1,120	890	230	920
Czech	780	915	840	70	670
Macedonian	100	105	105	5	80
Polish	5,110	5,800	5,345	455	4,330
Russian	7,295	8,555	7,515	1,040	5,640
Rusyn	0	0	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	3,520	4,860	3,595	1,265	4,175
Bosnian	700	975	720	260	775
Croatian	980	1,215	1,015	205	1,015
Serbian	1,755	2,525	1,780	745	2,245
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	85	145	85	60	135
Slovak	530	585	550	40	405
Slovene (Slovenian)	180	200	190	10	145
Ukrainian	1,755	2,045	1,840	205	1,520
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	5	10
Celtic languages	80	85	80	0	70
Irish	20	20	20	0	20
Scottish Gaelic	15	15	15	0	15
Welsh	40	40	40	0	35
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0	5
Germanic languages	7,545	9,450	8,595	860	6,210
Frisian	30	45	35	5	25
High German languages	4,615	5,800	5,225	580	3,915
German	4,305	5,370	4,850	520	3,630
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0	0
Swiss German	180	295	245	50	170
Yiddish	130	130	130	0	120
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,215	2,805	2,600	205	1,660
Afrikaans	210	245	230	20	120
Dutch	1,910	2,440	2,265	175	1,455
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Low Saxon	5	5	5	0	5
Plautdietsch	25	25	25	0	20
Vlaams (Flemish)	65	85	75	15	65
Scandinavian languages	660	780	705	75	580
Danish	270	320	295	30	220
Icelandic	20	25	20	5	20
Norwegian	130	150	140	10	120
Swedish	245	285	255	30	225
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	30	25	5	25
Greek	1,965	2,185	2,040	145	1,835
Indo-Iranian languages	35,860	37,890	36,285	1,605	30,240
Indo-Aryan languages	25,015	26,030	25,340	685	20,340
Assamese	10	10	10	0	10
Bengali	3,990	4,115	4,005	105	3,490
Gujarati	2,810	2,920	2,875	40	2,290
Hindi	4,225	4,395	4,280	115	3,235
Kacchi	150	150	150	5	135
Kashmiri	30	30	30	0	15
Konkani	125	125	125	0	115
Marathi	475	495	480	10	360
Nepali	1,005	1,025	1,005	15	965
Oriya languages	80	80	80	0	50
Odia	55	55	55	0	35
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	25	25	0	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,610	5,860	5,690	170	4,565
Rohingya	0	0	0	0	0
Sindhi	100	105	100	5	70
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	920	960	930	35	810
Urdu	5,390	5,660	5,470	190	4,170
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	100	100	100	0	70
Iranian languages	10,830	11,855	10,935	920	9,890
Baluchi	10	10	10	0	10
Kurdish	785	900	795	110	785
Parsi	20	20	20	0	15
Pashto	1,285	1,325	1,290	30	1,175
Persian languages	8,690	9,555	8,780	775	7,880
Dari	2,320	2,540	2,345	195	2,325
Iranian Persian	5,735	6,305	5,800	510	4,945
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	630	705	635	65	615
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	45	45	45	5	30
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	10
Italic (Romance) languages	30,450	41,565	31,345	10,225	34,885
Catalan	35	40	40	5	35
Italian	7,960	8,610	8,180	430	7,185
Portuguese	5,655	8,510	5,855	2,660	7,040
Romanian	2,630	3,810	2,695	1,110	2,990
Spanish	14,140	20,545	14,535	6,015	17,595
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	45	35	10	40
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	10
Japanese	970	1,120	1,000	115	920
Korean	2,660	2,890	2,700	190	2,325
Mongolian	45	50	45	5	50
Niger-Congo languages	7,710	11,690	7,835	3,855	10,930
Akan (Twi)	365	405	370	40	330
Bamanankan	115	225	115	110	205
Edo	65	70	65	0	70
Éwé	95	220	95	130	215
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	125	355	130	225	340
Ga	50	55	50	5	50
Ganda	155	170	160	10	155
Gikuyu	65	65	65	5	60
Igbo	225	230	225	5	200
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	940	1,685	950	740	1,630
Lingala	380	565	390	175	545
Luba-Kasai	85	120	85	30	115
Mòoré	35	75	35	40	70
Mwani	40	40	40	0	35
Ndebele	20	30	20	5	20
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,885	2,830	1,915	920	2,700
Shona	120	135	125	10	105
Soninke	15	25	15	10	20
Sotho-Tswana languages	25	25	25	0	25
Swahili	1,420	1,940	1,455	485	1,805
Wojenaka	30	95	30	70	95
Wolof	145	480	150	335	460
Yoruba	640	700	645	50	615
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	685	1,155	695	455	1,070
Nilo-Saharan languages	355	440	355	85	430
Dinka	100	100	100	0	100
Nuer	70	70	70	0	70
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	170	245	180	65	235
African, n.o.s.	15	30	15	20	30
Sign languages	240	320	265	55	240
American Sign Language	170	205	195	10	145
Quebec Sign Language	20	55	25	35	40
Sign languages, n.i.e.	50	60	50	10	50
Sino-Tibetan languages	34,275	36,640	34,465	2,180	27,555
Chinese languages	33,415	35,770	33,605	2,165	26,700
Hakka	125	135	125	15	110
Mandarin	22,310	24,175	22,415	1,760	17,300
Min Dong	30	30	30	0	25
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	600	660	600	65	505
Wu (Shanghainese)	295	305	295	10	235
Yue (Cantonese)	9,675	10,050	9,750	305	8,175
Chinese, n.o.s.	355	370	360	15	325
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	30	30	5	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	800	815	800	10	795
Burmese	175	175	175	5	170
Kuki-Chin languages	205	210	205	0	200
Karenic languages	300	300	300	0	300
S'gaw Karen	285	285	285	0	280
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	15	0	15
Tibetan	60	60	60	0	60
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	65	65	65	0	65
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	55	55	55	5	55
Tai-Kadai languages	730	920	755	165	680
Lao	335	435	335	105	310
Thai	390	475	410	65	370
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	5
Turkic languages	2,980	3,200	3,025	180	2,080
Azerbaijani	160	170	165	10	130
Kazakh	25	25	25	0	20
Turkish	2,600	2,755	2,630	130	1,735
Uyghur	55	60	55	5	50
Uzbek	55	90	55	30	70
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	85	100	90	5	75
Uralic languages	1,740	2,015	1,850	170	1,490
Estonian	125	150	140	10	115
Finnish	260	295	275	20	195
Hungarian	1,345	1,570	1,430	140	1,180
Other languages, n.i.e.	45	60	45	15	60
Multiple responses	62,860	83,795	66,355	17,440	67,345
English and French	22,595	35,860	25,330	10,530	26,945
English and non-official language(s)	27,990	30,270	28,530	1,740	24,615
French and non-official language(s)	5,620	9,425	5,720	3,700	8,735
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,925	5,095	3,995	1,105	4,425
Multiple non-official languages	2,735	3,150	2,775	375	2,625
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,006,965	1,473,200	1,123,540	349,660	1,056,855
English	618,285	750,170	704,885	45,280	495,250
French	57,370	297,010	73,570	223,445	215,945
Non-official language	59,420	69,640	60,025	9,615	58,215
Indigenous³⁹	85	120	90	30	115
Non-Indigenous	59,340	69,515	59,935	9,585	58,100
English and French	78,665	129,660	88,365	41,300	99,635
English and non-official language(s)	149,585	159,675	152,190	7,485	127,810
French and non-official language(s)	8,165	19,295	8,335	10,965	18,245
English, French and non-official language(s)	30,925	42,615	31,590	11,025	37,500
Multiple non-official languages	4,540	5,125	4,585	540	4,245
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,006,965	1,473,200	1,123,540	349,660	1,056,855
Single responses	942,180	1,386,940	1,055,915	331,030	985,880
Official languages	817,530	1,242,285	929,915	312,375	866,050
English	734,735	888,365	827,450	60,920	603,980
French	82,795	353,920	102,465	251,455	262,070
Non-official languages	124,650	144,655	125,995	18,655	119,830
Indigenous languages³⁹	170	230	180	50	215
Algonquian languages	40	85	40	45	85
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	65	25	45	65
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0
Cree languages	20	65	20	40	65
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10	30	10	15	30
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	5	5	0	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	30	5	20	30
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	15	15	0	15
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	5	5	0	5
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	10	10	0	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	10	10	0	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	5	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	5	0	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5	5	5	0	5
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	120	130	130	0	125
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	115	130	130	0	120
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	5	5	0	5
Cayuga	5	5	5	0	0
Mohawk	5	5	5	0	5
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	124,480	144,425	125,820	18,610	119,615
Afro-Asiatic languages	32,290	37,520	32,460	5,060	34,320
Berber languages	210	455	210	240	415
Kabyle	145	350	145	205	320
Tamazight	60	90	60	30	90
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	10
Chadic languages	30	55	30	30	55
Hausa	20	20	20	0	20
Mina	10	35	10	25	35
Coptic	5	5	5	0	5
Cushitic languages	4,260	4,410	4,265	150	4,295
Bilen	55	55	55	0	55
Oromo	105	105	105	0	95
Somali	3,980	4,130	3,980	150	4,020
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	120	120	120	0	120
Semitic languages	27,780	32,595	27,955	4,640	29,545
Amharic	870	885	870	20	815
Arabic	25,805	30,555	25,975	4,585	27,690
Aramaic languages	70	80	70	10	75
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35	35	35	0	35
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	15	15	0	15
Aramaic, n.o.s.	25	35	25	10	35
Harari	15	15	15	0	15
Hebrew	185	200	185	15	135
Maltese	5	10	10	0	5
Tigrigna	810	815	810	10	780
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	25	25	0	25
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,625	4,955	4,645	310	3,995
Khmer (Cambodian)	515	615	515	100	465
Vietnamese	4,115	4,340	4,130	210	3,530
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,440	4,805	4,470	330	4,355
Bikol	5	5	5	0	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	60	80	60	20	80
Cebuano	175	230	175	50	200
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	70	105	70	30	100
Ilocano	395	395	395	0	365
Indonesian	120	120	120	0	100
Kankanaey	20	20	20	0	10
Kinaray-a	10	10	10	0	10
Malagasy languages	35	70	35	30	70
Merina	15	25	15	15	25
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20	35	20	15	35
Malay	5	5	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	35	35	0	35
Pangasinan	10	10	10	0	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,425	3,645	3,455	190	3,300
Waray-Waray	20	20	20	0	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	60	55	5	60
Creole languages	2,235	2,880	2,300	580	2,695
Haitian Creole	1,650	2,175	1,695	475	2,035
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	5	0	5
Krio	15	15	15	0	15
Morisyen	135	170	145	30	145
Sango	10	15	10	0	15
Creole, n.o.s.	395	475	405	70	450
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	30	30	5	30
Dravidian languages	3,600	3,740	3,640	100	2,720
Kannada	175	175	175	0	100
Malayalam	810	870	820	50	660
Tamil	1,915	1,975	1,935	40	1,430
Telugu	685	705	700	10	515
Tulu	5	5	5	0	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	10
Georgian	5	5	5	0	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	46,210	56,080	47,010	9,070	45,120
Albanian	355	385	355	30	320
Armenian	195	255	200	60	230
Balto-Slavic languages	9,300	11,525	9,520	2,000	8,385
Baltic languages	85	90	85	0	75
Latvian	40	45	45	0	40
Lithuanian	40	45	40	0	40
Slavic languages	9,215	11,430	9,435	1,995	8,315
Belarusian	30	35	30	5	20
Bulgarian	375	525	375	150	440
Czech	180	210	195	15	165
Macedonian	35	45	35	5	35
Polish	1,765	1,960	1,800	155	1,480
Russian	4,365	5,175	4,490	680	3,255
Rusyn	0	0	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,600	2,495	1,625	870	2,215
Bosnian	310	470	320	155	390
Croatian	320	450	335	115	385
Serbian	955	1,535	965	570	1,390
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	45	15	30	45
Slovak	155	160	155	5	105
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	30	25	0	25
Ukrainian	680	805	705	100	575
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	20	15	5	15
Irish	5	5	10	0	5
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	5	5	5
Welsh	5	0	5	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	730	1,015	820	200	715
Frisian	0	95	0	95	95
High German languages	460	595	520	80	420
German	430	530	460	70	395
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0	0
Swiss German	25	60	50	15	15
Yiddish	10	10	10	0	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	190	230	220	15	130
Afrikaans	75	80	75	5	40
Dutch	115	150	140	10	85
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0	0
Scandinavian languages	70	85	70	10	60
Danish	20	20	20	5	10
Icelandic	5	5	5	0	5
Norwegian	10	15	10	0	10
Swedish	35	50	40	5	35
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0	5
Greek	570	640	605	30	550
Indo-Iranian languages	21,700	22,895	21,925	970	18,245
Indo-Aryan languages	14,950	15,535	15,130	410	12,140
Assamese	10	10	10	0	10
Bengali	2,425	2,500	2,430	70	2,125
Gujarati	1,585	1,660	1,635	30	1,275
Hindi	2,285	2,380	2,315	65	1,775
Kacchi	50	50	50	0	40
Kashmiri	5	5	5	0	5
Konkani	25	25	25	0	25
Marathi	195	210	200	5	160
Nepali	710	720	710	5	675
Oriya languages	35	35	35	0	15
Odia	25	25	25	0	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	10	10	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,825	3,975	3,875	100	3,105
Rohingya	0	0	0	0	0
Sindhi	40	40	40	0	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	505	540	505	35	460
Urdu	3,210	3,355	3,260	95	2,435
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	40	40	40	0	20
Iranian languages	6,745	7,350	6,790	560	6,100
Baluchi	0	0	0	0	0
Kurdish	455	515	460	60	460
Parsi	10	10	10	0	5
Pashto	865	895	870	25	795
Persian languages	5,400	5,915	5,440	470	4,825
Dari	1,325	1,460	1,335	125	1,325
Iranian Persian	3,695	4,040	3,725	310	3,135
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	375	415	380	35	365
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0	5
Italic (Romance) languages	13,355	19,345	13,570	5,775	16,660
Catalan	15	15	15	0	15
Italian	1,995	2,080	2,010	70	1,945
Portuguese	2,890	4,115	2,940	1,175	3,445
Romanian	1,185	1,870	1,210	665	1,490
Spanish	7,265	11,255	7,390	3,865	9,755
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Japanese	380	430	395	40	355
Korean	1,555	1,680	1,565	110	1,325
Mongolian	30	35	30	0	35
Niger-Congo languages	3,040	4,230	3,075	1,160	4,035
Akan (Twi)	120	140	120	15	130
Bamanankan	35	55	35	20	55
Edo	20	20	20	0	20
Éwé	20	45	20	20	45
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55	140	55	80	125
Ga	10	10	10	0	10
Ganda	35	35	35	0	30
Gikuyu	5	5	5	0	5
Igbo	45	45	45	0	35
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	415	650	415	235	640
Lingala	150	200	150	55	195
Luba-Kasai	25	25	25	0	25
Mòoré	5	10	5	10	10
Mwani	5	5	5	0	0
Ndebele	5	5	5	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,000	1,350	1,025	330	1,270
Shona	25	25	25	5	15
Soninke	10	15	10	0	15
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	5	0	5
Swahili	645	815	650	165	800
Wojenaka	20	45	20	20	45
Wolof	50	185	50	135	185
Yoruba	225	240	225	10	225
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	120	170	120	50	165
Nilo-Saharan languages	130	150	130	20	150
Dinka	30	30	30	0	30
Nuer	25	25	25	0	25
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	95	75	15	90
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	400	530	435	100	405
American Sign Language	295	340	315	25	255
Quebec Sign Language	20	75	25	45	60
Sign languages, n.i.e.	80	120	85	30	90
Sino-Tibetan languages	22,960	24,580	23,030	1,550	18,350
Chinese languages	22,375	23,995	22,450	1,545	17,780
Hakka	35	35	35	0	30
Mandarin	16,200	17,605	16,245	1,365	12,495
Min Dong	25	25	25	0	25
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	235	255	230	25	195
Wu (Shanghainese)	190	195	190	5	150
Yue (Cantonese)	5,515	5,680	5,540	140	4,710
Chinese, n.o.s.	175	180	175	5	170
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	535	535	535	5	520
Burmese	105	110	105	0	110
Kuki-Chin languages	140	145	140	0	135
Karenic languages	210	210	210	0	210
S'gaw Karen	200	200	200	0	200
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	10
Tibetan	30	30	30	0	30
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	40	40	0	40
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	50	50	50	0	50
Tai-Kadai languages	295	355	300	60	255
Lao	170	215	170	50	140
Thai	120	130	120	10	120
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	0
Turkic languages	1,895	1,990	1,920	70	1,150
Azerbaijani	60	60	60	0	35
Kazakh	15	15	15	0	15
Turkish	1,715	1,775	1,725	50	985
Uyghur	40	45	40	0	40
Uzbek	30	50	35	15	40
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	35	35	0	30
Uralic languages	380	430	395	40	325
Estonian	15	15	15	0	15
Finnish	25	25	25	0	5
Hungarian	345	395	360	35	305
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	20	15	10	15
Multiple responses	64,785	86,255	67,630	18,630	70,975
English and French	19,180	32,530	21,435	11,100	25,845
English and non-official language(s)	37,595	40,280	38,065	2,215	32,780
French and non-official language(s)	3,505	7,245	3,570	3,675	6,830
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,785	5,370	3,835	1,535	4,825
Multiple non-official languages	720	830	725	105	695
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,006,965	1,473,200	1,123,540	349,655	1,056,855
None	786,960	1,186,770	893,000	293,775	826,425
English	67,365	95,040	71,190	23,855	74,980
French	48,965	67,810	53,285	14,525	52,920
Non-official language	70,130	81,125	71,835	9,295	66,215
Indigenous³⁹	430	540	445	95	480
Non-Indigenous	69,695	80,585	71,385	9,200	65,735
English and French	5,080	7,460	5,135	2,325	6,680
English and non-official language(s)	9,150	12,295	9,340	2,950	10,415
French and non-official language(s)	11,250	13,470	11,555	1,920	11,460
English, French and non-official language(s)	580	780	580	195	700
Multiple non-official languages	7,485	8,450	7,630	820	7,060
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,000,935	1,464,500	1,116,800	347,700	1,049,950
Official languages	985,515	1,446,870	1,101,215	345,660	1,035,220
English	971,415	1,340,410	1,084,840	255,570	957,735
French	379,320	737,865	422,840	315,025	554,755
Non-official languages	339,240	411,975	347,525	64,450	340,765
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,390	1,805	1,470	335	1,600
Algonquian languages	625	890	640	250	825
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	265	445	280	165	425
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0
Cree languages	245	415	265	155	390
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	20	0	0	20
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	10	10	10	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	50	150	50	95	150
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	90	90	90	0	85
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	25	35	25	0	35
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	15	0	0	15
Cree, n.o.s.	65	110	75	35	90
Innu (Montagnais)	0	15	0	10	15
Naskapi	10	10	10	0	10
Eastern Algonquian languages	55	65	65	0	55
Mi'kmaq	35	45	40	0	35
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	25	25	25	0	15
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	285	370	285	80	340
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	30	95	30	70	90
Oji-Cree	20	30	20	0	30
Ojibway languages	245	260	245	20	235
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	85	95	85	15	85
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	15	15	15	0	10
Ojibway, n.o.s.	150	160	150	10	140
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0	10
Athabaskan languages	25	30	25	0	25
Northern Athabaskan languages	25	30	25	0	25
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	10	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	640	745	680	70	680
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	630	740	665	70	675
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	10	10	0	0
Iroquoian languages	70	90	90	0	60
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	50	70	65	0	40
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	15	15	15	0	15
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	15	20	15	10	20
Salish languages	15	15	15	0	10
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	15	15	15	0	10
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	15	15	15	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	10	10	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	338,015	410,375	346,225	64,150	339,340
Afro-Asiatic languages	82,330	96,775	83,005	13,770	87,405
Berber languages	730	1,550	740	800	1,340
Kabyle	520	1,190	530	655	1,040
Tamazight	205	380	205	175	315
Berber languages, n.i.e.	40	55	40	0	40
Chadic languages	400	720	410	310	695
Hausa	300	405	310	100	395
Mina	100	310	105	210	305
Coptic	155	155	155	0	80
Cushitic languages	10,730	11,395	10,750	645	10,975
Bilen	170	170	170	0	160
Oromo	305	335	305	40	295
Somali	10,040	10,665	10,060	605	10,285
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	295	315	295	20	310
Semitic languages	72,430	85,775	73,075	12,700	76,860
Amharic	3,125	3,290	3,130	160	2,995
Arabic	66,380	79,340	66,980	12,355	71,340
Aramaic languages	235	250	235	15	220
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	105	115	105	10	85
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	50	50	50	0	50
Aramaic, n.o.s.	80	85	80	0	80
Harari	85	85	85	0	85
Hebrew	2,170	2,405	2,210	195	1,825
Maltese	60	60	60	0	40
Tigrigna	2,045	2,075	2,045	25	1,975
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	130	170	130	35	170
Austro-Asiatic languages	9,935	10,845	10,005	840	8,465
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,520	1,835	1,530	305	1,365
Vietnamese	8,490	9,085	8,550	530	7,160
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	20	10	0	15
Austronesian languages	12,405	14,060	12,640	1,415	12,270
Bikol	20	35	25	0	30
Bisaya, n.o.s.	180	215	180	40	210
Cebuano	645	770	665	115	660
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	375	520	375	145	495
Ilocano	1,445	1,475	1,450	25	1,360
Indonesian	855	965	880	85	755
Kankanaey	70	70	70	0	50
Kinaray-a	35	35	35	0	35
Malagasy languages	125	285	125	155	270
Merina	15	110	15	90	100
Malagasy, n.o.s.	110	190	110	75	180
Malay	380	395	380	10	315
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	60	65	60	0	55
Pangasinan	70	70	70	0	70
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,525	11,795	10,710	1,080	10,340
Waray-Waray	110	115	110	0	95
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	510	635	530	110	600
Creole languages	10,580	14,665	10,870	3,795	13,625
Haitian Creole	8,565	12,180	8,820	3,360	11,375
Jamaican English Creole	145	175	160	15	155
Krio	65	85	70	10	65
Morisyen	595	675	600	75	585
Sango	75	135	75	70	135
Creole, n.o.s.	1,355	1,700	1,365	330	1,605
Creole languages, n.i.e.	410	505	420	90	460
Dravidian languages	8,700	9,190	8,850	340	6,710
Kannada	840	860	840	25	590
Malayalam	1,920	2,105	1,985	120	1,580
Tamil	4,800	5,095	4,890	205	3,655
Telugu	2,150	2,220	2,160	55	1,615
Tulu	65	65	65	0	60
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	40	40	40	0	35
Georgian	90	95	90	0	90
Hmong-Mien languages	15	15	15	0	15
Indo-European languages	154,980	194,015	160,720	33,295	154,310
Albanian	950	1,060	980	80	880
Armenian	760	915	780	130	735
Balto-Slavic languages	26,665	32,305	27,605	4,705	24,030
Baltic languages	480	595	525	70	415
Latvian	230	305	255	50	220
Lithuanian	250	290	270	20	195
Slavic languages	26,270	31,815	27,165	4,650	23,685
Belarusian	195	230	195	35	160
Bulgarian	1,075	1,290	1,095	200	1,080
Czech	1,345	1,540	1,430	110	1,070
Macedonian	210	225	210	10	195
Polish	6,645	7,600	6,980	620	5,600
Russian	11,590	13,885	11,885	2,000	9,750
Rusyn	0	0	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	4,685	6,540	4,790	1,745	5,555
Bosnian	1,385	1,885	1,405	480	1,535
Croatian	2,135	2,835	2,185	655	2,415
Serbian	2,655	3,940	2,695	1,245	3,480
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	90	165	90	75	140
Slovak	945	1,030	965	70	670
Slovene (Slovenian)	235	250	235	15	220
Ukrainian	3,170	3,785	3,325	460	2,720
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	20	30	25	0	25
Celtic languages	455	595	500	95	465
Irish	300	370	315	50	285
Scottish Gaelic	80	115	90	20	95
Welsh	70	95	85	15	75
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	40	25	10	25
Germanic languages	17,165	21,555	18,875	2,675	15,660
Frisian	45	70	65	0	30
High German languages	12,755	16,040	13,875	2,160	12,000
German	12,375	15,555	13,435	2,125	11,670
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0	0
Swiss German	230	395	335	60	185
Yiddish	310	315	310	10	280
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,475	4,405	4,010	395	2,785
Afrikaans	660	745	720	20	420
Dutch	2,715	3,550	3,190	365	2,265
Low German, n.o.s.	10	10	10	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	35	35	35	0	20
Vlaams (Flemish)	115	140	120	15	115
Scandinavian languages	1,500	1,780	1,575	200	1,395
Danish	505	595	525	65	470
Icelandic	25	40	25	10	25
Norwegian	360	425	380	45	310
Swedish	685	830	730	100	685
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	95	95	95	0	85
Greek	2,965	3,350	3,075	275	2,780
Indo-Iranian languages	52,110	55,190	52,745	2,445	43,680
Indo-Aryan languages	39,190	40,930	39,730	1,195	31,950
Assamese	30	30	30	0	30
Bengali	5,420	5,540	5,420	125	4,660
Gujarati	4,375	4,560	4,490	65	3,565
Hindi	18,430	19,240	18,730	510	15,145
Kacchi	340	345	340	10	295
Kashmiri	35	35	35	0	20
Konkani	275	290	275	15	245
Marathi	1,205	1,235	1,215	20	845
Nepali	1,270	1,300	1,280	20	1,160
Oriya languages	100	100	100	0	65
Odia	65	65	65	0	45
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	25	25	0	25
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10,240	10,850	10,465	380	8,475
Rohingya	0	0	0	0	0
Sindhi	210	210	210	0	145
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,485	1,550	1,495	55	1,300
Urdu	10,495	10,990	10,585	400	8,320
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	305	305	305	0	245
Iranian languages	14,040	15,525	14,155	1,370	12,860
Baluchi	20	20	20	0	20
Kurdish	1,090	1,280	1,090	190	1,175
Parsi	40	60	40	15	35
Pashto	2,035	2,100	2,055	45	1,885
Persian languages	11,805	13,085	11,905	1,180	10,700
Dari	3,470	3,840	3,495	340	3,450
Iranian Persian	7,810	8,585	7,870	710	6,640
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	755	935	770	165	850
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	150	180	150	40	150
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	35	30	0	30
Italic (Romance) languages	61,090	88,095	63,590	24,500	73,600
Catalan	135	150	140	15	135
Italian	15,235	17,745	15,835	1,910	14,960
Portuguese	8,795	13,095	9,135	3,960	10,855
Romanian	3,310	4,970	3,390	1,585	3,860
Spanish	38,350	58,730	39,980	18,750	49,505
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	185	230	190	35	180
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	55	55	55	0	50
Japanese	2,835	3,465	2,920	540	2,850
Korean	3,615	4,085	3,720	365	3,240
Mongolian	95	110	100	0	105
Niger-Congo languages	18,815	27,855	19,155	8,700	25,890
Akan (Twi)	850	1,000	870	130	895
Bamanankan	360	670	360	310	640
Edo	200	235	210	25	205
Éwé	235	495	235	260	465
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	315	910	335	575	850
Ga	195	210	195	15	190
Ganda	385	455	390	65	440
Gikuyu	90	95	90	0	90
Igbo	1,085	1,130	1,100	35	995
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	2,030	3,320	2,065	1,255	3,150
Lingala	3,105	4,805	3,165	1,635	4,535
Luba-Kasai	510	665	530	140	630
Mòoré	125	265	135	130	250
Mwani	35	35	35	0	35
Ndebele	85	100	85	15	70
Rundi (Kirundi)	3,185	4,980	3,230	1,750	4,745
Shona	275	295	275	20	255
Soninke	0	15	0	0	15
Sotho-Tswana languages	75	85	75	10	75
Swahili	5,310	7,435	5,460	1,975	6,960
Wojenaka	115	290	115	175	290
Wolof	405	1,245	415	825	1,160
Yoruba	2,250	2,450	2,285	160	2,180
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,945	4,790	2,975	1,810	4,465
Nilo-Saharan languages	700	890	700	190	880
Dinka	155	155	155	0	155
Nuer	100	105	100	0	105
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	450	635	450	185	625
African, n.o.s.	175	280	180	100	270
Sign languages	2,095	2,695	2,275	415	2,040
American Sign Language	1,820	2,145	1,970	170	1,620
Quebec Sign Language	145	390	165	225	300
Sign languages, n.i.e.	235	310	255	55	235
Sino-Tibetan languages	41,125	44,235	41,360	2,875	33,020
Chinese languages	40,240	43,340	40,470	2,870	32,180
Hakka	225	245	225	20	205
Mandarin	29,995	32,670	30,150	2,525	23,675
Min Dong	40	40	40	0	35
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,035	1,165	1,035	130	920
Wu (Shanghainese)	490	525	490	35	420
Yue (Cantonese)	13,630	14,235	13,735	495	11,310
Chinese, n.o.s.	435	445	435	0	355
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	70	70	70	0	40
Tibeto-Burman languages	875	875	875	0	820
Burmese	310	310	310	0	295
Kuki-Chin languages	280	280	280	0	230
Karenic languages	360	360	360	0	360
S'gaw Karen	345	345	345	0	345
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Tibetan	45	45	45	0	45
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	70	70	70	0	70
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	55	60	55	0	60
Tai-Kadai languages	1,220	1,545	1,260	285	1,245
Lao	475	655	490	170	500
Thai	880	1,065	900	165	880
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	25	25	0	25
Turkic languages	4,425	4,915	4,520	390	3,525
Azerbaijani	385	420	385	35	310
Kazakh	170	175	170	0	130
Turkish	3,820	4,240	3,895	340	3,030
Uyghur	105	105	105	0	55
Uzbek	160	195	175	15	120
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	100	110	105	10	95
Uralic languages	2,410	2,870	2,605	265	2,020
Estonian	210	240	220	20	215
Finnish	435	490	475	10	295
Hungarian	1,775	2,160	1,925	235	1,520
Other languages, n.i.e.	300	395	300	90	375
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,000,935	1,464,500	1,116,795	347,700	1,049,955
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	26,395	46,545	31,765	14,775	31,330
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	25,110	44,415	30,280	14,135	29,820
First Nations (North American Indian)	13,300	23,395	15,950	7,445	15,545
Métis	10,545	19,290	12,970	6,325	12,805
Inuk (Inuit)	1,270	1,730	1,360	365	1,470
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	665	1,045	755	290	780
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	620	1,085	730	355	725
Non-Indigenous identity	974,540	1,417,955	1,085,035	332,925	1,018,620
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,000,935	1,464,500	1,116,795	347,700	1,049,955
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	6,635	10,345	7,720	2,620	7,275
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	994,300	1,454,155	1,109,075	345,080	1,042,675
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	407,250	604,720	453,580	151,145	446,480
Owner	260,220	395,725	298,105	97,625	264,490
Renter	147,030	208,990	155,475	53,515	181,985
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	0	0	0	0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	407,250	604,720	453,580	151,145	446,480
Condominium	65,705	88,655	67,705	20,950	80,205
Not condominium	341,550	516,065	385,875	130,190	366,275
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	407,250	604,720	453,580	151,145	446,480
No bedrooms	3,830	4,735	3,920	820	4,430
1 bedroom	59,775	80,615	62,740	17,870	72,720
2 bedrooms	85,345	139,520	95,280	44,245	111,100
3 bedrooms	150,190	227,695	171,165	56,525	157,020
4 or more bedrooms	108,110	152,160	120,470	31,690	101,210
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	407,250	604,720	453,580	151,145	446,480
1 to 4 rooms	117,090	167,165	124,135	43,030	145,905
5 rooms	54,625	86,960	61,025	25,935	65,765
6 rooms	57,030	86,225	65,275	20,945	59,945
7 rooms	54,520	81,235	62,135	19,100	55,325
8 or more rooms	123,985	183,140	141,015	42,130	119,530
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	6.3	6.3	6.2	6.0
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	407,250	604,720	453,580	151,145	446,480
One person or fewer per room	398,225	593,880	444,295	149,590	436,840
More than one person per room	9,030	10,840	9,290	1,555	9,640
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	407,250	604,720	453,580	151,145	446,480
Suitable	385,180	576,360	430,525	145,840	421,985
Not suitable	22,070	28,360	23,055	5,305	24,495
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	407,250	604,720	453,580	151,145	446,480
1960 or before	64,815	93,315	73,160	20,155	75,070
1961 to 1980	115,070	162,085	123,065	39,015	132,975
1981 to 1990	63,195	93,520	70,585	22,940	68,705
1991 to 2000	46,095	74,180	52,655	21,525	49,070
2001 to 2005	28,865	43,620	32,050	11,570	29,760
2006 to 2010	29,380	46,505	32,875	13,630	31,580
2011 to 2015	28,490	43,660	32,285	11,380	29,390
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	31,355	47,830	36,900	10,925	29,930
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	407,250	604,720	453,580	151,145	446,480
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	385,390	571,405	429,250	142,155	420,780
Major repairs needed	21,860	33,315	24,330	8,990	25,700
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	407,250	604,720	453,580	151,145	446,480
One-maintainer household	198,960	298,490	218,595	79,890	232,480
Two-maintainer household	189,175	281,930	214,545	67,390	194,985
Three-or-more-maintainer household	19,115	24,305	20,440	3,860	19,020
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	407,250	604,720	453,580	151,145	446,480
15 to 24 years	14,640	20,230	15,260	4,965	18,420
25 to 34 years	62,300	91,460	68,010	23,450	72,510
35 to 44 years	72,630	109,280	80,180	29,100	80,625
45 to 54 years	76,580	112,480	84,685	27,795	80,640
55 to 64 years	80,140	122,015	90,845	31,165	86,005
65 to 74 years	58,720	89,160	67,170	21,980	63,990
75 to 84 years	31,270	45,510	35,310	10,200	33,175
85 years and over	10,970	14,590	12,110	2,485	11,110
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	404,915	601,110	450,675	150,430	444,575
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	323,340	490,335	362,425	127,915	355,565
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	81,575	110,775	88,255	22,520	89,010
30% to less than 100%	72,595	99,285	78,870	20,415	79,500
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	407,250	604,725	453,580	151,145	446,480
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	114,035	157,770	123,460	34,315	126,710
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	71,850	98,330	77,900	20,425	78,485
Not suitable only	16,150	21,345	16,955	4,385	18,145
Major repairs needed only	14,840	23,735	16,705	7,035	17,875
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,180	4,780	4,265	510	4,380
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	5,275	7,345	5,800	1,545	5,855
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,475	1,915	1,545	370	1,675
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	275	325	285	40	295
Acceptable housing	293,215	446,950	330,125	116,830	319,765
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	395,940	589,625	441,300	148,325	435,065
In core need	44,435	55,245	47,480	7,770	46,185
Not in core need	351,505	534,370	393,815	140,560	388,875
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	259,630	394,430	297,050	97,380	264,485
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.8	62.5	60.5	68.6	61.2
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	11.7	10.9	11.5	9.2	11.4
% in core housing need⁶³	4.6	3.8	4.5	1.7	4.0
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,560	1,440	1,550	1,250	1,430
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,668	1,562	1,648	1,298	1,566
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	624,000	548,000	600,000	348,000	532,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	672,000	585,000	654,000	373,600	585,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	146,985	208,920	155,410	53,505	181,985
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	14.1	12.9	13.9	9.8	13.6
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.1	32.7	35.2	25.6	32.6
% in core housing need⁶³	23.3	20.3	23.3	11.8	20.5
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,380	1,230	1,370	900	1,220
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,422	1,296	1,412	959	1,280
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	0	0	0	0
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,000,935	1,464,495	1,116,795	347,700	1,049,950
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	8,200	21,550	10,065	11,490	14,650
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	7,950	21,115	9,755	11,360	14,355
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	5,255	15,565	6,410	9,155	10,545
Métis single ancestry	1,945	4,515	2,530	1,990	2,930
Inuit single ancestry	750	1,035	820	215	880
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	255	435	310	125	300
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	200	370	250	125	255
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	35	45	40	0	35
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	20	20	20	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	33,190	58,965	39,900	19,065	39,315
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	32,460	57,780	38,995	18,785	38,505
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	23,370	43,795	28,275	15,520	29,030
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	8,340	12,985	9,935	3,050	8,640
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	755	995	790	210	840
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	730	1,185	905	280	810
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	640	1,050	805	245	685
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	105	65	40	90
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	20	20	0	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	15	15	0	15
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	959,545	1,383,980	1,066,830	317,155	995,985
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,000,940	1,464,495	1,116,800	347,700	1,049,950
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	905,590	1,348,435	1,019,540	328,895	951,085
Canadian citizens aged under 18	185,345	281,800	209,135	72,660	193,090
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	720,250	1,066,635	810,405	256,230	757,995
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	95,345	116,060	97,255	18,805	98,865
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,000,940	1,464,495	1,116,800	347,700	1,049,950
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	712,100	1,115,495	819,935	295,560	762,075
Immigrants⁸¹	259,215	313,845	267,060	46,785	255,640
Before 1980	42,685	49,870	45,745	4,125	38,165
1980 to 1990	29,930	34,740	30,850	3,895	27,935
1991 to 2000	51,775	60,105	52,770	7,340	48,730
2001 to 2010	56,115	70,535	57,480	13,055	58,050
2011 to 2021⁸²	78,715	98,590	80,220	18,370	82,755
2011 to 2015	31,305	40,295	32,050	8,245	33,715
2016 to 2021	47,415	58,295	48,175	10,125	49,045
Non-permanent residents⁸³	29,620	35,160	29,800	5,360	32,235
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	259,220	313,845	267,060	46,785	255,640
Under 5 years	25,575	31,690	26,670	5,025	25,315
5 to 14 years	46,995	57,090	48,720	8,365	46,855
15 to 24 years	47,450	56,540	49,050	7,485	46,570
25 to 44 years	116,090	141,845	118,915	22,930	114,870
45 years and over	23,105	26,685	23,700	2,980	22,030
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	259,220	313,845	267,060	46,785	255,640
Americas	36,600	47,395	38,175	9,220	39,770
Brazil	1,980	2,445	2,065	375	1,815
Colombia	1,755	3,535	1,780	1,760	3,170
El Salvador	2,045	2,640	2,090	550	2,275
Guyana	1,255	1,355	1,305	45	1,110
Haiti	6,705	9,480	6,935	2,550	8,845
Jamaica	3,175	3,440	3,275	165	2,985
Mexico	1,710	2,370	1,770	595	1,895
Peru	790	1,155	805	350	995
Trinidad and Tobago	1,280	1,395	1,330	65	1,130
United States of America	8,795	10,500	9,490	1,010	7,785
Other places of birth in Americas	7,110	9,070	7,325	1,745	7,765
Europe	54,405	69,055	58,440	10,620	51,080
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,630	2,530	1,680	850	2,160
Croatia	780	1,035	795	245	870
France	2,665	5,160	2,785	2,375	4,435
Germany	3,390	4,250	3,835	415	2,850
Greece	800	890	845	40	770
Hungary	700	840	770	75	615
Italy	4,625	5,005	4,760	240	4,350
Netherlands	1,640	2,110	1,980	130	1,240
Poland	3,965	4,485	4,165	315	3,335
Portugal	1,995	3,480	2,090	1,390	3,025
Romania	2,550	3,675	2,615	1,060	2,870
Russian Federation	3,245	3,750	3,305	440	2,605
Serbia⁸⁶	770	985	785	195	835
Ukraine	2,460	3,005	2,530	475	2,085
United Kingdom⁸⁷	14,765	17,445	16,575	870	11,195
Other places of birth in Europe	8,420	10,415	8,915	1,500	7,845
Africa	44,290	61,620	45,030	16,585	55,790
Algeria	1,905	3,405	1,915	1,490	3,090
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	3,975	5,805	4,080	1,720	5,360
Egypt	4,410	4,885	4,480	400	3,930
Eritrea	1,535	1,550	1,535	20	1,515
Ethiopia	2,815	2,955	2,825	135	2,735
Morocco	2,640	4,740	2,700	2,040	4,360
Nigeria	3,220	3,440	3,290	150	2,830
Somalia	4,520	4,710	4,530	180	4,525
South Africa, Republic of	1,235	1,430	1,335	90	930
Other places of birth in Africa	18,035	28,705	18,345	10,360	26,520
Asia	123,015	134,650	124,425	10,220	108,130
Afghanistan	2,850	3,110	2,865	250	2,805
Iran⁸⁸	6,000	6,640	6,055	585	5,095
Iraq	4,460	4,745	4,470	280	4,310
Lebanon	11,905	14,490	12,010	2,480	13,270
Syria⁸⁹	6,365	7,080	6,430	650	6,495
Turkey	1,655	1,880	1,710	175	1,245
China⁹⁰	20,320	22,020	20,445	1,580	15,650
Hong Kong⁹¹	3,205	3,315	3,235	85	2,550
Korea, South⁹²	2,195	2,470	2,235	235	1,960
Taiwan	1,025	1,090	1,030	60	870
Philippines	10,505	11,805	10,675	1,130	10,335
Viet Nam	6,155	6,565	6,215	355	5,005
Bangladesh	3,270	3,350	3,275	80	2,795
India	16,195	16,975	16,485	485	12,175
Pakistan	5,500	5,830	5,590	235	4,545
Sri Lanka	2,885	3,040	2,950	90	2,370
Other places of birth in Asia	18,530	20,240	18,745	1,495	16,670
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	905	1,130	995	135	870
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	47,415	58,300	48,170	10,125	49,045
Americas	5,050	6,500	5,260	1,240	5,450
Brazil	740	860	775	85	620
Colombia	270	525	270	250	500
Haiti	985	1,365	995	370	1,310
Jamaica	200	220	210	15	195
Mexico	325	420	335	85	365
United States of America	1,565	1,790	1,670	125	1,370
Venezuela⁹⁵	120	155	120	35	120
Other places of birth in Americas	855	1,165	885	280	970
Europe	3,680	5,020	3,800	1,220	3,755
France	505	995	510	480	860
Germany	180	220	195	25	155
Ireland⁹⁶	130	140	140	0	100
Italy	65	75	65	0	65
Russian Federation	475	555	485	70	365
Ukraine	505	665	515	155	390
United Kingdom⁸⁷	710	830	730	95	585
Other places of birth in Europe	1,120	1,555	1,155	395	1,235
Africa	12,725	17,595	12,870	4,720	16,450
Algeria	625	830	625	200	785
Burundi	1,300	1,885	1,300	585	1,860
Cameroon	480	1,235	480	750	1,235
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,060	1,465	1,060	410	1,425
Côte d'Ivoire	275	865	275	595	830
Egypt	670	775	685	95	615
Eritrea	580	580	580	0	580
Ethiopia	440	470	440	35	450
Morocco	955	1,290	955	340	1,200
Nigeria	1,790	1,900	1,840	65	1,595
Somalia	570	590	570	20	585
South Africa, Republic of	345	380	370	15	245
Sudan⁹⁷	175	175	175	0	175
Tunisia	450	715	470	245	610
Other places of birth in Africa	3,005	4,420	3,050	1,370	4,250
Asia	25,825	29,005	26,100	2,910	23,240
Afghanistan	755	795	755	40	725
Bangladesh	580	615	580	35	530
China⁹⁰	3,225	3,605	3,240	370	2,355
Hong Kong⁹¹	90	105	90	15	90
India	5,645	6,005	5,730	275	4,165
Iran⁸⁸	825	855	825	30	615
Iraq	955	995	970	20	900
Israel	145	155	145	10	55
Japan	60	75	60	10	55
Jordan	340	390	355	35	355
Korea, South⁹²	315	415	315	105	320
Lebanon	1,045	1,275	1,050	230	1,155
Nepal	110	110	110	0	85
Pakistan	925	1,045	935	110	820
Philippines	2,105	2,910	2,120	790	2,720
Saudi Arabia	580	635	580	55	575
Sri Lanka	260	275	275	10	225
Syria⁸⁹	4,450	4,940	4,495	440	4,665
Turkey	695	785	720	60	430
United Arab Emirates	570	615	570	50	510
Viet Nam	460	490	475	20	380
Other places of birth in Asia	1,705	1,910	1,710	200	1,520
Oceania and other⁹³	130	175	135	35	150
Australia	95	115	105	10	95
Other places of birth⁹⁸	35	60	35	25	60
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,000,935	1,464,500	1,116,795	347,700	1,049,950
First generation¹⁰⁰	303,690	367,930	312,745	55,185	302,720
Second generation¹⁰¹	209,590	258,425	223,370	35,050	197,070
Third generation or more¹⁰²	487,660	838,145	580,680	257,460	550,165
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	216,530	263,975	221,315	42,660	217,470
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	104,175	127,620	106,320	21,305	101,160
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	44,555	55,125	45,425	9,700	43,920
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	59,620	72,500	60,895	11,605	57,240
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	56,285	68,975	58,085	10,885	56,200
Refugees¹⁰⁸	52,950	63,700	53,685	10,015	56,855
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	3,125	3,675	3,225	450	3,260
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	216,530	263,975	221,315	42,660	217,470
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	20,290	24,140	20,670	3,470	21,210
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	18,040	21,380	18,715	2,665	16,595
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	6,945	8,270	7,085	1,180	6,525
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	14,565	17,080	14,815	2,260	13,405
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,390	1,660	1,435	230	1,365
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	155,295	191,440	158,595	32,845	158,365
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,000,935	1,464,500	1,116,795	347,700	1,049,955
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	324,960	386,925	330,515	56,410	326,780
South Asian	57,820	60,780	58,745	2,035	46,705
Chinese	46,170	50,030	46,620	3,410	37,195
Black	84,765	114,230	86,675	27,550	104,300
Filipino	14,320	16,105	14,660	1,445	13,810
Arab	58,180	69,210	58,770	10,445	62,075
Latin American	14,350	20,620	14,745	5,880	17,465
Southeast Asian	14,960	16,895	15,170	1,720	13,290
West Asian	13,255	14,525	13,370	1,155	11,750
Korean	4,125	4,680	4,240	435	3,585
Japanese	2,315	2,750	2,460	290	2,130
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,780	4,435	3,915	515	3,750
Multiple visible minorities	10,910	12,665	11,145	1,520	10,725
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	675,975	1,077,575	786,285	291,295	723,170
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,000,940	1,464,495	1,116,800	347,705	1,049,950
Canadian	114,205	233,275	138,240	95,030	151,405
English	156,485	196,190	180,215	15,975	126,005
Irish	192,250	256,320	224,470	31,850	162,455
Scottish	160,250	204,170	187,240	16,930	128,910
French, n.o.s.¹²²	140,710	250,030	165,085	84,945	175,865
German	73,625	95,710	85,425	10,290	61,030
Chinese	47,925	52,450	48,565	3,885	39,005
Italian	45,685	55,945	49,430	6,520	41,560
Indian (India)	31,385	33,800	32,195	1,605	25,870
Ukrainian	23,840	28,295	26,015	2,280	19,650
Dutch	25,770	32,670	30,500	2,170	19,650
Polish	30,300	37,120	34,005	3,110	24,635
Québécois	6,730	37,075	7,580	29,500	27,410
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	38,750	46,950	43,765	3,185	31,160
Filipino	14,365	16,175	14,680	1,495	13,830
French Canadian	32,825	63,460	38,545	24,910	44,690
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	20,120	32,545	23,965	8,580	22,445
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	11,410	24,700	13,880	10,825	16,260
Métis	11,175	18,985	13,570	5,410	12,550
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	15,605	23,255	17,355	5,905	16,940
Russian	13,005	15,470	13,885	1,585	11,065
Norwegian	6,875	8,500	7,600	900	6,190
Welsh	16,410	19,960	18,665	1,295	13,285
Portuguese	9,695	15,045	10,375	4,670	11,875
American	11,045	14,170	12,170	2,005	9,980
Spanish	10,990	15,110	11,805	3,305	11,680
Swedish	6,575	7,960	7,290	670	5,615
Hungarian	8,230	9,930	8,990	935	6,910
Acadian	7,460	12,510	8,330	4,180	9,360
Pakistani	7,485	7,885	7,590	295	5,730
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	15,090	20,640	15,455	5,185	18,405
Jewish	10,700	11,870	11,040	825	9,860
Punjabi	3,420	3,550	3,490	65	2,720
Vietnamese	10,085	11,170	10,200	965	8,815
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	21,480	25,195	21,750	3,445	22,210
Greek	7,290	8,550	7,655	895	6,905
Jamaican	6,675	7,755	7,040	725	6,455
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	5,085	5,680	5,150	525	4,555
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,815	2,860	2,030	835	2,145
Korean	4,265	4,805	4,380	425	3,720
Romanian	5,620	7,665	5,915	1,750	5,735
Lebanese	23,990	29,515	24,450	5,065	26,065
Iranian	7,265	8,185	7,350	840	6,390
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	4,845	7,860	5,305	2,560	5,580
Danish	5,015	6,180	5,595	585	4,370
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	4,065	8,200	4,965	3,235	5,540
Sikh	1,755	1,800	1,775	25	1,280
Austrian	4,670	5,795	5,160	640	4,070
Belgian	4,230	6,930	4,690	2,240	4,950
Haitian	9,780	14,455	10,110	4,350	13,410
Hindu	4,180	4,390	4,280	115	3,290
Mexican	3,200	4,560	3,355	1,205	3,685
Mennonite	1,190	1,395	1,315	80	1,040
Swiss	3,790	5,425	4,360	1,055	3,705
Finnish	4,090	4,805	4,485	320	3,225
Sri Lankan	2,960	3,190	3,030	160	2,455
Croatian	3,375	4,175	3,590	585	3,220
Japanese	3,105	3,725	3,290	440	2,885
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	3,335	3,460	3,340	115	2,795
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	2,315	4,100	2,825	1,275	2,690
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	3,290	4,160	3,725	435	2,800
Muslim	5,230	5,765	5,275	495	4,705
Egyptian	6,920	7,975	7,090	885	6,255
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	3,200	4,565	3,365	1,205	3,765
Tamil	2,350	2,470	2,385	90	1,815
Icelandic	1,460	1,790	1,590	195	1,235
Colombian	2,360	4,250	2,400	1,855	3,705
Moroccan	2,910	5,360	2,975	2,385	4,895
Czech	3,215	3,780	3,485	295	2,670
Syrian	6,610	7,785	6,805	985	6,925
Guyanese	2,010	2,365	2,150	215	1,905
Afghan	4,475	4,825	4,530	295	4,370
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	4,085	5,125	4,160	960	4,455
Serbian	2,535	3,505	2,595	910	3,045
Ojibway	1,320	1,785	1,565	215	1,135
Newfoundlander	2,465	3,015	2,805	210	1,900
Hong Konger	1,200	1,235	1,205	35	1,005
Ontarian	5,400	8,130	6,685	1,445	4,995
Persian	3,095	3,335	3,125	210	2,600
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,090	2,420	2,230	190	1,900
Turkish	4,175	4,805	4,295	515	3,440
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	1,635	2,220	1,755	460	1,870
Bangladeshi	3,680	3,765	3,680	85	3,165
Algerian	2,015	3,200	2,030	1,165	2,910
Brazilian	2,550	3,205	2,675	530	2,465
Nigerian	3,850	4,200	3,920	275	3,655
Armenian	1,670	2,190	1,755	440	1,720
Slovak	2,665	3,000	2,795	210	2,060
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,630	3,100	2,790	315	2,370
Somali	10,500	11,070	10,505	565	10,660
Taiwanese	1,270	1,380	1,305	80	1,065
Iraqi	3,890	4,145	3,905	240	3,720
Salvadorean	2,030	2,780	2,090	690	2,370
African Caribbean	2,575	3,090	2,620	470	2,785
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,710	1,810	1,715	100	1,385
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	5,030	5,425	5,090	330	4,655
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	2,395	2,855	2,430	425	2,485
Algonquin	4,015	11,200	5,225	5,980	7,340
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,075	1,145	1,110	40	965
Lithuanian	2,130	2,425	2,265	170	1,825
South African	1,540	1,735	1,675	65	1,070
Australian	1,285	1,635	1,415	220	1,220
Palestinian	4,915	5,155	4,930	225	4,330
Chilean	865	1,325	970	355	1,140
Congolese	5,130	8,110	5,265	2,840	7,450
Nova Scotian	1,185	1,405	1,335	70	955
Ethiopian	2,600	2,780	2,600	175	2,505
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,255	1,565	1,280	280	1,310
Peruvian	1,325	1,790	1,365	420	1,530
Yoruba	1,815	2,040	1,865	170	1,830
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,375	2,930	2,400	530	2,115
Berber	1,310	2,490	1,330	1,160	2,240
Albanian	1,160	1,325	1,230	95	1,090
Maltese	605	780	685	95	575
Macedonian	535	580	555	25	485
Slovenian	1,015	1,140	1,080	65	875
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,620	2,180	1,775	410	1,640
New Brunswicker	855	1,150	930	220	910
Gujarati	1,025	1,030	1,030	0	775
Eritrean	2,095	2,135	2,095	40	2,040
African Canadian	1,170	1,420	1,185	235	1,240
Israeli	955	1,090	1,020	70	815
Mohawk	1,780	2,510	2,020	485	1,815
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	665	820	750	70	540
Bulgarian	1,525	1,875	1,580	295	1,490
Albertan	220	290	235	55	255
Ghanaian	1,195	1,445	1,235	205	1,215
Barbadian	1,130	1,310	1,225	90	1,050
African American	780	1,010	820	180	870
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	800	1,095	890	205	770
Tunisian	885	1,740	930	805	1,500
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,420	1,600	1,485	115	1,155
Cuban	1,245	1,685	1,295	395	1,460
Bosnian	1,365	1,915	1,380	535	1,570
Venezuelan	1,045	1,330	1,075	260	1,070
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	325	870	355	515	705
Latvian	1,110	1,325	1,195	130	1,010
Bengali	1,255	1,290	1,255	40	1,055
Cameroonian	1,185	2,860	1,220	1,640	2,710
Guatemalan	405	710	460	250	610
Indonesian	970	1,085	1,000	80	845
Laotian	815	1,035	830	200	760
Ilocano	455	495	460	30	460
Northern Irish	1,005	1,240	1,120	120	860
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,205	1,465	1,320	155	1,040
British Columbian	225	285	265	20	190
Ecuadorian	350	440	355	80	405
Franco Ontarian	6,225	9,005	7,460	1,550	6,815
Argentinian	505	720	510	210	580
Estonian	865	1,010	910	105	805
Kurdish	1,140	1,305	1,140	160	1,170
Fijian	50	70	70	0	50
Jatt	185	185	185	0	155
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	470	990	605	385	660
Coptic	1,050	1,125	1,050	75	995
Thai	1,015	1,245	1,050	195	950
Dominican	805	1,105	865	240	875
Nepali	915	935	915	15	805
Kabyle	320	655	320	340	595
Assyrian	230	290	240	55	235
Igbo	1,340	1,390	1,355	30	1,195
Byelorussian	945	1,140	955	180	850
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	25	55	40	20	30
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	325	435	370	65	290
Abenaki	225	705	280	420	515
Moldovan	375	540	375	165	415
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	515	1,380	630	745	835
New Zealander	490	595	535	60	425
Sudanese	795	830	800	25	775
Breton	160	720	185	540	620
Pennsylvania Dutch	270	290	290	0	210
Malaysian	635	645	635	10	565
Plains Cree	60	100	65	35	50
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,095	1,465	1,120	345	1,285
Huron (Wendat)	390	1,250	485	765	915
Saskatchewanian	400	470	420	50	405
Buddhist	415	440	415	25	320
Gaspesian	60	410	65	340	310
Norman	450	935	515	415	665
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	785	800	790	0	730
Ivorian	785	1,940	800	1,140	1,845
Saulteaux	70	80	70	0	75
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	445	615	445	165	480
Burundian	2,695	4,520	2,750	1,765	4,200
Tigrinya	405	410	405	10	385
Nicaraguan	615	755	630	130	675
Mauritian	635	780	645	140	690
Kenyan	630	670	645	25	590
Oji-Cree	70	105	70	35	80
Vincentian	270	365	275	90	345
Jordanian	1,505	1,605	1,505	105	1,475
Manitoban	255	355	275	85	250
Cape Bretoner	330	380	355	25	270
Rwandan	1,530	2,845	1,585	1,265	2,675
Grenadian	280	335	280	50	290
Malayali	550	575	550	25	475
Chaldean	55	55	55	0	50
Sinhalese	660	670	670	0	575
Mayan	290	385	305	80	325
Honduran	260	330	260	75	265
Cherokee	315	410	360	50	250
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	160	195	185	0	80
Indo-Caribbean	290	315	300	0	290
Flemish	345	460	370	90	365
United Empire Loyalist	595	640	635	10	500
Senegalese	440	1,105	440	665	1,025
Azerbaijani	310	325	310	20	255
Sicilian	270	365	295	70	280
Pashtun	540	545	540	0	470
Malay	110	130	115	15	100
Goan	315	330	315	15	285
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	830	1,425	830	595	1,385
Tibetan	55	60	60	0	55
Zimbabwean	320	395	325	75	315
Burmese	465	490	470	15	430
Mongolian	425	485	430	55	410
Azorean	165	470	165	305	350
Atikamekw	0	110	0	110	65
Bamileke	380	950	400	550	930
Indo-Guyanese	220	235	225	15	205
Ugandan	590	640	590	45	585
Oromo	410	435	410	30	385
Tanzanian	380	435	380	60	360
Yemeni	985	1,055	990	65	915
Central African	630	1,170	630	540	1,145
Libyan	1,430	1,520	1,475	45	1,360
Basque	335	530	350	185	430
Uruguayan	135	230	135	100	225
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	290	505	290	215	460
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	450	685	465	220	545
Igorot	195	195	195	0	195
Fulani	310	775	330	450	715
Woodland Cree	0	25	25	0	0
Guinean	320	915	320	600	900
St. Lucian	635	690	665	20	630
Prince Edward Islander	230	270	265	10	165
Maliseet	135	240	180	70	160
Beninese	240	845	255	590	790
Telugu	220	245	220	25	200
Roma	150	175	150	25	135
Costa Rican	175	235	190	45	180
African Nova Scotian	200	210	200	0	175
Malagasy	220	450	220	235	420
Kashmiri	130	130	130	0	110
Singaporean	165	165	165	0	135
Karen	385	385	385	0	385
Edo	310	320	315	0	265
Tajik	370	370	370	0	310
Amhara	415	445	415	30	395
Paraguayan	60	65	60	0	65
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,000,935	1,464,500	1,116,795	347,700	1,049,955
Buddhist	10,800	12,185	10,975	1,205	9,705
Christian	528,700	824,655	606,765	217,890	571,675
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	64,320	95,005	71,055	23,950	70,260
Anabaptist	885	985	920	65	795
Anglican	41,175	50,900	48,200	2,700	30,505
Baptist	7,600	10,625	8,765	1,855	7,350
Catholic	303,820	524,040	350,690	173,350	367,220
Christian Orthodox	21,350	25,905	21,975	3,925	21,130
Jehovah's Witness	3,015	4,765	3,415	1,345	3,615
Latter Day Saints	1,175	1,540	1,285	255	1,185
Lutheran	6,350	7,965	7,310	655	4,950
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,995	2,790	2,645	145	1,425
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	11,585	14,725	12,735	1,990	11,325
Presbyterian	9,245	11,815	11,255	565	6,855
Reformed	1,115	1,410	1,350	55	745
United Church	34,445	44,005	42,030	1,980	24,525
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	20,610	28,180	23,125	5,050	19,800
Hindu	20,300	21,205	20,600	605	16,140
Jewish	10,600	11,395	10,780	620	9,800
Muslim	98,920	114,780	99,685	15,095	100,045
Sikh	6,375	6,730	6,550	185	5,105
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	445	745	495	250	585
Other religions and spiritual traditions	8,055	10,250	8,505	1,745	8,105
No religion and secular perspectives	316,740	462,555	352,445	110,115	328,785
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	992,100	1,450,630	1,106,775	343,855	1,040,340
Non-movers	860,725	1,261,530	962,395	299,140	896,330
Movers	131,375	189,100	144,380	44,720	144,010
Non-migrants	94,310	126,025	98,785	27,240	100,625
Migrants	37,060	63,075	45,595	17,475	43,385
Internal migrants	26,175	50,130	34,485	15,650	32,465
Intraprovincial migrants	15,845	31,965	23,410	8,560	17,765
Interprovincial migrants	10,335	18,160	11,070	7,090	14,700
External migrants	10,885	12,945	11,115	1,830	10,920
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	952,255	1,390,440	1,061,805	328,630	998,080
Non-movers	561,640	819,280	627,720	191,565	575,150
Movers	390,615	571,150	434,085	137,065	422,935
Non-migrants	226,395	305,585	236,520	69,065	238,550
Migrants	164,220	265,565	197,565	68,000	184,390
Internal migrants	102,750	190,655	135,100	55,560	119,660
Intraprovincial migrants	60,055	126,165	88,830	37,335	69,605
Interprovincial migrants	42,695	64,495	46,265	18,230	50,055
External migrants	61,470	74,910	62,475	12,435	64,730
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	834,140	1,213,355	929,885	283,465	875,080
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	100,305	171,450	114,345	57,100	121,810
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	733,835	1,041,905	815,540	226,370	753,270
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	543,310	797,120	605,285	191,825	572,705
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	35,045	67,490	39,845	27,650	48,730
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	508,265	729,625	565,445	164,180	523,975
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	834,135	1,213,355	929,885	283,465	875,080
No certificate, diploma or degree	92,035	154,760	104,410	50,350	110,785
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	192,100	283,270	220,265	63,005	198,690
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	550,000	775,330	605,210	170,120	565,605
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	204,535	333,395	240,150	93,245	223,195
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	29,735	69,880	36,500	33,375	44,445
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	16,420	42,380	19,460	22,915	28,320
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	13,315	27,505	17,040	10,465	16,125
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	157,470	235,770	184,580	51,190	157,745
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,325	27,740	19,060	8,680	21,015
Bachelor's degree or higher	345,465	441,935	365,065	76,870	342,415
Bachelor's degree	208,395	269,590	222,420	47,165	204,630
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	18,710	25,900	19,875	6,025	20,370
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	8,015	9,560	8,340	1,220	7,670
Master's degree	91,830	114,980	95,410	19,570	92,040
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	18,520	21,900	19,015	2,885	17,705
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	543,305	797,115	605,290	191,830	572,705
No certificate, diploma or degree	30,180	56,900	34,075	22,820	41,660
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	95,710	147,150	112,130	35,015	100,650
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	417,415	593,070	459,075	133,995	430,400
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	148,475	245,090	175,020	70,065	162,210
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	19,900	50,765	24,580	26,185	31,950
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	10,930	30,990	12,945	18,045	20,490
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,965	19,775	11,640	8,140	11,465
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	117,225	175,650	137,985	37,665	116,155
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,355	18,670	12,455	6,210	14,100
Bachelor's degree or higher	268,935	347,980	284,055	63,925	268,190
Bachelor's degree	160,030	209,845	171,075	38,770	157,800
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	13,910	19,770	14,795	4,975	15,495
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	6,290	7,565	6,510	1,050	6,135
Master's degree	75,160	94,600	77,815	16,785	75,590
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	13,545	16,205	13,860	2,345	13,165
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	834,135	1,213,355	929,885	283,470	875,085
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	284,135	438,025	324,675	113,350	309,470
Education	27,600	42,710	30,995	11,715	30,805
13. Education	27,600	42,710	30,995	11,715	30,805
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	18,020	24,940	19,720	5,225	19,050
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,425	3,460	2,715	740	2,580
50. Visual and performing arts	15,590	21,485	17,000	4,485	16,470
Humanities	35,490	48,440	38,035	10,405	38,345
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	5,855	8,490	6,105	2,380	7,220
23. English language and literature/letters	8,820	10,105	9,425	685	7,870
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	6,885	11,400	7,550	3,850	8,620
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,025	1,195	1,085	110	985
38. Philosophy and religious studies	2,640	3,350	2,785	565	2,780
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,795	2,460	2,000	455	1,745
54. History	6,250	7,700	6,680	1,015	6,105
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,215	3,740	2,400	1,345	3,030
Social and behavioural sciences and law	104,360	136,895	111,800	25,095	107,420
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,635	1,980	1,690	295	1,685
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	11,740	15,790	12,620	3,170	12,480
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	10,185	14,590	11,680	2,910	10,140
22. Legal professions and studies	15,980	21,160	16,935	4,225	16,995
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,410	4,355	3,590	765	3,610
42. Psychology	15,385	20,190	16,755	3,435	15,030
45. Social sciences	46,020	58,830	48,525	10,300	47,490
Business, management and public administration	110,230	161,650	120,350	41,295	120,580
30.16 Accounting and computer science	170	240	200	40	160
44. Public administration and social service professions	11,785	16,720	12,900	3,825	13,440
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	98,275	144,685	107,250	37,435	106,980
Physical and life sciences and technologies	30,225	38,370	32,065	6,300	29,140
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	14,880	18,200	15,755	2,455	14,055
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,840	6,220	5,175	1,050	4,560
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	405	1,365	440	935	1,140
40. Physical sciences	9,330	11,395	9,805	1,595	8,580
41. Science technologies/technicians	770	1,180	905	275	795
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	40,150	52,105	42,615	9,490	38,375
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	31,300	41,115	33,425	7,695	29,670
25. Library science	2,545	3,500	2,670	830	2,825
27. Mathematics and statistics	4,980	5,950	5,150	800	4,715
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,325	1,545	1,370	170	1,160
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	88,310	127,105	99,975	27,135	82,245
04. Architecture and related services	5,325	7,100	5,715	1,385	5,365
14. Engineering	43,170	50,290	44,785	5,505	36,155
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	19,460	28,350	22,665	5,685	17,810
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	50	80	50	25	80
46. Construction trades	8,690	19,025	11,525	7,500	10,620
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,370	15,520	10,885	4,635	8,445
48. Precision production	3,250	6,740	4,355	2,390	3,775
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	8,755	13,810	10,585	3,215	8,495
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	5,145	8,150	6,460	1,695	4,595
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,610	5,650	4,130	1,525	3,905
Health and related fields	64,635	91,530	72,510	19,020	65,830
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	5,930	8,085	6,725	1,355	5,485
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	55,880	80,105	62,890	17,215	57,455
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	125	190	140	45	135
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,700	3,160	2,750	400	2,750
Personal, protective and transportation services	22,090	37,610	26,430	11,180	25,195
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	11,455	19,050	13,350	5,700	13,535
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	895	1,035	980	60	720
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	435	720	525	190	475
43. Security and protective services	7,000	12,285	8,695	3,600	7,650
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,315	4,520	2,885	1,630	2,810
Other¹⁷⁹	130	165	130	35	120
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	543,305	797,115	605,290	191,825	572,705
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	125,895	204,045	146,210	57,835	142,310
Education	18,440	29,075	20,730	8,345	20,795
13. Education	18,440	29,075	20,730	8,345	20,795
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	13,675	18,925	14,920	4,005	14,510
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,780	2,470	1,960	515	1,895
50. Visual and performing arts	11,895	16,455	12,960	3,495	12,610
Humanities	24,905	33,635	26,705	6,935	26,455
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	4,275	6,215	4,465	1,750	5,250
23. English language and literature/letters	6,325	7,265	6,750	515	5,620
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	4,755	7,485	5,235	2,250	5,600
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	710	815	740	75	660
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,880	2,410	1,975	435	2,040
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,170	1,550	1,305	245	1,070
54. History	4,480	5,605	4,810	795	4,400
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,310	2,290	1,420	870	1,820
Social and behavioural sciences and law	81,765	108,275	87,790	20,475	84,555
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,330	1,610	1,370	240	1,385
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	9,625	13,080	10,365	2,710	10,290
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	7,665	11,250	8,870	2,380	7,680
22. Legal professions and studies	13,035	17,240	13,820	3,420	13,785
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	2,560	3,315	2,710	605	2,735
42. Psychology	11,700	15,530	12,770	2,765	11,480
45. Social sciences	35,855	46,245	37,885	8,360	37,200
Business, management and public administration	85,840	126,965	93,440	33,525	94,365
30.16 Accounting and computer science	120	175	140	40	110
44. Public administration and social service professions	9,370	13,385	10,235	3,145	10,830
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	76,350	113,410	83,065	30,345	83,425
Physical and life sciences and technologies	22,000	27,405	23,270	4,135	20,850
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	11,405	14,045	12,040	2,005	10,885
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,485	4,290	3,705	585	3,085
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	330	585	350	225	470
40. Physical sciences	6,295	7,775	6,605	1,175	5,920
41. Science technologies/technicians	480	720	570	145	485
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	32,695	42,710	34,700	8,010	31,150
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	26,615	35,100	28,430	6,675	25,120
25. Library science	1,500	2,150	1,560	585	1,780
27. Mathematics and statistics	3,480	4,185	3,575	605	3,320
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,095	1,280	1,135	145	930
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	66,285	96,680	75,085	21,595	62,035
04. Architecture and related services	3,950	5,420	4,280	1,145	4,045
14. Engineering	33,720	39,665	34,925	4,735	28,165
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	14,425	21,360	16,895	4,465	13,280
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	50	75	50	25	75
46. Construction trades	6,200	14,385	8,405	5,985	7,910
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,845	11,205	7,695	3,515	6,020
48. Precision production	2,085	4,565	2,830	1,735	2,540
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	6,675	10,725	8,045	2,685	6,620
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,705	6,000	4,655	1,345	3,325
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,970	4,730	3,390	1,340	3,300
Health and related fields	48,185	69,330	53,965	15,360	49,690
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,605	6,330	5,220	1,110	4,285
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	41,505	60,540	46,655	13,880	43,225
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	105	155	105	45	125
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,970	2,310	1,985	325	2,055
Personal, protective and transportation services	16,855	29,205	20,330	8,880	19,285
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	8,590	14,460	10,030	4,430	10,150
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	720	850	785	60	585
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	250	430	295	135	290
43. Security and protective services	5,575	9,900	7,025	2,875	6,030
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,720	3,560	2,185	1,380	2,230
Other¹⁷⁹	95	130	100	30	90
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	543,305	797,115	605,290	191,825	572,705
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	125,895	204,045	146,210	57,835	142,310
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	417,410	593,070	459,080	133,990	430,400
Location of study inside Canada	338,690	497,320	378,185	119,135	354,325
Same as province or territory of residence	279,830	391,670	314,325	77,340	273,855
Different than province or territory of residence	58,860	105,655	63,860	41,800	80,465
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	78,720	95,750	80,895	14,855	76,075
Americas	15,750	19,500	16,550	2,950	15,315
United States of America	9,810	11,415	10,435	980	8,520
Mexico	735	1,080	765	315	870
Cuba	365	505	365	140	440
Haiti	780	1,105	810	295	1,045
Jamaica	250	285	260	20	215
Brazil	1,450	1,690	1,485	205	1,305
Colombia	720	1,190	725	465	1,010
Peru	175	275	185	100	255
Venezuela⁹⁵	285	390	300	90	305
Other locations of study in Americas	1,180	1,570	1,220	350	1,350
Europe	18,820	24,270	19,595	4,675	18,875
Belgium	285	530	290	240	465
France	2,245	4,080	2,315	1,770	3,600
Germany	670	830	720	105	575
Netherlands	375	485	405	85	365
Switzerland	255	395	290	105	315
Hungary	160	195	175	25	155
Moldova¹⁸³	190	270	190	80	195
Poland	755	875	785	90	615
Romania	885	1,315	920	395	995
Russian Federation	1,385	1,650	1,420	230	1,100
Ukraine	995	1,250	1,025	225	850
Ireland⁹⁶	560	600	590	10	470
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,985	7,880	7,325	560	6,010
Bosnia and Herzegovina	330	495	350	145	395
Italy	280	345	285	60	295
Serbia⁸⁶	320	415	320	90	350
Other locations of study in Europe	2,145	2,660	2,200	465	2,125
Africa	9,755	13,760	9,905	3,850	12,395
Nigeria	1,440	1,525	1,460	65	1,380
Algeria	715	1,250	715	535	1,160
Morocco	790	1,425	800	620	1,330
Tunisia	330	585	335	250	515
Egypt	1,870	2,070	1,900	170	1,585
South Africa, Republic of	505	595	550	45	405
Other locations of study in Africa	4,105	6,310	4,140	2,170	6,005
Asia	32,895	36,485	33,250	3,240	28,180
Iran⁸⁸	1,625	1,760	1,625	135	1,405
Iraq	875	955	875	85	845
Israel	405	460	410	50	230
Lebanon	1,850	2,460	1,870	595	2,245
Syria⁸⁹	1,110	1,265	1,110	150	1,110
Turkey	715	805	745	65	515
China⁹⁰	5,820	6,470	5,855	620	4,285
Taiwan	215	235	220	15	145
Hong Kong⁹¹	185	205	195	10	150
Japan	495	580	500	75	440
Korea, South⁹²	870	990	880	105	725
Philippines	4,625	5,345	4,665	685	4,685
Viet Nam	445	460	450	10	365
Bangladesh	935	965	935	30	800
Sri Lanka	365	390	370	25	345
India	7,625	8,020	7,765	260	5,730
Pakistan	1,530	1,590	1,555	35	1,230
Other locations of study in Asia	3,205	3,525	3,230	295	2,930
Oceania	1,495	1,730	1,590	140	1,305
Australia	1,245	1,435	1,335	105	1,060
New Zealand	250	295	255	35	245
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	834,135	1,213,355	929,885	283,465	875,080
In the labour force	549,990	801,005	611,710	189,295	575,155
Employed	493,140	723,250	550,470	172,780	515,130
Unemployed	56,845	77,755	61,240	16,520	60,025
Not in the labour force	284,150	412,345	318,175	94,170	299,925
Participation rate	65.9	66.0	65.8	66.8	65.7
Employment rate	59.1	59.6	59.2	61.0	58.9
Unemployment rate	10.3	9.7	10.0	8.7	10.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	834,135	1,213,355	929,885	283,470	875,085
Did not work¹⁸⁶	285,610	412,055	318,570	93,485	302,605
Worked	548,525	801,300	611,320	189,980	572,480
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	321,175	470,250	359,175	111,075	331,085
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	227,350	331,050	252,140	78,910	241,395
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.2	42.3	42.3	42.5	42.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	549,985	801,005	611,710	189,295	575,155
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,025	18,745	14,750	3,995	14,825
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	535,960	782,265	596,960	185,305	560,330
Employee	470,435	689,090	523,475	165,615	496,965
Permanent position	386,980	570,395	433,055	137,335	405,830
Temporary position	83,450	118,695	90,420	28,280	91,130
Fixed term (1 year or more)	30,765	43,175	32,835	10,340	34,505
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	52,685	75,520	57,585	17,935	56,630
Self-employed¹⁹²	65,530	93,175	73,480	19,690	63,365
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	549,985	801,005	611,710	189,295	575,155
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,025	18,745	14,750	3,995	14,825
All occupations¹⁹¹	535,960	782,265	596,960	185,305	560,330
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	8,485	12,235	9,300	2,935	8,440
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	109,065	161,890	120,555	41,340	118,300
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	81,345	103,005	86,970	16,035	71,710
3 Health occupations	39,930	57,325	44,360	12,960	42,285
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	95,710	136,995	104,550	32,450	104,190
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	20,320	27,735	21,835	5,900	21,490
6 Sales and service occupations	114,705	168,650	127,380	41,275	125,345
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	54,825	94,610	67,255	27,355	57,990
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,320	9,270	6,980	2,290	4,255
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	6,280	10,550	7,775	2,770	6,325
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	549,985	801,005	611,710	189,295	575,155
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,025	18,745	14,750	3,995	14,825
All industries¹⁹¹	535,960	782,265	596,960	185,305	560,330
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,455	4,795	3,560	1,235	1,410
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	550	1,095	695	400	640
22 Utilities	1,605	3,045	2,100	945	1,640
23 Construction	28,080	51,760	35,790	15,970	29,345
31-33 Manufacturing	16,225	24,690	19,155	5,540	14,355
41 Wholesale trade	10,925	14,695	12,305	2,390	8,820
44-45 Retail trade	53,365	79,030	60,275	18,755	56,420
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	18,585	26,685	20,775	5,915	19,450
51 Information and cultural industries	12,790	16,205	13,720	2,485	11,825
52 Finance and insurance	18,410	24,230	20,015	4,210	18,035
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	8,765	11,920	9,555	2,370	8,725
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	61,835	76,330	66,290	10,040	53,290
55 Management of companies and enterprises	840	1,010	895	110	700
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	22,300	33,160	24,940	8,225	24,560
61 Educational services	42,010	61,355	46,185	15,165	45,720
62 Health care and social assistance	62,860	93,495	70,430	23,065	68,605
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	9,670	14,135	10,705	3,430	10,210
72 Accommodation and food services	27,965	39,785	30,480	9,300	31,015
81 Other services (except public administration)	20,510	30,440	23,170	7,265	21,460
91 Public administration	116,235	174,400	125,925	48,475	134,105
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	583,615	851,290	649,950	201,340	610,350
English	437,365	523,870	486,945	36,925	359,650
French	13,590	94,175	17,110	77,065	67,450
Non-official language	2,245	2,640	2,255	385	2,165
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,245	2,640	2,255	385	2,165
English and French	115,695	213,135	128,665	84,470	166,210
English and non-official language(s)	11,465	12,390	11,660	725	10,360
French and non-official language(s)	165	465	170	295	425
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,015	4,535	3,065	1,475	4,015
Multiple non-official languages	75	80	75	0	80
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	583,615	851,290	649,950	201,340	610,350
Single responses	562,790	811,660	626,630	185,030	578,560
Official languages	558,345	806,430	622,130	184,305	574,190
English	532,150	658,605	589,570	69,040	466,200
French	26,195	147,825	32,560	115,265	107,990
Non-official languages	4,445	5,235	4,505	730	4,370
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	45	20	25	45
Algonquian languages	0	25	0	25	25
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	25	0	25	25
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	25	0	25	25
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	25	0	25	25
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	20	20	0	20
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	20	20	20	0	20
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	4,425	5,190	4,485	705	4,325
Afro-Asiatic languages	795	910	795	105	850
Berber languages	0	0	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	55	55	55	0	55
Bilen	0	0	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0	0	0
Somali	55	55	55	0	55
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	745	855	745	105	800
Amharic	10	10	10	0	10
Arabic	730	830	730	105	770
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	15	10	0	15
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	180	190	180	10	165
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	15	15	0	15
Vietnamese	175	180	175	10	150
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	60	65	60	0	60
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0	0
Indonesian	20	20	20	0	20
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35	45	35	0	45
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Creole languages	25	40	25	20	40
Haitian Creole	25	40	25	20	40
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	25	25	25	0	20
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	15	15	15	0	0
Tamil	10	15	10	0	10
Telugu	0	0	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,365	1,735	1,400	335	1,385
Albanian	0	0	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	255	300	265	35	190
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0	0
Slavic languages	255	300	265	35	190
Bulgarian	10	10	10	0	10
Czech	10	10	10	0	10
Macedonian	0	0	0	0	0
Polish	25	30	25	10	20
Russian	180	205	190	20	115
Serbo-Croatian	15	20	15	10	20
Bosnian	0	10	0	0	10
Croatian	0	0	0	0	0
Serbian	10	10	10	0	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0	0
Ukrainian	20	20	20	0	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	130	160	160	0	120
Frisian	0	0	0	0	0
High German languages	90	115	115	0	80
German	90	95	95	0	80
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20	30	30	0	15
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0	0
Dutch	20	25	25	0	15
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	20	15	0	20
Danish	0	0	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	10	0	0	10
Swedish	10	10	10	0	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Greek	10	10	10	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	355	355	355	0	280
Indo-Aryan languages	210	210	210	0	150
Bengali	20	20	20	0	20
Gujarati	15	15	15	0	0
Hindi	50	50	50	0	45
Kacchi	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	70	70	70	0	40
Sindhi	0	0	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0	0
Urdu	45	45	45	0	30
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Iranian languages	145	145	145	0	135
Kurdish	15	15	15	0	15
Pashto	0	0	0	0	0
Persian languages	125	125	125	0	115
Dari	30	30	30	0	30
Iranian Persian	85	85	85	0	75
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	10	10	0	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	600	895	600	295	785
Catalan	0	0	0	0	0
Italian	40	50	40	0	45
Portuguese	135	195	135	60	175
Romanian	10	10	10	0	10
Spanish	420	645	420	230	560
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Japanese	40	45	45	0	25
Korean	165	170	165	0	130
Mongolian	0	0	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	20	50	20	25	40
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	15	0	10	10
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	10	0	0	10
Shona	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	10	15	10	0	15
Wolof	0	0	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	40	55	40	15	55
American Sign Language	35	40	35	0	35
Quebec Sign Language	0	15	0	10	15
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,550	1,730	1,565	165	1,435
Chinese languages	1,540	1,720	1,550	165	1,420
Hakka	0	0	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,085	1,260	1,100	160	995
Min Dong	0	0	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	435	440	435	0	400
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	15	15	0	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	10	10	0	10
Burmese	0	0	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	50	40	10	40
Lao	0	0	0	0	0
Thai	40	50	40	10	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	95	95	95	0	45
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0	0
Turkish	95	95	95	0	45
Uyghur	0	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	20	25	20	0	25
Estonian	0	0	0	0	0
Finnish	0	10	0	0	10
Hungarian	0	0	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0
Multiple responses	20,825	39,625	23,320	16,310	31,790
English and French	18,230	36,610	20,690	15,925	29,180
English and non-official language(s)	2,210	2,400	2,235	165	2,055
French and non-official language(s)	95	190	95	90	180
English, French and non-official language(s)	280	410	280	130	370
Multiple non-official languages	15	15	15	0	15
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	583,615	851,290	649,950	201,340	610,350
None	473,205	659,080	528,795	130,285	459,945
English	14,330	55,045	17,210	37,835	41,660
French	85,670	124,700	93,350	31,345	98,140
Non-official language	7,275	8,225	7,390	835	6,935
Indigenous³⁹	185	205	190	15	180
Non-Indigenous	7,085	8,020	7,200	820	6,760
English and French	100	170	100	65	160
English and non-official language(s)	225	675	240	435	605
French and non-official language(s)	1,885	2,400	1,920	480	2,075
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	920	995	930	60	825
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	493,140	723,245	550,470	172,780	515,130
Worked at home	215,705	287,140	232,425	54,715	210,855
Worked outside Canada	1,745	2,125	1,835	290	1,640
No fixed workplace address	43,070	71,570	51,260	20,315	46,570
Usual place of work	232,625	362,410	264,945	97,465	256,065
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	232,625	362,410	264,950	97,470	256,065
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	219,180	288,790	230,010	58,780	221,385
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	5,745	4,705	1,040	105
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	7,025	36,065	23,400	12,665	7,915
Commute to a different province or territory	6,420	31,810	6,835	24,985	26,660
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	275,700	433,980	316,205	117,780	302,635
Car, truck or van	211,755	347,755	249,280	98,475	228,275
Car, truck or van - as a driver	190,190	315,900	224,960	90,940	205,585
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	21,565	31,855	24,320	7,535	22,700
Public transit	31,015	41,985	31,270	10,715	38,585
Walked	19,395	25,780	21,035	4,745	21,395
Bicycle	4,260	5,630	4,430	1,205	5,010
Other method	9,265	12,830	10,190	2,645	9,370
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	275,700	433,980	316,205	117,780	302,635
Less than 15 minutes	74,060	115,985	85,175	30,810	83,240
15 to 29 minutes	116,260	168,965	125,305	43,660	127,585
30 to 44 minutes	55,365	94,470	67,600	26,875	58,945
45 to 59 minutes	15,975	30,730	21,465	9,270	17,295
60 minutes and over	14,030	23,830	16,665	7,160	15,570
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	275,700	433,980	316,205	117,780	302,635
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	14,400	28,725	19,005	9,725	16,580
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	48,325	84,785	58,810	25,965	53,940
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	71,860	117,500	82,740	34,765	81,565
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	60,385	87,760	66,510	21,255	64,515
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	37,570	51,830	40,945	10,890	38,895
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	43,155	63,380	48,200	15,180	47,135
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	206,290	308,120	230,790	77,335	214,185
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	72,675	101,340	82,355	18,980	73,595
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	133,615	206,785	148,435	58,350	140,590
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	153,795	228,230	171,515	56,715	158,200
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	55,250	76,495	62,345	14,150	55,485
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	41,170	56,120	46,580	9,540	41,350
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	14,085	20,380	15,765	4,615	14,140
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	98,550	151,735	109,170	42,565	102,710

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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