Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	OntarioMore information: [Province]
	Counts	Rates
	Total	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	14,223,942	...
Population, 2016¹	13,448,494	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.8	5.8
Total private dwellings²	5,929,250	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	5,491,201	...
Population density per square kilometre	15.9	15.9
Land area in square kilometres	892,411.76	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	14,223,945	100.0
0 to 14 years	2,251,795	15.8
0 to 4 years	683,515	4.8
5 to 9 years	764,430	5.4
10 to 14 years	803,850	5.7
15 to 64 years	9,334,440	65.6
15 to 19 years	801,455	5.6
20 to 24 years	895,600	6.3
25 to 29 years	975,400	6.9
30 to 34 years	981,210	6.9
35 to 39 years	948,030	6.7
40 to 44 years	890,160	6.3
45 to 49 years	894,580	6.3
50 to 54 years	941,270	6.6
55 to 59 years	1,040,160	7.3
60 to 64 years	966,575	6.8
65 years and over	2,637,710	18.5
65 to 69 years	813,215	5.7
70 to 74 years	691,280	4.9
75 to 79 years	469,485	3.3
80 to 84 years	325,110	2.3
85 years and over	338,620	2.4
85 to 89 years	205,480	1.4
90 to 94 years	101,430	0.7
95 to 99 years	28,000	0.2
100 years and over	3,705	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.8	15.8
15 to 64 years	65.6	65.6
65 years and over	18.5	18.5
85 years and over	2.4	2.4
Average age of the population	41.8	41.8
Median age of the population	41.6	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	5,491,200	100.0
Single-detached house	2,942,990	53.6
Semi-detached house	303,260	5.5
Row house	505,265	9.2
Apartment or flat in a duplex	181,030	3.3
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	548,785	10.0
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	984,665	17.9
Other single-attached house	10,220	0.2
Movable dwelling⁴	14,985	0.3
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	5,491,205	100.0
1 person	1,452,540	26.5
2 persons	1,798,040	32.7
3 persons	872,480	15.9
4 persons	825,445	15.0
5 or more persons	542,700	9.9
Number of persons in private households	14,031,750	100.0
Average household size	2.6	2.6
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	11,972,145	100.0
Married or living common-law	6,769,725	56.5
Married	5,738,390	47.9
Living common-law	1,031,340	8.6
Living common law - Never married	727,825	6.1
Living common law - Separated	55,440	0.5
Living common law - Divorced	220,445	1.8
Living common law - Widowed	27,625	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	5,202,420	43.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	3,515,215	29.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	333,775	2.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	695,630	5.8
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	657,800	5.5
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	3,969,670	100.0
2 persons	1,936,595	48.8
3 persons	877,660	22.1
4 persons	811,380	20.4
5 or more persons	344,035	8.7
Average size of census families	2.9	2.9
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	1.8
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	3,969,670	100.0
Total couple families	3,291,560	82.9
Married couples	2,776,165	69.9
With children⁶	1,571,480	39.6
Without children	1,204,680	30.3
Common-law couples	515,395	13.0
With children⁶	189,835	4.8
Without children	325,560	8.2
Total one-parent families	678,110	17.1
in which the parent is a woman+	538,450	13.6
in which the parent is a man+	139,660	3.5
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	14,031,750	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	11,601,460	82.7
Married spouses or common-law partners	6,583,120	46.9
Parents in one-parent families	678,110	4.8
Children⁶	4,340,235	30.9
In a two-parent family	3,281,460	23.4
In a one-parent family	1,058,775	7.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	2,430,295	17.3
Living alone	1,452,540	10.4
Living with other relatives⁷	388,780	2.8
Living with non-relatives only	588,970	4.2
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	5,491,200	100.0
One-census-family households without additional persons	3,347,195	61.0
Couple-family households	2,841,660	51.7
With children⁶	1,517,365	27.6
Without children	1,324,295	24.1
One-parent-family households	505,535	9.2
Multigenerational households⁸	221,120	4.0
Multiple-census-family households⁹	45,215	0.8
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	184,430	3.4
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	240,700	4.4
One-person households	1,452,540	26.5
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	11,782,845	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,294,815	95.9
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	41,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,300,805	95.9
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,010,415	85.0
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	36,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,153,180	69.2
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,239,835	86.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,900	8,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,054,225	8.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,327,770	28.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	11,782,820	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,296,770	95.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,350	56,350
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,302,690	95.9
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,280	46,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,011,345	85.0
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,700	52,700
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,153,185	69.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,600	52,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,242,610	86.9
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,640	10,640
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,052,985	8.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,640	6,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,321,155	28.2
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,300	9,300
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	11,782,825	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	3,865,695	32.8
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	67,000	67,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,400	82,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	3,112,160	26.4
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,400	17,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,520	28,520
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.8	82.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.4	67.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.1	17.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	1.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.5	5.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.9	4.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	11,782,845	100.0
Without total income	488,030	4.1
With total income	11,294,815	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	977,950	8.7
$10,000 to $19,999	1,383,475	12.2
$20,000 to $29,999	1,752,040	15.5
$30,000 to $39,999	1,388,215	12.3
$40,000 to $49,999	1,190,885	10.5
$50,000 to $59,999	985,270	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	782,980	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	612,620	5.4
$80,000 to $89,999	477,445	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	385,830	3.4
$100,000 and over	1,358,115	12.0
$100,000 to $149,999	897,615	7.9
$150,000 and over	460,495	4.1
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	11,782,845	100.0
Without after-tax income	482,035	4.1
With after-tax income	11,300,805	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	1,025,995	9.1
$10,000 to $19,999	1,442,850	12.8
$20,000 to $29,999	1,967,040	17.4
$30,000 to $39,999	1,621,120	14.3
$40,000 to $49,999	1,384,490	12.3
$50,000 to $59,999	1,068,365	9.5
$60,000 to $69,999	782,135	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	572,210	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	457,650	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	280,640	2.5
$100,000 and over	698,310	6.2
$100,000 to $124,999	344,450	3.0
$125,000 and over	353,860	3.1
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	11,782,845	100.0
Without employment income	3,629,670	30.8
With employment income	8,153,175	69.2
Under $5,000 (including loss)	1,218,885	14.9
$5,000 to $9,999	688,670	8.4
$10,000 to $19,999	928,840	11.4
$20,000 to $29,999	696,570	8.5
$30,000 to $39,999	677,110	8.3
$40,000 to $49,999	672,005	8.2
$50,000 to $59,999	611,665	7.5
$60,000 to $69,999	519,955	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	419,875	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	352,235	4.3
$90,000 to $99,999	316,750	3.9
$100,000 and over	1,050,620	12.9
$100,000 to $124,999	489,720	6.0
$125,000 and over	560,895	6.9
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	11,782,845	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	11,051,405	93.8
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	11,055,345	93.8
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	9,877,245	83.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	37,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	8,159,090	69.2
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	38,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	9,643,335	81.8
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,200	2,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	723,990	6.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	5,640
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	11,782,820	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	11,053,285	93.8
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,800	53,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	11,057,080	93.8
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,080	44,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	9,878,270	83.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,250	53,250
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	8,160,870	69.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,700	52,700
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	9,644,415	81.9
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,150	7,150
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	725,250	6.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,340	7,340
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	11,782,825	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	3,830,200	32.5
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,800	62,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,800	77,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	2,925,680	24.8
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	23,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,640	34,640
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	88.4	88.4
Employment income (%)	72.4	72.4
Government transfers (%)	11.6	11.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	5,491,205	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	91,000	91,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,500	79,500
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	1,452,540	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,600	43,600
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	39,200
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	4,038,660	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,000	111,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	97,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	5,491,200	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	116,000	116,000
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	95,300	95,300
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	1,451,915	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	57,200	57,200
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,320	47,320
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	4,039,285	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	137,000	137,000
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,500	112,500
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	5,491,200	100.0
Under $5,000	61,515	1.1
$5,000 to $9,999	30,860	0.6
$10,000 to $14,999	63,360	1.2
$15,000 to $19,999	96,980	1.8
$20,000 to $24,999	186,250	3.4
$25,000 to $29,999	168,345	3.1
$30,000 to $34,999	158,810	2.9
$35,000 to $39,999	175,890	3.2
$40,000 to $44,999	182,900	3.3
$45,000 to $49,999	182,945	3.3
$50,000 to $59,999	370,350	6.7
$60,000 to $69,999	364,585	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	350,520	6.4
$80,000 to $89,999	332,395	6.1
$90,000 to $99,999	310,400	5.7
$100,000 and over	2,455,095	44.7
$100,000 to $124,999	662,625	12.1
$125,000 to $149,999	500,495	9.1
$150,000 to $199,999	630,420	11.5
$200,000 and over	661,550	12.0
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	5,491,200	100.0
Under $5,000	69,645	1.3
$5,000 to $9,999	32,100	0.6
$10,000 to $14,999	65,025	1.2
$15,000 to $19,999	101,865	1.9
$20,000 to $24,999	197,995	3.6
$25,000 to $29,999	190,225	3.5
$30,000 to $34,999	183,505	3.3
$35,000 to $39,999	204,300	3.7
$40,000 to $44,999	215,785	3.9
$45,000 to $49,999	217,105	4.0
$50,000 to $59,999	440,280	8.0
$60,000 to $69,999	430,860	7.8
$70,000 to $79,999	409,865	7.5
$80,000 to $89,999	385,295	7.0
$90,000 to $99,999	343,595	6.3
$100,000 and over	2,003,770	36.5
$100,000 to $124,999	685,485	12.5
$125,000 to $149,999	472,130	8.6
$150,000 and over	846,155	15.4
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	3,875,790	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	111,000	111,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,000	96,000
Average family size of economic families	3.1	3.1
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	1,361,615	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,000	95,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	83,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	1,770,030	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,000	141,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,000	121,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	4.1
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	610,815	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,000	73,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	67,500
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	2.7
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	2,041,505	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,800	38,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	35,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	3,873,665	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	137,200	137,200
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,200	112,200
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	1,359,275	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	119,500	119,500
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	97,000
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	1,773,005	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	168,800	168,800
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,600	136,600
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	607,780	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,100	87,100
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,100	76,100
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	2,039,230	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,800	51,800
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,440	43,440
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	14,031,755	100.0
0 to 17 years	2,726,265	19.4
0 to 5 years	831,185	5.9
18 to 64 years	8,795,220	62.7
65 years and over	2,510,270	17.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	1,420,525	...
0 to 17 years	314,150	...
0 to 5 years	102,930	...
18 to 64 years	803,215	...
65 years and over	303,160	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.1	10.1
0 to 17 years (%)	11.5	11.5
0 to 5 years (%)	12.4	12.4
18 to 64 years (%)	9.1	9.1
65 years and over (%)	12.1	12.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	13,977,120	100.0
0 to 17 years	2,709,120	19.4
0 to 5 years	825,865	5.9
18 to 64 years	8,763,785	62.7
65 years and over	2,504,220	17.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	738,795	...
0 to 17 years	126,035	...
0 to 5 years	39,415	...
18 to 64 years	541,410	...
65 years and over	71,350	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.3	5.3
0 to 17 years (%)	4.7	4.7
0 to 5 years (%)	4.8	4.8
18 to 64 years (%)	6.2	6.2
65 years and over (%)	2.9	2.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	14,031,755	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	6,516,085	46.4
In bottom decile	1,318,120	9.4
In second decile	1,283,940	9.2
In third decile	1,292,030	9.2
In fourth decile	1,296,710	9.2
In fifth decile	1,325,280	9.4
In top half of the distribution	7,515,670	53.6
In sixth decile	1,365,960	9.7
In seventh decile	1,415,070	10.1
In eighth decile	1,482,300	10.6
In ninth decile	1,581,535	11.3
In top decile	1,670,800	11.9
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	14,031,755	14,031,755
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.357	0.357
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.470	0.470
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.308	0.308
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.9	3.9
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	14,099,790	100.0
English only	12,196,575	86.5
French only	39,310	0.3
English and French	1,519,365	10.8
Neither English nor French	344,545	2.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	14,099,790	100.0
English	13,179,535	93.5
French	484,425	3.4
English and French	98,270	0.7
Neither English nor French	337,560	2.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	14,099,790	100.0
Single responses	13,430,605	95.3
Official languages	9,642,770	68.4
English	9,179,655	65.1
French	463,120	3.3
Non-official languages	3,787,835	26.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	14,475	0.1
Algonquian languages	13,545	0.1
Blackfoot	5	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	2,815	0.0
Atikamekw	10	0.0
Cree languages	2,800	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	125	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	60	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	550	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	35	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	50	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	1,975	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0
Naskapi	15	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	70	0.0
Mi'kmaq	60	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	10	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10,645	0.1
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	35	0.0
Oji-Cree	4,240	0.0
Ojibway languages	6,365	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	280	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	65	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	25	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	6,000	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Athabaskan languages	30	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	30	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	5	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	5	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	510	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	10	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	5	0.0
Inuvialuktun	5	0.0
Inuktitut	505	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Iroquoian languages	270	0.0
Cayuga	35	0.0
Mohawk	190	0.0
Oneida	40	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0
Michif	20	0.0
Salish languages	10	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Siouan languages	10	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0
Dakota	5	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	65	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,773,365	26.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	310,765	2.2
Berber languages	855	0.0
Kabyle	580	0.0
Tamazight	215	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	60	0.0
Chadic languages	635	0.0
Hausa	560	0.0
Mina	70	0.0
Coptic	535	0.0
Cushitic languages	27,575	0.2
Bilen	930	0.0
Oromo	1,540	0.0
Somali	24,700	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	405	0.0
Semitic languages	281,160	2.0
Amharic	12,490	0.1
Arabic	214,230	1.5
Aramaic languages	24,105	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15,665	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	7,480	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	960	0.0
Harari	970	0.0
Hebrew	11,630	0.1
Maltese	4,120	0.0
Tigrigna	13,360	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	255	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	84,300	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	7,065	0.1
Vietnamese	77,085	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	140	0.0
Austronesian languages	208,395	1.5
Bikol	685	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	2,735	0.0
Cebuano	5,900	0.0
Fijian	40	0.0
Hiligaynon	3,775	0.0
Ilocano	14,680	0.1
Indonesian	5,440	0.0
Kankanaey	375	0.0
Kinaray-a	275	0.0
Malagasy languages	125	0.0
Merina	30	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	95	0.0
Malay	540	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,910	0.0
Pangasinan	750	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	168,845	1.2
Waray-Waray	590	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,710	0.0
Creole languages	11,690	0.1
Haitian Creole	5,160	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	435	0.0
Krio	290	0.0
Morisyen	1,990	0.0
Sango	45	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	2,690	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,080	0.0
Dravidian languages	185,145	1.3
Kannada	4,335	0.0
Malayalam	32,805	0.2
Tamil	126,640	0.9
Telugu	20,715	0.1
Tulu	415	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	235	0.0
Georgian	1,650	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	480	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,119,610	15.0
Albanian	20,720	0.1
Armenian	14,680	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	377,895	2.7
Baltic languages	7,425	0.1
Latvian	3,050	0.0
Lithuanian	4,370	0.0
Slavic languages	370,475	2.6
Belarusian	440	0.0
Bulgarian	8,565	0.1
Czech	9,060	0.1
Macedonian	13,620	0.1
Polish	106,275	0.8
Russian	104,310	0.7
Rusyn	225	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	77,145	0.5
Bosnian	7,140	0.1
Croatian	28,385	0.2
Serbian	40,465	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	1,160	0.0
Slovak	8,675	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	5,520	0.0
Ukrainian	36,340	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	285	0.0
Celtic languages	795	0.0
Irish	225	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	170	0.0
Welsh	320	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	80	0.0
Germanic languages	167,265	1.2
Frisian	970	0.0
High German languages	102,915	0.7
German	89,075	0.6
Pennsylvania German	8,895	0.1
Swiss German	2,390	0.0
Yiddish	2,555	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	56,725	0.4
Afrikaans	2,865	0.0
Dutch	41,240	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	1,930	0.0
Low Saxon	440	0.0
Plautdietsch	8,610	0.1
Vlaams (Flemish)	1,630	0.0
Scandinavian languages	6,440	0.0
Danish	3,370	0.0
Icelandic	175	0.0
Norwegian	800	0.0
Swedish	2,090	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	225	0.0
Greek	47,970	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	884,995	6.3
Indo-Aryan languages	715,085	5.1
Assamese	325	0.0
Bengali	54,990	0.4
Gujarati	95,785	0.7
Hindi	87,035	0.6
Kacchi	3,880	0.0
Kashmiri	460	0.0
Konkani	2,595	0.0
Marathi	9,460	0.1
Nepali	12,430	0.1
Oriya languages	1,325	0.0
Odia	830	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	490	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	260,075	1.8
Rohingya	290	0.0
Sindhi	2,670	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	11,040	0.1
Urdu	170,955	1.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,760	0.0
Iranian languages	169,765	1.2
Baluchi	335	0.0
Kurdish	9,120	0.1
Parsi	330	0.0
Pashto	12,780	0.1
Persian languages	146,700	1.0
Dari	34,340	0.2
Iranian Persian	97,135	0.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15,230	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	495	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	145	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	605,070	4.3
Catalan	285	0.0
Italian	194,125	1.4
Portuguese	153,750	1.1
Romanian	38,955	0.3
Spanish	217,245	1.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	710	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	205	0.0
Japanese	12,880	0.1
Korean	75,220	0.5
Mongolian	535	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	42,470	0.3
Akan (Twi)	9,325	0.1
Bamanankan	185	0.0
Edo	1,165	0.0
Éwé	485	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	480	0.0
Ga	510	0.0
Ganda	1,195	0.0
Gikuyu	460	0.0
Igbo	2,385	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,920	0.0
Lingala	825	0.0
Luba-Kasai	135	0.0
Mòoré	60	0.0
Mwani	345	0.0
Ndebele	335	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,705	0.0
Shona	1,580	0.0
Soninke	195	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	230	0.0
Swahili	6,445	0.0
Wojenaka	60	0.0
Wolof	460	0.0
Yoruba	7,335	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	3,655	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,935	0.0
Dinka	325	0.0
Nuer	320	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,125	0.0
African, n.o.s.	165	0.0
Sign languages	2,775	0.0
American Sign Language	2,360	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	35	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	385	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	632,250	4.5
Chinese languages	621,980	4.4
Hakka	6,215	0.0
Mandarin	327,470	2.3
Min Dong	1,015	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10,290	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	4,190	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	267,425	1.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	5,080	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	300	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10,000	0.1
Burmese	1,540	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	440	0.0
Karenic languages	1,765	0.0
S'gaw Karen	1,530	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	235	0.0
Tibetan	5,785	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	460	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	275	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	8,265	0.1
Lao	4,570	0.0
Thai	3,535	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	165	0.0
Turkic languages	32,270	0.2
Azerbaijani	2,870	0.0
Kazakh	255	0.0
Turkish	26,740	0.2
Uyghur	720	0.0
Uzbek	1,080	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	610	0.0
Uralic languages	42,270	0.3
Estonian	3,450	0.0
Finnish	7,650	0.1
Hungarian	31,170	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	460	0.0
Multiple responses	669,185	4.7
English and French	96,260	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	494,610	3.5
French and non-official language(s)	15,710	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	16,770	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	45,835	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	14,099,790	100.0
English	9,630,975	68.3
French	188,560	1.3
Non-official language	1,124,950	8.0
Indigenous³⁹	2,630	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,122,315	8.0
English and French	274,675	1.9
English and non-official language(s)	2,647,980	18.8
French and non-official language(s)	14,065	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	117,430	0.8
Multiple non-official languages	101,145	0.7
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	14,099,790	100.0
Single responses	13,384,695	94.9
Official languages	11,165,425	79.2
English	10,910,560	77.4
French	254,870	1.8
Non-official languages	2,219,265	15.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	5,710	0.0
Algonquian languages	5,430	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	1,230	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Cree languages	1,220	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	30	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	135	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	1,015	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0
Naskapi	5	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	0.0
Mi'kmaq	20	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	4,185	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	0.0
Oji-Cree	1,985	0.0
Ojibway languages	2,195	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	95	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	25	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	2,070	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	15	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Gwich'in	5	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	5	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	10	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	150	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0
Inuktitut	150	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	75	0.0
Cayuga	10	0.0
Mohawk	50	0.0
Oneida	15	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0
Michif	15	0.0
Salish languages	5	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Siouan languages	5	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,213,555	15.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	181,660	1.3
Berber languages	365	0.0
Kabyle	220	0.0
Tamazight	100	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	45	0.0
Chadic languages	355	0.0
Hausa	325	0.0
Mina	30	0.0
Coptic	255	0.0
Cushitic languages	16,105	0.1
Bilen	800	0.0
Oromo	840	0.0
Somali	14,230	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	230	0.0
Semitic languages	164,590	1.2
Amharic	6,405	0.0
Arabic	124,865	0.9
Aramaic languages	18,120	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	11,870	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5,550	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	705	0.0
Harari	515	0.0
Hebrew	4,925	0.0
Maltese	770	0.0
Tigrigna	8,870	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	120	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	55,990	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	3,855	0.0
Vietnamese	52,080	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	55	0.0
Austronesian languages	115,225	0.8
Bikol	255	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,355	0.0
Cebuano	3,140	0.0
Fijian	20	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,960	0.0
Ilocano	8,105	0.1
Indonesian	1,990	0.0
Kankanaey	210	0.0
Kinaray-a	110	0.0
Malagasy languages	45	0.0
Merina	15	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	35	0.0
Malay	130	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	990	0.0
Pangasinan	250	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	95,635	0.7
Waray-Waray	230	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	785	0.0
Creole languages	6,165	0.0
Haitian Creole	2,640	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	195	0.0
Krio	140	0.0
Morisyen	1,425	0.0
Sango	30	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	1,325	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	420	0.0
Dravidian languages	129,245	0.9
Kannada	2,165	0.0
Malayalam	20,855	0.1
Tamil	93,165	0.7
Telugu	12,805	0.1
Tulu	145	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	110	0.0
Georgian	1,040	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	185	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,136,460	8.1
Albanian	9,880	0.1
Armenian	8,590	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	181,290	1.3
Baltic languages	1,640	0.0
Latvian	535	0.0
Lithuanian	1,105	0.0
Slavic languages	179,650	1.3
Belarusian	145	0.0
Bulgarian	4,100	0.0
Czech	2,555	0.0
Macedonian	5,535	0.0
Polish	45,800	0.3
Russian	66,045	0.5
Rusyn	120	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	35,980	0.3
Bosnian	3,450	0.0
Croatian	9,990	0.1
Serbian	22,145	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	400	0.0
Slovak	3,070	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,000	0.0
Ukrainian	15,235	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	65	0.0
Celtic languages	140	0.0
Irish	65	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	25	0.0
Welsh	45	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Germanic languages	40,600	0.3
Frisian	85	0.0
High German languages	28,670	0.2
German	20,680	0.1
Pennsylvania German	7,180	0.1
Swiss German	560	0.0
Yiddish	250	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	11,190	0.1
Afrikaans	1,175	0.0
Dutch	4,055	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	1,265	0.0
Low Saxon	185	0.0
Plautdietsch	4,415	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	95	0.0
Scandinavian languages	620	0.0
Danish	210	0.0
Icelandic	30	0.0
Norwegian	70	0.0
Swedish	310	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	40	0.0
Greek	19,065	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	601,605	4.3
Indo-Aryan languages	487,535	3.5
Assamese	145	0.0
Bengali	34,830	0.2
Gujarati	63,145	0.4
Hindi	52,420	0.4
Kacchi	1,655	0.0
Kashmiri	145	0.0
Konkani	640	0.0
Marathi	4,975	0.0
Nepali	8,910	0.1
Oriya languages	655	0.0
Odia	420	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	230	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	198,670	1.4
Rohingya	220	0.0
Sindhi	1,390	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5,795	0.0
Urdu	113,020	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	930	0.0
Iranian languages	114,005	0.8
Baluchi	195	0.0
Kurdish	5,560	0.0
Parsi	170	0.0
Pashto	8,670	0.1
Persian languages	99,095	0.7
Dari	21,150	0.2
Iranian Persian	67,320	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10,625	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	310	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	275,210	2.0
Catalan	105	0.0
Italian	58,670	0.4
Portuguese	74,745	0.5
Romanian	17,755	0.1
Spanish	123,690	0.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	240	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	90	0.0
Japanese	5,875	0.0
Korean	53,585	0.4
Mongolian	290	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	16,065	0.1
Akan (Twi)	4,370	0.0
Bamanankan	80	0.0
Edo	270	0.0
Éwé	120	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	220	0.0
Ga	170	0.0
Ganda	345	0.0
Gikuyu	70	0.0
Igbo	660	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	775	0.0
Lingala	330	0.0
Luba-Kasai	35	0.0
Mòoré	10	0.0
Mwani	80	0.0
Ndebele	115	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,375	0.0
Shona	450	0.0
Soninke	105	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	55	0.0
Swahili	2,775	0.0
Wojenaka	35	0.0
Wolof	165	0.0
Yoruba	2,640	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	835	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	820	0.0
Dinka	125	0.0
Nuer	185	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	460	0.0
African, n.o.s.	45	0.0
Sign languages	5,010	0.0
American Sign Language	3,920	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	50	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	1,035	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	469,325	3.3
Chinese languages	461,870	3.3
Hakka	2,540	0.0
Mandarin	253,860	1.8
Min Dong	650	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,890	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,765	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	193,955	1.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	3,090	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	110	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	7,310	0.1
Burmese	960	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	305	0.0
Karenic languages	1,275	0.0
S'gaw Karen	1,105	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	170	0.0
Tibetan	4,540	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	225	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	145	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	3,995	0.0
Lao	2,395	0.0
Thai	1,520	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	85	0.0
Turkic languages	19,965	0.1
Azerbaijani	1,445	0.0
Kazakh	40	0.0
Turkish	17,160	0.1
Uyghur	490	0.0
Uzbek	580	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	250	0.0
Uralic languages	12,465	0.1
Estonian	485	0.0
Finnish	1,140	0.0
Hungarian	10,835	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	195	0.0
Multiple responses	715,095	5.1
English and French	59,725	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	624,265	4.4
French and non-official language(s)	6,475	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	12,185	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	12,445	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	14,099,790	100.0
None	11,528,735	81.8
English	903,960	6.4
French	189,420	1.3
Non-official language	1,136,770	8.1
Indigenous³⁹	9,310	0.1
Non-Indigenous	1,127,465	8.0
English and French	16,580	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	140,865	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	52,565	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,920	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	127,975	0.9
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	14,031,755	100.0
Official languages	13,688,615	97.6
English	13,650,230	97.3
French	1,550,545	11.1
Non-official languages	5,058,180	36.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	29,850	0.2
Algonquian languages	26,775	0.2
Blackfoot	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5,205	0.0
Atikamekw	15	0.0
Cree languages	5,155	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	335	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	10	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	200	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	1,165	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	135	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	95	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	3,340	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	20	0.0
Naskapi	20	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	295	0.0
Mi'kmaq	250	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	35	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	21,560	0.2
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	135	0.0
Oji-Cree	6,260	0.0
Ojibway languages	15,530	0.1
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	1,295	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	210	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	115	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	14,155	0.1
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	95	0.0
Athabaskan languages	115	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	105	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	50	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	15	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	15	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	25	0.0
Tlingit	10	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	1,000	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	25	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	25	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0
Inuktitut	970	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Iroquoian languages	1,625	0.0
Cayuga	210	0.0
Mohawk	1,220	0.0
Oneida	210	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	35	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0
Michif	135	0.0
Salish languages	65	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	25	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	10	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0
Siouan languages	65	0.0
Assiniboine	20	0.0
Dakota	15	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	30	0.0
Tsimshian languages	25	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	0.0
Nisga'a	20	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	20	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	10	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	70	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	245	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	5,029,345	35.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	481,620	3.4
Berber languages	1,570	0.0
Kabyle	950	0.0
Tamazight	475	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	215	0.0
Chadic languages	2,210	0.0
Hausa	2,005	0.0
Mina	200	0.0
Coptic	2,130	0.0
Cushitic languages	41,520	0.3
Bilen	1,335	0.0
Oromo	2,950	0.0
Somali	36,825	0.3
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	815	0.0
Semitic languages	443,215	3.2
Amharic	22,815	0.2
Arabic	342,860	2.4
Aramaic languages	33,950	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	21,640	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	11,170	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	1,685	0.0
Harari	1,610	0.0
Hebrew	47,380	0.3
Maltese	6,055	0.0
Tigrigna	19,755	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	685	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	115,355	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	10,085	0.1
Vietnamese	105,800	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	275	0.0
Austronesian languages	292,100	2.1
Bikol	1,345	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	3,410	0.0
Cebuano	11,100	0.1
Fijian	210	0.0
Hiligaynon	6,435	0.0
Ilocano	26,205	0.2
Indonesian	8,175	0.1
Kankanaey	620	0.0
Kinaray-a	310	0.0
Malagasy languages	270	0.0
Merina	35	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	235	0.0
Malay	4,370	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	3,390	0.0
Pangasinan	1,610	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	271,450	1.9
Waray-Waray	1,810	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	6,850	0.0
Creole languages	36,585	0.3
Haitian Creole	14,220	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	3,385	0.0
Krio	650	0.0
Morisyen	5,645	0.0
Sango	270	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10,235	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	4,065	0.0
Dravidian languages	272,060	1.9
Kannada	12,930	0.1
Malayalam	48,025	0.3
Tamil	192,890	1.4
Telugu	38,190	0.3
Tulu	1,225	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	685	0.0
Georgian	2,170	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	555	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,941,400	21.0
Albanian	26,725	0.2
Armenian	19,610	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	470,080	3.4
Baltic languages	9,715	0.1
Latvian	4,215	0.0
Lithuanian	5,520	0.0
Slavic languages	462,520	3.3
Belarusian	1,630	0.0
Bulgarian	11,310	0.1
Czech	13,130	0.1
Macedonian	21,070	0.2
Polish	134,980	1.0
Russian	155,340	1.1
Rusyn	295	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	102,885	0.7
Bosnian	13,895	0.1
Croatian	48,075	0.3
Serbian	58,045	0.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	1,850	0.0
Slovak	11,725	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	7,235	0.1
Ukrainian	58,355	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	500	0.0
Celtic languages	4,115	0.0
Irish	2,345	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	715	0.0
Welsh	810	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	285	0.0
Germanic languages	257,270	1.8
Frisian	1,750	0.0
High German languages	175,485	1.3
German	158,120	1.1
Pennsylvania German	10,370	0.1
Swiss German	3,485	0.0
Yiddish	6,100	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	78,435	0.6
Afrikaans	9,255	0.1
Dutch	55,040	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	2,185	0.0
Low Saxon	595	0.0
Plautdietsch	10,245	0.1
Vlaams (Flemish)	2,040	0.0
Scandinavian languages	12,565	0.1
Danish	5,175	0.0
Icelandic	390	0.0
Norwegian	2,385	0.0
Swedish	5,340	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	480	0.0
Greek	76,320	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	1,244,895	8.9
Indo-Aryan languages	1,049,480	7.5
Assamese	725	0.0
Bengali	76,980	0.5
Gujarati	143,240	1.0
Hindi	436,125	3.1
Kacchi	8,140	0.1
Kashmiri	1,085	0.0
Konkani	6,745	0.0
Marathi	24,775	0.2
Nepali	17,110	0.1
Oriya languages	2,545	0.0
Odia	1,430	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	1,130	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	397,865	2.8
Rohingya	370	0.0
Sindhi	5,595	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	21,630	0.2
Urdu	295,175	2.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5,965	0.0
Iranian languages	210,370	1.5
Baluchi	520	0.0
Kurdish	13,870	0.1
Parsi	525	0.0
Pashto	20,790	0.1
Persian languages	183,830	1.3
Dari	47,640	0.3
Iranian Persian	122,305	0.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	16,615	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	1,040	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	1,300	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	922,975	6.6
Catalan	770	0.0
Italian	312,800	2.2
Portuguese	208,575	1.5
Romanian	48,315	0.3
Spanish	401,205	2.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	2,355	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	910	0.0
Japanese	30,705	0.2
Korean	90,475	0.6
Mongolian	745	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	106,850	0.8
Akan (Twi)	17,570	0.1
Bamanankan	760	0.0
Edo	3,210	0.0
Éwé	1,195	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	1,010	0.0
Ga	1,870	0.0
Ganda	2,760	0.0
Gikuyu	1,080	0.0
Igbo	8,115	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	4,020	0.0
Lingala	7,315	0.1
Luba-Kasai	1,050	0.0
Mòoré	235	0.0
Mwani	520	0.0
Ndebele	855	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	4,895	0.0
Shona	3,040	0.0
Soninke	290	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	630	0.0
Swahili	24,360	0.2
Wojenaka	260	0.0
Wolof	1,495	0.0
Yoruba	24,375	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	12,825	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	3,210	0.0
Dinka	470	0.0
Nuer	585	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	2,155	0.0
African, n.o.s.	835	0.0
Sign languages	18,990	0.1
American Sign Language	16,685	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	380	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	2,600	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	747,160	5.3
Chinese languages	734,190	5.2
Hakka	8,760	0.1
Mandarin	467,415	3.3
Min Dong	1,450	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	18,020	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	6,720	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	352,135	2.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	5,200	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	515	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	13,135	0.1
Burmese	2,570	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	600	0.0
Karenic languages	2,255	0.0
S'gaw Karen	1,970	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	385	0.0
Tibetan	7,475	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	980	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	565	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	12,655	0.1
Lao	7,370	0.1
Thai	6,200	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	335	0.0
Turkic languages	52,195	0.4
Azerbaijani	5,910	0.0
Kazakh	710	0.0
Turkish	44,815	0.3
Uyghur	825	0.0
Uzbek	2,095	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,075	0.0
Uralic languages	52,025	0.4
Estonian	4,010	0.0
Finnish	9,455	0.1
Hungarian	38,690	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	2,145	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	14,031,750	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	406,585	2.9
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	389,955	2.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	251,030	1.8
Métis	134,615	1.0
Inuk (Inuit)	4,310	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	7,115	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	9,515	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	13,625,165	97.1
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	14,031,750	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	172,535	1.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	13,859,215	98.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	5,491,200	100.0
Owner	3,755,720	68.4
Renter	1,724,970	31.4
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	10,510	0.2
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	5,491,200	100.0
Condominium	822,780	15.0
Not condominium	4,668,425	85.0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	5,491,200	100.0
No bedrooms	48,740	0.9
1 bedroom	769,570	14.0
2 bedrooms	1,205,540	22.0
3 bedrooms	1,918,935	34.9
4 or more bedrooms	1,548,420	28.2
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	5,491,200	100.0
1 to 4 rooms	1,579,320	28.8
5 rooms	775,580	14.1
6 rooms	791,100	14.4
7 rooms	708,205	12.9
8 or more rooms	1,636,990	29.8
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	6.2
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	5,491,200	100.0
One person or fewer per room	5,328,575	97.0
More than one person per room	162,625	3.0
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	5,491,200	100.0
Suitable	5,122,185	93.3
Not suitable	369,015	6.7
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	5,491,200	100.0
1960 or before	1,247,430	22.7
1961 to 1980	1,456,110	26.5
1981 to 1990	711,940	13.0
1991 to 2000	644,080	11.7
2001 to 2005	385,045	7.0
2006 to 2010	348,760	6.4
2011 to 2015	328,735	6.0
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	369,095	6.7
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	5,491,200	100.0
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	5,177,155	94.3
Major repairs needed	314,050	5.7
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	5,491,200	100.0
One-maintainer household	2,677,880	48.8
Two-maintainer household	2,506,110	45.6
Three-or-more-maintainer household	307,210	5.6
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	5,491,200	100.0
15 to 24 years	126,385	2.3
25 to 34 years	727,305	13.2
35 to 44 years	930,410	16.9
45 to 54 years	1,013,210	18.5
55 to 64 years	1,149,345	20.9
65 to 74 years	876,960	16.0
75 to 84 years	481,250	8.8
85 years and over	186,330	3.4
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	5,415,420	100.0
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	4,103,320	75.8
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	1,312,095	24.2
30% to less than 100%	1,169,040	21.6
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	5,491,205	100.0
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	1,802,285	32.8
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	1,150,405	20.9
Not suitable only	262,900	4.8
Major repairs needed only	201,870	3.7
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	74,930	1.4
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	80,990	1.5
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	25,420	0.5
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	5,765	0.1
Acceptable housing	3,688,915	67.2
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	5,272,360	100.0
In core need	639,805	12.1
Not in core need	4,632,550	87.9
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	3,718,255	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.7	59.7
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.7	17.7
% in core housing need⁶³	6.4	6.4
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,440	1,440
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,700	1,700
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	700,000	700,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	807,000	807,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,722,000	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.7	13.7
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	38.4	38.4
% in core housing need⁶³	24.9	24.9
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300	1,300
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,408	1,408
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	10,510	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	8.7	8.7
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	324	324
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	380	380
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	14,031,755	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	169,090	1.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	166,095	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	136,445	1.0
Métis single ancestry	27,835	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	1,810	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	3,000	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	2,660	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	175	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	115	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	50	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	351,395	2.5
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	342,985	2.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	246,415	1.8
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	93,245	0.7
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,325	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	8,405	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	7,595	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	535	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	215	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	13,511,270	96.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	14,031,755	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	12,633,260	90.0
Canadian citizens aged under 18	2,554,125	18.2
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	10,079,140	71.8
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	1,398,490	10.0
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	14,031,755	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	9,437,320	67.3
Immigrants⁸¹	4,206,585	30.0
Before 1980	860,305	6.1
1980 to 1990	506,195	3.6
1991 to 2000	852,765	6.1
2001 to 2010	941,630	6.7
2011 to 2021⁸²	1,045,695	7.5
2011 to 2015	461,010	3.3
2016 to 2021	584,680	4.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	387,850	2.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	4,206,585	100.0
Under 5 years	375,395	8.9
5 to 14 years	734,680	17.5
15 to 24 years	840,165	20.0
25 to 44 years	1,851,675	44.0
45 years and over	404,670	9.6
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	4,206,585	100.0
Americas	629,550	15.0
Brazil	23,125	0.5
Colombia	32,520	0.8
El Salvador	21,780	0.5
Guyana	77,635	1.8
Haiti	11,375	0.3
Jamaica	122,770	2.9
Mexico	33,380	0.8
Peru	11,455	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	52,750	1.3
United States of America	111,390	2.6
Other places of birth in Americas	131,370	3.1
Europe	1,049,725	25.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	21,150	0.5
Croatia	24,270	0.6
France	15,240	0.4
Germany	54,275	1.3
Greece	31,650	0.8
Hungary	18,530	0.4
Italy	135,640	3.2
Netherlands	39,490	0.9
Poland	88,785	2.1
Portugal	95,490	2.3
Romania	40,475	1.0
Russian Federation	44,165	1.0
Serbia⁸⁶	22,295	0.5
Ukraine	43,070	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	239,485	5.7
Other places of birth in Europe	135,725	3.2
Africa	287,920	6.8
Algeria	4,355	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10,220	0.2
Egypt	39,345	0.9
Eritrea	14,200	0.3
Ethiopia	19,415	0.5
Morocco	8,105	0.2
Nigeria	37,420	0.9
Somalia	20,335	0.5
South Africa, Republic of	21,540	0.5
Other places of birth in Africa	112,985	2.7
Asia	2,225,590	52.9
Afghanistan	38,580	0.9
Iran⁸⁸	103,795	2.5
Iraq	63,255	1.5
Lebanon	38,170	0.9
Syria⁸⁹	45,685	1.1
Turkey	20,795	0.5
China⁹⁰	355,955	8.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	108,480	2.6
Korea, South⁹²	62,750	1.5
Taiwan	18,105	0.4
Philippines	268,580	6.4
Viet Nam	86,315	2.1
Bangladesh	46,260	1.1
India	495,750	11.8
Pakistan	165,530	3.9
Sri Lanka	112,730	2.7
Other places of birth in Asia	194,855	4.6
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	13,810	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	584,680	100.0
Americas	68,450	11.7
Brazil	8,725	1.5
Colombia	4,260	0.7
Haiti	1,550	0.3
Jamaica	9,970	1.7
Mexico	5,810	1.0
United States of America	17,945	3.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	3,400	0.6
Other places of birth in Americas	16,795	2.9
Europe	47,295	8.1
France	3,225	0.6
Germany	1,685	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	2,225	0.4
Italy	1,770	0.3
Russian Federation	5,150	0.9
Ukraine	6,035	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	8,000	1.4
Other places of birth in Europe	19,200	3.3
Africa	64,910	11.1
Algeria	1,130	0.2
Burundi	1,790	0.3
Cameroon	1,585	0.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	2,275	0.4
Côte d'Ivoire	1,085	0.2
Egypt	6,370	1.1
Eritrea	7,145	1.2
Ethiopia	3,480	0.6
Morocco	1,890	0.3
Nigeria	16,570	2.8
Somalia	3,345	0.6
South Africa, Republic of	2,915	0.5
Sudan⁹⁷	2,095	0.4
Tunisia	820	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	12,405	2.1
Asia	401,940	68.7
Afghanistan	7,225	1.2
Bangladesh	7,710	1.3
China⁹⁰	54,645	9.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,620	0.4
India	139,660	23.9
Iran⁸⁸	13,215	2.3
Iraq	12,940	2.2
Israel	2,270	0.4
Japan	1,460	0.2
Jordan	2,610	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	6,935	1.2
Lebanon	4,365	0.7
Nepal	2,445	0.4
Pakistan	23,970	4.1
Philippines	45,235	7.7
Saudi Arabia	6,110	1.0
Sri Lanka	5,895	1.0
Syria⁸⁹	30,180	5.2
Turkey	7,060	1.2
United Arab Emirates	5,310	0.9
Viet Nam	6,020	1.0
Other places of birth in Asia	14,075	2.4
Oceania and other⁹³	2,090	0.4
Australia	1,620	0.3
Other places of birth⁹⁸	470	0.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	14,031,755	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	4,725,795	33.7
Second generation¹⁰¹	3,180,170	22.7
Third generation or more¹⁰²	6,125,785	43.7
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	3,346,285	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	1,669,195	49.9
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	697,905	20.9
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	971,295	29.0
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	1,037,680	31.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	587,735	17.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	51,675	1.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	3,346,285	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	262,835	7.9
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	289,330	8.6
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	79,320	2.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	179,715	5.4
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	19,030	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	2,516,055	75.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	14,031,750	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	4,817,360	34.3
South Asian	1,515,295	10.8
Chinese	820,245	5.8
Black	768,740	5.5
Filipino	363,650	2.6
Arab	284,215	2.0
Latin American	249,190	1.8
Southeast Asian	167,845	1.2
West Asian	212,185	1.5
Korean	99,425	0.7
Japanese	31,420	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	124,120	0.9
Multiple visible minorities	181,025	1.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	9,214,395	65.7
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	14,031,755	100.0
Canadian	1,621,655	11.6
English	2,347,685	16.7
Irish	1,999,985	14.3
Scottish	1,937,010	13.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,039,385	7.4
German	1,058,075	7.5
Chinese	821,835	5.9
Italian	905,105	6.5
Indian (India)	764,435	5.4
Ukrainian	342,260	2.4
Dutch	478,860	3.4
Polish	461,090	3.3
Québécois	28,035	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	462,995	3.3
Filipino	355,680	2.5
French Canadian	199,845	1.4
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	221,315	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	160,660	1.1
Métis	131,780	0.9
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	182,785	1.3
Russian	187,460	1.3
Norwegian	62,840	0.4
Welsh	188,980	1.3
Portuguese	300,600	2.1
American	129,750	0.9
Spanish	143,840	1.0
Swedish	68,260	0.5
Hungarian	149,040	1.1
Acadian	34,125	0.2
Pakistani	212,650	1.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	149,265	1.1
Jewish	155,180	1.1
Punjabi	119,085	0.8
Vietnamese	122,735	0.9
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	110,250	0.8
Greek	143,065	1.0
Jamaican	201,945	1.4
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	110,750	0.8
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	20,025	0.1
Korean	100,025	0.7
Romanian	86,435	0.6
Lebanese	80,345	0.6
Iranian	109,410	0.8
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	73,665	0.5
Danish	52,170	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	61,790	0.4
Sikh	77,805	0.6
Austrian	63,920	0.5
Belgian	56,860	0.4
Haitian	17,930	0.1
Hindu	106,970	0.8
Mexican	54,725	0.4
Mennonite	38,095	0.3
Swiss	56,510	0.4
Finnish	76,275	0.5
Sri Lankan	105,765	0.8
Croatian	79,240	0.6
Japanese	42,250	0.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	83,435	0.6
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	21,650	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	31,395	0.2
Muslim	62,780	0.4
Egyptian	54,210	0.4
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	48,595	0.3
Tamil	86,580	0.6
Icelandic	13,915	0.1
Colombian	39,420	0.3
Moroccan	12,300	0.1
Czech	39,400	0.3
Syrian	42,525	0.3
Guyanese	85,455	0.6
Afghan	61,255	0.4
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	59,655	0.4
Serbian	64,415	0.5
Ojibway	52,770	0.4
Newfoundlander	29,950	0.2
Hong Konger	41,120	0.3
Ontarian	64,245	0.5
Persian	46,445	0.3
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	59,110	0.4
Turkish	43,555	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	6,160	0.0
Bangladeshi	47,195	0.3
Algerian	4,970	0.0
Brazilian	33,905	0.2
Nigerian	36,750	0.3
Armenian	30,860	0.2
Slovak	37,165	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	32,880	0.2
Somali	41,640	0.3
Taiwanese	17,960	0.1
Iraqi	42,980	0.3
Salvadorean	24,740	0.2
African Caribbean	43,475	0.3
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	32,785	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	38,000	0.3
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	39,165	0.3
Algonquin	20,910	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	42,575	0.3
Lithuanian	29,870	0.2
South African	21,965	0.2
Australian	14,775	0.1
Palestinian	30,365	0.2
Chilean	14,370	0.1
Congolese	12,815	0.1
Nova Scotian	10,195	0.1
Ethiopian	20,625	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	22,825	0.2
Peruvian	15,260	0.1
Yoruba	19,350	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	15,155	0.1
Berber	3,055	0.0
Albanian	29,575	0.2
Maltese	33,825	0.2
Macedonian	35,925	0.3
Slovenian	25,085	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	13,170	0.1
New Brunswicker	5,865	0.0
Gujarati	25,995	0.2
Eritrean	17,165	0.1
African Canadian	20,025	0.1
Israeli	20,570	0.1
Mohawk	20,595	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	12,115	0.1
Bulgarian	15,900	0.1
Albertan	1,185	0.0
Ghanaian	20,935	0.1
Barbadian	21,205	0.2
African American	16,380	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	16,400	0.1
Tunisian	2,430	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	15,800	0.1
Cuban	14,785	0.1
Bosnian	16,065	0.1
Venezuelan	12,885	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	1,010	0.0
Latvian	16,070	0.1
Bengali	16,665	0.1
Cameroonian	4,295	0.0
Guatemalan	10,175	0.1
Indonesian	10,645	0.1
Laotian	10,870	0.1
Ilocano	10,560	0.1
Northern Irish	14,875	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	10,135	0.1
British Columbian	1,020	0.0
Ecuadorian	18,835	0.1
Franco Ontarian	18,755	0.1
Argentinian	11,950	0.1
Estonian	14,025	0.1
Kurdish	13,495	0.1
Fijian	2,345	0.0
Jatt	9,195	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	8,040	0.1
Coptic	14,845	0.1
Thai	7,850	0.1
Dominican	8,585	0.1
Nepali	11,585	0.1
Kabyle	570	0.0
Assyrian	17,080	0.1
Igbo	8,595	0.1
Byelorussian	9,730	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	285	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	3,445	0.0
Abenaki	1,300	0.0
Moldovan	4,295	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	5,550	0.0
New Zealander	4,865	0.0
Sudanese	9,200	0.1
Breton	650	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	12,085	0.1
Malaysian	7,360	0.1
Plains Cree	365	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	3,660	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	2,070	0.0
Saskatchewanian	1,755	0.0
Buddhist	8,440	0.1
Gaspesian	700	0.0
Norman	2,250	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	9,250	0.1
Ivorian	2,270	0.0
Saulteaux	735	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	6,980	0.0
Burundian	4,105	0.0
Tigrinya	5,290	0.0
Nicaraguan	6,575	0.0
Mauritian	5,050	0.0
Kenyan	6,970	0.0
Oji-Cree	7,300	0.1
Vincentian	9,080	0.1
Jordanian	9,040	0.1
Manitoban	1,505	0.0
Cape Bretoner	3,040	0.0
Rwandan	3,450	0.0
Grenadian	10,250	0.1
Malayali	8,100	0.1
Chaldean	10,280	0.1
Sinhalese	8,060	0.1
Mayan	4,085	0.0
Honduran	3,735	0.0
Cherokee	3,555	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	1,350	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	8,830	0.1
Flemish	3,565	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	6,730	0.0
Senegalese	1,155	0.0
Azerbaijani	6,235	0.0
Sicilian	5,840	0.0
Pashtun	6,385	0.0
Malay	3,910	0.0
Goan	7,930	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	3,150	0.0
Tibetan	7,380	0.1
Zimbabwean	3,780	0.0
Burmese	4,290	0.0
Mongolian	3,585	0.0
Azorean	6,085	0.0
Atikamekw	85	0.0
Bamileke	1,100	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	7,605	0.1
Ugandan	4,685	0.0
Oromo	3,015	0.0
Tanzanian	4,865	0.0
Yemeni	5,300	0.0
Central African	1,630	0.0
Libyan	4,200	0.0
Basque	1,515	0.0
Uruguayan	4,720	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	4,055	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	3,605	0.0
Igorot	2,245	0.0
Fulani	1,165	0.0
Woodland Cree	275	0.0
Guinean	1,120	0.0
St. Lucian	5,850	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	1,900	0.0
Maliseet	615	0.0
Beninese	1,325	0.0
Telugu	4,755	0.0
Roma	3,470	0.0
Costa Rican	2,735	0.0
African Nova Scotian	1,650	0.0
Malagasy	555	0.0
Kashmiri	3,905	0.0
Singaporean	2,320	0.0
Karen	2,365	0.0
Edo	3,515	0.0
Tajik	4,150	0.0
Amhara	3,135	0.0
Paraguayan	855	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	14,031,750	100.0
Buddhist	164,215	1.2
Christian	7,315,810	52.1
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	1,070,190	7.6
Anabaptist	57,795	0.4
Anglican	525,425	3.7
Baptist	165,400	1.2
Catholic	3,654,825	26.0
Christian Orthodox	329,850	2.4
Jehovah's Witness	48,290	0.3
Latter Day Saints	16,420	0.1
Lutheran	114,810	0.8
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	35,320	0.3
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	174,605	1.2
Presbyterian	202,275	1.4
Reformed	47,400	0.3
United Church	570,830	4.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	302,375	2.2
Hindu	573,700	4.1
Jewish	196,100	1.4
Muslim	942,990	6.7
Sikh	300,435	2.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15,985	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	88,845	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	4,433,675	31.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	13,904,805	100.0
Non-movers	12,295,685	88.4
Movers	1,609,120	11.6
Non-migrants	914,170	6.6
Migrants	694,950	5.0
Internal migrants	570,275	4.1
Intraprovincial migrants	516,425	3.7
Interprovincial migrants	53,850	0.4
External migrants	124,670	0.9
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	13,349,180	100.0
Non-movers	8,361,770	62.6
Movers	4,987,410	37.4
Non-migrants	2,087,055	15.6
Migrants	2,900,355	21.7
Internal migrants	2,167,365	16.2
Intraprovincial migrants	1,938,720	14.5
Interprovincial migrants	228,640	1.7
External migrants	732,990	5.5
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	11,782,825	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	1,969,920	16.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	9,812,905	83.3
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	7,584,645	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	757,455	10.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	6,827,190	90.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	11,782,820	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,799,890	15.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	3,204,170	27.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	6,778,765	57.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,250,175	27.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	592,485	5.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	287,155	2.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	305,330	2.6
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	2,389,205	20.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	268,480	2.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	3,528,600	29.9
Bachelor's degree	2,307,685	19.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	224,820	1.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	90,530	0.8
Master's degree	786,440	6.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	119,125	1.0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	7,584,645	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	667,665	8.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	1,770,810	23.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	5,146,170	67.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,356,375	31.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	384,770	5.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	184,665	2.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	200,110	2.6
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	1,787,580	23.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	184,030	2.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	2,789,795	36.8
Bachelor's degree	1,798,010	23.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	173,205	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	71,055	0.9
Master's degree	658,060	8.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	89,470	1.2
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	11,782,820	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	5,004,055	42.5
Education	358,255	3.0
13. Education	358,255	3.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	258,480	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	26,160	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	232,325	2.0
Humanities	388,160	3.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	40,335	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	99,000	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	112,250	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	10,520	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	26,705	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	28,715	0.2
54. History	54,415	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	16,220	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	928,970	7.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	12,940	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	106,350	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	154,370	1.3
22. Legal professions and studies	144,535	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	24,040	0.2
42. Psychology	142,265	1.2
45. Social sciences	344,465	2.9
Business, management and public administration	1,472,490	12.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	2,340	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	123,510	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	1,346,635	11.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	303,310	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	133,895	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	69,195	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	6,440	0.1
40. Physical sciences	80,200	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	13,585	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	367,845	3.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	284,925	2.4
25. Library science	16,090	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	56,120	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	10,705	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	1,274,815	10.8
04. Architecture and related services	61,850	0.5
14. Engineering	414,085	3.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	278,410	2.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	185	0.0
46. Construction trades	197,795	1.7
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	208,980	1.8
48. Precision production	113,510	1.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	132,765	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	86,885	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	45,885	0.4
Health and related fields	939,610	8.0
30.37 Design for human health	25	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	84,485	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	828,240	7.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	2,335	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	24,520	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	351,505	3.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	181,985	1.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	2,135	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	2,200	0.0
43. Security and protective services	110,890	0.9
49. Transportation and materials moving	54,295	0.5
Other¹⁷⁹	2,555	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	7,584,650	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	2,438,475	32.2
Education	242,725	3.2
13. Education	242,725	3.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	199,945	2.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	18,425	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	181,520	2.4
Humanities	279,505	3.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	29,620	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	71,745	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	83,455	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	7,195	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	19,380	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	18,420	0.2
54. History	39,275	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	10,415	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	729,685	9.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	10,515	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	88,895	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	119,090	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	117,900	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	18,585	0.2
42. Psychology	107,035	1.4
45. Social sciences	267,660	3.5
Business, management and public administration	1,161,875	15.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	1,785	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	98,675	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	1,061,420	14.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	220,805	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	100,550	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	50,505	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	5,100	0.1
40. Physical sciences	55,565	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	9,090	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	304,045	4.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	244,700	3.2
25. Library science	9,860	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	40,875	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	8,610	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	932,505	12.3
04. Architecture and related services	48,030	0.6
14. Engineering	326,190	4.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	202,375	2.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	165	0.0
46. Construction trades	137,150	1.8
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	143,480	1.9
48. Precision production	75,115	1.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	100,525	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	64,365	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	36,155	0.5
Health and related fields	703,890	9.3
30.37 Design for human health	30	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	64,360	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	619,520	8.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	1,960	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	18,030	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	268,815	3.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	136,310	1.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	1,600	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	1,180	0.0
43. Security and protective services	89,470	1.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	40,255	0.5
Other¹⁷⁹	1,860	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	7,584,650	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,438,475	32.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	5,146,175	67.8
Location of study inside Canada	3,921,795	51.7
Same as province or territory of residence	3,634,290	47.9
Different than province or territory of residence	287,505	3.8
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	1,224,380	16.1
Americas	229,280	3.0
United States of America	140,770	1.9
Mexico	11,625	0.2
Cuba	3,715	0.0
Haiti	1,250	0.0
Jamaica	9,200	0.1
Brazil	17,755	0.2
Colombia	12,705	0.2
Peru	2,750	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	5,530	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	23,985	0.3
Europe	224,050	3.0
Belgium	1,650	0.0
France	11,580	0.2
Germany	7,115	0.1
Netherlands	4,345	0.1
Switzerland	2,525	0.0
Hungary	2,960	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	2,080	0.0
Poland	16,450	0.2
Romania	14,985	0.2
Russian Federation	19,185	0.3
Ukraine	18,225	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	6,925	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	72,655	1.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,415	0.0
Italy	3,895	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	5,750	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	30,300	0.4
Africa	65,145	0.9
Nigeria	15,165	0.2
Algeria	1,550	0.0
Morocco	2,180	0.0
Tunisia	805	0.0
Egypt	17,195	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	6,770	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	21,480	0.3
Asia	686,295	9.0
Iran⁸⁸	35,535	0.5
Iraq	12,270	0.2
Israel	6,675	0.1
Lebanon	7,235	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	7,515	0.1
Turkey	7,585	0.1
China⁹⁰	92,585	1.2
Taiwan	3,535	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	8,875	0.1
Japan	6,310	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	21,145	0.3
Philippines	109,885	1.4
Viet Nam	5,120	0.1
Bangladesh	16,250	0.2
Sri Lanka	11,075	0.1
India	245,655	3.2
Pakistan	53,750	0.7
Other locations of study in Asia	35,295	0.5
Oceania	19,605	0.3
Australia	16,965	0.2
New Zealand	2,445	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	200	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	11,782,820	...
In the labour force	7,399,200	...
Employed	6,492,895	...
Unemployed	906,310	...
Not in the labour force	4,383,620	...
Participation rate	62.8	62.8
Employment rate	55.1	55.1
Unemployment rate	12.2	12.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	11,782,820	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	4,469,170	37.9
Worked	7,313,650	62.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	3,982,300	33.8
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	3,331,350	28.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.1	41.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	7,399,205	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	212,505	2.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	7,186,695	97.1
Employee	6,109,070	82.6
Permanent position	5,166,275	69.8
Temporary position	942,795	12.7
Fixed term (1 year or more)	324,250	4.4
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	618,540	8.4
Self-employed¹⁹²	1,077,625	14.6
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	7,399,205	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	212,505	2.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	7,186,695	97.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	95,240	1.3
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	1,328,155	17.9
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	685,390	9.3
3 Health occupations	543,565	7.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	871,260	11.8
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	232,200	3.1
6 Sales and service occupations	1,735,930	23.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	1,175,410	15.9
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	148,055	2.0
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	371,490	5.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	7,399,205	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	212,505	2.9
All industries¹⁹¹	7,186,695	97.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	104,895	1.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	34,360	0.5
22 Utilities	55,230	0.7
23 Construction	538,340	7.3
31-33 Manufacturing	655,935	8.9
41 Wholesale trade	244,910	3.3
44-45 Retail trade	798,090	10.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	379,485	5.1
51 Information and cultural industries	169,120	2.3
52 Finance and insurance	399,030	5.4
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	152,050	2.1
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	681,235	9.2
55 Management of companies and enterprises	26,240	0.4
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	324,285	4.4
61 Educational services	531,260	7.2
62 Health care and social assistance	859,910	11.6
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	130,490	1.8
72 Accommodation and food services	390,675	5.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	283,115	3.8
91 Public administration	428,030	5.8
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	7,885,710	100.0
English	7,181,805	91.1
French	52,565	0.7
Non-official language	74,365	0.9
Indigenous³⁹	305	0.0
Non-Indigenous	74,060	0.9
English and French	285,005	3.6
English and non-official language(s)	275,330	3.5
French and non-official language(s)	355	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10,820	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	5,475	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	7,885,710	100.0
Single responses	7,783,760	98.7
Official languages	7,649,065	97.0
English	7,555,160	95.8
French	93,910	1.2
Non-official languages	134,690	1.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,240	0.0
Algonquian languages	1,185	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	155	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Cree languages	155	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	145	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,030	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	465	0.0
Ojibway languages	560	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	25	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	535	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0
Inuktitut	30	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	20	0.0
Mohawk	20	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0
Michif	0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	133,450	1.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,830	0.1
Berber languages	0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0.0
Coptic	0	0.0
Cushitic languages	210	0.0
Bilen	0	0.0
Oromo	10	0.0
Somali	190	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,615	0.1
Amharic	60	0.0
Arabic	3,735	0.0
Aramaic languages	410	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	320	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	85	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Hebrew	315	0.0
Tigrigna	90	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,365	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	140	0.0
Vietnamese	3,225	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,530	0.0
Bikol	0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Cebuano	55	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0.0
Ilocano	40	0.0
Indonesian	65	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0.0
Malay	0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,330	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0
Creole languages	50	0.0
Haitian Creole	35	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,660	0.0
Kannada	0	0.0
Malayalam	160	0.0
Tamil	2,440	0.0
Telugu	55	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Georgian	70	0.0
Indo-European languages	50,205	0.6
Albanian	270	0.0
Armenian	195	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	6,865	0.1
Baltic languages	65	0.0
Latvian	30	0.0
Lithuanian	40	0.0
Slavic languages	6,790	0.1
Bulgarian	60	0.0
Czech	40	0.0
Macedonian	75	0.0
Polish	1,765	0.0
Russian	3,295	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	605	0.0
Bosnian	85	0.0
Croatian	135	0.0
Serbian	395	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Slovak	20	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0.0
Ukrainian	910	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Germanic languages	7,320	0.1
Frisian	0	0.0
High German languages	5,945	0.1
German	3,210	0.0
Pennsylvania German	2,555	0.0
Swiss German	135	0.0
Yiddish	50	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,275	0.0
Afrikaans	25	0.0
Dutch	680	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	55	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0.0
Plautdietsch	515	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	90	0.0
Danish	15	0.0
Icelandic	0	0.0
Norwegian	15	0.0
Swedish	50	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Greek	355	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	19,460	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	15,015	0.2
Bengali	440	0.0
Gujarati	850	0.0
Hindi	1,145	0.0
Kacchi	0	0.0
Marathi	15	0.0
Nepali	150	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10,235	0.1
Sindhi	10	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	75	0.0
Urdu	2,080	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Iranian languages	4,435	0.1
Kurdish	125	0.0
Pashto	85	0.0
Persian languages	4,210	0.1
Dari	415	0.0
Iranian Persian	3,415	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	380	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	15,735	0.2
Catalan	0	0.0
Italian	1,005	0.0
Portuguese	5,645	0.1
Romanian	300	0.0
Spanish	8,765	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Japanese	1,075	0.0
Korean	5,460	0.1
Mongolian	0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	170	0.0
Akan (Twi)	30	0.0
Edo	0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0.0
Ga	0	0.0
Ganda	0	0.0
Igbo	15	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0.0
Lingala	0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0.0
Shona	0	0.0
Swahili	60	0.0
Wolof	0	0.0
Yoruba	30	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0.0
Dinka	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Sign languages	845	0.0
American Sign Language	795	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	61,525	0.8
Chinese languages	61,360	0.8
Hakka	45	0.0
Mandarin	37,260	0.5
Min Dong	35	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	150	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	23,610	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	250	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	135	0.0
Burmese	15	0.0
Karenic languages	45	0.0
S'gaw Karen	35	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tibetan	80	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	330	0.0
Lao	50	0.0
Thai	275	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Turkic languages	970	0.0
Azerbaijani	35	0.0
Turkish	905	0.0
Uyghur	30	0.0
Uzbek	0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Uralic languages	350	0.0
Estonian	65	0.0
Finnish	55	0.0
Hungarian	230	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Multiple responses	101,955	1.3
English and French	46,525	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	53,330	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	155	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	880	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,060	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	7,885,710	100.0
None	7,400,850	93.9
English	89,345	1.1
French	199,430	2.5
Non-official language	154,150	2.0
Indigenous³⁹	2,895	0.0
Non-Indigenous	151,255	1.9
English and French	270	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	7,395	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	7,510	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	26,705	0.3
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	6,492,895	100.0
Worked at home	1,929,760	29.7
Worked outside Canada	29,740	0.5
No fixed workplace address	765,180	11.8
Usual place of work	3,768,210	58.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	3,768,210	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	2,212,620	58.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	653,055	17.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	885,485	23.5
Commute to a different province or territory	17,050	0.5
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	4,533,390	100.0
Car, truck or van	3,790,545	83.6
Car, truck or van - as a driver	3,451,650	76.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	338,895	7.5
Public transit	390,140	8.6
Walked	208,380	4.6
Bicycle	37,665	0.8
Other method	106,655	2.4
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	4,533,390	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	1,283,185	28.3
15 to 29 minutes	1,527,580	33.7
30 to 44 minutes	934,230	20.6
45 to 59 minutes	375,215	8.3
60 minutes and over	413,180	9.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	4,533,390	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	351,800	7.8
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	797,475	17.6
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	1,066,580	23.5
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	938,175	20.7
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	632,825	14.0
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	746,530	16.5
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	2,781,415	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	349,875	12.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,431,540	87.4
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	2,047,210	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	268,250	13.1
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	179,995	8.8
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	88,260	4.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,778,960	86.9

Symbol legend

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not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed November 7, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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