Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Toronto, City (C)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts	Rates
	Total	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	2,794,356	...
Population, 2016¹	2,731,571	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	2.3	2.3
Total private dwellings²	1,253,238	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	1,160,892	...
Population density per square kilometre	4,427.8	4,427.8
Land area in square kilometres	631.10	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	2,794,355	100.0
0 to 14 years	384,295	13.8
0 to 4 years	123,550	4.4
5 to 9 years	129,040	4.6
10 to 14 years	131,710	4.7
15 to 64 years	1,933,075	69.2
15 to 19 years	134,810	4.8
20 to 24 years	185,650	6.6
25 to 29 years	243,955	8.7
30 to 34 years	246,785	8.8
35 to 39 years	213,810	7.7
40 to 44 years	185,820	6.6
45 to 49 years	175,875	6.3
50 to 54 years	184,060	6.6
55 to 59 years	191,380	6.8
60 to 64 years	170,935	6.1
65 years and over	476,985	17.1
65 to 69 years	141,550	5.1
70 to 74 years	118,910	4.3
75 to 79 years	81,880	2.9
80 to 84 years	62,790	2.2
85 years and over	71,855	2.6
85 to 89 years	42,430	1.5
90 to 94 years	22,155	0.8
95 to 99 years	6,400	0.2
100 years and over	875	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.8	13.8
15 to 64 years	69.2	69.2
65 years and over	17.1	17.1
85 years and over	2.6	2.6
Average age of the population	41.5	41.5
Median age of the population	39.6	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	1,160,890	100.0
Single-detached house	270,490	23.3
Semi-detached house	71,955	6.2
Row house	62,915	5.4
Apartment or flat in a duplex	47,810	4.1
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	162,245	14.0
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	542,625	46.7
Other single-attached house	2,770	0.2
Movable dwelling⁴	85	0.0
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	1,160,895	100.0
1 person	385,765	33.2
2 persons	353,415	30.4
3 persons	178,225	15.4
4 persons	147,360	12.7
5 or more persons	96,120	8.3
Number of persons in private households	2,761,285	100.0
Average household size	2.4	2.4
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	2,410,060	100.0
Married or living common-law	1,213,410	50.3
Married	1,020,980	42.4
Living common-law	192,430	8.0
Living common law - Never married	155,085	6.4
Living common law - Separated	5,745	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	29,020	1.2
Living common law - Widowed	2,580	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	1,196,645	49.7
Not married and not living common law - Never married	853,580	35.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	67,320	2.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	154,535	6.4
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	121,210	5.0
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	733,225	100.0
2 persons	362,160	49.4
3 persons	174,070	23.7
4 persons	141,635	19.3
5 or more persons	55,360	7.6
Average size of census families	2.9	2.9
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	1.7
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	733,220	100.0
Total couple families	580,590	79.2
Married couples	484,435	66.1
With children⁶	288,375	39.3
Without children	196,060	26.7
Common-law couples	96,155	13.1
With children⁶	24,805	3.4
Without children	71,350	9.7
Total one-parent families	152,635	20.8
in which the parent is a woman+	127,560	17.4
in which the parent is a man+	25,075	3.4
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	2,761,290	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	2,108,975	76.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	1,161,175	42.1
Parents in one-parent families	152,635	5.5
Children⁶	795,165	28.8
In a two-parent family	560,345	20.3
In a one-parent family	234,820	8.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	652,310	23.6
Living alone	385,765	14.0
Living with other relatives⁷	93,005	3.4
Living with non-relatives only	173,540	6.3
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	1,160,895	100.0
One-census-family households without additional persons	608,930	52.5
Couple-family households	493,770	42.5
With children⁶	265,950	22.9
Without children	227,825	19.6
One-parent-family households	115,160	9.9
Multigenerational households⁸	40,515	3.5
Multiple-census-family households⁹	9,920	0.9
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	41,030	3.5
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	74,730	6.4
One-person households	385,765	33.2
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	2,377,950	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,267,990	95.4
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,268,960	95.4
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,971,475	82.9
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	35,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,628,895	68.5
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	38,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,073,950	87.2
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	215,780	9.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	751,475	31.6
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	2,377,950	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,268,720	95.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,050	62,050
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,269,665	95.4
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,080	49,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,972,460	82.9
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,300	60,300
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,628,885	68.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,100	60,100
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,074,670	87.2
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,500	10,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	214,715	9.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,470	6,470
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	751,260	31.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,060	10,060
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	2,377,945	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	764,215	32.1
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	69,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	95,900	95,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	628,025	26.4
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,200	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,080	31,080
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.6	84.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.6	69.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.5	15.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	1.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.9	5.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.4	5.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	2,377,950	100.0
Without total income	109,960	4.6
With total income	2,267,990	95.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	211,890	9.3
$10,000 to $19,999	278,135	12.3
$20,000 to $29,999	383,760	16.9
$30,000 to $39,999	278,910	12.3
$40,000 to $49,999	221,305	9.8
$50,000 to $59,999	177,155	7.8
$60,000 to $69,999	138,600	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	111,165	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	90,210	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	73,405	3.2
$100,000 and over	303,450	13.4
$100,000 to $149,999	174,940	7.7
$150,000 and over	128,510	5.7
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	2,377,950	100.0
Without after-tax income	108,985	4.6
With after-tax income	2,268,965	95.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	219,695	9.7
$10,000 to $19,999	290,385	12.8
$20,000 to $29,999	427,315	18.8
$30,000 to $39,999	317,215	14.0
$40,000 to $49,999	254,390	11.2
$50,000 to $59,999	191,895	8.5
$60,000 to $69,999	144,175	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	107,625	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	85,860	3.8
$90,000 to $99,999	54,710	2.4
$100,000 and over	175,685	7.7
$100,000 to $124,999	72,650	3.2
$125,000 and over	103,035	4.5
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	2,377,950	100.0
Without employment income	749,060	31.5
With employment income	1,628,890	68.5
Under $5,000 (including loss)	233,535	14.3
$5,000 to $9,999	149,810	9.2
$10,000 to $19,999	182,800	11.2
$20,000 to $29,999	134,370	8.2
$30,000 to $39,999	131,130	8.1
$40,000 to $49,999	128,965	7.9
$50,000 to $59,999	117,230	7.2
$60,000 to $69,999	98,370	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	81,720	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	69,910	4.3
$90,000 to $99,999	61,540	3.8
$100,000 and over	239,510	14.7
$100,000 to $124,999	94,895	5.8
$125,000 and over	144,610	8.9
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	2,377,950	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,210,875	93.0
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	36,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,211,340	93.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,937,590	81.5
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	37,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,619,820	68.1
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	39,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,945,410	81.8
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,300	1,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	112,960	4.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,080	6,080
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	2,377,950	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,211,540	93.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,500	59,500
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,211,955	93.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,960	46,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,937,680	81.5
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	61,500	61,500
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,620,165	68.1
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,200	60,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,946,775	81.9
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,335	6,335
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	113,735	4.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,670	7,670
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	2,377,945	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	753,570	31.7
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,000	64,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,200	90,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	585,965	24.6
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	24,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	38,040	38,040
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.6	90.6
Employment income (%)	74.2	74.2
Government transfers (%)	9.4	9.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	1,160,895	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	84,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	74,000	74,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	385,765	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,200	45,200
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400	40,400
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	775,125	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000	107,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,000	94,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	1,160,890	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	121,200	121,200
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	96,000	96,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	385,525	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	63,850	63,850
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,200	51,200
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	775,365	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	149,800	149,800
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,300	118,300
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	1,160,890	100.0
Under $5,000	21,975	1.9
$5,000 to $9,999	10,700	0.9
$10,000 to $14,999	18,325	1.6
$15,000 to $19,999	23,970	2.1
$20,000 to $24,999	52,135	4.5
$25,000 to $29,999	40,010	3.4
$30,000 to $34,999	38,210	3.3
$35,000 to $39,999	39,540	3.4
$40,000 to $44,999	39,320	3.4
$45,000 to $49,999	39,335	3.4
$50,000 to $59,999	78,920	6.8
$60,000 to $69,999	77,155	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	72,540	6.2
$80,000 to $89,999	68,900	5.9
$90,000 to $99,999	62,465	5.4
$100,000 and over	477,390	41.1
$100,000 to $124,999	126,785	10.9
$125,000 to $149,999	90,785	7.8
$150,000 to $199,999	112,045	9.7
$200,000 and over	147,770	12.7
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	1,160,890	100.0
Under $5,000	24,205	2.1
$5,000 to $9,999	10,965	0.9
$10,000 to $14,999	18,670	1.6
$15,000 to $19,999	25,555	2.2
$20,000 to $24,999	55,350	4.8
$25,000 to $29,999	44,335	3.8
$30,000 to $34,999	43,080	3.7
$35,000 to $39,999	45,405	3.9
$40,000 to $44,999	46,380	4.0
$45,000 to $49,999	47,410	4.1
$50,000 to $59,999	94,635	8.2
$60,000 to $69,999	90,850	7.8
$70,000 to $79,999	84,155	7.2
$80,000 to $89,999	76,730	6.6
$90,000 to $99,999	65,450	5.6
$100,000 and over	387,715	33.4
$100,000 to $124,999	125,030	10.8
$125,000 to $149,999	84,425	7.3
$150,000 and over	178,260	15.4
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	723,990	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000	106,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000	94,000
Average family size of economic families	3.0	3.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	238,385	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	100,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	87,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	313,995	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000	133,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000	116,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	4.0
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	138,855	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	71,500
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	66,000
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	2.7
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	559,305	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200	39,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	35,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	723,485	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	151,400	151,400
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,700	118,700
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	238,080	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	142,400	142,400
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,100	110,100
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	314,490	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	189,000	189,000
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,600	145,600
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	138,050	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,200	89,200
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,100	77,100
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	558,720	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	55,950	55,950
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,680	45,680
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	2,761,285	100.0
0 to 17 years	461,810	16.7
0 to 5 years	148,485	5.4
18 to 64 years	1,842,580	66.7
65 years and over	456,895	16.5
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	363,955	...
0 to 17 years	67,725	...
0 to 5 years	22,175	...
18 to 64 years	218,825	...
65 years and over	77,410	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.2	13.2
0 to 17 years (%)	14.7	14.7
0 to 5 years (%)	14.9	14.9
18 to 64 years (%)	11.9	11.9
65 years and over (%)	16.9	16.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	2,761,290	100.0
0 to 17 years	461,805	16.7
0 to 5 years	148,485	5.4
18 to 64 years	1,842,585	66.7
65 years and over	456,895	16.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	241,110	...
0 to 17 years	35,500	...
0 to 5 years	11,610	...
18 to 64 years	179,925	...
65 years and over	25,685	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	8.7	8.7
0 to 17 years (%)	7.7	7.7
0 to 5 years (%)	7.8	7.8
18 to 64 years (%)	9.8	9.8
65 years and over (%)	5.6	5.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	2,761,285	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	1,385,785	50.2
In bottom decile	348,260	12.6
In second decile	287,815	10.4
In third decile	265,075	9.6
In fourth decile	245,925	8.9
In fifth decile	238,700	8.6
In top half of the distribution	1,375,505	49.8
In sixth decile	234,350	8.5
In seventh decile	236,815	8.6
In eighth decile	245,465	8.9
In ninth decile	268,615	9.7
In top decile	390,265	14.1
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	2,761,290	2,761,290
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.437	0.437
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.555	0.555
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.371	0.371
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.7	4.7
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	2,772,630	100.0
English only	2,409,655	86.9
French only	2,555	0.1
English and French	236,915	8.5
Neither English nor French	123,505	4.5
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	2,772,630	100.0
English	2,590,345	93.4
French	38,695	1.4
English and French	22,190	0.8
Neither English nor French	121,390	4.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	2,772,630	100.0
Single responses	2,588,520	93.4
Official languages	1,425,805	51.4
English	1,391,685	50.2
French	34,115	1.2
Non-official languages	1,162,715	41.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	265	0.0
Algonquian languages	225	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	75	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Cree languages	70	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	25	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	30	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	140	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	0.0
Ojibway languages	135	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	20	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	5	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	105	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	5	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	0.0
Cayuga	0	0.0
Mohawk	15	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0
Michif	5	0.0
Salish languages	0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,162,445	41.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	70,715	2.6
Berber languages	115	0.0
Kabyle	75	0.0
Tamazight	30	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Chadic languages	205	0.0
Hausa	190	0.0
Mina	15	0.0
Coptic	40	0.0
Cushitic languages	12,110	0.4
Bilen	130	0.0
Oromo	875	0.0
Somali	11,020	0.4
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	80	0.0
Semitic languages	58,240	2.1
Amharic	7,465	0.3
Arabic	32,985	1.2
Aramaic languages	5,335	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	4,195	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	945	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	195	0.0
Harari	700	0.0
Hebrew	4,210	0.2
Maltese	1,090	0.0
Tigrigna	6,310	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	140	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	28,750	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,230	0.0
Vietnamese	27,445	1.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	75	0.0
Austronesian languages	102,870	3.7
Bikol	330	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,385	0.0
Cebuano	2,750	0.1
Fijian	10	0.0
Hiligaynon	2,140	0.1
Ilocano	9,165	0.3
Indonesian	1,905	0.1
Kankanaey	245	0.0
Kinaray-a	185	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	0.0
Merina	5	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	0.0
Malay	195	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	875	0.0
Pangasinan	450	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	82,185	3.0
Waray-Waray	270	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	755	0.0
Creole languages	2,720	0.1
Haitian Creole	720	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	150	0.0
Krio	100	0.0
Morisyen	565	0.0
Sango	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	765	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	420	0.0
Dravidian languages	67,995	2.5
Kannada	1,185	0.0
Malayalam	7,290	0.3
Tamil	52,905	1.9
Telugu	6,450	0.2
Tulu	115	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	50	0.0
Georgian	1,095	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	0.0
Indo-European languages	571,820	20.6
Albanian	9,195	0.3
Armenian	7,615	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	105,980	3.8
Baltic languages	2,645	0.1
Latvian	1,165	0.0
Lithuanian	1,480	0.1
Slavic languages	103,340	3.7
Belarusian	135	0.0
Bulgarian	3,830	0.1
Czech	2,410	0.1
Macedonian	5,090	0.2
Polish	20,795	0.8
Russian	33,770	1.2
Rusyn	20	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	19,275	0.7
Bosnian	1,295	0.0
Croatian	4,990	0.2
Serbian	12,630	0.5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	365	0.0
Slovak	2,765	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,425	0.1
Ukrainian	13,740	0.5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	65	0.0
Celtic languages	195	0.0
Irish	95	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	35	0.0
Welsh	50	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Germanic languages	17,060	0.6
Frisian	30	0.0
High German languages	12,605	0.5
German	10,700	0.4
Pennsylvania German	10	0.0
Swiss German	305	0.0
Yiddish	1,600	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,005	0.1
Afrikaans	450	0.0
Dutch	2,430	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0.0
Plautdietsch	20	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	100	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,375	0.0
Danish	535	0.0
Icelandic	50	0.0
Norwegian	190	0.0
Swedish	610	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	40	0.0
Greek	23,540	0.8
Indo-Iranian languages	207,390	7.5
Indo-Aryan languages	150,130	5.4
Assamese	115	0.0
Bengali	31,335	1.1
Gujarati	27,090	1.0
Hindi	22,300	0.8
Kacchi	1,575	0.1
Kashmiri	90	0.0
Konkani	745	0.0
Marathi	3,025	0.1
Nepali	3,275	0.1
Oriya languages	495	0.0
Odia	305	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	190	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	21,230	0.8
Rohingya	15	0.0
Sindhi	550	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,260	0.1
Urdu	34,460	1.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	575	0.0
Iranian languages	57,210	2.1
Baluchi	90	0.0
Kurdish	1,865	0.1
Parsi	125	0.0
Pashto	4,390	0.2
Persian languages	50,490	1.8
Dari	10,715	0.4
Iranian Persian	34,575	1.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,200	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	245	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	50	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	200,780	7.2
Catalan	120	0.0
Italian	50,995	1.8
Portuguese	60,360	2.2
Romanian	10,510	0.4
Spanish	78,575	2.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	225	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	65	0.0
Japanese	6,740	0.2
Korean	32,805	1.2
Mongolian	310	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	14,070	0.5
Akan (Twi)	3,640	0.1
Bamanankan	50	0.0
Edo	550	0.0
Éwé	125	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	205	0.0
Ga	165	0.0
Ganda	645	0.0
Gikuyu	150	0.0
Igbo	790	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	325	0.0
Lingala	215	0.0
Luba-Kasai	20	0.0
Mòoré	10	0.0
Mwani	85	0.0
Ndebele	100	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	240	0.0
Shona	370	0.0
Soninke	155	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	100	0.0
Swahili	2,255	0.1
Wojenaka	20	0.0
Wolof	145	0.0
Yoruba	2,495	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,220	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	360	0.0
Dinka	35	0.0
Nuer	10	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	240	0.0
African, n.o.s.	70	0.0
Sign languages	430	0.0
American Sign Language	365	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	70	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	233,845	8.4
Chinese languages	227,685	8.2
Hakka	2,475	0.1
Mandarin	112,620	4.1
Min Dong	485	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,475	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,750	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	103,530	3.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,240	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	110	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	6,080	0.2
Burmese	540	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	5	0.0
Karenic languages	215	0.0
S'gaw Karen	175	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40	0.0
Tibetan	5,155	0.2
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	165	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	80	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,745	0.1
Lao	600	0.0
Thai	1,065	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	75	0.0
Turkic languages	13,515	0.5
Azerbaijani	1,280	0.0
Kazakh	145	0.0
Turkish	11,225	0.4
Uyghur	265	0.0
Uzbek	395	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	205	0.0
Uralic languages	12,495	0.5
Estonian	1,495	0.1
Finnish	1,090	0.0
Hungarian	9,915	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	170	0.0
Multiple responses	184,110	6.6
English and French	12,390	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	149,250	5.4
French and non-official language(s)	3,630	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,875	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	14,965	0.5
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	2,772,630	100.0
English	1,485,800	53.6
French	9,195	0.3
Non-official language	369,860	13.3
Indigenous³⁹	40	0.0
Non-Indigenous	369,820	13.3
English and French	33,080	1.2
English and non-official language(s)	809,180	29.2
French and non-official language(s)	2,020	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	27,745	1.0
Multiple non-official languages	35,750	1.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	2,772,630	100.0
Single responses	2,569,065	92.7
Official languages	1,855,810	66.9
English	1,839,730	66.4
French	16,070	0.6
Non-official languages	713,255	25.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	80	0.0
Algonquian languages	70	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Cree languages	25	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	40	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	0.0
Ojibway languages	40	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	0.0
Cayuga	0	0.0
Mohawk	5	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0
Michif	0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	713,175	25.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	39,890	1.4
Berber languages	45	0.0
Kabyle	25	0.0
Tamazight	10	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Chadic languages	125	0.0
Hausa	115	0.0
Mina	10	0.0
Coptic	20	0.0
Cushitic languages	7,140	0.3
Bilen	95	0.0
Oromo	495	0.0
Somali	6,515	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	30	0.0
Semitic languages	32,565	1.2
Amharic	3,940	0.1
Arabic	18,060	0.7
Aramaic languages	4,345	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	3,485	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	730	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	130	0.0
Harari	385	0.0
Hebrew	1,630	0.1
Maltese	275	0.0
Tigrigna	3,870	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	60	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	19,895	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	730	0.0
Vietnamese	19,130	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	35	0.0
Austronesian languages	62,525	2.3
Bikol	145	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	735	0.0
Cebuano	1,575	0.1
Fijian	5	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,235	0.0
Ilocano	5,385	0.2
Indonesian	685	0.0
Kankanaey	130	0.0
Kinaray-a	85	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0.0
Merina	0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Malay	60	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	455	0.0
Pangasinan	160	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	51,355	1.9
Waray-Waray	120	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	395	0.0
Creole languages	1,485	0.1
Haitian Creole	400	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	80	0.0
Krio	50	0.0
Morisyen	430	0.0
Sango	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	350	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	175	0.0
Dravidian languages	49,945	1.8
Kannada	520	0.0
Malayalam	4,505	0.2
Tamil	40,825	1.5
Telugu	4,055	0.1
Tulu	25	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0
Georgian	765	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0.0
Indo-European languages	319,375	11.5
Albanian	4,390	0.2
Armenian	5,090	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	53,790	1.9
Baltic languages	705	0.0
Latvian	285	0.0
Lithuanian	425	0.0
Slavic languages	53,085	1.9
Belarusian	40	0.0
Bulgarian	1,940	0.1
Czech	805	0.0
Macedonian	2,275	0.1
Polish	8,710	0.3
Russian	21,060	0.8
Rusyn	5	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	9,715	0.4
Bosnian	595	0.0
Croatian	1,815	0.1
Serbian	7,150	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	150	0.0
Slovak	1,475	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	335	0.0
Ukrainian	6,720	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Celtic languages	25	0.0
Irish	15	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0.0
Welsh	5	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,160	0.1
Frisian	0	0.0
High German languages	1,530	0.1
German	1,290	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0
Swiss German	60	0.0
Yiddish	185	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	430	0.0
Afrikaans	125	0.0
Dutch	290	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0.0
Scandinavian languages	195	0.0
Danish	55	0.0
Icelandic	0	0.0
Norwegian	30	0.0
Swedish	110	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Greek	11,130	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	134,850	4.9
Indo-Aryan languages	96,005	3.5
Assamese	50	0.0
Bengali	20,505	0.7
Gujarati	18,045	0.7
Hindi	12,995	0.5
Kacchi	770	0.0
Kashmiri	35	0.0
Konkani	190	0.0
Marathi	1,470	0.1
Nepali	2,235	0.1
Oriya languages	270	0.0
Odia	170	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	95	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	14,450	0.5
Rohingya	10	0.0
Sindhi	240	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,750	0.1
Urdu	22,650	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	340	0.0
Iranian languages	38,835	1.4
Baluchi	75	0.0
Kurdish	1,045	0.0
Parsi	60	0.0
Pashto	3,230	0.1
Persian languages	34,250	1.2
Dari	7,145	0.3
Iranian Persian	23,600	0.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	3,500	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	170	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	107,915	3.9
Catalan	50	0.0
Italian	21,040	0.8
Portuguese	35,625	1.3
Romanian	4,755	0.2
Spanish	46,355	1.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	100	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0
Japanese	3,105	0.1
Korean	23,115	0.8
Mongolian	185	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	5,745	0.2
Akan (Twi)	1,925	0.1
Bamanankan	30	0.0
Edo	135	0.0
Éwé	35	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	95	0.0
Ga	65	0.0
Ganda	200	0.0
Gikuyu	35	0.0
Igbo	215	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	130	0.0
Lingala	95	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0.0
Mòoré	0	0.0
Mwani	30	0.0
Ndebele	40	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	130	0.0
Shona	95	0.0
Soninke	85	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	35	0.0
Swahili	1,005	0.0
Wojenaka	5	0.0
Wolof	50	0.0
Yoruba	935	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	355	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	125	0.0
Dinka	10	0.0
Nuer	10	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	80	0.0
African, n.o.s.	25	0.0
Sign languages	860	0.0
American Sign Language	635	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	225	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	172,010	6.2
Chinese languages	167,280	6.0
Hakka	1,075	0.0
Mandarin	86,150	3.1
Min Dong	330	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,270	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,130	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	74,845	2.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,430	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	45	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	4,700	0.2
Burmese	330	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	5	0.0
Karenic languages	145	0.0
S'gaw Karen	110	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	30	0.0
Tibetan	4,120	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	100	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	30	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	770	0.0
Lao	275	0.0
Thai	450	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	45	0.0
Turkic languages	8,360	0.3
Azerbaijani	690	0.0
Kazakh	10	0.0
Turkish	7,155	0.3
Uyghur	185	0.0
Uzbek	225	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	90	0.0
Uralic languages	4,940	0.2
Estonian	325	0.0
Finnish	155	0.0
Hungarian	4,460	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	75	0.0
Multiple responses	203,565	7.3
English and French	7,520	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	188,260	6.8
French and non-official language(s)	1,050	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,630	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	4,100	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	2,772,630	100.0
None	2,031,410	73.3
English	269,945	9.7
French	26,595	1.0
Non-official language	341,655	12.3
Indigenous³⁹	325	0.0
Non-Indigenous	341,325	12.3
English and French	3,695	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	43,120	1.6
French and non-official language(s)	13,575	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	895	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	41,745	1.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	2,761,290	100.0
Official languages	2,637,775	95.5
English	2,635,255	95.4
French	238,505	8.6
Non-official languages	1,536,605	55.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	870	0.0
Algonquian languages	715	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	190	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Cree languages	185	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	10	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	50	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	25	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	75	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	55	0.0
Mi'kmaq	55	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	500	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	15	0.0
Ojibway languages	480	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	95	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	10	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	385	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	25	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0
Tlingit	10	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	40	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0
Inuktitut	40	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	50	0.0
Cayuga	0	0.0
Mohawk	45	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0
Michif	10	0.0
Salish languages	10	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,535,860	55.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	119,095	4.3
Berber languages	305	0.0
Kabyle	180	0.0
Tamazight	115	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	45	0.0
Chadic languages	610	0.0
Hausa	560	0.0
Mina	40	0.0
Coptic	215	0.0
Cushitic languages	19,090	0.7
Bilen	175	0.0
Oromo	1,725	0.1
Somali	17,155	0.6
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	225	0.0
Semitic languages	101,800	3.7
Amharic	13,295	0.5
Arabic	59,680	2.2
Aramaic languages	7,625	0.3
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	6,015	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,380	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	350	0.0
Harari	1,090	0.0
Hebrew	19,995	0.7
Maltese	1,620	0.1
Tigrigna	9,440	0.3
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	285	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40,125	1.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,830	0.1
Vietnamese	38,420	1.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	135	0.0
Austronesian languages	143,975	5.2
Bikol	730	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,845	0.1
Cebuano	4,725	0.2
Fijian	90	0.0
Hiligaynon	3,700	0.1
Ilocano	16,205	0.6
Indonesian	2,890	0.1
Kankanaey	380	0.0
Kinaray-a	175	0.0
Malagasy languages	35	0.0
Merina	10	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	0.0
Malay	1,720	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,620	0.1
Pangasinan	860	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	135,600	4.9
Waray-Waray	920	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	3,135	0.1
Creole languages	9,055	0.3
Haitian Creole	1,995	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	1,175	0.0
Krio	220	0.0
Morisyen	1,540	0.1
Sango	10	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	3,305	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,235	0.0
Dravidian languages	98,850	3.6
Kannada	3,625	0.1
Malayalam	11,165	0.4
Tamil	77,785	2.8
Telugu	11,850	0.4
Tulu	320	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	240	0.0
Georgian	1,355	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	0.0
Indo-European languages	801,510	29.0
Albanian	11,050	0.4
Armenian	9,595	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	132,695	4.8
Baltic languages	3,550	0.1
Latvian	1,655	0.1
Lithuanian	1,905	0.1
Slavic languages	129,955	4.7
Belarusian	485	0.0
Bulgarian	4,900	0.2
Czech	3,625	0.1
Macedonian	7,660	0.3
Polish	27,850	1.0
Russian	52,840	1.9
Rusyn	30	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	25,500	0.9
Bosnian	3,320	0.1
Croatian	9,415	0.3
Serbian	18,040	0.7
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	715	0.0
Slovak	3,675	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,900	0.1
Ukrainian	21,345	0.8
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	85	0.0
Celtic languages	1,350	0.0
Irish	990	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	140	0.0
Welsh	135	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	95	0.0
Germanic languages	39,895	1.4
Frisian	55	0.0
High German languages	31,620	1.1
German	27,540	1.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0
Swiss German	575	0.0
Yiddish	3,915	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	6,385	0.2
Afrikaans	2,095	0.1
Dutch	4,115	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	20	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0.0
Plautdietsch	50	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	205	0.0
Scandinavian languages	2,975	0.1
Danish	1,020	0.0
Icelandic	95	0.0
Norwegian	535	0.0
Swedish	1,530	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	95	0.0
Greek	36,620	1.3
Indo-Iranian languages	302,620	11.0
Indo-Aryan languages	236,745	8.6
Assamese	230	0.0
Bengali	41,750	1.5
Gujarati	42,425	1.5
Hindi	107,170	3.9
Kacchi	3,300	0.1
Kashmiri	280	0.0
Konkani	2,005	0.1
Marathi	8,290	0.3
Nepali	5,580	0.2
Oriya languages	1,010	0.0
Odia	605	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	410	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	41,430	1.5
Rohingya	40	0.0
Sindhi	1,355	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,370	0.3
Urdu	65,035	2.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,665	0.1
Iranian languages	70,200	2.5
Baluchi	160	0.0
Kurdish	3,275	0.1
Parsi	230	0.0
Pashto	7,095	0.3
Persian languages	62,515	2.3
Dari	14,995	0.5
Iranian Persian	42,785	1.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,490	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	450	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	420	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	296,705	10.7
Catalan	335	0.0
Italian	84,335	3.1
Portuguese	80,170	2.9
Romanian	12,920	0.5
Spanish	138,770	5.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	725	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	250	0.0
Japanese	14,220	0.5
Korean	38,895	1.4
Mongolian	415	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	32,875	1.2
Akan (Twi)	6,410	0.2
Bamanankan	240	0.0
Edo	1,305	0.0
Éwé	345	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	305	0.0
Ga	520	0.0
Ganda	1,490	0.1
Gikuyu	365	0.0
Igbo	2,020	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	655	0.0
Lingala	1,665	0.1
Luba-Kasai	175	0.0
Mòoré	40	0.0
Mwani	150	0.0
Ndebele	210	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	540	0.0
Shona	715	0.0
Soninke	245	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	270	0.0
Swahili	7,620	0.3
Wojenaka	75	0.0
Wolof	485	0.0
Yoruba	7,235	0.3
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	3,620	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	555	0.0
Dinka	55	0.0
Nuer	10	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	490	0.0
African, n.o.s.	305	0.0
Sign languages	2,860	0.1
American Sign Language	2,575	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	20	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	370	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	275,670	10.0
Chinese languages	267,745	9.7
Hakka	3,630	0.1
Mandarin	162,950	5.9
Min Dong	645	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	7,830	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,730	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	134,810	4.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,245	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	200	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	8,080	0.3
Burmese	875	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	55	0.0
Karenic languages	225	0.0
S'gaw Karen	155	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	70	0.0
Tibetan	6,655	0.2
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	445	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	220	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	2,865	0.1
Lao	1,045	0.0
Thai	1,840	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	170	0.0
Turkic languages	20,920	0.8
Azerbaijani	2,425	0.1
Kazakh	325	0.0
Turkish	18,110	0.7
Uyghur	240	0.0
Uzbek	790	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	370	0.0
Uralic languages	14,670	0.5
Estonian	1,680	0.1
Finnish	1,405	0.1
Hungarian	11,650	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	575	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,761,285	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	22,925	0.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	21,475	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	13,800	0.5
Métis	7,440	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	240	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	645	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	800	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	2,738,365	99.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,761,285	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	7,730	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	2,753,555	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	1,160,890	100.0
Owner	602,925	51.9
Renter	557,970	48.1
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	0.0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	1,160,890	100.0
Condominium	353,215	30.4
Not condominium	807,670	69.6
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	1,160,890	100.0
No bedrooms	28,765	2.5
1 bedroom	330,340	28.5
2 bedrooms	334,320	28.8
3 bedrooms	268,505	23.1
4 or more bedrooms	198,960	17.1
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	1,160,890	100.0
1 to 4 rooms	617,005	53.1
5 rooms	152,950	13.2
6 rooms	113,715	9.8
7 rooms	90,775	7.8
8 or more rooms	186,440	16.1
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.9	4.9
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	1,160,890	100.0
One person or fewer per room	1,093,085	94.2
More than one person per room	67,805	5.8
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	1,160,890	100.0
Suitable	1,016,350	87.5
Not suitable	144,545	12.5
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	1,160,890	100.0
1960 or before	340,185	29.3
1961 to 1980	333,990	28.8
1981 to 1990	109,780	9.5
1991 to 2000	92,985	8.0
2001 to 2005	58,975	5.1
2006 to 2010	63,995	5.5
2011 to 2015	75,980	6.5
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	85,005	7.3
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	1,160,890	100.0
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	1,086,415	93.6
Major repairs needed	74,480	6.4
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	1,160,890	100.0
One-maintainer household	634,725	54.7
Two-maintainer household	447,155	38.5
Three-or-more-maintainer household	79,010	6.8
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	1,160,890	100.0
15 to 24 years	34,350	3.0
25 to 34 years	202,225	17.4
35 to 44 years	210,570	18.1
45 to 54 years	204,790	17.6
55 to 64 years	215,740	18.6
65 to 74 years	158,850	13.7
75 to 84 years	90,900	7.8
85 years and over	43,455	3.7
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	1,151,795	100.0
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	777,835	67.5
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	373,965	32.5
30% to less than 100%	321,675	27.9
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	1,160,895	100.0
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	522,150	45.0
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	315,735	27.2
Not suitable only	98,270	8.5
Major repairs needed only	39,905	3.4
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	33,670	2.9
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	21,965	1.9
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	10,015	0.9
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	2,595	0.2
Acceptable housing	638,740	55.0
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	1,099,505	100.0
In core need	215,225	19.6
Not in core need	884,285	80.4
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	602,915	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.6	56.6
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.6	25.6
% in core housing need⁶³	10.8	10.8
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,740	1,740
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,038	2,038
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000	900,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,131,000	1,131,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	557,975	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	14.2	14.2
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.0	40.0
% in core housing need⁶³	29.3	29.3
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500	1,500
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,562	1,562
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	2,761,285	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	6,060	0.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	5,870	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	4,835	0.2
Métis single ancestry	975	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	60	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	190	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	170	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	15	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	24,150	0.9
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	23,505	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	17,670	0.6
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,665	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	170	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	645	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	605	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	2,731,070	98.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	2,761,285	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	2,284,055	82.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	413,995	15.0
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,870,055	67.7
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	477,230	17.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	2,761,285	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,329,905	48.2
Immigrants⁸¹	1,286,140	46.6
Before 1980	222,935	8.1
1980 to 1990	156,460	5.7
1991 to 2000	273,985	9.9
2001 to 2010	290,400	10.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	342,360	12.4
2011 to 2015	144,320	5.2
2016 to 2021	198,040	7.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	145,240	5.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,286,140	100.0
Under 5 years	91,030	7.1
5 to 14 years	203,840	15.8
15 to 24 years	247,955	19.3
25 to 44 years	605,575	47.1
45 years and over	137,730	10.7
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,286,140	100.0
Americas	210,980	16.4
Brazil	10,175	0.8
Colombia	8,695	0.7
El Salvador	6,495	0.5
Guyana	31,025	2.4
Haiti	1,660	0.1
Jamaica	42,650	3.3
Mexico	9,340	0.7
Peru	4,105	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	18,280	1.4
United States of America	25,220	2.0
Other places of birth in Americas	53,330	4.1
Europe	266,210	20.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,910	0.4
Croatia	4,200	0.3
France	5,820	0.5
Germany	8,915	0.7
Greece	16,510	1.3
Hungary	6,135	0.5
Italy	37,700	2.9
Netherlands	2,130	0.2
Poland	18,245	1.4
Portugal	34,360	2.7
Romania	11,200	0.9
Russian Federation	15,820	1.2
Serbia⁸⁶	7,740	0.6
Ukraine	15,845	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	35,585	2.8
Other places of birth in Europe	41,100	3.2
Africa	88,020	6.8
Algeria	940	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	2,130	0.2
Egypt	6,420	0.5
Eritrea	6,485	0.5
Ethiopia	10,900	0.8
Morocco	2,385	0.2
Nigeria	10,015	0.8
Somalia	10,190	0.8
South Africa, Republic of	6,000	0.5
Other places of birth in Africa	32,555	2.5
Asia	716,885	55.7
Afghanistan	12,920	1.0
Iran⁸⁸	37,190	2.9
Iraq	11,350	0.9
Lebanon	6,490	0.5
Syria⁸⁹	8,240	0.6
Turkey	8,500	0.7
China⁹⁰	129,755	10.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	36,850	2.9
Korea, South⁹²	27,505	2.1
Taiwan	7,985	0.6
Philippines	132,980	10.3
Viet Nam	31,675	2.5
Bangladesh	27,135	2.1
India	102,155	7.9
Pakistan	34,140	2.7
Sri Lanka	47,895	3.7
Other places of birth in Asia	54,130	4.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	4,045	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	198,040	100.0
Americas	25,025	12.6
Brazil	4,200	2.1
Colombia	1,195	0.6
Haiti	275	0.1
Jamaica	3,145	1.6
Mexico	2,330	1.2
United States of America	5,125	2.6
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,535	0.8
Other places of birth in Americas	7,215	3.6
Europe	20,690	10.4
France	1,940	1.0
Germany	650	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	1,365	0.7
Italy	835	0.4
Russian Federation	2,240	1.1
Ukraine	2,490	1.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,615	1.3
Other places of birth in Europe	8,550	4.3
Africa	18,720	9.5
Algeria	210	0.1
Burundi	125	0.1
Cameroon	500	0.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	360	0.2
Côte d'Ivoire	235	0.1
Egypt	995	0.5
Eritrea	2,775	1.4
Ethiopia	1,955	1.0
Morocco	520	0.3
Nigeria	4,535	2.3
Somalia	1,575	0.8
South Africa, Republic of	675	0.3
Sudan⁹⁷	480	0.2
Tunisia	120	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	3,650	1.8
Asia	132,735	67.0
Afghanistan	3,180	1.6
Bangladesh	4,760	2.4
China⁹⁰	18,525	9.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	655	0.3
India	40,200	20.3
Iran⁸⁸	5,225	2.6
Iraq	2,265	1.1
Israel	640	0.3
Japan	860	0.4
Jordan	385	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	3,120	1.6
Lebanon	960	0.5
Nepal	1,235	0.6
Pakistan	5,740	2.9
Philippines	24,905	12.6
Saudi Arabia	1,870	0.9
Sri Lanka	2,710	1.4
Syria⁸⁹	4,680	2.4
Turkey	2,670	1.3
United Arab Emirates	940	0.5
Viet Nam	2,395	1.2
Other places of birth in Asia	4,810	2.4
Oceania and other⁹³	875	0.4
Australia	720	0.4
Other places of birth⁹⁸	160	0.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	2,761,285	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,462,090	52.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	741,035	26.8
Third generation or more¹⁰²	558,160	20.2
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	1,063,205	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	532,155	50.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	240,950	22.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	291,205	27.4
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	323,950	30.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	186,825	17.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	20,280	1.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	1,063,205	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	102,210	9.6
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	111,095	10.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	24,490	2.3
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	65,870	6.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	5,180	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	754,355	71.0
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	2,761,285	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,537,285	55.7
South Asian	385,440	14.0
Chinese	296,225	10.7
Black	265,005	9.6
Filipino	170,355	6.2
Arab	42,040	1.5
Latin American	92,455	3.3
Southeast Asian	53,905	2.0
West Asian	69,320	2.5
Korean	42,190	1.5
Japanese	13,210	0.5
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	42,435	1.5
Multiple visible minorities	64,700	2.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,224,000	44.3
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	2,761,290	100.0
Canadian	165,640	6.0
English	244,995	8.9
Irish	226,865	8.2
Scottish	211,175	7.6
French, n.o.s.¹²²	85,715	3.1
German	107,475	3.9
Chinese	297,725	10.8
Italian	167,460	6.1
Indian (India)	182,115	6.6
Ukrainian	61,560	2.2
Dutch	34,360	1.2
Polish	85,255	3.1
Québécois	2,620	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	66,395	2.4
Filipino	161,495	5.8
French Canadian	15,450	0.6
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	32,230	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	9,350	0.3
Métis	7,420	0.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	35,895	1.3
Russian	56,130	2.0
Norwegian	8,670	0.3
Welsh	23,795	0.9
Portuguese	85,165	3.1
American	21,905	0.8
Spanish	44,625	1.6
Swedish	9,415	0.3
Hungarian	25,910	0.9
Acadian	3,935	0.1
Pakistani	41,705	1.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	50,400	1.8
Jewish	74,080	2.7
Punjabi	11,980	0.4
Vietnamese	42,190	1.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	18,385	0.7
Greek	51,985	1.9
Jamaican	62,015	2.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	39,880	1.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,380	0.0
Korean	42,195	1.5
Romanian	20,010	0.7
Lebanese	11,530	0.4
Iranian	37,895	1.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	15,030	0.5
Danish	7,120	0.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	3,925	0.1
Sikh	4,850	0.2
Austrian	11,700	0.4
Belgian	4,575	0.2
Haitian	2,820	0.1
Hindu	26,510	1.0
Mexican	15,440	0.6
Mennonite	1,740	0.1
Swiss	6,710	0.2
Finnish	7,710	0.3
Sri Lankan	43,495	1.6
Croatian	12,420	0.4
Japanese	17,115	0.6
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	25,660	0.9
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	2,195	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	4,345	0.2
Muslim	15,950	0.6
Egyptian	9,725	0.4
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	17,735	0.6
Tamil	35,070	1.3
Icelandic	2,560	0.1
Colombian	10,340	0.4
Moroccan	3,905	0.1
Czech	7,745	0.3
Syrian	6,785	0.2
Guyanese	27,780	1.0
Afghan	18,760	0.7
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	22,590	0.8
Serbian	17,775	0.6
Ojibway	2,405	0.1
Newfoundlander	3,370	0.1
Hong Konger	12,835	0.5
Ontarian	4,725	0.2
Persian	15,215	0.6
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	17,350	0.6
Turkish	15,770	0.6
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	285	0.0
Bangladeshi	26,650	1.0
Algerian	1,290	0.0
Brazilian	14,860	0.5
Nigerian	10,870	0.4
Armenian	11,885	0.4
Slovak	7,065	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	11,345	0.4
Somali	19,810	0.7
Taiwanese	7,955	0.3
Iraqi	7,490	0.3
Salvadorean	7,195	0.3
African Caribbean	15,300	0.6
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	13,395	0.5
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	7,875	0.3
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	14,565	0.5
Algonquin	625	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	14,825	0.5
Lithuanian	8,190	0.3
South African	5,505	0.2
Australian	3,480	0.1
Palestinian	4,020	0.1
Chilean	5,165	0.2
Congolese	2,705	0.1
Nova Scotian	1,170	0.0
Ethiopian	11,065	0.4
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	7,945	0.3
Peruvian	5,235	0.2
Yoruba	5,395	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,800	0.1
Berber	505	0.0
Albanian	12,250	0.4
Maltese	6,400	0.2
Macedonian	11,600	0.4
Slovenian	4,805	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,575	0.1
New Brunswicker	525	0.0
Gujarati	6,650	0.2
Eritrean	8,355	0.3
African Canadian	6,015	0.2
Israeli	7,415	0.3
Mohawk	1,275	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,750	0.1
Bulgarian	5,830	0.2
Albertan	165	0.0
Ghanaian	7,550	0.3
Barbadian	6,340	0.2
African American	4,410	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	2,855	0.1
Tunisian	485	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	4,710	0.2
Cuban	4,760	0.2
Bosnian	3,255	0.1
Venezuelan	4,130	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	50	0.0
Latvian	4,915	0.2
Bengali	9,230	0.3
Cameroonian	1,020	0.0
Guatemalan	2,980	0.1
Indonesian	3,330	0.1
Laotian	1,670	0.1
Ilocano	6,220	0.2
Northern Irish	2,625	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	2,180	0.1
British Columbian	165	0.0
Ecuadorian	8,450	0.3
Franco Ontarian	795	0.0
Argentinian	4,015	0.1
Estonian	3,840	0.1
Kurdish	3,825	0.1
Fijian	545	0.0
Jatt	660	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	1,050	0.0
Coptic	1,645	0.1
Thai	2,220	0.1
Dominican	3,140	0.1
Nepali	3,310	0.1
Kabyle	60	0.0
Assyrian	4,055	0.1
Igbo	2,025	0.1
Byelorussian	2,725	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	55	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	265	0.0
Abenaki	45	0.0
Moldovan	1,170	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	300	0.0
New Zealander	1,235	0.0
Sudanese	2,195	0.1
Breton	140	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	750	0.0
Malaysian	2,720	0.1
Plains Cree	70	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,080	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	150	0.0
Saskatchewanian	170	0.0
Buddhist	2,880	0.1
Gaspesian	50	0.0
Norman	330	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	3,390	0.1
Ivorian	495	0.0
Saulteaux	130	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	560	0.0
Burundian	435	0.0
Tigrinya	2,450	0.1
Nicaraguan	2,135	0.1
Mauritian	1,430	0.1
Kenyan	2,195	0.1
Oji-Cree	75	0.0
Vincentian	4,130	0.1
Jordanian	1,365	0.0
Manitoban	170	0.0
Cape Bretoner	285	0.0
Rwandan	630	0.0
Grenadian	5,060	0.2
Malayali	1,850	0.1
Chaldean	1,270	0.0
Sinhalese	2,320	0.1
Mayan	1,250	0.0
Honduran	1,040	0.0
Cherokee	305	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	90	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	2,975	0.1
Flemish	470	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	800	0.0
Senegalese	300	0.0
Azerbaijani	2,375	0.1
Sicilian	1,005	0.0
Pashtun	1,755	0.1
Malay	1,715	0.1
Goan	2,105	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	940	0.0
Tibetan	6,335	0.2
Zimbabwean	745	0.0
Burmese	1,220	0.0
Mongolian	1,255	0.0
Azorean	1,470	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Bamileke	315	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	2,765	0.1
Ugandan	2,190	0.1
Oromo	1,785	0.1
Tanzanian	1,810	0.1
Yemeni	1,635	0.1
Central African	155	0.0
Libyan	575	0.0
Basque	355	0.0
Uruguayan	1,475	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	1,125	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	1,390	0.1
Igorot	1,125	0.0
Fulani	400	0.0
Woodland Cree	15	0.0
Guinean	290	0.0
St. Lucian	2,450	0.1
Prince Edward Islander	315	0.0
Maliseet	35	0.0
Beninese	470	0.0
Telugu	1,440	0.1
Roma	1,500	0.1
Costa Rican	890	0.0
African Nova Scotian	570	0.0
Malagasy	135	0.0
Kashmiri	890	0.0
Singaporean	860	0.0
Karen	265	0.0
Edo	1,250	0.0
Tajik	1,545	0.1
Amhara	1,985	0.1
Paraguayan	205	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	2,761,285	100.0
Buddhist	62,475	2.3
Christian	1,274,450	46.2
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	230,275	8.3
Anabaptist	1,415	0.1
Anglican	66,495	2.4
Baptist	22,180	0.8
Catholic	669,320	24.2
Christian Orthodox	110,665	4.0
Jehovah's Witness	8,550	0.3
Latter Day Saints	1,855	0.1
Lutheran	10,485	0.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	5,080	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	32,900	1.2
Presbyterian	24,760	0.9
Reformed	1,175	0.0
United Church	43,465	1.6
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	45,840	1.7
Hindu	171,980	6.2
Jewish	99,390	3.6
Muslim	264,155	9.6
Sikh	21,545	0.8
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	935	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	20,730	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	845,615	30.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	2,736,910	100.0
Non-movers	2,382,090	87.0
Movers	354,820	13.0
Non-migrants	261,975	9.6
Migrants	92,845	3.4
Internal migrants	52,170	1.9
Intraprovincial migrants	42,095	1.5
Interprovincial migrants	10,070	0.4
External migrants	40,675	1.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	2,637,900	100.0
Non-movers	1,664,210	63.1
Movers	973,695	36.9
Non-migrants	530,780	20.1
Migrants	442,910	16.8
Internal migrants	200,725	7.6
Intraprovincial migrants	157,040	6.0
Interprovincial migrants	43,685	1.7
External migrants	242,185	9.2
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,377,945	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	364,050	15.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	2,013,895	84.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,602,620	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	151,430	9.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,451,180	90.6
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,377,950	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	339,500	14.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	555,590	23.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,482,860	62.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	506,235	21.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	80,935	3.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	46,255	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	34,680	1.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	356,760	15.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	68,545	2.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	976,620	41.1
Bachelor's degree	615,160	25.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	62,665	2.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	24,940	1.0
Master's degree	238,415	10.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	35,445	1.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,602,615	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	137,130	8.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	304,135	19.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,161,345	72.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	370,020	23.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	53,060	3.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	30,330	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	22,730	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	268,055	16.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	48,905	3.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	791,330	49.4
Bachelor's degree	491,215	30.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	49,305	3.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	19,385	1.2
Master's degree	204,360	12.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	27,070	1.7
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,377,945	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	895,085	37.6
Education	67,760	2.8
13. Education	67,760	2.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	87,485	3.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	7,235	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	80,250	3.4
Humanities	100,310	4.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	12,225	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	29,600	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	25,940	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	2,610	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	8,140	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,915	0.2
54. History	13,460	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	3,420	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	235,830	9.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,165	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	33,725	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	26,820	1.1
22. Legal professions and studies	41,920	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	5,720	0.2
42. Psychology	31,470	1.3
45. Social sciences	92,005	3.9
Business, management and public administration	361,525	15.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	550	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	24,100	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	336,875	14.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	72,985	3.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	34,380	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	15,710	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	2,105	0.1
40. Physical sciences	18,470	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	2,325	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	94,200	4.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	70,775	3.0
25. Library science	3,770	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	16,295	0.7
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	3,355	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	223,100	9.4
04. Architecture and related services	20,870	0.9
14. Engineering	108,445	4.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	38,525	1.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	0.0
46. Construction trades	23,760	1.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	21,430	0.9
48. Precision production	10,040	0.4
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	17,550	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	10,125	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	7,430	0.3
Health and related fields	171,920	7.2
30.37 Design for human health	20	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	13,175	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	150,945	6.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	435	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	7,340	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	49,840	2.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	32,100	1.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	210	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	255	0.0
43. Security and protective services	10,390	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,885	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	355	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,602,615	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	441,270	27.5
Education	46,545	2.9
13. Education	46,545	2.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	70,870	4.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	5,650	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	65,220	4.1
Humanities	74,315	4.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	8,900	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	22,195	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	19,740	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,840	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	6,305	0.4
39. Theology and religious vocations	3,215	0.2
54. History	9,965	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,165	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	189,885	11.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,445	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	28,960	1.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	20,265	1.3
22. Legal professions and studies	34,535	2.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	4,755	0.3
42. Psychology	24,385	1.5
45. Social sciences	73,530	4.6
Business, management and public administration	293,645	18.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	435	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	19,060	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	274,155	17.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	53,685	3.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	26,230	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	11,360	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,585	0.1
40. Physical sciences	12,950	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,565	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	79,160	4.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	61,940	3.9
25. Library science	2,225	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	12,265	0.8
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	2,730	0.2
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	168,335	10.5
04. Architecture and related services	16,260	1.0
14. Engineering	86,455	5.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	28,170	1.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	0.0
46. Construction trades	16,935	1.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	14,425	0.9
48. Precision production	6,060	0.4
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	13,890	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	7,600	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	6,285	0.4
Health and related fields	132,700	8.3
30.37 Design for human health	20	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	10,095	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	116,830	7.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	375	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	5,385	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	38,050	2.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	24,395	1.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	150	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	125	0.0
43. Security and protective services	8,240	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	5,140	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	260	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	1,602,615	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	441,270	27.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	1,161,345	72.5
Location of study inside Canada	776,130	48.4
Same as province or territory of residence	707,130	44.1
Different than province or territory of residence	69,005	4.3
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	385,220	24.0
Americas	72,910	4.5
United States of America	39,810	2.5
Mexico	5,370	0.3
Cuba	1,325	0.1
Haiti	145	0.0
Jamaica	2,585	0.2
Brazil	8,995	0.6
Colombia	3,340	0.2
Peru	970	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	2,055	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	8,310	0.5
Europe	74,860	4.7
Belgium	530	0.0
France	5,560	0.3
Germany	2,035	0.1
Netherlands	990	0.1
Switzerland	810	0.1
Hungary	1,035	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	525	0.0
Poland	3,140	0.2
Romania	4,040	0.3
Russian Federation	6,665	0.4
Ukraine	6,705	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	3,470	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	22,330	1.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	950	0.1
Italy	1,695	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	2,530	0.2
Other locations of study in Europe	11,840	0.7
Africa	16,935	1.1
Nigeria	4,375	0.3
Algeria	355	0.0
Morocco	620	0.0
Tunisia	165	0.0
Egypt	2,370	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	1,630	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	7,420	0.5
Asia	214,675	13.4
Iran⁸⁸	12,745	0.8
Iraq	1,590	0.1
Israel	1,820	0.1
Lebanon	1,600	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	1,330	0.1
Turkey	3,375	0.2
China⁹⁰	28,050	1.8
Taiwan	1,445	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,390	0.1
Japan	3,195	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	8,180	0.5
Philippines	54,175	3.4
Viet Nam	1,950	0.1
Bangladesh	10,280	0.6
Sri Lanka	4,275	0.3
India	57,290	3.6
Pakistan	10,330	0.6
Other locations of study in Asia	10,655	0.7
Oceania	5,840	0.4
Australia	5,000	0.3
New Zealand	795	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	45	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	2,377,950	...
In the labour force	1,518,420	...
Employed	1,308,110	...
Unemployed	210,305	...
Not in the labour force	859,530	...
Participation rate	63.9	63.9
Employment rate	55.0	55.0
Unemployment rate	13.9	13.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	2,377,945	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	905,995	38.1
Worked	1,471,950	61.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	791,335	33.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	680,620	28.6
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.2	40.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	1,518,420	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835	3.6
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	1,463,580	96.4
Employee	1,223,655	80.6
Permanent position	1,020,130	67.2
Temporary position	203,525	13.4
Fixed term (1 year or more)	82,620	5.4
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	120,905	8.0
Self-employed¹⁹²	239,925	15.8
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	1,518,420	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835	3.6
All occupations¹⁹¹	1,463,580	96.4
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	24,775	1.6
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	315,270	20.8
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	159,770	10.5
3 Health occupations	105,465	6.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	181,940	12.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	83,130	5.5
6 Sales and service occupations	350,245	23.1
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	175,505	11.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	8,350	0.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	59,140	3.9
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	1,518,420	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835	3.6
All industries¹⁹¹	1,463,580	96.4
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,565	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,985	0.1
22 Utilities	6,115	0.4
23 Construction	83,035	5.5
31-33 Manufacturing	97,580	6.4
41 Wholesale trade	45,380	3.0
44-45 Retail trade	141,575	9.3
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	67,330	4.4
51 Information and cultural industries	60,845	4.0
52 Finance and insurance	123,495	8.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	41,040	2.7
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	205,880	13.6
55 Management of companies and enterprises	9,175	0.6
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	75,095	4.9
61 Educational services	107,480	7.1
62 Health care and social assistance	163,465	10.8
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	33,405	2.2
72 Accommodation and food services	82,155	5.4
81 Other services (except public administration)	61,015	4.0
91 Public administration	54,970	3.6
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	1,602,165	100.0
English	1,449,315	90.5
French	3,430	0.2
Non-official language	26,500	1.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	26,495	1.7
English and French	29,995	1.9
English and non-official language(s)	87,670	5.5
French and non-official language(s)	70	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,010	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	2,175	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	1,602,165	100.0
Single responses	1,580,025	98.6
Official languages	1,533,090	95.7
English	1,525,910	95.2
French	7,180	0.4
Non-official languages	46,940	2.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0
Michif	0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	46,925	2.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,075	0.1
Berber languages	0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0.0
Coptic	0	0.0
Cushitic languages	120	0.0
Bilen	0	0.0
Oromo	10	0.0
Somali	110	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Semitic languages	950	0.1
Amharic	40	0.0
Arabic	570	0.0
Aramaic languages	155	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	120	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Hebrew	145	0.0
Tigrigna	30	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,305	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	0.0
Vietnamese	1,285	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Austronesian languages	880	0.1
Bikol	0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Cebuano	20	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0.0
Ilocano	35	0.0
Indonesian	10	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0.0
Malay	0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	790	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Creole languages	10	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,310	0.1
Kannada	0	0.0
Malayalam	35	0.0
Tamil	1,260	0.1
Telugu	15	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Georgian	35	0.0
Indo-European languages	14,165	0.9
Albanian	105	0.0
Armenian	145	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,190	0.1
Baltic languages	50	0.0
Latvian	30	0.0
Lithuanian	20	0.0
Slavic languages	2,145	0.1
Bulgarian	30	0.0
Czech	15	0.0
Macedonian	35	0.0
Polish	385	0.0
Russian	1,100	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	120	0.0
Bosnian	0	0.0
Croatian	0	0.0
Serbian	120	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Slovak	0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0.0
Ukrainian	440	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Germanic languages	245	0.0
Frisian	0	0.0
High German languages	195	0.0
German	150	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0.0
Yiddish	50	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0.0
Dutch	35	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	0.0
Danish	0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0.0
Swedish	10	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Greek	230	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	3,580	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	1,935	0.1
Bengali	325	0.0
Gujarati	305	0.0
Hindi	200	0.0
Kacchi	0	0.0
Marathi	15	0.0
Nepali	40	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	585	0.0
Sindhi	0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0.0
Urdu	455	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,640	0.1
Kurdish	40	0.0
Pashto	50	0.0
Persian languages	1,540	0.1
Dari	115	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,305	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	120	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,675	0.5
Catalan	0	0.0
Italian	425	0.0
Portuguese	3,740	0.2
Romanian	55	0.0
Spanish	3,460	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Japanese	695	0.0
Korean	2,715	0.2
Mongolian	0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	70	0.0
Akan (Twi)	20	0.0
Edo	0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0.0
Ga	0	0.0
Ganda	0	0.0
Igbo	0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0.0
Lingala	0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0.0
Shona	0	0.0
Swahili	30	0.0
Wolof	0	0.0
Yoruba	10	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0.0
Dinka	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Sign languages	120	0.0
American Sign Language	115	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	23,815	1.5
Chinese languages	23,730	1.5
Hakka	20	0.0
Mandarin	14,385	0.9
Min Dong	20	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	9,100	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	145	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	0.0
Burmese	0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tibetan	80	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	0.0
Lao	15	0.0
Thai	95	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Turkic languages	460	0.0
Azerbaijani	15	0.0
Turkish	440	0.0
Uyghur	0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Uralic languages	165	0.0
Estonian	40	0.0
Finnish	20	0.0
Hungarian	100	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Multiple responses	22,140	1.4
English and French	4,655	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	16,820	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	15	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	240	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	420	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	1,602,165	100.0
None	1,498,610	93.5
English	19,980	1.2
French	22,095	1.4
Non-official language	48,965	3.1
Indigenous³⁹	55	0.0
Non-Indigenous	48,905	3.1
English and French	50	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	2,320	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	2,260	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	7,875	0.5
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	1,308,110	100.0
Worked at home	510,240	39.0
Worked outside Canada	6,395	0.5
No fixed workplace address	142,290	10.9
Usual place of work	649,185	49.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	649,185	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	514,695	79.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	132,960	20.5
Commute to a different province or territory	1,530	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	791,470	100.0
Car, truck or van	482,480	61.0
Car, truck or van - as a driver	424,985	53.7
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	57,490	7.3
Public transit	207,680	26.2
Walked	60,615	7.7
Bicycle	15,750	2.0
Other method	24,945	3.2
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	791,470	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	130,355	16.5
15 to 29 minutes	251,795	31.8
30 to 44 minutes	222,015	28.1
45 to 59 minutes	88,655	11.2
60 minutes and over	98,655	12.5
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	791,470	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	43,645	5.5
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	113,320	14.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	167,655	21.2
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	181,860	23.0
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	148,245	18.7
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	136,755	17.3
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	471,030	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	45,395	9.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	425,635	90.4
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	339,085	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	34,720	10.2
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	22,430	6.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	12,290	3.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	304,365	89.8

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed March 24, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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