Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Oakville, Town (T)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	213,759	...	...
Population, 2016¹	193,832	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	10.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	76,179	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	73,558	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,538.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	138.94	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	213,760	103,480	110,280
0 to 14 years	38,435	19,540	18,895
0 to 4 years	9,280	4,710	4,570
5 to 9 years	12,875	6,535	6,345
10 to 14 years	16,285	8,300	7,985
15 to 64 years	141,725	68,860	72,865
15 to 19 years	16,665	8,535	8,135
20 to 24 years	13,375	6,875	6,500
25 to 29 years	10,175	5,175	5,000
30 to 34 years	10,315	4,865	5,445
35 to 39 years	12,755	5,870	6,885
40 to 44 years	15,105	6,805	8,295
45 to 49 years	17,780	8,410	9,370
50 to 54 years	17,615	8,595	9,015
55 to 59 years	15,255	7,545	7,705
60 to 64 years	12,680	6,175	6,510
65 years and over	33,595	15,080	18,520
65 to 69 years	9,665	4,490	5,170
70 to 74 years	8,345	3,760	4,580
75 to 79 years	6,300	2,915	3,385
80 to 84 years	4,530	2,070	2,465
85 years and over	4,760	1,845	2,915
85 to 89 years	2,910	1,215	1,695
90 to 94 years	1,455	515	940
95 to 99 years	360	100	255
100 years and over	40	10	30
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.0	18.9	17.1
15 to 64 years	66.3	66.5	66.1
65 years and over	15.7	14.6	16.8
85 years and over	2.2	1.8	2.6
Average age of the population	40.4	39.5	41.2
Median age of the population	41.6	40.8	42.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	73,555	...	...
Single-detached house	43,130	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,310	...	...
Row house	12,470	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	950	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	4,680	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	8,955	...	...
Other single-attached house	60	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	73,560	...	...
1 person	13,425	...	...
2 persons	20,490	...	...
3 persons	14,040	...	...
4 persons	16,660	...	...
5 or more persons	8,950	...	...
Number of persons in private households	212,055	102,875	109,180
Average household size	2.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	175,320	83,935	91,380
Married or living common-law	107,775	53,535	54,240
Married	99,815	49,545	50,265
Living common-law	7,965	3,985	3,975
Living common law - Never married	5,140	2,560	2,580
Living common law - Separated	380	215	165
Living common law - Divorced	2,205	1,095	1,110
Living common law - Widowed	240	120	125
Not married and not living common-law	67,540	30,405	37,140
Not married and not living common law - Never married	48,125	25,020	23,100
Not married and not living common law - Separated	3,710	1,380	2,330
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,855	2,490	5,360
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	7,860	1,510	6,350
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	60,680	...	...
2 persons	22,795	...	...
3 persons	14,555	...	...
4 persons	17,150	...	...
5 or more persons	6,180	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	60,680	...	...
Total couple families	52,555	...	...
Married couples	48,575	...	...
With children⁶	32,900	...	...
Without children	15,675	...	...
Common-law couples	3,980	...	...
With children⁶	1,485	...	...
Without children	2,495	...	...
Total one-parent families	8,125	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	6,545	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,575	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	212,060	102,875	109,180
Total - Persons in census families	190,240	94,195	96,050
Married spouses or common-law partners	105,110	52,570	52,545
Parents in one-parent families	8,120	1,580	6,545
Children⁶	77,010	40,050	36,960
In a two-parent family	64,310	33,360	30,955
In a one-parent family	12,705	6,695	6,010
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	21,815	8,680	13,135
Living alone	13,420	5,050	8,370
Living with other relatives⁷	4,175	1,420	2,755
Living with non-relatives only	4,220	2,210	2,010
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	73,560	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	52,835	...	...
Couple-family households	46,285	...	...
With children⁶	30,675	...	...
Without children	15,610	...	...
One-parent-family households	6,555	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,270	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	480	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,875	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,675	...	...
One-person households	13,420	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	173,625	83,340	90,290
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	164,380	78,840	85,535
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,200	57,600	40,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	164,495	78,890	85,605
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	49,600	36,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	151,800	74,060	77,740
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,600	56,000	34,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	121,885	62,080	59,800
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,800	58,000	38,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	142,625	67,465	75,160
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,880	3,680	7,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,765	4,405	6,365
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,480	5,840
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	45,055	21,440	23,610
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	173,625	83,340	90,290
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	164,420	78,760	85,660
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	81,800	104,700	60,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	164,560	78,825	85,740
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,000	74,700	48,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	151,890	73,990	77,900
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	80,400	104,500	57,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	121,885	61,865	60,015
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	81,500	103,400	58,900
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	142,425	67,080	75,345
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,760	7,640	9,760
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,720	4,240	6,485
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,890	6,045	7,440
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	45,015	21,150	23,865
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,050	8,930	9,150
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	173,625	83,335	90,290
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	60,755	33,915	26,840
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	91,000	103,000	78,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	127,300	152,000	96,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	45,015	20,115	24,905
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,200	17,800	15,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	40,880	53,200	30,920
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	90.8	93.8	85.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	73.8	77.6	68.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	9.3	6.2	14.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.3	0.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	3.4	2.5	4.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.0	2.3	4.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	173,625	83,335	90,285
Without total income	9,245	4,495	4,750
With total income	164,375	78,840	85,540
Under $10,000 (including loss)	19,070	7,950	11,120
$10,000 to $19,999	18,710	7,905	10,805
$20,000 to $29,999	20,090	8,470	11,620
$30,000 to $39,999	14,975	6,200	8,780
$40,000 to $49,999	12,640	5,345	7,295
$50,000 to $59,999	10,785	4,625	6,160
$60,000 to $69,999	9,270	4,195	5,075
$70,000 to $79,999	8,150	3,895	4,260
$80,000 to $89,999	6,945	3,455	3,485
$90,000 to $99,999	6,135	3,100	3,035
$100,000 and over	37,610	23,705	13,910
$100,000 to $149,999	19,385	10,765	8,620
$150,000 and over	18,225	12,935	5,285
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	173,625	83,335	90,285
Without after-tax income	9,130	4,450	4,680
With after-tax income	164,495	78,885	85,605
Under $10,000 (including loss)	20,155	8,335	11,820
$10,000 to $19,999	19,565	8,295	11,270
$20,000 to $29,999	22,230	9,340	12,885
$30,000 to $39,999	17,225	7,285	9,940
$40,000 to $49,999	14,835	6,355	8,480
$50,000 to $59,999	12,565	5,685	6,880
$60,000 to $69,999	10,385	4,960	5,430
$70,000 to $79,999	8,885	4,520	4,370
$80,000 to $89,999	8,365	4,155	4,210
$90,000 to $99,999	6,100	3,425	2,670
$100,000 and over	24,180	16,530	7,645
$100,000 to $124,999	9,385	5,805	3,575
$125,000 and over	14,795	10,720	4,070
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	173,625	83,335	90,285
Without employment income	51,740	21,255	30,485
With employment income	121,885	62,085	59,805
Under $5,000 (including loss)	19,170	9,105	10,070
$5,000 to $9,999	10,090	4,500	5,595
$10,000 to $19,999	11,700	5,235	6,460
$20,000 to $29,999	8,080	3,670	4,410
$30,000 to $39,999	7,055	3,090	3,965
$40,000 to $49,999	6,880	3,065	3,825
$50,000 to $59,999	6,775	3,050	3,720
$60,000 to $69,999	6,275	2,920	3,355
$70,000 to $79,999	5,495	2,635	2,865
$80,000 to $89,999	4,940	2,485	2,455
$90,000 to $99,999	4,955	2,450	2,505
$100,000 and over	30,470	19,885	10,580
$100,000 to $124,999	9,980	5,415	4,560
$125,000 and over	20,490	14,465	6,025
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	173,625	83,340	90,290
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	159,170	76,155	83,015
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,400	58,000	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	159,235	76,175	83,060
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	50,000	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	148,345	72,315	76,035
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,200	57,600	36,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	120,925	61,575	59,355
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,200	58,400	39,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	131,360	62,750	68,605
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,070	660	2,320
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,830	2,345	4,485
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,320	5,160	7,150
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	173,625	83,340	90,290
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	159,170	76,130	83,035
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	80,600	105,600	57,700
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	159,250	76,165	83,080
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,100	75,500	45,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	147,990	72,160	75,835
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	81,700	107,500	57,150
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	120,880	61,625	59,255
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	80,900	102,900	58,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	131,020	62,375	68,645
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,610	4,504	6,620
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,805	2,255	4,545
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,930	6,450	8,670
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	173,625	83,335	90,290
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	59,955	33,495	26,455
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	86,000	98,000	73,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	121,900	147,800	89,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	41,640	18,830	22,815
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,200	23,600	21,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	46,920	59,500	36,560
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	94.2	96.6	90.6
Employment income (%)	76.2	78.8	71.8
Government transfers (%)	5.7	3.5	9.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.4	0.2	0.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	73,560	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	13,420	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	60,135	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	73,560	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	182,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	136,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	13,430	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	75,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	59,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	60,130	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	206,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	153,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	73,560	...	...
Under $5,000	940	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	410	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	590	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	765	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,430	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,460	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,325	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,505	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,570	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,625	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,330	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,475	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,455	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,230	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,205	...	...
$100,000 and over	45,250	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,515	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,580	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	10,540	...	...
$200,000 and over	20,615	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	73,560	...	...
Under $5,000	1,200	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	430	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	605	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	815	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,535	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,630	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,505	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,755	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,870	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,985	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,155	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,120	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,095	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,175	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,945	...	...
$100,000 and over	39,740	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,875	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	7,505	...	...
$150,000 and over	23,360	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	59,055	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	15,865	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	34,460	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	184,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	7,505	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	17,640	7,260	10,380
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,800	50,800	47,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,200	44,800	42,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	59,035	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	207,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	153,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,820	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	171,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	128,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	34,540	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	245,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	180,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,450	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	114,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	91,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	17,650	7,270	10,385
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	68,700	78,100	62,100
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	54,350	59,100	51,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	212,055	102,870	109,185
0 to 17 years	48,740	24,755	23,985
0 to 5 years	11,610	5,900	5,710
18 to 64 years	131,205	63,510	67,700
65 years and over	32,110	14,610	17,505
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	18,135	8,270	9,870
0 to 17 years	5,135	2,580	2,555
0 to 5 years	1,135	590	545
18 to 64 years	10,185	4,635	5,550
65 years and over	2,820	1,050	1,765
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.6	8.0	9.0
0 to 17 years (%)	10.5	10.4	10.7
0 to 5 years (%)	9.8	10.0	9.6
18 to 64 years (%)	7.8	7.3	8.2
65 years and over (%)	8.8	7.2	10.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	212,060	102,875	109,180
0 to 17 years	48,735	24,750	23,980
0 to 5 years	11,610	5,895	5,715
18 to 64 years	131,210	63,510	67,700
65 years and over	32,110	14,610	17,500
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	12,100	5,740	6,355
0 to 17 years	3,320	1,685	1,635
0 to 5 years	675	365	315
18 to 64 years	7,595	3,565	4,030
65 years and over	1,180	490	690
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.7	5.6	5.8
0 to 17 years (%)	6.8	6.8	6.8
0 to 5 years (%)	5.8	6.1	5.6
18 to 64 years (%)	5.8	5.6	6.0
65 years and over (%)	3.7	3.4	3.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	212,055	102,875	109,180
In bottom half of the distribution	67,910	31,610	36,305
In bottom decile	16,415	7,655	8,755
In second decile	12,380	5,510	6,870
In third decile	12,435	5,765	6,665
In fourth decile	12,620	5,975	6,645
In fifth decile	14,070	6,705	7,360
In top half of the distribution	144,145	71,265	72,885
In sixth decile	15,740	7,570	8,170
In seventh decile	18,535	8,950	9,585
In eighth decile	22,440	11,020	11,425
In ninth decile	31,320	15,430	15,890
In top decile	56,110	28,295	27,815
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	212,060	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.433	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.499	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.366	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	212,915	103,130	109,790
English only	184,520	91,060	93,465
French only	150	50	95
English and French	23,390	10,100	13,285
Neither English nor French	4,855	1,915	2,940
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	212,915	103,130	109,790
English	202,470	98,730	103,740
French	3,270	1,445	1,830
English and French	2,410	1,085	1,330
Neither English nor French	4,760	1,880	2,880
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	212,915	103,130	109,790
Single responses	199,910	96,890	103,020
Official languages	125,220	61,800	63,425
English	122,255	60,480	61,770
French	2,970	1,315	1,650
Non-official languages	74,685	35,090	39,600
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	5	0
Algonquian languages	5	5	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	74,680	35,090	39,595
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,920	3,965	3,955
Berber languages	15	10	5
Kabyle	15	10	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	0	10
Hausa	10	0	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	25	10	10
Cushitic languages	70	30	45
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	5	5
Somali	65	25	40
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	7,800	3,910	3,885
Amharic	20	5	10
Arabic	7,350	3,690	3,655
Aramaic languages	275	130	140
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	125	60	65
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	120	60	65
Aramaic, n.o.s.	25	15	15
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	70	40	30
Maltese	70	35	35
Tigrigna	15	5	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	560	240	315
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	10
Vietnamese	550	240	310
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,300	855	1,445
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Cebuano	55	15	40
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	15	10
Ilocano	120	50	75
Indonesian	130	60	70
Kankanaey	5	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45	20	25
Pangasinan	10	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,840	665	1,175
Waray-Waray	10	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20
Creole languages	80	35	45
Haitian Creole	10	5	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	5
Morisyen	40	15	20
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Dravidian languages	1,630	825	805
Kannada	145	70	70
Malayalam	345	175	170
Tamil	685	340	345
Telugu	440	230	210
Tulu	5	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	10	5	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	39,695	18,750	20,945
Albanian	345	175	170
Armenian	175	90	90
Balto-Slavic languages	10,505	4,775	5,725
Baltic languages	230	95	135
Latvian	70	30	40
Lithuanian	160	60	100
Slavic languages	10,270	4,690	5,585
Belarusian	20	10	5
Bulgarian	295	145	155
Czech	190	80	110
Macedonian	365	175	195
Polish	2,910	1,305	1,605
Russian	2,100	925	1,170
Rusyn	5	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	3,105	1,470	1,635
Bosnian	145	70	75
Croatian	1,635	760	875
Serbian	1,295	620	670
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	20
Slovak	335	160	175
Slovene (Slovenian)	145	55	90
Ukrainian	800	365	435
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Celtic languages	15	5	5
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5
Welsh	5	5	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,230	1,010	1,225
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,255	560	700
German	1,220	540	680
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	30	15	10
Yiddish	5	0	5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	800	375	425
Afrikaans	325	160	165
Dutch	450	205	245
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	10	20
Scandinavian languages	165	70	95
Danish	75	30	45
Icelandic	5	5	0
Norwegian	25	10	10
Swedish	65	25	40
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Greek	565	275	285
Indo-Iranian languages	13,650	6,695	6,950
Indo-Aryan languages	11,610	5,690	5,920
Assamese	20	10	15
Bengali	485	230	250
Gujarati	790	380	415
Hindi	2,285	1,145	1,140
Kacchi	50	25	30
Kashmiri	40	20	20
Konkani	75	35	40
Marathi	260	125	135
Nepali	35	15	25
Oriya languages	45	20	20
Odia	25	15	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,540	1,225	1,315
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	130	70	55
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	215	105	110
Urdu	4,605	2,260	2,340
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	10
Iranian languages	2,040	1,010	1,030
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	85	45	45
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	305	150	155
Persian languages	1,640	815	825
Dari	300	150	155
Iranian Persian	1,195	600	600
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	140	70	70
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	12,210	5,720	6,485
Catalan	5	5	0
Italian	2,800	1,370	1,430
Portuguese	3,500	1,635	1,860
Romanian	1,025	480	540
Spanish	4,875	2,225	2,650
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	235	75	160
Korean	2,475	1,120	1,360
Mongolian	20	10	10
Niger-Congo languages	350	155	195
Akan (Twi)	75	35	40
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	5	5	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5
Ga	5	0	5
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	5	0	0
Igbo	30	10	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0
Lingala	10	0	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	15	5	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	30	10	20
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	120	60	60
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	10	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Sign languages	30	20	15
American Sign Language	35	15	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	17,820	8,270	9,550
Chinese languages	17,790	8,255	9,530
Hakka	55	30	30
Mandarin	14,815	6,890	7,930
Min Dong	5	5	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	160	65	95
Wu (Shanghainese)	155	70	90
Yue (Cantonese)	2,530	1,170	1,355
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	20	30
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	30	10	20
Burmese	15	10	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	15	5	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	30	40
Lao	20	15	10
Thai	50	15	30
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	800	420	380
Azerbaijani	15	10	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	740	390	355
Uyghur	30	20	5
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Uralic languages	685	315	370
Estonian	50	25	25
Finnish	110	50	55
Hungarian	520	235	285
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	13,010	6,245	6,770
English and French	1,085	515	570
English and non-official language(s)	10,375	5,055	5,315
French and non-official language(s)	290	130	160
English, French and non-official language(s)	480	195	285
Multiple non-official languages	785	345	440
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	212,915	103,130	109,790
English	129,805	63,785	66,020
French	750	345	405
Non-official language	19,890	9,230	10,660
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	19,890	9,230	10,660
English and French	2,815	1,240	1,575
English and non-official language(s)	55,620	26,750	28,870
French and non-official language(s)	115	50	70
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,685	1,160	1,525
Multiple non-official languages	1,245	570	675
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	212,915	103,130	109,790
Single responses	199,035	96,435	102,600
Official languages	157,985	76,980	81,005
English	156,750	76,410	80,340
French	1,235	565	665
Non-official languages	41,050	19,455	21,595
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	41,050	19,455	21,595
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,200	2,040	2,165
Berber languages	5	0	0
Kabyle	5	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	10	5	5
Cushitic languages	20	5	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	15	5	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	4,165	2,020	2,145
Amharic	5	0	0
Arabic	3,950	1,920	2,030
Aramaic languages	170	75	90
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	65	30	30
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	90	45	50
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	30	15	10
Maltese	10	5	10
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	260	120	135
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	255	120	130
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,130	490	640
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Cebuano	30	10	20
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5
Ilocano	55	25	30
Indonesian	60	30	30
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	10
Pangasinan	5	0	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	930	400	530
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Creole languages	35	20	15
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	20	10	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Dravidian languages	825	395	430
Kannada	75	35	40
Malayalam	155	75	85
Tamil	350	170	180
Telugu	235	115	120
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	18,555	8,800	9,760
Albanian	135	65	75
Armenian	50	20	30
Balto-Slavic languages	4,670	2,200	2,475
Baltic languages	60	25	35
Latvian	15	5	5
Lithuanian	45	20	25
Slavic languages	4,615	2,175	2,440
Belarusian	5	0	0
Bulgarian	135	70	65
Czech	40	20	20
Macedonian	155	80	75
Polish	1,160	540	620
Russian	1,400	645	750
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,310	620	685
Bosnian	65	35	30
Croatian	570	265	305
Serbian	675	325	350
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Slovak	105	55	55
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	15
Ukrainian	280	125	150
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	440	220	220
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	155	80	70
German	155	80	70
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	255	125	125
Afrikaans	185	90	100
Dutch	70	35	35
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	10
Danish	0	0	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	20	10	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	115	55	60
Indo-Iranian languages	7,365	3,525	3,840
Indo-Aryan languages	6,165	2,970	3,200
Assamese	5	0	5
Bengali	245	115	130
Gujarati	360	175	185
Hindi	1,140	540	600
Kacchi	5	5	5
Kashmiri	10	5	5
Konkani	20	10	10
Marathi	160	75	85
Nepali	10	5	5
Oriya languages	15	10	5
Odia	10	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,440	700	745
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	85	40	40
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	100	50	50
Urdu	2,565	1,230	1,330
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Iranian languages	1,200	560	640
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	40	20	20
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	195	95	105
Persian languages	965	450	520
Dari	170	80	90
Iranian Persian	740	345	390
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	60	25	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,780	2,710	3,070
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	530	225	305
Portuguese	1,705	785	915
Romanian	485	230	250
Spanish	3,060	1,465	1,595
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	95	40	55
Korean	1,785	825	960
Mongolian	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	90	35	55
Akan (Twi)	30	10	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	5	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	30	10	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	65	40	30
American Sign Language	55	30	25
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	13,285	6,285	7,000
Chinese languages	13,270	6,280	6,990
Hakka	10	5	5
Mandarin	11,690	5,530	6,165
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	30	30
Wu (Shanghainese)	140	70	70
Yue (Cantonese)	1,340	635	700
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	10	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	10	10
Burmese	15	5	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	20	10
Lao	5	5	0
Thai	20	10	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	485	255	235
Azerbaijani	5	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	455	230	225
Uyghur	15	10	10
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	180	85	100
Estonian	5	0	5
Finnish	35	20	15
Hungarian	145	65	80
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	13,880	6,695	7,185
English and French	615	270	340
English and non-official language(s)	12,760	6,200	6,555
French and non-official language(s)	65	25	40
English, French and non-official language(s)	280	130	155
Multiple non-official languages	165	70	90
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	212,920	103,130	109,790
None	161,910	78,910	83,000
English	18,095	8,750	9,340
French	2,480	1,065	1,410
Non-official language	24,280	11,470	12,810
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5
Non-Indigenous	24,270	11,470	12,800
English and French	355	150	210
English and non-official language(s)	2,010	990	1,020
French and non-official language(s)	1,275	550	720
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	35	25
Multiple non-official languages	2,455	1,205	1,250
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	212,060	102,875	109,180
Official languages	207,205	100,935	106,270
English	207,080	100,880	106,200
French	23,355	10,100	13,255
Non-official languages	100,415	47,665	52,755
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	0	10
Algonquian languages	10	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	100,405	47,660	52,740
Afro-Asiatic languages	12,340	6,240	6,105
Berber languages	10	10	0
Kabyle	10	10	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	40	15	25
Hausa	40	15	25
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	115	50	65
Cushitic languages	140	60	80
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	15	10	0
Somali	120	50	70
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	12,180	6,165	6,015
Amharic	50	25	25
Arabic	11,495	5,800	5,695
Aramaic languages	295	145	150
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	85	35	45
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	185	95	90
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	405	230	175
Maltese	130	70	65
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	875	370	505
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	0	15
Vietnamese	865	370	495
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,265	1,160	2,105
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	120	35	80
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	40	10	30
Ilocano	260	95	165
Indonesian	185	80	110
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	90	35	50
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	80	30	50
Pangasinan	25	10	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,900	1,005	1,895
Waray-Waray	30	15	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50
Creole languages	205	85	120
Haitian Creole	30	10	20
Jamaican English Creole	20	0	15
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	80	35	50
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	80	35	45
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Dravidian languages	2,600	1,300	1,300
Kannada	315	155	160
Malayalam	490	230	265
Tamil	1,265	630	645
Telugu	870	460	410
Tulu	35	15	20
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	57,110	27,600	29,515
Albanian	435	205	230
Armenian	225	90	135
Balto-Slavic languages	13,020	6,085	6,945
Baltic languages	325	110	215
Latvian	90	40	50
Lithuanian	240	80	160
Slavic languages	12,760	5,990	6,770
Belarusian	80	40	50
Bulgarian	405	205	200
Czech	290	140	150
Macedonian	440	205	235
Polish	3,635	1,705	1,935
Russian	3,015	1,420	1,600
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	4,365	2,055	2,315
Bosnian	390	200	190
Croatian	2,735	1,260	1,470
Serbian	1,825	880	945
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	10
Slovak	435	250	180
Slovene (Slovenian)	150	60	90
Ukrainian	1,275	590	685
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Celtic languages	50	20	35
Irish	25	10	20
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10
Welsh	10	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	4,385	2,130	2,250
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	2,870	1,385	1,490
German	2,845	1,375	1,470
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	30	25	10
Yiddish	25	10	15
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,385	695	690
Afrikaans	755	405	350
Dutch	650	305	345
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	20	15
Scandinavian languages	295	125	175
Danish	115	50	65
Icelandic	10	10	0
Norwegian	45	25	20
Swedish	155	55	100
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Greek	1,030	520	510
Indo-Iranian languages	21,870	10,840	11,035
Indo-Aryan languages	19,605	9,720	9,880
Assamese	35	20	15
Bengali	680	345	335
Gujarati	1,405	660	740
Hindi	8,305	4,175	4,125
Kacchi	135	65	70
Kashmiri	30	15	15
Konkani	215	110	105
Marathi	585	320	265
Nepali	25	0	20
Oriya languages	85	40	45
Odia	50	25	25
Oriya, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,570	2,775	2,795
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	255	150	105
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	415	225	190
Urdu	8,195	4,040	4,155
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	85	40	45
Iranian languages	2,545	1,240	1,300
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	120	60	60
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	485	210	280
Persian languages	2,130	1,055	1,075
Dari	475	240	235
Iranian Persian	1,575	790	785
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	105	40	65
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10
Italic (Romance) languages	17,615	8,410	9,200
Catalan	10	0	0
Italian	4,670	2,280	2,390
Portuguese	4,630	2,250	2,375
Romanian	1,280	620	660
Spanish	8,115	3,850	4,265
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	0	25
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Japanese	610	270	345
Korean	2,975	1,345	1,635
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,280	560	720
Akan (Twi)	115	40	80
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	35	15	20
Éwé	10	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	10	0	0
Ganda	20	10	10
Gikuyu	25	0	20
Igbo	170	70	100
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	10
Lingala	80	35	50
Luba-Kasai	20	0	15
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	40	20	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15	0	10
Swahili	245	105	140
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	490	240	245
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	180	85	95
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	10	30
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	200	70	135
American Sign Language	190	60	125
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	20,735	9,655	11,075
Chinese languages	20,690	9,640	11,050
Hakka	85	35	45
Mandarin	18,140	8,480	9,660
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	365	160	205
Wu (Shanghainese)	325	145	180
Yue (Cantonese)	3,700	1,650	2,050
Chinese, n.o.s.	65	30	30
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	55	20	35
Burmese	40	15	25
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	20	0	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	95	45	50
Lao	40	15	25
Thai	65	25	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	1,070	560	510
Azerbaijani	45	20	30
Kazakh	10	0	10
Turkish	975	510	465
Uyghur	45	30	15
Uzbek	15	10	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Uralic languages	795	355	440
Estonian	80	35	50
Finnish	90	40	50
Hungarian	625	280	345
Other languages, n.i.e.	35	15	25
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	212,060	102,875	109,185
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,415	610	805
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,300	570	730
First Nations (North American Indian)	750	350	400
Métis	540	220	320
Inuk (Inuit)	15	0	15
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	15	0	15
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	95	45	55
Non-Indigenous identity	210,645	102,265	108,380
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	212,060	102,875	109,185
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	440	205	240
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	211,620	102,675	108,945
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	73,560	...	...
Owner	57,025	...	...
Renter	16,530	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	73,560	...	...
Condominium	12,435	...	...
Not condominium	61,120	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	73,560	...	...
No bedrooms	295	...	...
1 bedroom	5,095	...	...
2 bedrooms	10,885	...	...
3 bedrooms	23,715	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	33,565	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	73,560	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	14,020	...	...
5 rooms	8,980	...	...
6 rooms	10,215	...	...
7 rooms	9,490	...	...
8 or more rooms	30,855	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	7.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	73,560	...	...
One person or fewer per room	72,055	...	...
More than one person per room	1,500	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	73,560	...	...
Suitable	70,615	...	...
Not suitable	2,945	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	73,560	...	...
1960 or before	5,950	...	...
1961 to 1980	13,935	...	...
1981 to 1990	13,600	...	...
1991 to 2000	11,910	...	...
2001 to 2005	8,055	...	...
2006 to 2010	6,480	...	...
2011 to 2015	5,310	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	8,320	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	73,560	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	71,140	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,420	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	73,560	...	...
One-maintainer household	32,085	...	...
Two-maintainer household	38,490	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,980	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	73,560	...	...
15 to 24 years	700	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,795	...	...
35 to 44 years	13,370	...	...
45 to 54 years	19,345	...	...
55 to 64 years	15,745	...	...
65 to 74 years	9,810	...	...
75 to 84 years	6,310	...	...
85 years and over	2,485	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	73,110	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	53,810	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	19,295	...	...
30% to less than 100%	15,945	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	73,560	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	22,990	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	17,815	...	...
Not suitable only	1,970	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,565	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	790	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	670	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	155	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	20	...	...
Acceptable housing	50,565	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	69,760	...	...
In core need	6,985	...	...
Not in core need	62,780	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	57,025	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.1	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	20.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	6.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,080	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,384	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,200,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,388,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	16,530	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	45.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,040	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,146	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	212,055	102,875	109,185
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	295	115	180
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	290	110	180
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	205	80	130
Métis single ancestry	80	35	45
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,835	865	965
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,800	850	955
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,275	625	650
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	520	220	295
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	30	20	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	20	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	209,930	101,890	108,035
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	212,055	102,875	109,180
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	181,815	88,400	93,410
Canadian citizens aged under 18	42,140	21,355	20,785
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	139,670	67,050	72,625
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	30,245	14,470	15,775
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	212,055	102,875	109,180
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	119,590	59,155	60,440
Immigrants⁸¹	87,340	41,190	46,150
Before 1980	15,260	7,145	8,110
1980 to 1990	8,250	3,915	4,335
1991 to 2000	14,245	6,570	7,680
2001 to 2010	21,195	9,970	11,225
2011 to 2021⁸²	28,390	13,585	14,805
2011 to 2015	12,900	5,995	6,905
2016 to 2021	15,490	7,590	7,900
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,120	2,530	2,595
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	87,345	41,195	46,155
Under 5 years	9,080	4,445	4,635
5 to 14 years	16,115	8,160	7,955
15 to 24 years	13,045	5,715	7,330
25 to 44 years	40,985	18,975	22,005
45 years and over	8,125	3,895	4,230
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	87,345	41,195	46,155
Americas	10,630	4,825	5,810
Brazil	920	410	505
Colombia	760	320	440
El Salvador	105	35	65
Guyana	410	190	220
Haiti	30	20	15
Jamaica	1,090	500	590
Mexico	660	335	325
Peru	650	285	365
Trinidad and Tobago	830	325	505
United States of America	2,770	1,320	1,455
Other places of birth in Americas	2,415	1,070	1,340
Europe	22,605	10,665	11,940
Bosnia and Herzegovina	640	320	320
Croatia	1,155	505	645
France	275	115	160
Germany	950	445	505
Greece	310	155	155
Hungary	295	130	165
Italy	1,530	815	720
Netherlands	380	175	205
Poland	2,350	1,025	1,330
Portugal	1,830	880	955
Romania	1,020	485	530
Russian Federation	940	395	545
Serbia⁸⁶	515	250	265
Ukraine	815	355	455
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,470	3,085	3,385
Other places of birth in Europe	3,145	1,535	1,610
Africa	7,270	3,660	3,610
Algeria	70	30	45
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	45	25	25
Egypt	2,880	1,505	1,380
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	45	25	20
Morocco	130	65	60
Nigeria	990	495	500
Somalia	70	30	40
South Africa, Republic of	1,300	660	640
Other places of birth in Africa	1,725	820	905
Asia	46,460	21,815	24,645
Afghanistan	460	195	260
Iran⁸⁸	1,385	685	695
Iraq	1,515	720	790
Lebanon	675	340	335
Syria⁸⁹	1,135	565	575
Turkey	535	295	240
China⁹⁰	13,330	6,140	7,190
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,205	550	655
Korea, South⁹²	2,180	975	1,210
Taiwan	380	170	205
Philippines	2,935	1,070	1,865
Viet Nam	740	315	425
Bangladesh	240	110	125
India	8,875	4,360	4,510
Pakistan	4,980	2,495	2,480
Sri Lanka	595	300	295
Other places of birth in Asia	5,295	2,520	2,775
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	380	230	155
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	15,495	7,595	7,895
Americas	2,090	1,040	1,045
Brazil	485	225	260
Colombia	160	85	70
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	45	25	20
Mexico	180	90	95
United States of America	715	395	320
Venezuela⁹⁵	170	70	100
Other places of birth in Americas	330	150	175
Europe	1,420	745	670
France	45	10	35
Germany	20	10	10
Ireland⁹⁶	60	35	20
Italy	30	25	0
Russian Federation	175	85	90
Ukraine	95	45	45
United Kingdom⁸⁷	545	300	245
Other places of birth in Europe	450	230	220
Africa	1,685	855	825
Algeria	15	0	10
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	25	15	10
Egypt	595	305	290
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	25	10	15
Nigeria	410	200	210
Somalia	15	15	0
South Africa, Republic of	475	240	230
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	95	55	45
Asia	10,250	4,925	5,325
Afghanistan	90	40	50
Bangladesh	25	10	10
China⁹⁰	3,695	1,735	1,960
Hong Kong⁹¹	100	50	50
India	2,200	1,075	1,120
Iran⁸⁸	140	50	90
Iraq	195	115	90
Israel	30	15	20
Japan	30	0	30
Jordan	145	75	65
Korea, South⁹²	170	95	80
Lebanon	135	65	70
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	795	435	365
Philippines	540	205	335
Saudi Arabia	260	130	125
Sri Lanka	10	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	700	325	375
Turkey	235	125	115
United Arab Emirates	380	215	165
Viet Nam	50	30	20
Other places of birth in Asia	330	130	200
Oceania and other⁹³	45	20	25
Australia	45	20	25
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	212,060	102,875	109,185
First generation¹⁰⁰	95,450	45,145	50,305
Second generation¹⁰¹	57,375	28,760	28,615
Third generation or more¹⁰²	59,230	28,970	30,265
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	72,085	34,040	38,045
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	50,485	25,090	25,395
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	18,870	12,490	6,380
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	31,610	12,600	19,010
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	14,840	5,540	9,290
Refugees¹⁰⁸	6,340	3,200	3,140
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	425	205	215
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	72,085	34,040	38,045
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,515	1,320	1,195
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	6,095	2,750	3,345
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,245	1,165	1,080
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,530	1,740	1,790
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	300	145	150
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	57,400	26,915	30,485
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	212,060	102,875	109,185
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	90,130	43,230	46,895
South Asian	28,685	14,310	14,375
Chinese	23,055	10,870	12,185
Black	7,020	3,335	3,680
Filipino	4,170	1,655	2,515
Arab	10,020	5,045	4,975
Latin American	4,265	1,925	2,340
Southeast Asian	1,600	705	900
West Asian	2,480	1,240	1,240
Korean	3,440	1,620	1,820
Japanese	660	310	350
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,290	595	695
Multiple visible minorities	3,445	1,620	1,825
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	121,930	59,640	62,285
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	212,055	102,875	109,180
Canadian	17,040	8,485	8,555
English	30,610	14,950	15,660
Irish	24,840	11,740	13,100
Scottish	24,210	11,840	12,370
French, n.o.s.¹²²	9,570	4,505	5,065
German	11,935	5,830	6,105
Chinese	22,720	10,650	12,070
Italian	15,315	7,790	7,525
Indian (India)	15,700	7,805	7,895
Ukrainian	6,060	2,950	3,115
Dutch	4,645	2,405	2,245
Polish	8,660	4,140	4,520
Québécois	285	130	160
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	8,190	3,900	4,290
Filipino	4,250	1,710	2,540
French Canadian	1,750	790	965
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,475	1,245	1,230
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	625	295	325
Métis	635	280	355
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,715	1,395	1,330
Russian	3,055	1,415	1,640
Norwegian	865	435	435
Welsh	2,620	1,260	1,360
Portuguese	6,720	3,240	3,480
American	2,415	1,185	1,235
Spanish	2,995	1,315	1,685
Swedish	1,095	475	615
Hungarian	2,290	1,090	1,195
Acadian	305	140	165
Pakistani	6,975	3,425	3,550
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,870	955	915
Jewish	1,285	635	640
Punjabi	2,155	1,035	1,120
Vietnamese	1,210	535	685
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,910	1,965	1,940
Greek	2,620	1,410	1,210
Jamaican	2,110	1,065	1,040
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,305	1,075	1,230
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	110	55	55
Korean	3,440	1,590	1,850
Romanian	1,855	975	885
Lebanese	1,560	775	785
Iranian	1,540	770	770
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,390	665	730
Danish	895	415	480
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	180	80	100
Sikh	1,060	525	535
Austrian	1,190	600	595
Belgian	565	310	250
Haitian	55	30	30
Hindu	2,225	1,155	1,070
Mexican	935	485	450
Mennonite	160	60	105
Swiss	750	415	335
Finnish	880	470	415
Sri Lankan	635	310	330
Croatian	3,865	1,815	2,050
Japanese	915	440	480
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,810	920	885
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	195	100	95
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	560	280	280
Muslim	1,245	615	630
Egyptian	3,830	2,005	1,825
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	925	470	455
Tamil	485	235	255
Icelandic	305	155	145
Colombian	1,000	485	520
Moroccan	125	60	70
Czech	730	380	345
Syrian	1,375	680	695
Guyanese	605	250	355
Afghan	890	375	515
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	390	180	215
Serbian	2,065	1,025	1,040
Ojibway	130	40	90
Newfoundlander	300	145	150
Hong Konger	535	255	275
Ontarian	555	285	270
Persian	845	450	395
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,085	490	590
Turkish	1,205	670	535
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	15	0	10
Bangladeshi	335	165	170
Algerian	85	40	50
Brazilian	960	440	520
Nigerian	725	365	360
Armenian	485	240	245
Slovak	875	455	420
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	510	255	260
Somali	200	95	105
Taiwanese	330	150	180
Iraqi	1,025	500	525
Salvadorean	95	35	65
African Caribbean	425	175	255
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	680	345	335
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,310	680	630
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	470	215	250
Algonquin	35	15	20
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	465	195	265
Lithuanian	660	275	385
South African	985	460	530
Australian	435	240	195
Palestinian	1,310	660	650
Chilean	175	75	100
Congolese	90	45	50
Nova Scotian	165	75	95
Ethiopian	85	50	35
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	390	170	220
Peruvian	655	260	395
Yoruba	500	255	240
Cambodian (Khmer)	30	10	15
Berber	45	35	15
Albanian	640	315	325
Maltese	860	420	440
Macedonian	710	340	370
Slovenian	730	365	370
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	230	100	130
New Brunswicker	55	20	35
Gujarati	405	195	200
Eritrean	0	0	0
African Canadian	195	75	120
Israeli	240	150	95
Mohawk	85	50	35
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	120	65	55
Bulgarian	475	265	215
Albertan	20	0	10
Ghanaian	200	90	110
Barbadian	255	105	150
African American	135	70	60
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	170	95	80
Tunisian	60	30	25
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	445	205	245
Cuban	185	80	100
Bosnian	580	280	300
Venezuelan	845	420	425
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	15	15	0
Latvian	265	120	140
Bengali	140	95	40
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	80	25	50
Indonesian	265	120	150
Laotian	125	55	70
Ilocano	150	70	80
Northern Irish	340	155	180
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	140	60	80
British Columbian	10	0	0
Ecuadorian	180	60	125
Franco Ontarian	75	40	40
Argentinian	250	125	120
Estonian	295	145	150
Kurdish	125	75	55
Fijian	45	15	30
Jatt	130	70	60
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	110	40	60
Coptic	865	450	420
Thai	130	40	90
Dominican	175	65	110
Nepali	40	20	20
Kabyle	10	10	0
Assyrian	75	40	40
Igbo	255	135	115
Byelorussian	275	140	135
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	20	10	10
Abenaki	15	0	0
Moldovan	80	20	60
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	20	10	10
New Zealander	175	95	80
Sudanese	130	55	75
Breton	20	0	15
Pennsylvania Dutch	90	40	50
Malaysian	175	60	115
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	100	50	50
Huron (Wendat)	15	10	0
Saskatchewanian	25	0	20
Buddhist	110	45	70
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	20	10	10
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	100	50	50
Ivorian	20	10	10
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	60	35	30
Mauritian	95	45	45
Kenyan	105	60	45
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	90	40	50
Jordanian	490	260	225
Manitoban	45	20	30
Cape Bretoner	65	35	30
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	135	80	55
Malayali	75	40	35
Chaldean	250	120	130
Sinhalese	225	140	85
Mayan	0	0	0
Honduran	55	30	25
Cherokee	50	30	20
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	110	55	55
Flemish	30	20	10
United Empire Loyalist	60	25	35
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	95	50	50
Sicilian	45	15	30
Pashtun	110	55	60
Malay	165	80	90
Goan	225	85	140
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	55	25	35
Zimbabwean	35	15	20
Burmese	70	40	30
Mongolian	65	35	30
Azorean	165	85	75
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	95	30	65
Ugandan	55	30	30
Oromo	10	0	10
Tanzanian	70	20	50
Yemeni	125	55	75
Central African	15	10	0
Libyan	60	30	30
Basque	35	25	10
Uruguayan	105	30	75
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	10	0	10
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	45	15	30
Igorot	35	15	20
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	20	0	20
Prince Edward Islander	25	0	25
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	45	10	30
Telugu	190	115	80
Roma	20	10	10
Costa Rican	45	25	15
African Nova Scotian	25	15	10
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	185	75	105
Singaporean	40	25	15
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	35	15	15
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	212,060	102,875	109,185
Buddhist	2,390	1,080	1,310
Christian	111,530	52,170	59,360
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	14,520	6,630	7,890
Anabaptist	460	200	260
Anglican	7,990	3,755	4,235
Baptist	1,525	655	875
Catholic	61,055	28,805	32,250
Christian Orthodox	8,405	4,200	4,205
Jehovah's Witness	470	200	270
Latter Day Saints	110	35	75
Lutheran	1,320	625	690
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	415	210	205
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,265	590	675
Presbyterian	3,080	1,385	1,690
Reformed	370	205	155
United Church	6,910	3,040	3,870
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,650	1,625	2,025
Hindu	9,510	4,775	4,735
Jewish	1,340	655	680
Muslim	22,015	10,895	11,120
Sikh	4,045	1,935	2,110
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	20	0	15
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,140	535	600
No religion and secular perspectives	60,075	30,815	29,260
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	210,570	102,135	108,435
Non-movers	185,150	89,745	95,400
Movers	25,415	12,380	13,030
Non-migrants	10,240	4,820	5,410
Migrants	15,180	7,560	7,620
Internal migrants	11,865	5,820	6,045
Intraprovincial migrants	10,950	5,405	5,540
Interprovincial migrants	920	420	500
External migrants	3,310	1,735	1,575
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	202,780	98,245	104,530
Non-movers	122,625	59,410	63,220
Movers	80,155	38,840	41,315
Non-migrants	23,860	11,525	12,340
Migrants	56,295	27,320	28,975
Internal migrants	37,985	18,305	19,680
Intraprovincial migrants	33,815	16,305	17,510
Interprovincial migrants	4,175	2,005	2,170
External migrants	18,305	9,010	9,290
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	173,625	83,340	90,290
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	19,360	9,470	9,890
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	154,265	73,865	80,395
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	111,485	53,175	58,310
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,790	2,025	1,770
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	107,695	51,155	56,545
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	173,625	83,340	90,285
No certificate, diploma or degree	18,145	8,770	9,375
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	36,890	17,965	18,925
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	118,590	56,600	61,985
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	35,355	16,295	19,055
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,910	3,215	1,690
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,535	1,420	1,110
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,375	1,795	575
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	25,865	11,145	14,720
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,580	1,935	2,645
Bachelor's degree or higher	83,230	40,305	42,925
Bachelor's degree	51,400	23,935	27,465
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,225	2,365	2,865
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,380	1,125	1,260
Master's degree	21,565	11,275	10,290
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,660	1,605	1,055
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	111,485	53,175	58,315
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,190	1,690	1,505
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	15,200	7,670	7,530
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	93,095	43,815	49,280
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,120	11,685	13,435
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,070	2,015	1,055
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,555	845	710
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,515	1,165	355
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	18,915	8,395	10,520
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,135	1,280	1,860
Bachelor's degree or higher	67,975	32,130	35,845
Bachelor's degree	40,765	18,605	22,160
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,170	1,810	2,360
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,020	860	1,155
Master's degree	18,885	9,645	9,240
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,135	1,205	930
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	173,625	83,340	90,285
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	55,035	26,735	28,305
Education	5,675	950	4,725
13. Education	5,675	950	4,725
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,615	1,570	3,045
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	430	270	160
50. Visual and performing arts	4,185	1,300	2,885
Humanities	7,085	2,110	4,970
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	835	160	670
23. English language and literature/letters	1,925	420	1,505
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,250	650	1,600
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	150	40	110
38. Philosophy and religious studies	385	180	205
39. Theology and religious vocations	295	170	125
54. History	920	460	460
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	325	35	290
Social and behavioural sciences and law	17,395	6,415	10,980
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	125	30	95
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,155	730	1,420
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,580	100	1,475
22. Legal professions and studies	2,810	1,125	1,680
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	330	130	195
42. Psychology	2,520	530	1,995
45. Social sciences	7,880	3,765	4,120
Business, management and public administration	34,080	17,040	17,040
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	10	20
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,235	280	960
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	32,815	16,750	16,065
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,790	2,760	3,025
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,255	890	1,365
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,550	630	920
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	105	15	95
40. Physical sciences	1,750	1,170	580
41. Science technologies/technicians	130	60	70
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	7,580	4,680	2,905
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,680	3,805	1,880
25. Library science	280	40	245
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,365	655	710
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	255	180	75
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	19,280	15,700	3,575
04. Architecture and related services	1,295	780	515
14. Engineering	11,110	8,555	2,555
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,155	2,765	390
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,450	1,400	50
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,475	1,435	35
48. Precision production	795	765	35
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,425	740	685
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	855	445	415
03. Natural resources and conservation	570	300	275
Health and related fields	12,565	3,215	9,345
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,465	725	735
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,455	2,150	8,310
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	15	20
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	610	330	280
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,080	1,415	1,670
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,705	395	1,315
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35	25	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	20	0
43. Security and protective services	890	590	305
49. Transportation and materials moving	430	390	45
Other¹⁷⁹	20	10	15
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	111,485	53,175	58,310
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	18,390	9,360	9,030
Education	3,990	595	3,390
13. Education	3,990	595	3,390
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,455	1,170	2,285
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	335	215	115
50. Visual and performing arts	3,120	955	2,165
Humanities	5,090	1,465	3,625
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	670	115	550
23. English language and literature/letters	1,385	285	1,100
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,605	465	1,135
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	80	20	60
38. Philosophy and religious studies	260	135	120
39. Theology and religious vocations	185	95	95
54. History	665	325	340
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	250	20	230
Social and behavioural sciences and law	13,875	4,880	8,995
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	110	25	80
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,750	550	1,205
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,235	70	1,160
22. Legal professions and studies	2,300	830	1,470
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	230	105	125
42. Psychology	1,940	405	1,545
45. Social sciences	6,310	2,900	3,410
Business, management and public administration	28,140	13,885	14,260
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	20
44. Public administration and social service professions	905	190	715
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	27,215	13,690	13,525
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,200	1,905	2,295
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,675	670	1,005
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,185	465	720
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	95	15	85
40. Physical sciences	1,165	730	440
41. Science technologies/technicians	75	30	50
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,540	4,100	2,445
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,040	3,400	1,640
25. Library science	170	30	140
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,115	515	605
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	210	155	55
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	14,805	11,670	3,135
04. Architecture and related services	1,040	595	435
14. Engineering	8,980	6,665	2,315
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,280	1,965	315
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,025	990	40
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,005	985	20
48. Precision production	485	470	15
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,155	575	580
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	665	330	340
03. Natural resources and conservation	490	245	240
Health and related fields	9,455	2,485	6,970
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,040	510	525
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,870	1,705	6,165
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	0	20
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	515	260	260
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,385	1,085	1,305
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,315	285	1,030
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	25	15	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0
43. Security and protective services	720	485	235
49. Transportation and materials moving	315	285	30
Other¹⁷⁹	15	10	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	111,485	53,175	58,310
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	18,390	9,360	9,030
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	93,095	43,815	49,275
Location of study inside Canada	59,365	28,245	31,120
Same as province or territory of residence	53,085	25,195	27,895
Different than province or territory of residence	6,280	3,050	3,230
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	33,730	15,570	18,155
Americas	6,775	3,240	3,540
United States of America	4,285	2,210	2,070
Mexico	345	150	195
Cuba	40	15	25
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	110	55	55
Brazil	590	255	335
Colombia	295	100	195
Peru	240	95	145
Venezuela⁹⁵	420	175	250
Other locations of study in Americas	455	190	260
Europe	6,940	3,520	3,415
Belgium	50	20	25
France	230	130	100
Germany	185	95	90
Netherlands	85	40	40
Switzerland	90	45	45
Hungary	40	30	10
Moldova¹⁸³	30	10	20
Poland	505	220	285
Romania	510	245	265
Russian Federation	485	225	265
Ukraine	415	185	225
Ireland⁹⁶	170	95	85
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,795	1,540	1,255
Bosnia and Herzegovina	115	60	60
Italy	65	45	15
Serbia⁸⁶	190	90	105
Other locations of study in Europe	980	460	525
Africa	2,680	1,310	1,375
Nigeria	325	160	165
Algeria	35	10	25
Morocco	35	15	20
Tunisia	15	0	15
Egypt	1,435	690	745
South Africa, Republic of	635	335	305
Other locations of study in Africa	205	105	95
Asia	16,735	7,170	9,565
Iran⁸⁸	365	145	220
Iraq	530	265	265
Israel	140	75	60
Lebanon	215	65	150
Syria⁸⁹	280	130	150
Turkey	270	140	130
China⁹⁰	5,530	2,470	3,055
Taiwan	60	25	40
Hong Kong⁹¹	120	30	95
Japan	140	50	90
Korea, South⁹²	895	310	580
Philippines	1,255	330	925
Viet Nam	35	20	15
Bangladesh	70	25	45
Sri Lanka	95	45	55
India	3,905	1,800	2,110
Pakistan	1,690	725	965
Other locations of study in Asia	1,140	515	620
Oceania	590	330	260
Australia	520	300	225
New Zealand	70	30	40
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	173,625	83,340	90,290
In the labour force	113,195	58,365	54,830
Employed	99,950	52,465	47,485
Unemployed	13,245	5,900	7,345
Not in the labour force	60,435	24,975	35,460
Participation rate	65.2	70.0	60.7
Employment rate	57.6	63.0	52.6
Unemployment rate	11.7	10.1	13.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	173,625	83,340	90,285
Did not work¹⁸⁶	61,575	25,635	35,935
Worked	112,050	57,700	54,350
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	63,085	35,465	27,625
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	48,965	22,240	26,730
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.1	42.2	39.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	113,190	58,360	54,830
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,660	1,685	1,975
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	109,530	56,680	52,850
Employee	88,730	43,930	44,800
Permanent position	73,970	37,335	36,640
Temporary position	14,760	6,595	8,160
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,580	1,955	2,625
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	10,180	4,650	5,535
Self-employed¹⁹²	20,800	12,745	8,055
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	113,190	58,360	54,830
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,660	1,685	1,975
All occupations¹⁹¹	109,530	56,680	52,850
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,535	2,645	895
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	27,150	10,825	16,320
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	14,760	10,840	3,925
3 Health occupations	7,450	2,035	5,415
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	12,590	4,185	8,400
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,190	1,840	2,355
6 Sales and service occupations	25,870	12,605	13,260
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	10,235	9,045	1,190
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	990	705	285
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,765	1,955	805
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	113,190	58,360	54,830
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,660	1,685	1,975
All industries¹⁹¹	109,530	56,680	52,850
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	305	130	175
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	465	310	160
22 Utilities	780	555	225
23 Construction	5,540	4,590	945
31-33 Manufacturing	7,425	4,890	2,535
41 Wholesale trade	5,790	3,520	2,270
44-45 Retail trade	11,620	5,730	5,895
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,195	2,955	1,240
51 Information and cultural industries	3,195	2,005	1,190
52 Finance and insurance	11,800	6,495	5,305
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	3,460	1,780	1,685
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	17,005	10,140	6,865
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,020	445	570
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,685	1,985	1,695
61 Educational services	8,135	2,275	5,860
62 Health care and social assistance	10,655	2,475	8,175
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,020	990	1,035
72 Accommodation and food services	4,970	2,175	2,795
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,430	1,340	2,095
91 Public administration	4,035	1,905	2,130
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	120,275	61,705	58,570
English	111,145	57,360	53,785
French	260	40	220
Non-official language	1,180	665	515
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,180	665	515
English and French	2,320	890	1,430
English and non-official language(s)	5,135	2,645	2,495
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	215	100	115
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	120,275	61,705	58,570
Single responses	119,040	61,120	57,925
Official languages	116,855	59,985	56,870
English	116,365	59,895	56,475
French	490	85	400
Non-official languages	2,185	1,135	1,050
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,180	1,135	1,045
Afro-Asiatic languages	100	55	40
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	100	55	40
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	100	55	40
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	15	10	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	15	10	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	555	270	285
Albanian	20	15	15
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	130	80	55
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	130	80	55
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	35	15	20
Russian	50	30	20
Serbo-Croatian	35	30	10
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	25	20	0
Serbian	15	10	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	20	0	20
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	20	0	20
German	20	0	20
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	135	70	60
Indo-Aryan languages	110	65	50
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	20	15	10
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	50	25	20
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	45	20	25
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	15	10	10
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	15	10	10
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	15	10	10
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	245	110	130
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	10	0	0
Portuguese	75	40	35
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	155	65	90
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	25	10	15
Korean	135	65	70
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	10	0
American Sign Language	15	10	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,310	715	600
Chinese languages	1,310	715	600
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,245	665	580
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	70	50	15
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	10	0	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	10	0	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,235	585	650
English and French	320	95	225
English and non-official language(s)	910	485	420
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	120,275	61,705	58,570
None	113,700	58,590	55,105
English	1,120	450	665
French	1,805	760	1,045
Non-official language	3,050	1,580	1,470
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	3,050	1,580	1,470
English and French	25	10	10
English and non-official language(s)	75	45	25
French and non-official language(s)	165	70	90
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	340	195	150
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	99,945	52,465	47,480
Worked at home	44,885	22,580	22,315
Worked outside Canada	740	520	220
No fixed workplace address	7,760	5,580	2,185
Usual place of work	46,555	23,790	22,765
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	46,555	23,790	22,765
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	21,685	9,755	11,930
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	4,900	2,420	2,480
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	19,840	11,540	8,300
Commute to a different province or territory	130	70	60
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	54,320	29,365	24,950
Car, truck or van	46,305	25,545	20,760
Car, truck or van - as a driver	42,375	24,015	18,350
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,930	1,525	2,405
Public transit	3,850	1,880	1,980
Walked	2,020	925	1,095
Bicycle	250	175	75
Other method	1,890	845	1,045
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	54,320	29,365	24,950
Less than 15 minutes	14,895	7,005	7,890
15 to 29 minutes	17,515	8,925	8,595
30 to 44 minutes	11,985	7,395	4,590
45 to 59 minutes	5,055	2,995	2,060
60 minutes and over	4,860	3,045	1,815
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	54,320	29,365	24,950
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,430	1,885	545
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,920	4,390	2,540
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	13,250	7,235	6,010
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	14,275	7,005	7,275
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	10,130	4,970	5,160
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,315	3,885	3,420
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	49,935	25,400	24,535
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,710	2,370	2,340
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	45,225	23,025	22,195
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	39,840	20,290	19,550
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,965	1,980	1,990
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,305	1,140	1,165
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,665	840	825
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	35,875	18,320	17,560

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed March 13, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

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