Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Vancouver, City (CY)More information: British Columbia [Census subdivision] Remove Vancouver, City (CY), Census subdivision		Kamloops, City (CY)More information: British Columbia [Census subdivision] Remove Kamloops, City (CY), Census subdivision
	Counts	Rates	Counts	Rates
	Total	Total	Total	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	662,248	...	97,902	...
Population, 2016¹	631,486	...	90,280	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	4.9	4.9	8.4	8.4
Total private dwellings²	328,347	...	41,619	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	305,336	...	39,914	...
Population density per square kilometre	5,749.9	5,749.9	328.6	328.6
Land area in square kilometres	115.18	...	297.93	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	662,250	100.0	97,905	100.0
0 to 14 years	70,570	10.7	14,830	15.1
0 to 4 years	23,840	3.6	4,430	4.5
5 to 9 years	23,070	3.5	5,095	5.2
10 to 14 years	23,660	3.6	5,300	5.4
15 to 64 years	478,960	72.3	63,410	64.8
15 to 19 years	26,315	4.0	5,200	5.3
20 to 24 years	43,290	6.5	6,380	6.5
25 to 29 years	67,155	10.1	6,965	7.1
30 to 34 years	69,225	10.5	6,945	7.1
35 to 39 years	57,330	8.7	6,825	7.0
40 to 44 years	45,075	6.8	5,915	6.0
45 to 49 years	42,045	6.3	5,680	5.8
50 to 54 years	44,840	6.8	6,065	6.2
55 to 59 years	44,360	6.7	6,605	6.7
60 to 64 years	39,320	5.9	6,830	7.0
65 years and over	112,720	17.0	19,660	20.1
65 to 69 years	34,590	5.2	5,785	5.9
70 to 74 years	30,055	4.5	5,075	5.2
75 to 79 years	18,520	2.8	3,485	3.6
80 to 84 years	13,865	2.1	2,575	2.6
85 years and over	15,695	2.4	2,740	2.8
85 to 89 years	9,425	1.4	1,685	1.7
90 to 94 years	4,685	0.7	795	0.8
95 to 99 years	1,350	0.2	220	0.2
100 years and over	235	0.0	40	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	10.7	10.7	15.1	15.1
15 to 64 years	72.3	72.3	64.8	64.8
65 years and over	17.0	17.0	20.1	20.1
85 years and over	2.4	2.4	2.8	2.8
Average age of the population	42.2	42.2	42.4	42.4
Median age of the population	39.6	39.6	41.6	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	305,335	100.0	39,910	100.0
Single-detached house	44,750	14.7	20,085	50.3
Semi-detached house	4,800	1.6	3,065	7.7
Row house	10,815	3.5	3,885	9.7
Apartment or flat in a duplex	54,305	17.8	3,830	9.6
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	95,120	31.2	6,585	16.5
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	94,815	31.1	855	2.1
Other single-attached house	695	0.2	80	0.2
Movable dwelling⁴	20	0.0	1,530	3.8
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	305,335	100.0	39,915	100.0
1 person	119,805	39.2	11,330	28.4
2 persons	100,730	33.0	14,685	36.8
3 persons	38,600	12.6	5,920	14.8
4 persons	29,140	9.5	5,215	13.1
5 or more persons	17,060	5.6	2,765	6.9
Number of persons in private households	650,380	100.0	94,560	100.0
Average household size	2.1	2.1	2.4	2.4
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	591,675	100.0	83,070	100.0
Married or living common-law	298,085	50.4	46,600	56.1
Married	230,735	39.0	36,315	43.7
Living common-law	67,350	11.4	10,285	12.4
Living common law - Never married	57,990	9.8	7,330	8.8
Living common law - Separated	1,120	0.2	515	0.6
Living common law - Divorced	7,740	1.3	2,190	2.6
Living common law - Widowed	500	0.1	250	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	293,585	49.6	36,475	43.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	218,140	36.9	23,360	28.1
Not married and not living common law - Separated	13,790	2.3	2,510	3.0
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	37,675	6.4	5,850	7.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	23,985	4.1	4,760	5.7
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	168,660	100.0	26,945	100.0
2 persons	96,975	57.5	15,215	56.5
3 persons	35,905	21.3	5,305	19.7
4 persons	28,165	16.7	4,800	17.8
5 or more persons	7,615	4.5	1,625	6.0
Average size of census families	2.7	2.7	2.8	2.8
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.7
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	168,660	100.0	26,945	100.0
Total couple families	142,595	84.5	22,600	83.9
Married couples	108,925	64.6	17,465	64.8
With children⁶	58,130	34.5	8,360	31.0
Without children	50,790	30.1	9,105	33.8
Common-law couples	33,675	20.0	5,135	19.1
With children⁶	5,370	3.2	1,775	6.6
Without children	28,305	16.8	3,360	12.5
Total one-parent families	26,060	15.5	4,340	16.1
in which the parent is a woman+	21,285	12.6	3,335	12.4
in which the parent is a man+	4,780	2.8	1,005	3.7
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	650,380	100.0	94,560	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	454,055	69.8	74,090	78.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	285,190	43.8	45,205	47.8
Parents in one-parent families	26,065	4.0	4,340	4.6
Children⁶	142,800	22.0	24,545	26.0
In a two-parent family	106,565	16.4	18,080	19.1
In a one-parent family	36,235	5.6	6,465	6.8
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	196,325	30.2	20,470	21.6
Living alone	119,805	18.4	11,330	12.0
Living with other relatives⁷	19,650	3.0	2,380	2.5
Living with non-relatives only	56,870	8.7	6,760	7.1
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	305,335	100.0	39,915	100.0
One-census-family households without additional persons	142,375	46.6	22,880	57.3
Couple-family households	122,210	40.0	19,645	49.2
With children⁶	53,125	17.4	8,810	22.1
Without children	69,085	22.6	10,835	27.1
One-parent-family households	20,160	6.6	3,235	8.1
Multigenerational households⁸	8,260	2.7	1,010	2.5
Multiple-census-family households⁹	2,030	0.7	335	0.8
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	9,045	3.0	1,865	4.7
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	23,825	7.8	2,495	6.3
One-person households	119,805	39.2	11,330	28.4
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	580,010	100.0	79,775	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	563,730	97.2	77,600	97.3
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	42,000	43,200	43,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	564,040	97.2	77,635	97.3
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	38,000	39,200	39,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	508,185	87.6	69,770	87.5
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	38,800	37,200	37,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	415,915	71.7	55,805	70.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	41,200	40,000	40,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	454,870	78.4	64,050	80.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,200	8,200	10,200	10,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	49,505	8.5	7,810	9.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	170,155	29.3	19,155	24.0
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,500	9,500	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	580,010	100.0	79,775	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	563,600	97.2	77,555	97.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,250	62,250	53,600	53,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	563,910	97.2	77,575	97.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,080	50,080	45,880	45,880
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	508,140	87.6	69,710	87.4
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,150	60,150	49,200	49,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	415,915	71.7	55,805	70.0
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	58,700	58,700	49,840	49,840
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	454,215	78.3	63,855	80.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,940	9,940	11,390	11,390
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	49,585	8.5	8,055	10.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,410	6,410	6,590	6,590
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	169,180	29.2	19,245	24.1
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,610	9,610	8,540	8,540
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	580,010	100.0	79,770	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	192,635	33.2	25,690	32.2
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	69,500	65,500	65,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,200	90,200	73,700	73,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	173,660	29.9	22,945	28.8
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,200	20,200	20,800	20,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,400	33,400	32,680	32,680
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	87.2	87.2	82.6	82.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.6	69.6	66.8	66.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	12.9	12.9	17.5	17.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.9	1.3	1.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.6	5.6	5.0	5.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.6	4.6	4.0	4.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	580,010	100.0	79,770	100.0
Without total income	16,285	2.8	2,170	2.7
With total income	563,730	97.2	77,600	97.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	55,370	9.8	6,140	7.9
$10,000 to $19,999	61,180	10.9	8,595	11.1
$20,000 to $29,999	86,405	15.3	11,445	14.7
$30,000 to $39,999	67,875	12.0	9,900	12.8
$40,000 to $49,999	55,555	9.9	8,715	11.2
$50,000 to $59,999	46,055	8.2	7,465	9.6
$60,000 to $69,999	37,150	6.6	5,765	7.4
$70,000 to $79,999	30,195	5.4	4,340	5.6
$80,000 to $89,999	24,045	4.3	3,545	4.6
$90,000 to $99,999	19,545	3.5	2,730	3.5
$100,000 and over	80,345	14.3	8,970	11.6
$100,000 to $149,999	46,155	8.2	6,450	8.3
$150,000 and over	34,195	6.1	2,520	3.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	580,010	100.0	79,770	100.0
Without after-tax income	15,975	2.8	2,135	2.7
With after-tax income	564,035	97.2	77,640	97.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	57,995	10.3	6,405	8.2
$10,000 to $19,999	63,245	11.2	8,875	11.4
$20,000 to $29,999	97,585	17.3	12,920	16.6
$30,000 to $39,999	77,280	13.7	11,565	14.9
$40,000 to $49,999	63,640	11.3	9,980	12.9
$50,000 to $59,999	50,160	8.9	7,875	10.1
$60,000 to $69,999	38,210	6.8	5,745	7.4
$70,000 to $79,999	29,320	5.2	4,290	5.5
$80,000 to $89,999	21,470	3.8	3,170	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	14,965	2.7	2,210	2.8
$100,000 and over	50,165	8.9	4,605	5.9
$100,000 to $124,999	21,515	3.8	2,645	3.4
$125,000 and over	28,645	5.1	1,960	2.5
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	580,010	100.0	79,770	100.0
Without employment income	164,095	28.3	23,965	30.0
With employment income	415,915	71.7	55,805	70.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	51,110	12.3	7,170	12.8
$5,000 to $9,999	33,650	8.1	4,080	7.3
$10,000 to $19,999	48,115	11.6	6,510	11.7
$20,000 to $29,999	36,415	8.8	5,125	9.2
$30,000 to $39,999	34,295	8.2	5,040	9.0
$40,000 to $49,999	34,220	8.2	4,765	8.5
$50,000 to $59,999	32,385	7.8	4,545	8.1
$60,000 to $69,999	27,390	6.6	3,620	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	22,615	5.4	3,040	5.4
$80,000 to $89,999	19,180	4.6	2,740	4.9
$90,000 to $99,999	15,870	3.8	2,220	4.0
$100,000 and over	60,670	14.6	6,955	12.5
$100,000 to $124,999	23,930	5.8	3,545	6.4
$125,000 and over	36,740	8.8	3,410	6.1
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	580,010	100.0	79,775	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	545,310	94.0	75,585	94.7
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	39,200	40,800	40,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	546,235	94.2	75,735	94.9
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	35,200	36,800	36,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	499,605	86.1	69,130	86.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	39,600	38,000	38,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	418,280	72.1	57,840	72.5
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	40,400	38,400	38,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	356,615	61.5	51,945	65.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,680	1,680	7,750	7,750
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	25,265	4.4	6,300	7.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	5,640	5,400	5,400
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	580,010	100.0	79,775	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	544,950	94.0	75,435	94.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,550	59,550	51,450	51,450
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	545,825	94.1	75,555	94.7
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,800	47,800	43,480	43,480
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	499,235	86.1	68,940	86.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,450	60,450	49,360	49,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	418,215	72.1	57,640	72.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,800	56,800	48,280	48,280
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	356,225	61.4	51,810	64.9
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,420	6,420	9,180	9,180
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	25,615	4.4	6,305	7.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,390	7,390	7,110	7,110
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	580,010	100.0	79,770	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	189,135	32.6	25,455	31.9
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	63,200	63,200	61,600	61,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,600	82,600	69,400	69,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	162,990	28.1	21,585	27.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,800	26,800	26,400	26,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	39,840	39,840	38,320	38,320
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	93.0	93.0	87.8	87.8
Employment income (%)	73.2	73.2	71.8	71.8
Government transfers (%)	7.0	7.0	12.3	12.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.6	1.2	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	305,335	...	39,915	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	82,000	88,000	88,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	72,000	72,000	78,000	78,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	119,805	...	11,330	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,400	46,400	42,000	42,000
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	41,600	38,400	38,400
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	185,530	...	28,585	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,000	112,000	110,000	110,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,000	99,000	97,000	97,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	305,335	...	39,915	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	114,900	114,900	104,200	104,200
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	92,500	92,500	89,200	89,200
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	119,745	...	11,350	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	63,300	63,300	52,250	52,250
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,200	51,200	44,960	44,960
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	185,595	...	28,565	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	148,200	148,200	124,800	124,800
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,200	119,200	106,800	106,800
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	305,335	100.0	39,915	100.0
Under $5,000	7,260	2.4	365	0.9
$5,000 to $9,999	2,990	1.0	160	0.4
$10,000 to $14,999	4,025	1.3	275	0.7
$15,000 to $19,999	8,210	2.7	900	2.3
$20,000 to $24,999	14,595	4.8	1,500	3.8
$25,000 to $29,999	10,570	3.5	1,220	3.1
$30,000 to $34,999	10,515	3.4	1,185	3.0
$35,000 to $39,999	11,620	3.8	1,420	3.6
$40,000 to $44,999	10,450	3.4	1,445	3.6
$45,000 to $49,999	10,315	3.4	1,405	3.5
$50,000 to $59,999	20,760	6.8	2,960	7.4
$60,000 to $69,999	19,740	6.5	2,795	7.0
$70,000 to $79,999	18,775	6.1	2,545	6.4
$80,000 to $89,999	17,225	5.6	2,375	6.0
$90,000 to $99,999	15,485	5.1	2,190	5.5
$100,000 and over	122,810	40.2	17,180	43.0
$100,000 to $124,999	31,225	10.2	4,870	12.2
$125,000 to $149,999	23,270	7.6	3,780	9.5
$150,000 to $199,999	29,850	9.8	4,760	11.9
$200,000 and over	38,465	12.6	3,770	9.4
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	305,335	100.0	39,915	100.0
Under $5,000	8,305	2.7	400	1.0
$5,000 to $9,999	3,055	1.0	165	0.4
$10,000 to $14,999	4,095	1.3	280	0.7
$15,000 to $19,999	8,565	2.8	930	2.3
$20,000 to $24,999	15,495	5.1	1,570	3.9
$25,000 to $29,999	12,065	4.0	1,385	3.5
$30,000 to $34,999	12,080	4.0	1,405	3.5
$35,000 to $39,999	13,130	4.3	1,660	4.2
$40,000 to $44,999	12,385	4.1	1,640	4.1
$45,000 to $49,999	12,390	4.1	1,660	4.2
$50,000 to $59,999	24,430	8.0	3,350	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	22,815	7.5	3,170	7.9
$70,000 to $79,999	20,975	6.9	2,945	7.4
$80,000 to $89,999	18,315	6.0	2,770	6.9
$90,000 to $99,999	15,955	5.2	2,510	6.3
$100,000 and over	101,285	33.2	14,070	35.2
$100,000 to $124,999	31,545	10.3	5,155	12.9
$125,000 to $149,999	22,240	7.3	3,565	8.9
$150,000 and over	47,500	15.6	5,355	13.4
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	167,155	...	26,675	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,000	113,000	110,000	110,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,000	99,000	96,000	96,000
Average family size of economic families	2.8	2.8	2.9	2.9
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	72,300	...	11,440	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,000	106,000	95,000	95,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	92,000	84,000	84,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	63,570	...	10,230	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,000	144,000	146,000	146,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,000	125,000	125,000	125,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.9
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	23,830	...	4,050	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,500	72,500	69,500	69,500
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500	66,500	65,000	65,000
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	2.5	2.6	2.6
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	176,675	...	18,090	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800	40,800	37,200	37,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	37,200	34,800	34,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	167,290	...	26,625	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	151,000	151,000	124,300	124,300
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,400	120,400	106,100	106,100
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	72,225	...	11,380	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	140,000	140,000	109,100	109,100
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	111,400	111,400	93,600	93,600
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	63,625	...	10,260	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	189,800	189,800	159,200	159,200
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	149,600	149,600	134,000	134,000
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	23,690	...	4,030	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	91,300	91,300	79,300	79,300
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	76,000	71,100	71,100
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	176,080	...	18,145	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	55,850	55,850	46,720	46,720
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,080	46,080	40,600	40,600
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	650,380	100.0	94,560	100.0
0 to 17 years	85,590	13.2	17,805	18.8
0 to 5 years	28,350	4.4	5,430	5.7
18 to 64 years	457,950	70.4	59,090	62.5
65 years and over	106,840	16.4	17,670	18.7
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	86,125	...	8,095	...
0 to 17 years	11,150	...	1,530	...
0 to 5 years	3,325	...	455	...
18 to 64 years	55,890	...	4,500	...
65 years and over	19,085	...	2,060	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.2	13.2	8.6	8.6
0 to 17 years (%)	13.0	13.0	8.6	8.6
0 to 5 years (%)	11.7	11.7	8.4	8.4
18 to 64 years (%)	12.2	12.2	7.6	7.6
65 years and over (%)	17.9	17.9	11.7	11.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	650,380	100.0	94,560	100.0
0 to 17 years	85,590	13.2	17,800	18.8
0 to 5 years	28,345	4.4	5,430	5.7
18 to 64 years	457,945	70.4	59,085	62.5
65 years and over	106,845	16.4	17,670	18.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	65,275	...	3,625	...
0 to 17 years	7,110	...	500	...
0 to 5 years	1,960	...	130	...
18 to 64 years	49,925	...	2,915	...
65 years and over	8,240	...	215	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	10.0	10.0	3.8	3.8
0 to 17 years (%)	8.3	8.3	2.8	2.8
0 to 5 years (%)	6.9	6.9	2.3	2.3
18 to 64 years (%)	10.9	10.9	4.9	4.9
65 years and over (%)	7.7	7.7	1.2	1.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	650,385	100.0	94,560	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	303,380	46.6	42,925	45.4
In bottom decile	88,275	13.6	8,645	9.1
In second decile	59,770	9.2	8,135	8.6
In third decile	53,530	8.2	8,370	8.9
In fourth decile	50,535	7.8	8,580	9.1
In fifth decile	51,270	7.9	9,190	9.7
In top half of the distribution	347,000	53.4	51,635	54.6
In sixth decile	53,315	8.2	9,565	10.1
In seventh decile	55,165	8.5	10,155	10.7
In eighth decile	61,520	9.5	10,715	11.3
In ninth decile	70,990	10.9	11,650	12.3
In top decile	106,000	16.3	9,555	10.1
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	650,380	650,380	94,560	94,560
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.413	0.413	0.302	0.302
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.504	0.504	0.404	0.404
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.361	0.361	0.269	0.269
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.0	5.0	3.5	3.5
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	654,825	100.0	95,985	100.0
English only	555,235	84.8	90,245	94.0
French only	345	0.1	15	0.0
English and French	61,055	9.3	5,300	5.5
Neither English nor French	38,195	5.8	430	0.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	654,825	100.0	95,985	100.0
English	602,935	92.1	94,665	98.6
French	10,485	1.6	820	0.9
English and French	3,685	0.6	100	0.1
Neither English nor French	37,725	5.8	400	0.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	654,825	100.0	95,985	100.0
Single responses	619,175	94.6	94,175	98.1
Official languages	342,060	52.2	85,165	88.7
English	332,135	50.7	84,265	87.8
French	9,925	1.5	900	0.9
Non-official languages	277,105	42.3	9,015	9.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	295	0.0	90	0.1
Algonquian languages	155	0.0	25	0.0
Blackfoot	10	0.0	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	115	0.0	20	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cree languages	115	0.0	20	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0.0	0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	30	0.0	5	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0.0	5	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	70	0.0	5	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0.0	0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	0.0	0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	0.0	0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	0.0	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	0.0	0	0.0
Ojibway languages	20	0.0	0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0.0	0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	0.0	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15	0.0	0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	35	0.0	25	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	35	0.0	25	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	20	0.0	10	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0	5	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	5	0.0	0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	5	0.0	0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10	0.0	15	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Haida	5	0.0	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0.0	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0.0	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0.0	0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0.0	0	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	5	0.0	0	0.0
Michif	0	0.0	5	0.0
Salish languages	15	0.0	35	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0	5	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0	5	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	5	0.0	10	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0	15	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	5	0.0
Siouan languages	5	0.0	0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	45	0.0	5	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	20	0.0	0	0.0
Nisga'a	15	0.0	5	0.0
Tsimshian	10	0.0	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	25	0.0	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	10	0.0	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	5	0.0	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0.0	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	276,815	42.3	8,920	9.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,930	0.8	130	0.1
Berber languages	30	0.0	0	0.0
Kabyle	15	0.0	0	0.0
Tamazight	10	0.0	0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0.0	0	0.0
Hausa	5	0.0	0	0.0
Mina	5	0.0	0	0.0
Coptic	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cushitic languages	240	0.0	5	0.0
Bilen	0	0.0	0	0.0
Oromo	95	0.0	0	0.0
Somali	145	0.0	0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0	0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,655	0.7	125	0.1
Amharic	290	0.0	5	0.0
Arabic	2,965	0.5	110	0.1
Aramaic languages	85	0.0	0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	0.0	0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	0.0	0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Harari	5	0.0	0	0.0
Hebrew	1,105	0.2	0	0.0
Maltese	15	0.0	0	0.0
Tigrigna	190	0.0	0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	12,140	1.9	170	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	230	0.0	10	0.0
Vietnamese	11,870	1.8	165	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	40	0.0	0	0.0
Austronesian languages	24,020	3.7	615	0.6
Bikol	110	0.0	0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	225	0.0	5	0.0
Cebuano	655	0.1	25	0.0
Fijian	40	0.0	0	0.0
Hiligaynon	570	0.1	10	0.0
Ilocano	1,840	0.3	40	0.0
Indonesian	1,085	0.2	25	0.0
Kankanaey	45	0.0	0	0.0
Kinaray-a	50	0.0	0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0.0	0	0.0
Merina	0	0.0	0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0.0	0	0.0
Malay	85	0.0	5	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	210	0.0	10	0.0
Pangasinan	105	0.0	0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	18,675	2.9	480	0.5
Waray-Waray	65	0.0	0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	250	0.0	5	0.0
Creole languages	100	0.0	5	0.0
Haitian Creole	20	0.0	0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	0.0	0	0.0
Krio	5	0.0	0	0.0
Morisyen	35	0.0	0	0.0
Sango	0	0.0	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0.0	0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	0.0	0	0.0
Dravidian languages	3,015	0.5	195	0.2
Kannada	140	0.0	10	0.0
Malayalam	580	0.1	100	0.1
Tamil	1,615	0.2	35	0.0
Telugu	665	0.1	40	0.0
Tulu	15	0.0	0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0	0	0.0
Georgian	25	0.0	0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Indo-European languages	86,610	13.2	6,180	6.4
Albanian	170	0.0	5	0.0
Armenian	315	0.0	0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	14,805	2.3	840	0.9
Baltic languages	250	0.0	10	0.0
Latvian	95	0.0	5	0.0
Lithuanian	150	0.0	0	0.0
Slavic languages	14,555	2.2	830	0.9
Belarusian	15	0.0	0	0.0
Bulgarian	435	0.1	15	0.0
Czech	1,000	0.2	45	0.0
Macedonian	80	0.0	5	0.0
Polish	2,505	0.4	175	0.2
Russian	5,155	0.8	225	0.2
Rusyn	5	0.0	0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	3,735	0.6	135	0.1
Bosnian	355	0.1	15	0.0
Croatian	1,120	0.2	85	0.1
Serbian	2,185	0.3	35	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	80	0.0	5	0.0
Slovak	615	0.1	35	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	135	0.0	15	0.0
Ukrainian	865	0.1	185	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0	0	0.0
Celtic languages	100	0.0	5	0.0
Irish	45	0.0	0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0.0	0	0.0
Welsh	40	0.0	5	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0	0	0.0
Germanic languages	7,450	1.1	1,235	1.3
Frisian	10	0.0	0	0.0
High German languages	5,050	0.8	850	0.9
German	4,725	0.7	795	0.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0	0	0.0
Swiss German	220	0.0	50	0.1
Yiddish	100	0.0	0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,530	0.2	290	0.3
Afrikaans	300	0.0	70	0.1
Dutch	1,150	0.2	205	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	5	0.0	0	0.0
Low Saxon	10	0.0	0	0.0
Plautdietsch	25	0.0	10	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	40	0.0	5	0.0
Scandinavian languages	845	0.1	95	0.1
Danish	315	0.0	45	0.0
Icelandic	35	0.0	5	0.0
Norwegian	150	0.0	20	0.0
Swedish	350	0.1	25	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0	5	0.0
Greek	1,870	0.3	50	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	33,155	5.1	2,635	2.7
Indo-Aryan languages	22,110	3.4	2,525	2.6
Assamese	15	0.0	0	0.0
Bengali	1,065	0.2	170	0.2
Gujarati	1,075	0.2	85	0.1
Hindi	4,355	0.7	380	0.4
Kacchi	185	0.0	0	0.0
Kashmiri	20	0.0	0	0.0
Konkani	50	0.0	0	0.0
Marathi	300	0.0	25	0.0
Nepali	210	0.0	50	0.1
Oriya languages	25	0.0	0	0.0
Odia	20	0.0	0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	0.0	0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	13,305	2.0	1,685	1.8
Rohingya	0	0.0	0	0.0
Sindhi	35	0.0	5	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	255	0.0	40	0.0
Urdu	1,125	0.2	90	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	90	0.0	5	0.0
Iranian languages	11,035	1.7	100	0.1
Baluchi	5	0.0	0	0.0
Kurdish	555	0.1	10	0.0
Parsi	15	0.0	0	0.0
Pashto	140	0.0	10	0.0
Persian languages	10,315	1.6	85	0.1
Dari	420	0.1	10	0.0
Iranian Persian	8,900	1.4	65	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,000	0.2	10	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0	0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0	0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	28,740	4.4	1,410	1.5
Catalan	90	0.0	0	0.0
Italian	4,000	0.6	750	0.8
Portuguese	6,740	1.0	180	0.2
Romanian	1,150	0.2	45	0.0
Spanish	16,735	2.6	430	0.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0	0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Japanese	7,150	1.1	160	0.2
Korean	8,605	1.3	240	0.3
Mongolian	160	0.0	5	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	580	0.1	115	0.1
Akan (Twi)	55	0.0	15	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0.0	0	0.0
Edo	0	0.0	0	0.0
Éwé	10	0.0	0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	0.0	0	0.0
Ga	10	0.0	0	0.0
Ganda	25	0.0	0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0.0	5	0.0
Igbo	25	0.0	10	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	0.0	0	0.0
Lingala	5	0.0	0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0.0	0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0.0	0	0.0
Mwani	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0.0	0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	35	0.0	0	0.0
Shona	45	0.0	20	0.0
Soninke	0	0.0	0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0.0	0	0.0
Swahili	140	0.0	15	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wolof	5	0.0	0	0.0
Yoruba	45	0.0	35	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	90	0.0	10	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	60	0.0	0	0.0
Dinka	5	0.0	0	0.0
Nuer	5	0.0	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	45	0.0	0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	0.0	0	0.0
Sign languages	95	0.0	10	0.0
American Sign Language	80	0.0	10	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0.0	0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	125,120	19.1	850	0.9
Chinese languages	124,730	19.0	845	0.9
Hakka	640	0.1	0	0.0
Mandarin	41,695	6.4	510	0.5
Min Dong	65	0.0	0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	3,105	0.5	25	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	850	0.1	5	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	77,435	11.8	280	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	910	0.1	15	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30	0.0	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	375	0.1	10	0.0
Burmese	255	0.0	5	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	35	0.0	0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0.0	0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tibetan	50	0.0	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0	0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	905	0.1	40	0.0
Lao	85	0.0	0	0.0
Thai	770	0.1	35	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	50	0.0	0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,755	0.3	20	0.0
Azerbaijani	145	0.0	0	0.0
Kazakh	35	0.0	5	0.0
Turkish	1,500	0.2	10	0.0
Uyghur	30	0.0	0	0.0
Uzbek	10	0.0	0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	0.0	0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,520	0.2	170	0.2
Estonian	90	0.0	5	0.0
Finnish	395	0.1	55	0.1
Hungarian	1,040	0.2	105	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0	0	0.0
Multiple responses	35,655	5.4	1,810	1.9
English and French	2,870	0.4	320	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	28,165	4.3	1,360	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	605	0.1	15	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	640	0.1	15	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	3,370	0.5	100	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	654,825	100.0	95,985	100.0
English	363,455	55.5	86,680	90.3
French	2,430	0.4	100	0.1
Non-official language	92,070	14.1	1,840	1.9
Indigenous³⁹	45	0.0	5	0.0
Non-Indigenous	92,025	14.1	1,835	1.9
English and French	8,325	1.3	700	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	174,100	26.6	6,340	6.6
French and non-official language(s)	245	0.0	0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	4,690	0.7	160	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	9,525	1.5	160	0.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	654,825	100.0	95,985	100.0
Single responses	617,450	94.3	94,710	98.7
Official languages	450,825	68.8	90,805	94.6
English	446,870	68.2	90,630	94.4
French	3,955	0.6	170	0.2
Non-official languages	166,620	25.4	3,910	4.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	60	0.0	10	0.0
Algonquian languages	25	0.0	0	0.0
Blackfoot	5	0.0	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	0.0	0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cree languages	15	0.0	0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0.0	0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0.0	0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0.0	0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0.0	0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0.0	0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0.0	0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5	0.0	0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	0.0	0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0.0	0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0.0	0	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Michif	0	0.0	0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0.0	5	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	15	0.0	0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0.0	0	0.0
Nisga'a	10	0.0	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	166,565	25.4	3,900	4.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,190	0.3	60	0.1
Berber languages	20	0.0	0	0.0
Kabyle	10	0.0	0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0.0	0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0.0	0	0.0
Hausa	0	0.0	0	0.0
Mina	5	0.0	0	0.0
Coptic	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cushitic languages	115	0.0	0	0.0
Bilen	0	0.0	0	0.0
Oromo	50	0.0	0	0.0
Somali	65	0.0	0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,055	0.3	60	0.1
Amharic	85	0.0	5	0.0
Arabic	1,275	0.2	50	0.1
Aramaic languages	60	0.0	0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	0.0	0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	0.0	0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Harari	10	0.0	0	0.0
Hebrew	510	0.1	0	0.0
Maltese	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tigrigna	120	0.0	0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	7,885	1.2	110	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	105	0.0	0	0.0
Vietnamese	7,755	1.2	110	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	30	0.0	0	0.0
Austronesian languages	13,285	2.0	265	0.3
Bikol	35	0.0	0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	75	0.0	0	0.0
Cebuano	300	0.0	5	0.0
Fijian	10	0.0	0	0.0
Hiligaynon	305	0.0	0	0.0
Ilocano	980	0.1	25	0.0
Indonesian	380	0.1	15	0.0
Kankanaey	30	0.0	0	0.0
Kinaray-a	35	0.0	0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Merina	0	0.0	0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Malay	20	0.0	0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	110	0.0	5	0.0
Pangasinan	35	0.0	0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,835	1.7	210	0.2
Waray-Waray	35	0.0	0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	100	0.0	0	0.0
Creole languages	40	0.0	0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	0.0	0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0.0	0	0.0
Krio	0	0.0	0	0.0
Morisyen	20	0.0	0	0.0
Sango	0	0.0	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0	0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,755	0.3	80	0.1
Kannada	35	0.0	5	0.0
Malayalam	310	0.0	50	0.1
Tamil	1,025	0.2	15	0.0
Telugu	370	0.1	15	0.0
Tulu	5	0.0	0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Georgian	10	0.0	0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Indo-European languages	41,915	6.4	2,545	2.7
Albanian	50	0.0	0	0.0
Armenian	145	0.0	0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	6,070	0.9	205	0.2
Baltic languages	50	0.0	5	0.0
Latvian	10	0.0	0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	0.0	5	0.0
Slavic languages	6,025	0.9	200	0.2
Belarusian	0	0.0	0	0.0
Bulgarian	175	0.0	5	0.0
Czech	340	0.1	10	0.0
Macedonian	40	0.0	0	0.0
Polish	720	0.1	65	0.1
Russian	2,570	0.4	65	0.1
Rusyn	5	0.0	0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,640	0.3	35	0.0
Bosnian	140	0.0	5	0.0
Croatian	350	0.1	20	0.0
Serbian	1,135	0.2	15	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	0.0	0	0.0
Slovak	235	0.0	5	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	0.0	5	0.0
Ukrainian	265	0.0	15	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	0.0	0	0.0
Irish	10	0.0	0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0.0	0	0.0
Welsh	5	0.0	0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,080	0.2	215	0.2
Frisian	5	0.0	0	0.0
High German languages	760	0.1	135	0.1
German	725	0.1	125	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0	0	0.0
Swiss German	35	0.0	15	0.0
Yiddish	0	0.0	0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	195	0.0	75	0.1
Afrikaans	60	0.0	35	0.0
Dutch	130	0.0	30	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0.0	0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0.0	0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	120	0.0	10	0.0
Danish	40	0.0	5	0.0
Icelandic	5	0.0	0	0.0
Norwegian	20	0.0	0	0.0
Swedish	55	0.0	0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Greek	745	0.1	5	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	19,390	3.0	1,700	1.8
Indo-Aryan languages	12,650	1.9	1,650	1.7
Assamese	0	0.0	0	0.0
Bengali	560	0.1	85	0.1
Gujarati	400	0.1	50	0.1
Hindi	2,100	0.3	220	0.2
Kacchi	50	0.0	0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	0.0	0	0.0
Konkani	5	0.0	0	0.0
Marathi	115	0.0	5	0.0
Nepali	110	0.0	25	0.0
Oriya languages	5	0.0	0	0.0
Odia	5	0.0	0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0.0	0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,505	1.3	1,190	1.2
Rohingya	0	0.0	0	0.0
Sindhi	15	0.0	0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	115	0.0	20	0.0
Urdu	620	0.1	45	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0	0	0.0
Iranian languages	6,735	1.0	45	0.0
Baluchi	0	0.0	0	0.0
Kurdish	340	0.1	10	0.0
Parsi	5	0.0	0	0.0
Pashto	90	0.0	5	0.0
Persian languages	6,305	1.0	30	0.0
Dari	220	0.0	0	0.0
Iranian Persian	5,550	0.8	25	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	535	0.1	5	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	14,425	2.2	420	0.4
Catalan	35	0.0	0	0.0
Italian	1,400	0.2	165	0.2
Portuguese	3,995	0.6	50	0.1
Romanian	385	0.1	15	0.0
Spanish	8,600	1.3	180	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0	0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Japanese	3,620	0.6	70	0.1
Korean	5,100	0.8	165	0.2
Mongolian	75	0.0	0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	125	0.0	20	0.0
Akan (Twi)	10	0.0	0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0.0	0	0.0
Edo	0	0.0	0	0.0
Éwé	5	0.0	0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ga	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ganda	5	0.0	0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0.0	0	0.0
Igbo	5	0.0	0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0.0	0	0.0
Lingala	0	0.0	0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0.0	0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0.0	0	0.0
Mwani	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0.0	0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	0.0	0	0.0
Shona	5	0.0	0	0.0
Soninke	0	0.0	0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Swahili	40	0.0	5	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wolof	0	0.0	0	0.0
Yoruba	10	0.0	0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	0.0	0	0.0
Dinka	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nuer	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0	0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0.0	0	0.0
Sign languages	165	0.0	35	0.0
American Sign Language	125	0.0	20	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	0.0	0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	0.0	15	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	88,935	13.6	515	0.5
Chinese languages	88,715	13.5	515	0.5
Hakka	210	0.0	0	0.0
Mandarin	30,925	4.7	325	0.3
Min Dong	40	0.0	0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,525	0.2	15	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	485	0.1	0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	54,920	8.4	165	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	610	0.1	10	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	210	0.0	0	0.0
Burmese	150	0.0	0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	20	0.0	0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0.0	0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tibetan	20	0.0	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0	0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	330	0.1	10	0.0
Lao	20	0.0	0	0.0
Thai	280	0.0	10	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	30	0.0	0	0.0
Turkic languages	765	0.1	0	0.0
Azerbaijani	70	0.0	0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0.0	0	0.0
Turkish	685	0.1	0	0.0
Uyghur	10	0.0	0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0.0	0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Uralic languages	320	0.0	20	0.0
Estonian	10	0.0	0	0.0
Finnish	95	0.0	20	0.0
Hungarian	220	0.0	5	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0	0	0.0
Multiple responses	37,380	5.7	1,275	1.3
English and French	1,595	0.2	100	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	34,170	5.2	1,140	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	105	0.0	0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	315	0.0	10	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,205	0.2	20	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	654,830	100.0	95,985	100.0
None	488,985	74.7	89,645	93.4
English	57,925	8.8	1,700	1.8
French	6,335	1.0	565	0.6
Non-official language	80,100	12.2	3,285	3.4
Indigenous³⁹	245	0.0	110	0.1
Non-Indigenous	79,850	12.2	3,170	3.3
English and French	515	0.1	15	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	9,025	1.4	280	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	2,720	0.4	100	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	150	0.0	5	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	9,075	1.4	390	0.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	650,385	100.0	94,555	100.0
Official languages	612,560	94.2	94,175	99.6
English	612,215	94.1	94,170	99.6
French	60,990	9.4	5,285	5.6
Non-official languages	355,425	54.6	12,950	13.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	595	0.1	345	0.4
Algonquian languages	235	0.0	110	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	155	0.0	90	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cree languages	155	0.0	85	0.1
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	15	0.0	0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	65	0.0	40	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	0.0	0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	60	0.0	40	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	70	0.0	0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ojibway languages	55	0.0	0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	0.0	0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	35	0.0	0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	90	0.0	60	0.1
Northern Athabaskan languages	75	0.0	60	0.1
Dakelh (Carrier)	35	0.0	10	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	0.0	20	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0.0	0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0	30	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	15	0.0	0	0.0
Tlingit	10	0.0	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Haida	25	0.0	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	0.0	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	0.0	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	30	0.0	0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0.0	0	0.0
Mohawk	30	0.0	0	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Michif	20	0.0	30	0.0
Salish languages	60	0.0	155	0.2
Halkomelem	0	0.0	0	0.0
Lillooet	10	0.0	20	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	15	0.0	125	0.1
Squamish	10	0.0	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	20	0.0	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Siouan languages	10	0.0	0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	55	0.0	0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nisga'a	30	0.0	0	0.0
Tsimshian	25	0.0	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	55	0.0	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	20	0.0	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	20	0.0	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	0.0	20	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	354,885	54.6	12,615	13.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,650	1.3	285	0.3
Berber languages	40	0.0	0	0.0
Kabyle	35	0.0	0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0.0	0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Chadic languages	35	0.0	10	0.0
Hausa	25	0.0	10	0.0
Mina	0	0.0	0	0.0
Coptic	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cushitic languages	385	0.1	10	0.0
Bilen	0	0.0	0	0.0
Oromo	145	0.0	0	0.0
Somali	240	0.0	10	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Semitic languages	8,300	1.3	275	0.3
Amharic	470	0.1	10	0.0
Arabic	4,900	0.8	245	0.3
Aramaic languages	70	0.0	0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	0.0	0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45	0.0	0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	0.0	0	0.0
Harari	0	0.0	0	0.0
Hebrew	2,815	0.4	10	0.0
Maltese	20	0.0	10	0.0
Tigrigna	305	0.0	0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0	0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	15,195	2.3	130	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	325	0.0	0	0.0
Vietnamese	14,905	2.3	130	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0.0	0	0.0
Austronesian languages	33,950	5.2	815	0.9
Bikol	170	0.0	20	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	245	0.0	10	0.0
Cebuano	1,060	0.2	50	0.1
Fijian	160	0.0	0	0.0
Hiligaynon	885	0.1	10	0.0
Ilocano	3,295	0.5	55	0.1
Indonesian	1,805	0.3	25	0.0
Kankanaey	75	0.0	0	0.0
Kinaray-a	70	0.0	0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	0.0	10	0.0
Merina	0	0.0	0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0.0	0	0.0
Malay	815	0.1	35	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	300	0.0	0	0.0
Pangasinan	230	0.0	0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30,430	4.7	735	0.8
Waray-Waray	160	0.0	0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	680	0.1	15	0.0
Creole languages	320	0.0	15	0.0
Haitian Creole	65	0.0	10	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	15	0.0	0	0.0
Krio	0	0.0	0	0.0
Morisyen	50	0.0	0	0.0
Sango	0	0.0	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	100	0.0	0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	75	0.0	0	0.0
Dravidian languages	4,730	0.7	300	0.3
Kannada	330	0.1	15	0.0
Malayalam	965	0.1	160	0.2
Tamil	2,670	0.4	115	0.1
Telugu	1,110	0.2	60	0.1
Tulu	50	0.0	0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0	0	0.0
Georgian	40	0.0	0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Indo-European languages	129,460	19.9	8,965	9.5
Albanian	225	0.0	0	0.0
Armenian	355	0.1	0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	18,335	2.8	930	1.0
Baltic languages	295	0.0	0	0.0
Latvian	130	0.0	0	0.0
Lithuanian	165	0.0	0	0.0
Slavic languages	18,105	2.8	930	1.0
Belarusian	55	0.0	0	0.0
Bulgarian	510	0.1	15	0.0
Czech	1,435	0.2	50	0.1
Macedonian	105	0.0	0	0.0
Polish	3,085	0.5	160	0.2
Russian	7,620	1.2	345	0.4
Rusyn	0	0.0	0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,660	0.7	205	0.2
Bosnian	875	0.1	45	0.0
Croatian	2,010	0.3	160	0.2
Serbian	2,975	0.5	40	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	140	0.0	10	0.0
Slovak	825	0.1	30	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	205	0.0	35	0.0
Ukrainian	1,945	0.3	195	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0	0	0.0
Celtic languages	1,255	0.2	20	0.0
Irish	1,035	0.2	0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	35	0.0	0	0.0
Welsh	130	0.0	10	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	50	0.0	0	0.0
Germanic languages	15,535	2.4	1,915	2.0
Frisian	25	0.0	0	0.0
High German languages	11,430	1.8	1,365	1.4
German	11,050	1.7	1,335	1.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0	0	0.0
Swiss German	330	0.1	55	0.1
Yiddish	240	0.0	0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,895	0.4	455	0.5
Afrikaans	1,015	0.2	165	0.2
Dutch	1,860	0.3	235	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0.0	15	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0.0	0	0.0
Plautdietsch	30	0.0	30	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	70	0.0	0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,805	0.3	150	0.2
Danish	565	0.1	65	0.1
Icelandic	40	0.0	10	0.0
Norwegian	405	0.1	30	0.0
Swedish	910	0.1	55	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	35	0.0	10	0.0
Greek	3,055	0.5	75	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	45,935	7.1	3,535	3.7
Indo-Aryan languages	33,070	5.1	3,415	3.6
Assamese	15	0.0	0	0.0
Bengali	1,675	0.3	165	0.2
Gujarati	1,840	0.3	135	0.1
Hindi	15,025	2.3	1,455	1.5
Kacchi	405	0.1	0	0.0
Kashmiri	20	0.0	0	0.0
Konkani	150	0.0	10	0.0
Marathi	665	0.1	40	0.0
Nepali	325	0.0	95	0.1
Oriya languages	50	0.0	0	0.0
Odia	30	0.0	0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	0.0	0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	19,130	2.9	2,285	2.4
Rohingya	0	0.0	0	0.0
Sindhi	75	0.0	20	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	610	0.1	45	0.0
Urdu	2,515	0.4	340	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	250	0.0	15	0.0
Iranian languages	13,100	2.0	145	0.2
Baluchi	0	0.0	0	0.0
Kurdish	800	0.1	0	0.0
Parsi	50	0.0	0	0.0
Pashto	230	0.0	20	0.0
Persian languages	12,330	1.9	105	0.1
Dari	575	0.1	0	0.0
Iranian Persian	10,805	1.7	90	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,050	0.2	10	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0	0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	55	0.0	0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	50,560	7.8	2,765	2.9
Catalan	280	0.0	0	0.0
Italian	7,740	1.2	1,000	1.1
Portuguese	8,715	1.3	295	0.3
Romanian	1,475	0.2	75	0.1
Spanish	36,500	5.6	1,495	1.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	95	0.0	0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	100	0.0	0	0.0
Japanese	12,075	1.9	490	0.5
Korean	10,480	1.6	240	0.3
Mongolian	210	0.0	0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,395	0.2	345	0.4
Akan (Twi)	90	0.0	40	0.0
Bamanankan	10	0.0	0	0.0
Edo	0	0.0	0	0.0
Éwé	40	0.0	0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ga	15	0.0	0	0.0
Ganda	75	0.0	0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0.0	0	0.0
Igbo	70	0.0	35	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	70	0.0	10	0.0
Lingala	25	0.0	0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0.0	0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0.0	0	0.0
Mwani	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ndebele	20	0.0	15	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	65	0.0	0	0.0
Shona	90	0.0	50	0.1
Soninke	0	0.0	0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0.0	0	0.0
Swahili	610	0.1	65	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wolof	30	0.0	0	0.0
Yoruba	150	0.0	110	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	220	0.0	60	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	105	0.0	0	0.0
Dinka	15	0.0	0	0.0
Nuer	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	80	0.0	0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	35	0.0	0	0.0
Sign languages	775	0.1	120	0.1
American Sign Language	700	0.1	105	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0.0	0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	105	0.0	25	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	148,095	22.8	1,000	1.1
Chinese languages	147,655	22.7	980	1.0
Hakka	970	0.1	10	0.0
Mandarin	74,695	11.5	695	0.7
Min Dong	65	0.0	0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5,810	0.9	55	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,270	0.2	0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	96,965	14.9	330	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	740	0.1	0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	50	0.0	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	530	0.1	20	0.0
Burmese	365	0.1	0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	60	0.0	0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0.0	0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tibetan	85	0.0	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	50	0.0	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0	0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,545	0.2	65	0.1
Lao	150	0.0	0	0.0
Thai	1,380	0.2	60	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	50	0.0	0	0.0
Turkic languages	2,785	0.4	45	0.0
Azerbaijani	370	0.1	0	0.0
Kazakh	65	0.0	15	0.0
Turkish	2,500	0.4	25	0.0
Uyghur	15	0.0	0	0.0
Uzbek	40	0.0	0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	50	0.0	0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,805	0.3	225	0.2
Estonian	140	0.0	10	0.0
Finnish	385	0.1	85	0.1
Hungarian	1,285	0.2	130	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	85	0.0	0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	650,380	100.0	94,560	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	14,660	2.3	9,885	10.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	13,940	2.1	9,500	10.0
First Nations (North American Indian)	9,335	1.4	5,460	5.8
Métis	4,465	0.7	4,020	4.3
Inuk (Inuit)	140	0.0	25	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	380	0.1	260	0.3
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	335	0.1	130	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	635,720	97.7	84,675	89.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	650,380	100.0	94,560	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	7,005	1.1	3,980	4.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	643,375	98.9	90,575	95.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	305,335	100.0	39,910	100.0
Owner	138,845	45.5	27,960	70.1
Renter	166,490	54.5	11,955	30.0
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	0.0	0	0.0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	305,335	100.0	39,910	100.0
Condominium	112,105	36.7	6,895	17.3
Not condominium	193,235	63.3	33,020	82.7
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	305,335	100.0	39,910	100.0
No bedrooms	13,860	4.5	480	1.2
1 bedroom	111,060	36.4	4,810	12.1
2 bedrooms	84,935	27.8	9,120	22.9
3 bedrooms	42,445	13.9	11,555	29.0
4 or more bedrooms	53,045	17.4	13,950	35.0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	305,335	100.0	39,910	100.0
1 to 4 rooms	187,470	61.4	10,740	26.9
5 rooms	37,350	12.2	5,290	13.3
6 rooms	22,780	7.5	4,990	12.5
7 rooms	16,460	5.4	4,685	11.7
8 or more rooms	41,275	13.5	14,205	35.6
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.5	4.5	6.5	6.5
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	305,335	100.0	39,910	100.0
One person or fewer per room	295,970	96.9	39,455	98.9
More than one person per room	9,370	3.1	460	1.2
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	305,335	100.0	39,910	100.0
Suitable	281,445	92.2	38,490	96.4
Not suitable	23,890	7.8	1,425	3.6
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	305,335	100.0	39,910	100.0
1960 or before	62,225	20.4	4,245	10.6
1961 to 1980	69,110	22.6	16,020	40.1
1981 to 1990	35,990	11.8	4,245	10.6
1991 to 2000	47,170	15.4	6,020	15.1
2001 to 2005	19,415	6.4	1,700	4.3
2006 to 2010	22,755	7.5	2,765	6.9
2011 to 2015	20,935	6.9	2,145	5.4
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	27,740	9.1	2,770	6.9
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	305,335	100.0	39,910	100.0
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	286,035	93.7	37,890	94.9
Major repairs needed	19,300	6.3	2,020	5.1
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	305,335	100.0	39,910	100.0
One-maintainer household	171,540	56.2	19,510	48.9
Two-maintainer household	115,355	37.8	18,095	45.3
Three-or-more-maintainer household	18,440	6.0	2,310	5.8
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	305,335	100.0	39,910	100.0
15 to 24 years	11,910	3.9	1,575	3.9
25 to 34 years	65,870	21.6	5,955	14.9
35 to 44 years	56,605	18.5	6,715	16.8
45 to 54 years	51,270	16.8	6,640	16.6
55 to 64 years	50,645	16.6	7,695	19.3
65 to 74 years	40,465	13.3	6,470	16.2
75 to 84 years	19,715	6.5	3,610	9.0
85 years and over	8,870	2.9	1,255	3.1
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	303,725	100.0	39,795	100.0
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	202,070	66.5	32,240	81.0
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	101,655	33.5	7,550	19.0
30% to less than 100%	82,575	27.2	6,900	17.3
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	305,335	100.0	39,910	100.0
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	131,005	42.9	10,215	25.6
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	89,520	29.3	6,900	17.3
Not suitable only	16,295	5.3	1,100	2.8
Major repairs needed only	11,715	3.8	1,460	3.7
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	5,895	1.9	195	0.5
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	5,880	1.9	430	1.1
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,345	0.4	105	0.3
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	360	0.1	30	0.1
Acceptable housing	174,335	57.1	29,700	74.4
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	284,650	100.0	39,140	100.0
In core need	54,210	19.0	3,795	9.7
Not in core need	230,435	81.0	35,345	90.3
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	138,850	...	27,910	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	50.7	50.7	60.2	60.2
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	26.3	26.3	11.3	11.3
% in core housing need⁶³	11.2	11.2	4.1	4.1
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,460	1,460	1,300	1,300
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,084	2,084	1,406	1,406
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,450,000	1,450,000	552,000	552,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,728,000	1,728,000	567,000	567,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	166,485	...	11,950	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.1	12.1	12.1	12.1
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.4	39.4	36.9	36.9
% in core housing need⁶³	25.7	25.7	23.1	23.1
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,570	1,570	1,180	1,180
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,660	1,660	1,256	1,256
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	0	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	650,380	100.0	94,560	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	5,460	0.8	3,190	3.4
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	5,375	0.8	3,105	3.3
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	4,710	0.7	2,415	2.6
Métis single ancestry	615	0.1	680	0.7
Inuit single ancestry	50	0.0	15	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	85	0.0	85	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	85	0.0	85	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0.0	0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0.0	0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0.0	0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	11,270	1.7	7,290	7.7
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	10,880	1.7	6,945	7.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	7,925	1.2	4,390	4.6
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,865	0.4	2,515	2.7
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90	0.0	40	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	390	0.1	340	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	375	0.1	335	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0.0	0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0.0	0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0.0	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	633,655	97.4	84,075	88.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	650,380	100.0	94,560	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	537,810	82.7	89,210	94.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	78,320	12.0	17,440	18.4
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	459,495	70.7	71,775	75.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	112,570	17.3	5,350	5.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	650,380	100.0	94,560	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	333,190	51.2	82,550	87.3
Immigrants⁸¹	274,360	42.2	9,335	9.9
Before 1980	45,435	7.0	3,515	3.7
1980 to 1990	39,525	6.1	970	1.0
1991 to 2000	65,920	10.1	1,080	1.1
2001 to 2010	54,215	8.3	1,470	1.6
2011 to 2021⁸²	69,270	10.7	2,300	2.4
2011 to 2015	27,910	4.3	955	1.0
2016 to 2021	41,355	6.4	1,340	1.4
Non-permanent residents⁸³	42,830	6.6	2,675	2.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	274,365	100.0	9,330	100.0
Under 5 years	19,460	7.1	1,180	12.6
5 to 14 years	40,820	14.9	1,725	18.5
15 to 24 years	49,865	18.2	2,020	21.7
25 to 44 years	132,610	48.3	3,860	41.4
45 years and over	31,610	11.5	545	5.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	274,365	100.0	9,330	100.0
Americas	24,375	8.9	1,225	13.1
Brazil	2,530	0.9	40	0.4
Colombia	1,040	0.4	45	0.5
El Salvador	1,030	0.4	30	0.3
Guyana	215	0.1	10	0.1
Haiti	75	0.0	0	0.0
Jamaica	455	0.2	15	0.2
Mexico	3,870	1.4	100	1.1
Peru	890	0.3	10	0.1
Trinidad and Tobago	510	0.2	10	0.1
United States of America	9,790	3.6	790	8.5
Other places of birth in Americas	3,965	1.4	185	2.0
Europe	43,955	16.0	3,900	41.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,145	0.4	55	0.6
Croatia	835	0.3	95	1.0
France	2,220	0.8	45	0.5
Germany	2,800	1.0	555	5.9
Greece	1,070	0.4	20	0.2
Hungary	725	0.3	70	0.8
Italy	2,805	1.0	535	5.7
Netherlands	770	0.3	205	2.2
Poland	1,995	0.7	135	1.4
Portugal	1,290	0.5	100	1.1
Romania	1,250	0.5	75	0.8
Russian Federation	2,395	0.9	75	0.8
Serbia⁸⁶	1,250	0.5	10	0.1
Ukraine	1,785	0.7	45	0.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	12,895	4.7	1,425	15.3
Other places of birth in Europe	8,725	3.2	445	4.8
Africa	7,195	2.6	555	5.9
Algeria	145	0.1	0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	75	0.0	0	0.0
Egypt	550	0.2	20	0.2
Eritrea	205	0.1	0	0.0
Ethiopia	430	0.2	0	0.0
Morocco	320	0.1	15	0.2
Nigeria	240	0.1	100	1.1
Somalia	100	0.0	10	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	2,290	0.8	250	2.7
Other places of birth in Africa	2,835	1.0	170	1.8
Asia	193,325	70.5	3,390	36.3
Afghanistan	395	0.1	0	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	8,780	3.2	50	0.5
Iraq	595	0.2	0	0.0
Lebanon	485	0.2	15	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	740	0.3	30	0.3
Turkey	960	0.3	0	0.0
China⁹⁰	63,270	23.1	320	3.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	25,485	9.3	65	0.7
Korea, South⁹²	6,495	2.4	120	1.3
Taiwan	9,865	3.6	45	0.5
Philippines	29,925	10.9	750	8.0
Viet Nam	12,115	4.4	85	0.9
Bangladesh	800	0.3	40	0.4
India	14,640	5.3	1,240	13.3
Pakistan	1,085	0.4	190	2.0
Sri Lanka	1,605	0.6	10	0.1
Other places of birth in Asia	16,080	5.9	405	4.3
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	5,520	2.0	260	2.8
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	41,360	100.0	1,340	100.0
Americas	6,735	16.3	125	9.3
Brazil	1,820	4.4	15	1.1
Colombia	290	0.7	10	0.7
Haiti	0	0.0	0	0.0
Jamaica	25	0.1	0	0.0
Mexico	1,215	2.9	20	1.5
United States of America	2,295	5.5	60	4.5
Venezuela⁹⁵	220	0.5	0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	865	2.1	15	1.1
Europe	9,075	21.9	135	10.1
France	920	2.2	10	0.7
Germany	455	1.1	10	0.7
Ireland⁹⁶	1,690	4.1	15	1.1
Italy	320	0.8	0	0.0
Russian Federation	645	1.6	0	0.0
Ukraine	495	1.2	20	1.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,415	5.8	60	4.5
Other places of birth in Europe	2,135	5.2	25	1.9
Africa	1,165	2.8	180	13.4
Algeria	40	0.1	0	0.0
Burundi	20	0.0	0	0.0
Cameroon	15	0.0	0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0.0	0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	15	0.0	0	0.0
Egypt	110	0.3	10	0.7
Eritrea	35	0.1	0	0.0
Ethiopia	55	0.1	0	0.0
Morocco	85	0.2	0	0.0
Nigeria	115	0.3	50	3.7
Somalia	0	0.0	0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	350	0.8	70	5.2
Sudan⁹⁷	35	0.1	0	0.0
Tunisia	25	0.1	10	0.7
Other places of birth in Africa	240	0.6	45	3.4
Asia	23,045	55.7	850	63.4
Afghanistan	105	0.3	0	0.0
Bangladesh	155	0.4	0	0.0
China⁹⁰	5,930	14.3	50	3.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	615	1.5	0	0.0
India	3,680	8.9	300	22.4
Iran⁸⁸	1,220	2.9	0	0.0
Iraq	125	0.3	0	0.0
Israel	245	0.6	0	0.0
Japan	815	2.0	15	1.1
Jordan	45	0.1	0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	1,250	3.0	25	1.9
Lebanon	80	0.2	0	0.0
Nepal	65	0.2	0	0.0
Pakistan	255	0.6	40	3.0
Philippines	4,445	10.7	295	22.0
Saudi Arabia	140	0.3	0	0.0
Sri Lanka	250	0.6	10	0.7
Syria⁸⁹	565	1.4	30	2.2
Turkey	375	0.9	0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	105	0.3	0	0.0
Viet Nam	995	2.4	10	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	1,590	3.8	50	3.7
Oceania and other⁹³	1,340	3.2	50	3.7
Australia	1,010	2.4	35	2.6
Other places of birth⁹⁸	330	0.8	10	0.7
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	650,380	100.0	94,560	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	327,870	50.4	12,815	13.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	160,910	24.7	15,420	16.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	161,595	24.8	66,325	70.1
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	228,925	100.0	5,815	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	140,320	61.3	3,060	52.6
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	62,775	27.4	1,350	23.2
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	77,545	33.9	1,720	29.6
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	66,960	29.2	2,240	38.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	17,530	7.7	435	7.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	4,120	1.8	75	1.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	228,925	100.0	5,815	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	5,935	2.6	115	2.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	33,310	14.6	1,045	18.0
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	8,645	3.8	265	4.6
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	17,150	7.5	560	9.6
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	750	0.3	35	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	163,140	71.3	3,790	65.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	650,380	100.0	94,560	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	354,615	54.5	10,245	10.8
South Asian	44,850	6.9	4,260	4.5
Chinese	168,385	25.9	1,295	1.4
Black	8,515	1.3	985	1.0
Filipino	38,605	5.9	1,100	1.2
Arab	3,785	0.6	175	0.2
Latin American	18,080	2.8	490	0.5
Southeast Asian	20,585	3.2	310	0.3
West Asian	12,100	1.9	145	0.2
Korean	10,895	1.7	250	0.3
Japanese	10,990	1.7	875	0.9
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,240	0.5	110	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	14,585	2.2	260	0.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	295,770	45.5	84,315	89.2
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	650,385	100.0	94,555	100.0
Canadian	33,685	5.2	12,770	13.5
English	84,370	13.0	27,205	28.8
Irish	65,695	10.1	17,005	18.0
Scottish	69,200	10.6	21,540	22.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	30,625	4.7	9,220	9.8
German	45,215	7.0	15,705	16.6
Chinese	159,080	24.5	1,435	1.5
Italian	21,155	3.3	5,265	5.6
Indian (India)	27,765	4.3	2,530	2.7
Ukrainian	20,000	3.1	6,710	7.1
Dutch	13,330	2.0	4,605	4.9
Polish	15,900	2.4	3,560	3.8
Québécois	925	0.1	105	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	21,545	3.3	3,785	4.0
Filipino	38,885	6.0	1,100	1.2
French Canadian	4,070	0.6	1,025	1.1
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	11,105	1.7	1,975	2.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,665	0.9	3,890	4.1
Métis	3,945	0.6	3,620	3.8
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	11,990	1.8	2,550	2.7
Russian	14,135	2.2	2,685	2.8
Norwegian	10,125	1.6	4,045	4.3
Welsh	9,255	1.4	2,330	2.5
Portuguese	6,535	1.0	575	0.6
American	7,565	1.2	1,695	1.8
Spanish	11,605	1.8	745	0.8
Swedish	8,270	1.3	3,345	3.5
Hungarian	5,615	0.9	1,520	1.6
Acadian	835	0.1	160	0.2
Pakistani	1,825	0.3	210	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,660	0.4	380	0.4
Jewish	11,555	1.8	380	0.4
Punjabi	6,100	0.9	560	0.6
Vietnamese	17,450	2.7	200	0.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,800	0.3	95	0.1
Greek	5,475	0.8	385	0.4
Jamaican	1,375	0.2	120	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	11,330	1.7	325	0.3
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,705	0.3	950	1.0
Korean	11,470	1.8	230	0.2
Romanian	3,370	0.5	620	0.7
Lebanese	1,780	0.3	135	0.1
Iranian	9,440	1.5	95	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,695	0.3	160	0.2
Danish	4,890	0.8	1,465	1.5
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,715	0.3	705	0.7
Sikh	3,225	0.5	570	0.6
Austrian	4,710	0.7	1,245	1.3
Belgian	2,160	0.3	520	0.5
Haitian	190	0.0	0	0.0
Hindu	2,685	0.4	160	0.2
Mexican	7,855	1.2	410	0.4
Mennonite	1,860	0.3	250	0.3
Swiss	2,790	0.4	765	0.8
Finnish	2,775	0.4	990	1.0
Sri Lankan	1,865	0.3	55	0.1
Croatian	3,580	0.6	495	0.5
Japanese	13,320	2.0	995	1.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,460	0.4	135	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	430	0.1	70	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	2,840	0.4	905	1.0
Muslim	885	0.1	95	0.1
Egyptian	1,125	0.2	40	0.0
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,830	0.4	105	0.1
Tamil	1,040	0.2	20	0.0
Icelandic	2,525	0.4	635	0.7
Colombian	1,735	0.3	75	0.1
Moroccan	545	0.1	15	0.0
Czech	2,820	0.4	440	0.5
Syrian	770	0.1	80	0.1
Guyanese	460	0.1	20	0.0
Afghan	655	0.1	0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	695	0.1	75	0.1
Serbian	2,930	0.5	110	0.1
Ojibway	440	0.1	165	0.2
Newfoundlander	355	0.1	170	0.2
Hong Konger	8,560	1.3	25	0.0
Ontarian	360	0.1	80	0.1
Persian	3,510	0.5	50	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	770	0.1	35	0.0
Turkish	2,350	0.4	35	0.0
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	145	0.0	65	0.1
Bangladeshi	935	0.1	80	0.1
Algerian	250	0.0	10	0.0
Brazilian	3,785	0.6	90	0.1
Nigerian	430	0.1	175	0.2
Armenian	760	0.1	0	0.0
Slovak	1,710	0.3	315	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,065	0.3	270	0.3
Somali	300	0.0	15	0.0
Taiwanese	9,355	1.4	105	0.1
Iraqi	475	0.1	15	0.0
Salvadorean	1,035	0.2	15	0.0
African Caribbean	320	0.0	0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,395	0.4	80	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,025	0.2	45	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	385	0.1	20	0.0
Algonquin	125	0.0	15	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	345	0.1	0	0.0
Lithuanian	1,445	0.2	155	0.2
South African	1,885	0.3	285	0.3
Australian	2,805	0.4	300	0.3
Palestinian	475	0.1	0	0.0
Chilean	1,325	0.2	105	0.1
Congolese	205	0.0	0	0.0
Nova Scotian	210	0.0	45	0.0
Ethiopian	405	0.1	10	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,135	0.2	30	0.0
Peruvian	1,015	0.2	10	0.0
Yoruba	125	0.0	95	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	615	0.1	10	0.0
Berber	175	0.0	0	0.0
Albanian	320	0.0	15	0.0
Maltese	355	0.1	45	0.0
Macedonian	275	0.0	0	0.0
Slovenian	760	0.1	140	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,095	0.2	190	0.2
New Brunswicker	105	0.0	30	0.0
Gujarati	375	0.1	40	0.0
Eritrean	220	0.0	0	0.0
African Canadian	220	0.0	30	0.0
Israeli	1,285	0.2	25	0.0
Mohawk	210	0.0	40	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	470	0.1	175	0.2
Bulgarian	720	0.1	15	0.0
Albertan	200	0.0	140	0.1
Ghanaian	315	0.0	30	0.0
Barbadian	230	0.0	15	0.0
African American	795	0.1	65	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	720	0.1	180	0.2
Tunisian	150	0.0	15	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,075	0.2	65	0.1
Cuban	335	0.1	30	0.0
Bosnian	810	0.1	70	0.1
Venezuelan	515	0.1	0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	35	0.0	0	0.0
Latvian	815	0.1	90	0.1
Bengali	445	0.1	0	0.0
Cameroonian	40	0.0	0	0.0
Guatemalan	325	0.0	0	0.0
Indonesian	1,670	0.3	85	0.1
Laotian	255	0.0	10	0.0
Ilocano	1,140	0.2	40	0.0
Northern Irish	665	0.1	75	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,055	0.2	120	0.1
British Columbian	1,345	0.2	635	0.7
Ecuadorian	360	0.1	10	0.0
Franco Ontarian	70	0.0	25	0.0
Argentinian	505	0.1	40	0.0
Estonian	730	0.1	50	0.1
Kurdish	735	0.1	0	0.0
Fijian	1,860	0.3	15	0.0
Jatt	325	0.0	20	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	210	0.0	45	0.0
Coptic	50	0.0	0	0.0
Thai	1,360	0.2	55	0.1
Dominican	180	0.0	0	0.0
Nepali	320	0.0	85	0.1
Kabyle	30	0.0	0	0.0
Assyrian	40	0.0	0	0.0
Igbo	60	0.0	35	0.0
Byelorussian	425	0.1	50	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	70	0.0	20	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	145	0.0	55	0.1
Abenaki	40	0.0	0	0.0
Moldovan	215	0.0	10	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	100	0.0	25	0.0
New Zealander	1,225	0.2	155	0.2
Sudanese	165	0.0	30	0.0
Breton	115	0.0	15	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	135	0.0	45	0.0
Malaysian	1,290	0.2	60	0.1
Plains Cree	130	0.0	25	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	160	0.0	20	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	60	0.0	0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	190	0.0	135	0.1
Buddhist	1,045	0.2	15	0.0
Gaspesian	15	0.0	10	0.0
Norman	110	0.0	35	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	280	0.0	0	0.0
Ivorian	15	0.0	0	0.0
Saulteaux	110	0.0	30	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	110	0.0	25	0.0
Burundian	80	0.0	0	0.0
Tigrinya	105	0.0	0	0.0
Nicaraguan	395	0.1	15	0.0
Mauritian	135	0.0	0	0.0
Kenyan	355	0.1	15	0.0
Oji-Cree	25	0.0	0	0.0
Vincentian	40	0.0	0	0.0
Jordanian	120	0.0	0	0.0
Manitoban	180	0.0	20	0.0
Cape Bretoner	45	0.0	20	0.0
Rwandan	135	0.0	0	0.0
Grenadian	25	0.0	0	0.0
Malayali	155	0.0	20	0.0
Chaldean	70	0.0	0	0.0
Sinhalese	180	0.0	15	0.0
Mayan	455	0.1	0	0.0
Honduran	265	0.0	10	0.0
Cherokee	180	0.0	95	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	15	0.0	10	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	95	0.0	0	0.0
Flemish	240	0.0	50	0.1
United Empire Loyalist	115	0.0	35	0.0
Senegalese	30	0.0	0	0.0
Azerbaijani	245	0.0	0	0.0
Sicilian	150	0.0	15	0.0
Pashtun	105	0.0	0	0.0
Malay	590	0.1	10	0.0
Goan	200	0.0	0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	25	0.0	0	0.0
Tibetan	100	0.0	0	0.0
Zimbabwean	160	0.0	45	0.0
Burmese	460	0.1	0	0.0
Mongolian	360	0.1	70	0.1
Azorean	60	0.0	0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0	0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0.0	0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ugandan	200	0.0	0	0.0
Oromo	180	0.0	0	0.0
Tanzanian	190	0.0	0	0.0
Yemeni	85	0.0	0	0.0
Central African	0	0.0	0	0.0
Libyan	145	0.0	0	0.0
Basque	320	0.0	15	0.0
Uruguayan	130	0.0	0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	25	0.0	10	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	135	0.0	0	0.0
Igorot	320	0.0	15	0.0
Fulani	0	0.0	0	0.0
Woodland Cree	10	0.0	0	0.0
Guinean	35	0.0	0	0.0
St. Lucian	25	0.0	0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	25	0.0	0	0.0
Maliseet	20	0.0	0	0.0
Beninese	30	0.0	0	0.0
Telugu	105	0.0	0	0.0
Roma	125	0.0	30	0.0
Costa Rican	250	0.0	15	0.0
African Nova Scotian	15	0.0	20	0.0
Malagasy	30	0.0	0	0.0
Kashmiri	50	0.0	0	0.0
Singaporean	735	0.1	0	0.0
Karen	0	0.0	0	0.0
Edo	10	0.0	0	0.0
Tajik	55	0.0	0	0.0
Amhara	35	0.0	0	0.0
Paraguayan	90	0.0	0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	650,380	100.0	94,560	100.0
Buddhist	26,245	4.0	440	0.5
Christian	194,365	29.9	31,790	33.6
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	44,395	6.8	7,575	8.0
Anabaptist	1,425	0.2	160	0.2
Anglican	11,970	1.8	3,000	3.2
Baptist	4,705	0.7	1,225	1.3
Catholic	94,425	14.5	10,620	11.2
Christian Orthodox	8,970	1.4	465	0.5
Jehovah's Witness	2,050	0.3	600	0.6
Latter Day Saints	495	0.1	380	0.4
Lutheran	3,060	0.5	1,360	1.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	500	0.1	90	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,465	0.4	875	0.9
Presbyterian	2,390	0.4	460	0.5
Reformed	305	0.0	85	0.1
United Church	8,575	1.3	3,110	3.3
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	8,650	1.3	1,805	1.9
Hindu	12,585	1.9	995	1.1
Jewish	11,675	1.8	85	0.1
Muslim	17,910	2.8	890	0.9
Sikh	16,535	2.5	2,005	2.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	480	0.1	190	0.2
Other religions and spiritual traditions	7,665	1.2	925	1.0
No religion and secular perspectives	362,925	55.8	57,245	60.5
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	645,400	100.0	93,685	100.0
Non-movers	531,810	82.4	80,220	85.6
Movers	113,585	17.6	13,465	14.4
Non-migrants	74,590	11.6	8,870	9.5
Migrants	39,000	6.0	4,600	4.9
Internal migrants	23,805	3.7	4,055	4.3
Intraprovincial migrants	14,460	2.2	2,815	3.0
Interprovincial migrants	9,345	1.4	1,235	1.3
External migrants	15,190	2.4	545	0.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	626,725	100.0	90,120	100.0
Non-movers	345,375	55.1	49,480	54.9
Movers	281,350	44.9	40,645	45.1
Non-migrants	129,275	20.6	20,585	22.8
Migrants	152,085	24.3	20,055	22.3
Internal migrants	86,030	13.7	16,880	18.7
Intraprovincial migrants	56,025	8.9	12,495	13.9
Interprovincial migrants	30,010	4.8	4,385	4.9
External migrants	66,055	10.5	3,175	3.5
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	580,010	100.0	79,775	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	65,905	11.4	12,165	15.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	514,110	88.6	67,605	84.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	403,970	100.0	50,805	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	25,010	6.2	4,355	8.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	378,960	93.8	46,445	91.4
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	580,010	100.0	79,775	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	60,930	10.5	10,475	13.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	134,790	23.2	26,825	33.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	384,290	66.3	42,470	53.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	124,050	21.4	26,185	32.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	24,410	4.2	8,445	10.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	12,940	2.2	3,000	3.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	11,465	2.0	5,440	6.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	78,400	13.5	13,705	17.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,240	3.7	4,035	5.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	260,240	44.9	16,285	20.4
Bachelor's degree	164,040	28.3	10,945	13.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	16,270	2.8	1,275	1.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	8,125	1.4	490	0.6
Master's degree	60,335	10.4	3,130	3.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	11,475	2.0	445	0.6
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	403,970	100.0	50,805	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	21,915	5.4	3,540	7.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	75,550	18.7	15,460	30.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	306,505	75.9	31,810	62.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	93,190	23.1	18,800	37.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	17,550	4.3	5,930	11.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	9,330	2.3	2,025	4.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,220	2.0	3,905	7.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	59,610	14.8	9,880	19.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,030	4.0	2,985	5.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	213,315	52.8	13,010	25.6
Bachelor's degree	133,975	33.2	8,815	17.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	13,095	3.2	980	1.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	6,155	1.5	390	0.8
Master's degree	51,525	12.8	2,505	4.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	8,575	2.1	325	0.6
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	580,015	100.0	79,775	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	195,725	33.7	37,305	46.8
Education	18,520	3.2	3,435	4.3
13. Education	18,520	3.2	3,435	4.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	31,525	5.4	940	1.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	3,890	0.7	75	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	27,630	4.8	860	1.1
Humanities	26,645	4.6	1,600	2.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	3,580	0.6	110	0.1
23. English language and literature/letters	8,145	1.4	440	0.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	7,390	1.3	530	0.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	575	0.1	15	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,530	0.3	75	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,305	0.2	185	0.2
54. History	3,360	0.6	230	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	755	0.1	20	0.0
Social and behavioural sciences and law	61,760	10.6	3,575	4.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,480	0.3	40	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	8,695	1.5	315	0.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,400	0.8	720	0.9
22. Legal professions and studies	10,175	1.8	755	0.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,580	0.3	45	0.1
42. Psychology	11,250	1.9	635	0.8
45. Social sciences	24,175	4.2	1,055	1.3
Business, management and public administration	82,545	14.2	8,435	10.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	80	0.0	0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,780	0.7	1,210	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	78,690	13.6	7,215	9.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	21,960	3.8	1,635	2.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	10,100	1.7	715	0.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,670	0.8	395	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	470	0.1	15	0.0
40. Physical sciences	6,350	1.1	400	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	370	0.1	100	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	22,385	3.9	1,140	1.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	17,345	3.0	960	1.2
25. Library science	1,405	0.2	65	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,800	0.5	110	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	840	0.1	0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	52,810	9.1	9,465	11.9
04. Architecture and related services	6,100	1.1	140	0.2
14. Engineering	24,930	4.3	1,200	1.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	8,295	1.4	1,665	2.1
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	25	0.0	0	0.0
46. Construction trades	6,475	1.1	2,775	3.5
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	4,855	0.8	2,620	3.3
48. Precision production	2,135	0.4	1,075	1.3
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,965	1.0	1,625	2.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,150	0.5	575	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,815	0.5	1,050	1.3
Health and related fields	47,020	8.1	7,860	9.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0.0	0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,125	0.7	345	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	39,720	6.8	7,295	9.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	165	0.0	10	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	3,000	0.5	205	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	13,000	2.2	2,735	3.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	9,910	1.7	1,620	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	40	0.0	0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	35	0.0	0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,075	0.2	420	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,940	0.3	690	0.9
Other¹⁷⁹	160	0.0	20	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	403,970	100.0	50,805	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	97,465	24.1	19,000	37.4
Education	12,580	3.1	2,290	4.5
13. Education	12,580	3.1	2,290	4.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	26,570	6.6	780	1.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	3,380	0.8	45	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	23,190	5.7	740	1.5
Humanities	20,375	5.0	1,185	2.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,770	0.7	95	0.2
23. English language and literature/letters	6,200	1.5	315	0.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	5,740	1.4	360	0.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	395	0.1	15	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,180	0.3	65	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	950	0.2	120	0.2
54. History	2,630	0.7	200	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	510	0.1	15	0.0
Social and behavioural sciences and law	50,310	12.5	2,825	5.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,240	0.3	20	0.0
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	7,760	1.9	245	0.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,350	0.8	560	1.1
22. Legal professions and studies	8,335	2.1	635	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,250	0.3	40	0.1
42. Psychology	8,865	2.2	500	1.0
45. Social sciences	19,510	4.8	830	1.6
Business, management and public administration	68,135	16.9	6,370	12.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	70	0.0	0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,855	0.7	915	1.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	65,210	16.1	5,455	10.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	17,025	4.2	1,270	2.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	8,055	2.0	580	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,540	0.9	310	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	400	0.1	0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	4,785	1.2	310	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	240	0.1	60	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	18,835	4.7	940	1.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	15,215	3.8	825	1.6
25. Library science	905	0.2	40	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,020	0.5	70	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	690	0.2	0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	41,315	10.2	6,840	13.5
04. Architecture and related services	5,005	1.2	115	0.2
14. Engineering	20,215	5.0	905	1.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	6,280	1.6	1,220	2.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0.0	0	0.0
46. Construction trades	5,010	1.2	1,980	3.9
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,395	0.8	1,815	3.6
48. Precision production	1,385	0.3	800	1.6
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,775	1.2	1,320	2.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,545	0.6	475	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,225	0.6	845	1.7
Health and related fields	36,380	9.0	5,930	11.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0.0	0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,330	0.8	295	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	30,720	7.6	5,450	10.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	130	0.0	10	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,195	0.5	175	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	10,075	2.5	2,045	4.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,655	1.9	1,220	2.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35	0.0	0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0.0	0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	885	0.2	295	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,490	0.4	530	1.0
Other¹⁷⁹	135	0.0	15	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	403,970	100.0	50,805	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	97,465	24.1	19,000	37.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	306,505	75.9	31,805	62.6
Location of study inside Canada	205,815	50.9	28,635	56.4
Same as province or territory of residence	155,970	38.6	23,475	46.2
Different than province or territory of residence	49,840	12.3	5,160	10.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	100,695	24.9	3,170	6.2
Americas	23,285	5.8	750	1.5
United States of America	14,145	3.5	600	1.2
Mexico	3,490	0.9	60	0.1
Cuba	60	0.0	0	0.0
Haiti	0	0.0	0	0.0
Jamaica	40	0.0	0	0.0
Brazil	3,170	0.8	25	0.0
Colombia	685	0.2	30	0.1
Peru	215	0.1	0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	225	0.1	0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	1,255	0.3	30	0.1
Europe	25,945	6.4	625	1.2
Belgium	250	0.1	0	0.0
France	2,330	0.6	10	0.0
Germany	1,175	0.3	50	0.1
Netherlands	455	0.1	20	0.0
Switzerland	410	0.1	15	0.0
Hungary	180	0.0	10	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	45	0.0	0	0.0
Poland	580	0.1	0	0.0
Romania	420	0.1	10	0.0
Russian Federation	1,230	0.3	15	0.0
Ukraine	825	0.2	30	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	3,755	0.9	25	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10,140	2.5	355	0.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	245	0.1	15	0.0
Italy	635	0.2	0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	525	0.1	10	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	2,740	0.7	50	0.1
Africa	1,570	0.4	240	0.5
Nigeria	60	0.0	55	0.1
Algeria	20	0.0	0	0.0
Morocco	90	0.0	10	0.0
Tunisia	20	0.0	10	0.0
Egypt	250	0.1	0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	885	0.2	90	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	245	0.1	65	0.1
Asia	45,510	11.3	1,380	2.7
Iran⁸⁸	2,835	0.7	35	0.1
Iraq	115	0.0	0	0.0
Israel	500	0.1	0	0.0
Lebanon	125	0.0	0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	105	0.0	0	0.0
Turkey	670	0.2	0	0.0
China⁹⁰	11,420	2.8	85	0.2
Taiwan	1,960	0.5	20	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,850	0.5	10	0.0
Japan	2,885	0.7	55	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	2,940	0.7	50	0.1
Philippines	11,535	2.9	280	0.6
Viet Nam	765	0.2	10	0.0
Bangladesh	320	0.1	20	0.0
Sri Lanka	185	0.0	0	0.0
India	4,865	1.2	645	1.3
Pakistan	315	0.1	50	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	2,110	0.5	85	0.2
Oceania	4,385	1.1	175	0.3
Australia	3,330	0.8	120	0.2
New Zealand	975	0.2	40	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	75	0.0	15	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	580,010	...	79,775	...
In the labour force	394,670	...	51,030	...
Employed	359,280	...	47,235	...
Unemployed	35,390	...	3,800	...
Not in the labour force	185,345	...	28,745	...
Participation rate	68.0	68.0	64.0	64.0
Employment rate	61.9	61.9	59.2	59.2
Unemployment rate	9.0	9.0	7.4	7.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	580,015	100.0	79,775	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	191,360	33.0	29,170	36.6
Worked	388,655	67.0	50,605	63.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	200,890	34.6	26,275	32.9
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	187,760	32.4	24,335	30.5
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.7	40.7	41.3	41.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	394,670	100.0	51,030	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,915	2.0	1,005	2.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	386,760	98.0	50,025	98.0
Employee	316,775	80.3	43,895	86.0
Permanent position	257,520	65.2	36,885	72.3
Temporary position	59,255	15.0	7,015	13.7
Fixed term (1 year or more)	24,150	6.1	1,755	3.4
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	35,105	8.9	5,260	10.3
Self-employed¹⁹²	69,980	17.7	6,130	12.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	394,670	100.0	51,030	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,915	2.0	1,005	2.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	386,760	98.0	50,025	98.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	6,520	1.7	255	0.5
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	76,280	19.3	7,510	14.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	43,880	11.1	3,090	6.1
3 Health occupations	29,825	7.6	4,915	9.6
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	50,680	12.8	6,240	12.2
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	32,435	8.2	1,030	2.0
6 Sales and service occupations	95,630	24.2	13,475	26.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	39,750	10.1	10,575	20.7
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	3,475	0.9	1,560	3.1
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	8,285	2.1	1,375	2.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	394,670	100.0	51,030	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,915	2.0	1,005	2.0
All industries¹⁹¹	386,760	98.0	50,025	98.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,840	0.5	595	1.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,250	0.3	1,575	3.1
22 Utilities	1,665	0.4	285	0.6
23 Construction	20,765	5.3	4,580	9.0
31-33 Manufacturing	16,305	4.1	2,350	4.6
41 Wholesale trade	11,445	2.9	1,405	2.8
44-45 Retail trade	38,470	9.7	6,950	13.6
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	14,565	3.7	2,880	5.6
51 Information and cultural industries	22,390	5.7	495	1.0
52 Finance and insurance	18,710	4.7	1,115	2.2
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	11,855	3.0	820	1.6
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	58,070	14.7	3,230	6.3
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,225	0.3	65	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	14,660	3.7	2,010	3.9
61 Educational services	34,035	8.6	3,420	6.7
62 Health care and social assistance	45,910	11.6	7,955	15.6
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	11,100	2.8	1,210	2.4
72 Accommodation and food services	30,480	7.7	3,750	7.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	16,780	4.3	2,215	4.3
91 Public administration	15,240	3.9	3,125	6.1
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	419,270	100.0	54,585	100.0
English	370,305	88.3	53,665	98.3
French	575	0.1	60	0.1
Non-official language	11,825	2.8	140	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	20	0.0	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	11,810	2.8	140	0.3
English and French	4,925	1.2	195	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	29,720	7.1	525	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	20	0.0	0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	755	0.2	0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,140	0.3	0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	419,270	100.0	54,585	100.0
Single responses	412,635	98.4	54,495	99.8
Official languages	393,010	93.7	54,275	99.4
English	391,745	93.4	54,175	99.2
French	1,265	0.3	100	0.2
Non-official languages	19,630	4.7	220	0.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	0.0	0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0.0	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0.0	0	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Michif	0	0.0	0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0	0	0.0
Stoney	0	0.0	0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	0.0	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	10	0.0	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	19,610	4.7	220	0.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	65	0.0	0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0.0	0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Coptic	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Bilen	0	0.0	0	0.0
Oromo	0	0.0	0	0.0
Somali	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Semitic languages	65	0.0	0	0.0
Amharic	0	0.0	0	0.0
Arabic	35	0.0	0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0.0	0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0.0	0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Hebrew	30	0.0	0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0.0	0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	750	0.2	0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Vietnamese	745	0.2	0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Austronesian languages	225	0.1	0	0.0
Bikol	0	0.0	0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0.0	0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ilocano	15	0.0	0	0.0
Indonesian	45	0.0	0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0.0	0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Malay	0	0.0	0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	155	0.0	0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0.0	0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0.0	0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0.0	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Dravidian languages	30	0.0	0	0.0
Kannada	0	0.0	0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tamil	30	0.0	0	0.0
Telugu	0	0.0	0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Georgian	0	0.0	0	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,225	0.5	110	0.2
Albanian	0	0.0	0	0.0
Armenian	0	0.0	0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	175	0.0	0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Latvian	0	0.0	0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0.0	0	0.0
Slavic languages	170	0.0	0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0.0	0	0.0
Czech	0	0.0	0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0.0	0	0.0
Polish	15	0.0	0	0.0
Russian	125	0.0	0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	10	0.0	0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0.0	0	0.0
Croatian	0	0.0	0	0.0
Serbian	0	0.0	0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Slovak	0	0.0	0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0.0	0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0.0	0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Germanic languages	75	0.0	0	0.0
Frisian	0	0.0	0	0.0
High German languages	50	0.0	0	0.0
German	40	0.0	0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0	0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0.0	0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0.0	0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0.0	0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0.0	0	0.0
Dutch	10	0.0	0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0.0	0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0.0	0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	0.0	0	0.0
Danish	0	0.0	0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0.0	0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0.0	0	0.0
Swedish	10	0.0	0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Greek	20	0.0	0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	915	0.2	85	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	570	0.1	85	0.2
Bengali	0	0.0	0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0.0	0	0.0
Hindi	15	0.0	0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0.0	0	0.0
Marathi	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nepali	0	0.0	0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	535	0.1	80	0.1
Sindhi	0	0.0	0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Urdu	15	0.0	0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iranian languages	350	0.1	0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0.0	0	0.0
Pashto	0	0.0	0	0.0
Persian languages	350	0.1	0	0.0
Dari	0	0.0	0	0.0
Iranian Persian	330	0.1	0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	0.0	0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,030	0.2	25	0.0
Catalan	0	0.0	0	0.0
Italian	55	0.0	0	0.0
Portuguese	200	0.0	0	0.0
Romanian	0	0.0	0	0.0
Spanish	780	0.2	25	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Japanese	870	0.2	0	0.0
Korean	800	0.2	30	0.1
Mongolian	0	0.0	0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Edo	0	0.0	0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ga	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ganda	0	0.0	0	0.0
Igbo	0	0.0	0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Lingala	0	0.0	0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Shona	0	0.0	0	0.0
Swahili	0	0.0	0	0.0
Wolof	0	0.0	0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0.0	0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Dinka	0	0.0	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Sign languages	25	0.0	0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	0.0	0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0.0	0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	14,500	3.5	70	0.1
Chinese languages	14,500	3.5	70	0.1
Hakka	0	0.0	0	0.0
Mandarin	5,760	1.4	40	0.1
Min Dong	0	0.0	0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	0.0	0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0.0	0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	8,640	2.1	25	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	0.0	0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Burmese	0	0.0	0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0.0	0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	80	0.0	0	0.0
Lao	0	0.0	0	0.0
Thai	80	0.0	0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Turkic languages	35	0.0	0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0.0	0	0.0
Turkish	35	0.0	0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0.0	0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0.0	0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0.0	0	0.0
Estonian	0	0.0	0	0.0
Finnish	0	0.0	0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0.0	0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0	0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,635	1.6	90	0.2
English and French	580	0.1	20	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	5,820	1.4	65	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	10	0.0	0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	0.0	0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	200	0.0	0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	419,270	100.0	54,585	100.0
None	388,115	92.6	53,945	98.8
English	6,265	1.5	120	0.2
French	3,760	0.9	135	0.2
Non-official language	16,115	3.8	300	0.5
Indigenous³⁹	40	0.0	30	0.1
Non-Indigenous	16,075	3.8	270	0.5
English and French	15	0.0	0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,260	0.3	0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	620	0.1	0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0.0	0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	3,115	0.7	80	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	359,280	100.0	47,235	100.0
Worked at home	123,110	34.3	6,360	13.5
Worked outside Canada	2,210	0.6	65	0.1
No fixed workplace address	39,640	11.0	7,325	15.5
Usual place of work	194,315	54.1	33,480	70.9
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	194,315	100.0	33,480	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	130,595	67.2	28,675	85.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	61,420	31.6	3,890	11.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,605	0.8	695	2.1
Commute to a different province or territory	685	0.4	220	0.7
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	233,960	100.0	40,800	100.0
Car, truck or van	131,425	56.2	35,645	87.4
Car, truck or van - as a driver	118,815	50.8	33,190	81.3
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	12,610	5.4	2,455	6.0
Public transit	53,515	22.9	1,840	4.5
Walked	30,630	13.1	2,075	5.1
Bicycle	12,325	5.3	385	0.9
Other method	6,060	2.6	855	2.1
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	233,960	100.0	40,800	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	46,865	20.0	17,330	42.5
15 to 29 minutes	93,750	40.1	17,630	43.2
30 to 44 minutes	61,575	26.3	3,000	7.4
45 to 59 minutes	18,595	7.9	1,215	3.0
60 minutes and over	13,175	5.6	1,625	4.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	233,960	100.0	40,800	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	9,095	3.9	2,935	7.2
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	29,670	12.7	7,385	18.1
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	51,440	22.0	11,015	27.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	59,050	25.2	8,575	21.0
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	52,095	22.3	4,555	11.2
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	32,615	13.9	6,330	15.5
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	87,415	100.0	18,180	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,870	7.9	1,090	6.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	80,540	92.1	17,090	94.0
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	62,020	100.0	13,405	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,095	8.2	835	6.2
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,295	5.3	510	3.8
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,805	2.9	325	2.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	56,925	91.8	12,570	93.8

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed February 13, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

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