Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	CanadaMore information: [Country]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	36,991,981	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	35,151,728	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.2	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	16,284,235	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	14,978,941	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	8,788,702.80	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	36,991,980	18,226,240	18,765,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	6,012,795	3,086,510	2,926,285	16.3	16.9	15.6
0 to 4 years	1,831,195	938,790	892,405	5.0	5.2	4.8
5 to 9 years	2,054,900	1,054,240	1,000,655	5.6	5.8	5.3
10 to 14 years	2,126,705	1,093,480	1,033,225	5.7	6.0	5.5
15 to 64 years	23,957,760	11,915,050	12,042,710	64.8	65.4	64.2
15 to 19 years	2,012,975	1,036,730	976,240	5.4	5.7	5.2
20 to 24 years	2,202,255	1,138,825	1,063,430	6.0	6.2	5.7
25 to 29 years	2,421,510	1,228,135	1,193,370	6.5	6.7	6.4
30 to 34 years	2,518,835	1,252,795	1,266,040	6.8	6.9	6.7
35 to 39 years	2,511,345	1,238,515	1,272,835	6.8	6.8	6.8
40 to 44 years	2,399,405	1,175,875	1,223,530	6.5	6.5	6.5
45 to 49 years	2,304,170	1,129,185	1,174,985	6.2	6.2	6.3
50 to 54 years	2,368,350	1,161,665	1,206,685	6.4	6.4	6.4
55 to 59 years	2,647,330	1,299,975	1,347,350	7.2	7.1	7.2
60 to 64 years	2,571,580	1,253,335	1,318,245	7.0	6.9	7.0
65 years and over	7,021,430	3,224,680	3,796,750	19.0	17.7	20.2
65 to 69 years	2,210,970	1,065,305	1,145,665	6.0	5.8	6.1
70 to 74 years	1,847,585	879,850	967,735	5.0	4.8	5.2
75 to 79 years	1,260,930	589,090	671,845	3.4	3.2	3.6
80 to 84 years	840,545	370,905	469,645	2.3	2.0	2.5
85 years and over	861,395	319,540	541,860	2.3	1.8	2.9
85 to 89 years	525,445	212,735	312,705	1.4	1.2	1.7
90 to 94 years	258,035	87,300	170,735	0.7	0.5	0.9
95 to 99 years	68,380	17,670	50,715	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	9,535	1,830	7,710	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.3	16.9	15.6	16.3	16.9	15.6
15 to 64 years	64.8	65.4	64.2	64.8	65.4	64.2
65 years and over	19.0	17.7	20.2	19.0	17.7	20.2
85 years and over	2.3	1.8	2.9	2.3	1.8	2.9
Average age of the population	41.9	41.0	42.8	41.9	41.0	42.8
Median age of the population	41.6	40.4	42.8	41.6	40.4	42.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	14,978,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	7,872,310	...	...	52.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	746,560	...	...	5.0	...	...
Row house	980,110	...	...	6.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	821,490	...	...	5.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,738,020	...	...	18.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,596,155	...	...	10.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	34,880	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	189,420	...	...	1.3	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	14,978,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	4,396,015	...	...	29.3	...	...
2 persons	5,124,800	...	...	34.2	...	...
3 persons	2,194,825	...	...	14.7	...	...
4 persons	2,002,455	...	...	13.4	...	...
5 or more persons	1,260,850	...	...	8.4	...	...
Number of persons in private households	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	30,979,185	15,139,730	15,839,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	17,626,005	8,813,405	8,812,595	56.9	58.2	55.6
Married	13,725,625	6,859,755	6,865,875	44.3	45.3	43.3
Living common-law	3,900,375	1,953,650	1,946,725	12.6	12.9	12.3
Living common law - Never married	2,967,665	1,485,985	1,481,685	9.6	9.8	9.4
Living common law - Separated	123,830	65,045	58,785	0.4	0.4	0.4
Living common law - Divorced	721,715	365,760	355,950	2.3	2.4	2.2
Living common law - Widowed	87,165	36,860	50,300	0.3	0.2	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	13,353,180	6,326,325	7,026,860	43.1	41.8	44.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	9,025,865	4,881,410	4,144,455	29.1	32.2	26.2
Not married and not living common law - Separated	741,135	319,045	422,090	2.4	2.1	2.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	1,921,880	760,425	1,161,460	6.2	5.0	7.3
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	1,664,295	365,440	1,298,855	5.4	2.4	8.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	10,262,925	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	5,306,105	...	...	51.7	...	...
3 persons	2,147,825	...	...	20.9	...	...
4 persons	1,953,035	...	...	19.0	...	...
5 or more persons	855,960	...	...	8.3	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	10,262,925	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	8,576,585	...	...	83.6	...	...
Married couples	6,627,310	...	...	64.6	...	...
With children⁶	3,481,775	...	...	33.9	...	...
Without children	3,145,535	...	...	30.6	...	...
Common-law couples	1,949,275	...	...	19.0	...	...
With children⁶	808,645	...	...	7.9	...	...
Without children	1,140,630	...	...	11.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	1,686,340	...	...	16.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	1,302,670	...	...	12.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	383,670	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	29,478,475	14,616,850	14,861,625	81.1	81.5	80.8
Married spouses or common-law partners	17,153,165	8,577,610	8,575,560	47.2	47.8	46.6
Parents in one-parent families	1,686,340	383,675	1,302,670	4.6	2.1	7.1
Children⁶	10,638,965	5,655,570	4,983,400	29.3	31.5	27.1
In a two-parent family	8,024,590	4,238,785	3,785,805	22.1	23.6	20.6
In a one-parent family	2,614,375	1,416,785	1,197,595	7.2	7.9	6.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	6,850,005	3,320,385	3,529,620	18.9	18.5	19.2
Living alone	4,396,015	2,048,495	2,347,520	12.1	11.4	12.8
Living with other relatives⁷	927,345	393,085	534,260	2.6	2.2	2.9
Living with non-relatives only	1,526,645	878,800	647,840	4.2	4.9	3.5
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	14,978,945	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	8,932,695	...	...	59.6	...	...
Couple-family households	7,627,195	...	...	50.9	...	...
With children⁶	3,789,795	...	...	25.3	...	...
Without children	3,837,400	...	...	25.6	...	...
One-parent-family households	1,305,500	...	...	8.7	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	441,745	...	...	2.9	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	94,235	...	...	0.6	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	450,415	...	...	3.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	663,835	...	...	4.4	...	...
One-person households	4,396,015	...	...	29.3	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	30,336,135	14,861,555	15,474,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,241,810	14,316,155	14,925,660	96.4	96.3	96.5
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	46,400	36,800	41,200	46,400	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,256,180	14,323,750	14,932,425	96.4	96.4	96.5
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,800	33,600	36,800	40,800	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	26,045,500	13,010,250	13,035,250	85.9	87.5	84.2
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	42,400	29,200	35,200	42,400	29,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	21,127,615	10,906,485	10,221,130	69.6	73.4	66.1
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	43,200	32,000	37,200	43,200	32,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	25,401,740	12,065,555	13,336,180	83.7	81.2	86.2
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,800	8,500	11,000	9,800	8,500	11,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,185,840	1,548,250	1,637,590	10.5	10.4	10.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,720	5,760	5,720	5,720	5,760	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,373,550	4,140,705	4,232,845	27.6	27.9	27.4
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,242,935	14,316,595	14,926,335	96.4	96.3	96.5
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,450	62,650	46,560	54,450	62,650	46,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,257,325	14,324,165	14,933,160	96.4	96.4	96.5
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,920	50,320	39,680	44,920	50,320	39,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	26,047,020	13,011,765	13,035,250	85.9	87.6	84.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,240	59,500	41,000	50,240	59,500	41,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	21,127,690	10,908,965	10,218,725	69.6	73.4	66.0
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,280	58,050	42,000	50,280	58,050	42,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	25,397,565	12,061,765	13,335,800	83.7	81.2	86.2
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,170	10,180	12,060	11,170	10,180	12,060
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,179,395	1,544,580	1,634,815	10.5	10.4	10.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,050	6,710	7,370	7,050	6,710	7,370
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,346,145	4,128,810	4,217,340	27.5	27.8	27.3
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,920	8,740	9,100	8,920	8,740	9,100
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	30,335,920	14,861,250	15,474,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	9,912,810	5,493,720	4,419,090	32.7	37.0	28.6
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	63,600	69,000	58,000	63,600	69,000	58,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,200	85,400	67,000	77,200	85,400	67,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	8,426,645	3,988,060	4,438,585	27.8	26.8	28.7
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,400	21,000	16,600	18,400	21,000	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,160	33,960	24,860	29,160	33,960	24,860
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.2	86.4	76.8	82.2	86.4	76.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.8	70.6	61.7	66.8	70.6	61.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.8	13.7	23.1	17.8	13.7	23.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.2	1.7	1.4	1.2	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.4	4.5	6.6	5.4	4.5	6.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.7	4.0	5.5	4.7	4.0	5.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	30,336,130	14,861,555	15,474,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	1,094,320	545,400	548,915	3.6	3.7	3.5
With total income	29,241,815	14,316,150	14,925,660	96.4	96.3	96.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	2,434,730	1,058,420	1,376,310	8.3	7.4	9.2
$10,000 to $19,999	3,448,185	1,445,240	2,002,945	11.8	10.1	13.4
$20,000 to $29,999	4,635,650	2,018,080	2,617,570	15.9	14.1	17.5
$30,000 to $39,999	3,723,680	1,648,300	2,075,375	12.7	11.5	13.9
$40,000 to $49,999	3,290,715	1,529,960	1,760,755	11.3	10.7	11.8
$50,000 to $59,999	2,677,465	1,302,135	1,375,330	9.2	9.1	9.2
$60,000 to $69,999	2,073,335	1,086,545	986,795	7.1	7.6	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	1,592,465	887,985	704,480	5.4	6.2	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	1,239,395	708,430	530,965	4.2	4.9	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	965,950	553,435	412,510	3.3	3.9	2.8
$100,000 and over	3,160,245	2,077,620	1,082,625	10.8	14.5	7.3
$100,000 to $149,999	2,102,630	1,319,110	783,520	7.2	9.2	5.2
$150,000 and over	1,057,615	758,510	299,105	3.6	5.3	2.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	30,336,130	14,861,555	15,474,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	1,079,955	537,800	542,155	3.6	3.6	3.5
With after-tax income	29,256,180	14,323,750	14,932,430	96.4	96.4	96.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	2,561,695	1,100,975	1,460,725	8.8	7.7	9.8
$10,000 to $19,999	3,608,250	1,521,395	2,086,855	12.3	10.6	14.0
$20,000 to $29,999	5,294,505	2,321,660	2,972,845	18.1	16.2	19.9
$30,000 to $39,999	4,442,970	2,035,725	2,407,250	15.2	14.2	16.1
$40,000 to $49,999	3,798,710	1,839,700	1,959,005	13.0	12.8	13.1
$50,000 to $59,999	2,833,120	1,471,200	1,361,920	9.7	10.3	9.1
$60,000 to $69,999	2,020,895	1,114,110	906,790	6.9	7.8	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	1,428,520	814,645	613,875	4.9	5.7	4.1
$80,000 to $89,999	1,027,015	592,405	434,605	3.5	4.1	2.9
$90,000 to $99,999	643,700	402,325	241,380	2.2	2.8	1.6
$100,000 and over	1,596,790	1,109,610	487,185	5.5	7.7	3.3
$100,000 to $124,999	792,455	530,970	261,490	2.7	3.7	1.8
$125,000 and over	804,335	578,645	225,695	2.7	4.0	1.5
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	30,336,130	14,861,555	15,474,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	9,208,520	3,955,070	5,253,450	30.4	26.6	33.9
With employment income	21,127,615	10,906,485	10,221,125	69.6	73.4	66.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	2,951,135	1,446,185	1,504,955	14.0	13.3	14.7
$5,000 to $9,999	1,739,570	765,825	973,750	8.2	7.0	9.5
$10,000 to $19,999	2,498,120	1,128,310	1,369,810	11.8	10.3	13.4
$20,000 to $29,999	1,960,665	902,615	1,058,050	9.3	8.3	10.4
$30,000 to $39,999	1,903,100	899,905	1,003,190	9.0	8.3	9.8
$40,000 to $49,999	1,859,845	899,795	960,055	8.8	8.3	9.4
$50,000 to $59,999	1,640,805	842,030	798,780	7.8	7.7	7.8
$60,000 to $69,999	1,367,510	754,825	612,685	6.5	6.9	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	1,099,625	637,060	462,570	5.2	5.8	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	929,490	539,395	390,095	4.4	4.9	3.8
$90,000 to $99,999	760,035	439,505	320,530	3.6	4.0	3.1
$100,000 and over	2,417,710	1,651,040	766,670	11.4	15.1	7.5
$100,000 to $124,999	1,129,445	714,235	415,210	5.3	6.5	4.1
$125,000 and over	1,288,265	936,805	351,460	6.1	8.6	3.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	30,336,135	14,861,555	15,474,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	28,598,395	13,976,715	14,621,680	94.3	94.0	94.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	45,200	34,000	39,200	45,200	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	28,617,610	13,979,960	14,637,655	94.3	94.1	94.6
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	40,000	31,200	35,200	40,000	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	25,708,470	12,830,580	12,877,890	84.7	86.3	83.2
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	44,000	30,800	36,800	44,000	30,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	21,241,445	10,932,825	10,308,625	70.0	73.6	66.6
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	44,400	32,800	38,000	44,400	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	23,196,815	10,876,635	12,320,175	76.5	73.2	79.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,240	1,960	6,450	4,240	1,960	6,450
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	2,428,800	1,182,025	1,246,770	8.0	8.0	8.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,720	5,560	5,960	5,720	5,560	5,960
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	28,599,665	13,976,240	14,623,425	94.3	94.0	94.5
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,350	61,250	43,800	52,350	61,250	43,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	28,618,280	13,979,265	14,639,015	94.3	94.1	94.6
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,920	49,000	37,160	42,920	49,000	37,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	25,709,140	12,829,990	12,879,155	84.7	86.3	83.2
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,040	60,800	41,320	51,040	60,800	41,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	21,242,575	10,934,760	10,307,815	70.0	73.6	66.6
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,560	58,800	41,800	50,560	58,800	41,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	23,191,860	10,869,800	12,322,065	76.5	73.1	79.6
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,950	6,990	8,800	7,950	6,990	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,430,165	1,181,385	1,248,780	8.0	7.9	8.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,560	6,880	8,210	7,560	6,880	8,210
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	30,335,920	14,861,250	15,474,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	9,831,805	5,446,500	4,385,305	32.4	36.6	28.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,000	66,000	53,600	60,000	66,000	53,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	73,200	81,900	62,250	73,200	81,900	62,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	7,934,985	3,759,675	4,175,305	26.2	25.3	27.0
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,200	28,000	21,800	24,200	28,000	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,200	41,280	29,720	35,200	41,280	29,720
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	87.6	91.2	83.0	87.6	91.2	83.0
Employment income (%)	71.8	75.0	67.2	71.8	75.0	67.2
Government transfers (%)	12.3	8.9	16.9	12.3	8.9	16.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	1.0	1.6	1.2	1.0	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	14,978,940	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	4,396,015	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...	41,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,200	...	...	37,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	10,582,930	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	14,978,940	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	106,300	...	...	106,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	87,700	...	...	87,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	4,394,500	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,350	...	...	53,350	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,360	...	...	44,360	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	10,584,445	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	128,200	...	...	128,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,700	...	...	105,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	14,978,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	165,175	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	91,750	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	178,475	...	...	1.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	274,140	...	...	1.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	637,695	...	...	4.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	505,875	...	...	3.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	488,735	...	...	3.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	560,950	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	572,650	...	...	3.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	559,155	...	...	3.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,093,185	...	...	7.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,044,715	...	...	7.0	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	986,460	...	...	6.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	921,205	...	...	6.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	844,835	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	6,053,945	...	...	40.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,753,485	...	...	11.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	1,283,445	...	...	8.6	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	1,545,935	...	...	10.3	...	...
$200,000 and over	1,471,075	...	...	9.8	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	14,978,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	186,735	...	...	1.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	95,195	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	183,430	...	...	1.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	289,545	...	...	1.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	681,900	...	...	4.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	589,110	...	...	3.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	582,275	...	...	3.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	666,675	...	...	4.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	676,995	...	...	4.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	655,100	...	...	4.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,285,425	...	...	8.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,223,830	...	...	8.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,137,840	...	...	7.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	1,039,375	...	...	6.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	911,515	...	...	6.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	4,773,995	...	...	31.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,757,035	...	...	11.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	1,152,855	...	...	7.7	...	...
$150,000 and over	1,864,100	...	...	12.4	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	10,117,305	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	3,929,500	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	4,311,315	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,000	...	...	136,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	1,547,920	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...	64,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	5,922,660	2,927,295	2,995,365	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	40,000	36,800	38,400	40,000	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	36,000	33,600	34,800	36,000	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	10,113,100	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	128,600	...	...	128,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,600	...	...	105,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,926,040	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,500	...	...	112,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,318,755	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	160,600	...	...	160,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,600	...	...	130,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	1,539,580	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,300	...	...	82,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,800	...	...	71,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	5,916,895	2,916,490	3,000,405	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,440	52,050	46,880	49,440	52,050	46,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,560	43,080	40,120	41,560	43,080	40,120
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	7,196,545	3,696,540	3,500,005	19.8	20.6	19.0
0 to 5 years	2,225,085	1,140,315	1,084,775	6.1	6.4	5.9
18 to 64 years	22,545,065	11,159,405	11,385,665	62.1	62.2	61.9
65 years and over	6,586,865	3,081,285	3,505,580	18.1	17.2	19.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	4,016,065	1,881,305	2,134,765	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	854,565	439,490	415,075	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	282,315	144,250	138,065	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	2,175,755	1,050,115	1,125,640	...	...	...
65 years and over	985,745	391,695	594,050	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.1	10.5	11.6	11.1	10.5	11.6
0 to 17 years (%)	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9
0 to 5 years (%)	12.7	12.7	12.7	12.7	12.7	12.7
18 to 64 years (%)	9.7	9.4	9.9	9.7	9.4	9.9
65 years and over (%)	15.0	12.7	16.9	15.0	12.7	16.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	35,837,970	17,691,535	18,146,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	7,043,545	3,618,040	3,425,505	19.7	20.5	18.9
0 to 5 years	2,175,935	1,115,010	1,060,925	6.1	6.3	5.8
18 to 64 years	22,262,940	11,019,070	11,243,865	62.1	62.3	62.0
65 years and over	6,531,490	3,054,420	3,477,065	18.2	17.3	19.2
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	1,863,335	950,150	913,180	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	319,545	164,490	155,060	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	99,435	50,875	48,560	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	1,344,640	702,660	641,975	...	...	...
65 years and over	199,155	83,010	116,145	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.2	5.4	5.0	5.2	5.4	5.0
0 to 17 years (%)	4.5	4.6	4.5	4.5	4.6	4.5
0 to 5 years (%)	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.6
18 to 64 years (%)	6.0	6.4	5.7	6.0	6.4	5.7
65 years and over (%)	3.1	2.7	3.3	3.1	2.7	3.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	18,164,550	8,775,210	9,389,345	50.0	48.9	51.1
In bottom decile	3,632,735	1,759,660	1,873,070	10.0	9.8	10.2
In second decile	3,632,975	1,695,310	1,937,660	10.0	9.5	10.5
In third decile	3,632,895	1,752,160	1,880,735	10.0	9.8	10.2
In fourth decile	3,632,745	1,775,535	1,857,210	10.0	9.9	10.1
In fifth decile	3,633,205	1,792,540	1,840,670	10.0	10.0	10.0
In top half of the distribution	18,163,925	9,162,020	9,001,900	50.0	51.1	48.9
In sixth decile	3,632,910	1,810,370	1,822,535	10.0	10.1	9.9
In seventh decile	3,632,765	1,819,535	1,813,230	10.0	10.1	9.9
In eighth decile	3,632,555	1,829,025	1,803,530	10.0	10.2	9.8
In ninth decile	3,632,930	1,841,520	1,791,415	10.0	10.3	9.7
In top decile	3,632,765	1,861,575	1,771,195	10.0	10.4	9.6
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	36,328,475	...	...	36,328,475	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.347	...	...	0.347	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.462	...	...	0.462	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.302	...	...	0.302	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	25,261,655	12,620,855	12,640,800	69.0	69.9	68.1
French only	4,087,895	1,914,500	2,173,390	11.2	10.6	11.7
English and French	6,581,680	3,244,350	3,337,330	18.0	18.0	18.0
Neither English nor French	689,725	284,170	405,555	1.9	1.6	2.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	27,643,140	13,696,115	13,947,025	75.5	75.8	75.2
French	7,828,545	3,854,435	3,974,110	21.4	21.3	21.4
English and French	476,175	237,635	238,535	1.3	1.3	1.3
Neither English nor French	673,100	275,685	397,420	1.8	1.5	2.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	35,145,265	17,344,665	17,800,600	96.0	96.0	95.9
Official languages	27,296,445	13,583,930	13,712,510	74.5	75.2	73.9
English	20,107,200	10,036,360	10,070,835	54.9	55.6	54.3
French	7,189,245	3,547,565	3,641,675	19.6	19.6	19.6
Non-official languages	7,848,820	3,760,725	4,088,090	21.4	20.8	22.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	148,895	71,630	77,265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Algonquian languages	97,125	46,545	50,580	0.3	0.3	0.3
Blackfoot	2,520	1,180	1,340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	67,665	32,715	34,950	0.2	0.2	0.2
Atikamekw	5,500	2,825	2,670	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	53,070	25,645	27,430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	580	300	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	3,460	1,675	1,785	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	2,475	1,075	1,395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5,025	2,345	2,675	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	2,850	1,370	1,480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	38,535	18,810	19,725	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu (Montagnais)	8,465	3,930	4,535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	625	310	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5,155	2,415	2,745	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	4,910	2,290	2,620	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	245	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	21,775	10,230	11,550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	865	400	460	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	9,310	4,525	4,790	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	11,605	5,300	6,300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	470	235	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	1,880	850	1,030	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	9,185	4,190	4,995	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	12,885	6,200	6,680	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	12,785	6,155	6,630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	625	280	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	120	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	8,060	3,865	4,190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	175	70	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	1,505	755	755	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	400	195	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	270	120	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	840	440	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	150	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	1,390	725	670	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	35	5	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	465	210	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	120	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	70	15	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	33,790	16,480	17,315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	560	220	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	335	140	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	225	85	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	33,200	16,240	16,955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	355	150	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	275	115	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	485	220	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	1,095	520	575	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	185	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	180	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	265	125	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	95	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	185	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	1,040	485	555	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	70	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	560	245	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	365	180	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	1,035	515	515	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	590	300	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	325	155	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	770	385	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	85	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	300	180	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	220	95	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	180	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,699,925	3,689,100	4,010,830	21.0	20.4	21.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	698,355	359,625	338,730	1.9	2.0	1.8
Berber languages	27,490	14,715	12,775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	24,760	13,130	11,625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	2,340	1,365	975	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	395	225	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	1,985	1,085	905	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	1,315	740	570	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	675	340	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	1,015	510	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	49,410	23,275	26,135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	2,020	1,085	935	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5,905	3,015	2,890	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	40,730	18,775	21,955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	755	400	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	618,450	320,045	298,405	1.7	1.8	1.6
Amharic	25,685	12,090	13,600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	508,410	265,350	243,060	1.4	1.5	1.3
Aramaic languages	27,690	13,465	14,220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	17,220	8,320	8,900	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	8,860	4,335	4,525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	1,600	805	795	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	1,220	550	675	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	19,495	10,505	8,995	0.1	0.1	0.0
Maltese	4,425	2,080	2,340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	31,075	15,775	15,300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	450	235	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	192,985	87,230	105,750	0.5	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	19,525	8,820	10,705	0.1	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	173,000	78,180	94,820	0.5	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	460	230	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	565,375	238,875	326,500	1.5	1.3	1.8
Bikol	2,115	940	1,180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	8,215	3,425	4,790	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	18,945	7,800	11,145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	605	325	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	9,690	3,900	5,795	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	33,520	14,140	19,380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	11,910	4,990	6,920	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	1,100	465	640	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	670	275	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	2,085	990	1,090	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	1,245	580	670	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	835	415	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	1,330	570	760	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5,615	2,635	2,980	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	2,050	900	1,150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	461,150	194,805	266,345	1.3	1.1	1.4
Waray-Waray	1,625	690	935	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	4,740	2,035	2,705	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	78,235	35,650	42,580	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	52,435	23,355	29,085	0.1	0.1	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	600	315	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	795	365	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	6,125	3,015	3,110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	580	280	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15,550	7,325	8,230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,135	1,000	1,140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	244,165	125,180	118,990	0.7	0.7	0.6
Kannada	6,240	3,215	3,020	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	54,050	29,375	24,670	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamil	152,850	75,010	77,845	0.4	0.4	0.4
Telugu	30,045	17,095	12,950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	615	310	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	370	170	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	2,180	1,175	1,005	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	565	265	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	4,124,860	2,018,340	2,106,520	11.3	11.2	11.4
Albanian	29,265	14,690	14,580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	33,720	16,335	17,385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	648,810	297,100	351,710	1.8	1.6	1.9
Baltic languages	10,560	4,425	6,135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	4,430	1,875	2,555	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	6,130	2,555	3,580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	638,250	292,670	345,580	1.7	1.6	1.9
Belarusian	720	325	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	19,035	9,090	9,950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	20,025	9,215	10,815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	14,795	7,075	7,720	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	160,170	72,120	88,050	0.4	0.4	0.5
Russian	197,905	89,100	108,800	0.5	0.5	0.6
Rusyn	500	240	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	116,735	56,900	59,835	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	13,820	6,785	7,040	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	43,500	20,755	22,740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	57,425	28,410	29,015	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	1,995	945	1,045	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15,255	6,930	8,320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	7,965	3,425	4,535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	84,705	38,005	46,695	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	440	235	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	2,150	1,110	1,045	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	665	355	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	425	210	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	825	410	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	230	135	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	463,400	221,365	242,035	1.3	1.2	1.3
Frisian	1,570	800	775	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	301,570	142,580	158,990	0.8	0.8	0.9
German	272,865	128,250	144,615	0.7	0.7	0.8
Pennsylvania German	9,065	4,530	4,540	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	7,575	3,740	3,835	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	12,060	6,060	6,005	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	138,655	67,815	70,840	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afrikaans	12,270	6,175	6,095	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	80,315	39,000	41,310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	8,670	4,255	4,420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	1,270	650	625	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	33,200	16,410	16,785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vlaams (Flemish)	2,935	1,325	1,605	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20,275	9,500	10,775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	9,945	4,750	5,195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	905	430	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	3,535	1,675	1,860	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5,890	2,645	3,245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	1,330	670	660	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	93,335	45,860	47,470	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	1,659,505	847,400	812,105	4.5	4.7	4.4
Indo-Aryan languages	1,358,645	697,075	661,575	3.7	3.9	3.6
Assamese	545	265	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	87,580	45,160	42,425	0.2	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	138,985	73,335	65,655	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hindi	152,825	79,585	73,240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	6,930	3,100	3,830	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	745	395	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	3,425	1,675	1,745	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	14,145	7,330	6,810	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	23,425	11,920	11,510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	1,775	940	835	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	1,125	615	510	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	645	325	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	666,585	341,515	325,065	1.8	1.9	1.8
Rohingya	545	265	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	3,985	2,070	1,915	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	18,000	8,895	9,110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	235,290	118,540	116,755	0.6	0.7	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	3,865	2,085	1,780	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	300,555	150,160	150,390	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baluchi	555	305	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	16,485	8,770	7,715	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	555	310	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	19,520	10,170	9,355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	262,625	130,180	132,440	0.7	0.7	0.7
Dari	57,220	28,070	29,155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	179,425	89,070	90,360	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25,975	13,040	12,930	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	815	425	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	305	165	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,194,290	574,295	619,995	3.3	3.2	3.3
Catalan	905	470	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	319,505	154,295	165,205	0.9	0.9	0.9
Portuguese	240,680	115,235	125,450	0.7	0.6	0.7
Romanian	93,160	44,185	48,975	0.3	0.2	0.3
Spanish	538,870	259,500	279,375	1.5	1.4	1.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	1,165	610	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	385	195	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	43,850	14,205	29,650	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	170,400	77,075	93,325	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	1,850	800	1,050	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	108,295	52,850	55,440	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	13,120	6,400	6,720	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	1,855	1,000	860	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	1,685	745	940	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	1,955	1,030	920	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	3,520	1,825	1,695	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	815	400	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	1,890	885	1,010	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	760	320	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5,175	2,720	2,460	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	7,380	3,365	4,015	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	4,260	1,925	2,335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	520	245	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	515	260	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	695	365	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	920	420	500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	8,660	4,035	4,625	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	3,605	1,665	1,940	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	505	315	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	520	200	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	16,000	7,630	8,370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	1,030	495	535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	4,890	2,605	2,285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	15,015	7,605	7,410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	13,000	6,405	6,590	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	6,920	3,565	3,355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	1,865	1,000	865	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	1,090	515	570	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	3,395	1,745	1,645	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	575	305	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	6,955	3,710	3,250	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	4,965	2,635	2,335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	990	520	465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	1,005	555	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,309,825	602,025	707,800	3.6	3.3	3.8
Chinese languages	1,292,640	593,580	699,055	3.5	3.3	3.8
Hakka	9,765	4,420	5,345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	679,255	310,750	368,510	1.9	1.7	2.0
Min Dong	1,310	665	645	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	27,805	12,415	15,390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	8,880	3,995	4,880	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	553,380	255,540	297,835	1.5	1.4	1.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	11,610	5,500	6,110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	630	295	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	16,600	8,160	8,445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	3,305	1,590	1,710	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	870	400	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	4,520	2,240	2,275	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	3,900	1,940	1,960	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	615	305	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	7,025	3,475	3,545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	890	445	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	585	285	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	22,350	8,605	13,745	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	11,485	5,475	6,010	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10,455	2,960	7,495	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	410	165	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	53,520	28,385	25,135	0.1	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	4,490	2,460	2,030	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	540	230	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	44,190	23,615	20,570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	1,355	660	690	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	1,805	890	920	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,150	530	620	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	68,180	31,000	37,180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	4,485	1,945	2,535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	12,200	5,075	7,120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	51,500	23,980	27,525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,060	540	520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,475,690	719,210	756,480	4.0	4.0	4.1
English and French	291,325	142,420	148,905	0.8	0.8	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	921,480	450,685	470,800	2.5	2.5	2.5
French and non-official language(s)	117,910	57,875	60,040	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	52,880	25,900	26,975	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	92,095	42,330	49,765	0.3	0.2	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	20,920,835	10,420,570	10,500,270	57.1	57.7	56.6
French	6,456,960	3,188,280	3,268,685	17.6	17.7	17.6
Non-official language	2,402,180	1,139,865	1,262,315	6.6	6.3	6.8
Indigenous³⁹	50,460	25,385	25,080	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	2,351,720	1,114,475	1,237,240	6.4	6.2	6.7
English and French	953,760	465,560	488,205	2.6	2.6	2.6
English and non-official language(s)	4,835,815	2,350,245	2,485,570	13.2	13.0	13.4
French and non-official language(s)	395,320	188,195	207,125	1.1	1.0	1.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	455,760	217,995	237,770	1.2	1.2	1.3
Multiple non-official languages	200,320	93,165	107,155	0.5	0.5	0.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	35,057,615	17,305,575	17,752,035	95.7	95.8	95.7
Official languages	30,421,050	15,070,205	15,350,850	83.1	83.4	82.7
English	23,376,200	11,588,715	11,787,485	63.8	64.2	63.5
French	7,044,855	3,481,490	3,563,365	19.2	19.3	19.2
Non-official languages	4,636,560	2,235,370	2,401,190	12.7	12.4	12.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	85,835	42,950	42,885	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquian languages	50,135	25,010	25,120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	980	495	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	38,255	19,165	19,090	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	4,345	2,285	2,060	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	26,700	13,425	13,270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	50	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	560	300	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	2,545	1,225	1,315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	665	305	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	1,455	730	725	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	830	430	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	20,585	10,400	10,180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu (Montagnais)	6,710	3,190	3,520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	505	260	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	2,650	1,250	1,395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	2,595	1,225	1,365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	8,250	4,100	4,155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	230	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	4,540	2,305	2,235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	3,480	1,685	1,800	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	145	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	390	195	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	2,925	1,405	1,515	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	7,260	3,675	3,585	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	7,230	3,655	3,575	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	220	100	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	5,255	2,610	2,650	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	705	390	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	200	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	395	220	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	755	420	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	165	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	27,295	13,695	13,600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	27,140	13,625	13,520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	260	130	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	240	110	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	120	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	90	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	220	115	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	4,550,725	2,192,420	2,358,305	12.4	12.1	12.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	395,840	197,010	198,830	1.1	1.1	1.1
Berber languages	11,295	5,940	5,355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10,180	5,325	4,850	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	840	455	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	280	155	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	835	425	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	635	330	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	545	265	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	30,375	14,115	16,260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	1,645	890	760	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	3,890	1,935	1,960	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	24,410	11,075	13,335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	425	215	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	352,790	176,270	176,520	1.0	1.0	1.0
Amharic	14,030	6,470	7,565	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	285,915	143,650	142,260	0.8	0.8	0.8
Aramaic languages	20,740	9,940	10,800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	12,935	6,150	6,785	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	6,585	3,185	3,400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	1,220	605	615	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	680	305	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	8,515	4,355	4,160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	795	360	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	21,860	11,050	10,810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	250	135	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	127,730	58,660	69,070	0.3	0.3	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	10,650	4,765	5,880	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	116,785	53,735	63,055	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	300	160	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	326,245	149,550	176,700	0.9	0.8	1.0
Bikol	760	370	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	4,125	1,895	2,230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10,195	4,720	5,480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	200	110	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5,015	2,265	2,750	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	18,350	8,350	10,000	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	4,150	1,985	2,170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	585	265	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	320	150	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	725	370	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	330	165	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	390	205	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	280	145	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	3,030	1,435	1,590	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	680	310	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	275,045	125,870	149,170	0.8	0.7	0.8
Waray-Waray	680	325	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	2,100	1,000	1,105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	35,195	15,455	19,740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	22,610	9,620	12,990	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	300	125	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	360	150	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	3,640	1,760	1,880	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	295	135	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	7,120	3,275	3,845	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	870	395	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	169,705	85,265	84,440	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kannada	3,060	1,575	1,485	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	35,390	19,010	16,380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	112,335	54,240	58,095	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	18,470	10,215	8,250	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tulu	240	120	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	205	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	1,335	730	610	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	215	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,264,155	1,111,775	1,152,380	6.2	6.2	6.2
Albanian	14,110	7,005	7,100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	21,970	10,415	11,550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	303,480	143,495	159,985	0.8	0.8	0.9
Baltic languages	2,495	1,120	1,380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	880	395	485	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	1,615	720	895	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	300,985	142,375	158,610	0.8	0.8	0.9
Belarusian	215	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	10,315	5,005	5,310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	5,680	2,705	2,980	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	6,105	2,880	3,225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	65,140	30,225	34,915	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	125,780	59,290	66,490	0.3	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	290	155	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	53,150	25,720	27,430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	6,480	3,135	3,345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	14,925	6,965	7,960	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	31,110	15,310	15,800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	640	315	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5,015	2,410	2,605	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,375	595	785	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	27,825	13,250	14,580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	555	295	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	310	165	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	140,450	68,575	71,875	0.4	0.4	0.4
Frisian	270	110	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	103,780	50,460	53,325	0.3	0.3	0.3
German	86,820	41,815	45,005	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	7,270	3,640	3,630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	1,750	870	875	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	7,950	4,140	3,810	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	33,710	16,730	16,980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	6,095	3,055	3,035	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	8,100	3,950	4,150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	4,965	2,480	2,485	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	490	240	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	13,845	6,895	6,945	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	220	100	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,940	920	1,020	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	615	280	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	175	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	260	125	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	890	435	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	740	355	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	38,300	17,490	20,810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	1,167,370	590,435	576,930	3.2	3.3	3.1
Indo-Aryan languages	962,820	490,815	472,000	2.6	2.7	2.5
Assamese	215	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	56,750	28,435	28,315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	92,005	47,790	44,215	0.3	0.3	0.2
Hindi	91,930	47,555	44,375	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	3,055	1,310	1,750	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	270	130	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	880	415	470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	7,460	3,800	3,660	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	16,835	8,595	8,235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	795	420	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	525	275	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	270	145	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	520,390	266,775	253,610	1.4	1.5	1.4
Rohingya	410	195	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	2,110	1,060	1,050	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	9,665	4,775	4,890	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	158,040	78,420	79,615	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	2,015	1,040	975	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	204,420	99,545	104,875	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baluchi	330	170	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10,380	5,245	5,135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	280	130	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	13,215	6,670	6,545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	179,745	87,075	92,670	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dari	36,190	17,395	18,795	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	125,840	61,060	64,780	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	17,715	8,620	9,095	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	475	250	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	577,735	273,965	303,770	1.6	1.5	1.6
Catalan	370	185	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	92,755	38,750	54,005	0.3	0.2	0.3
Portuguese	118,730	56,685	62,045	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	48,090	23,135	24,955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	317,365	155,005	162,360	0.9	0.9	0.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	425	210	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	190	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	20,055	8,290	11,765	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	125,525	58,250	67,275	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	1,050	505	545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	38,600	18,055	20,545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	6,000	2,755	3,240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	560	280	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	365	150	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	470	225	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	1,315	665	650	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	260	115	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	555	260	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	1,530	770	765	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	2,720	1,205	1,520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	1,520	655	860	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	90	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	160	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	295	130	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	3,780	1,760	2,025	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	1,035	480	555	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	235	145	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	130	45	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	7,055	3,290	3,765	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	290	130	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	1,945	1,040	910	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5,395	2,505	2,890	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,720	1,250	1,470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	3,155	1,555	1,600	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	900	485	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	645	295	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,465	705	760	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	140	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	12,160	7,005	5,160	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	8,175	4,660	3,515	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	1,475	830	645	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	2,520	1,515	1,000	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	967,965	450,210	517,755	2.6	2.5	2.8
Chinese languages	955,685	444,115	511,565	2.6	2.5	2.8
Hakka	3,625	1,645	1,985	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	530,945	249,675	281,270	1.4	1.4	1.5
Min Dong	775	370	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	13,945	6,255	7,685	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5,750	2,705	3,050	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	393,430	180,000	213,435	1.1	1.0	1.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	6,985	3,360	3,625	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	225	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	11,990	5,960	6,035	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	2,075	1,010	1,070	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	660	320	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	3,400	1,725	1,675	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	2,960	1,500	1,460	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	440	225	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5,395	2,680	2,705	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	465	225	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	290	135	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10,120	4,660	5,460	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5,955	2,850	3,105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	3,955	1,725	2,230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	210	85	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	32,490	16,530	15,960	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	2,200	1,095	1,105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	27,970	14,290	13,685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	850	420	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	950	470	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	410	195	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	18,790	8,625	10,165	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	615	245	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	1,880	825	1,050	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	16,295	7,550	8,745	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	390	195	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,563,345	758,295	805,045	4.3	4.2	4.3
English and French	230,955	112,070	118,880	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	1,123,355	546,255	577,095	3.1	3.0	3.1
French and non-official language(s)	125,525	60,405	65,125	0.3	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	56,805	27,370	29,430	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	26,705	12,190	14,515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	31,053,450	15,366,470	15,686,980	84.8	85.1	84.5
English	1,956,965	969,380	987,580	5.3	5.4	5.3
French	571,040	268,530	302,510	1.6	1.5	1.6
Non-official language	2,248,130	1,071,870	1,176,260	6.1	5.9	6.3
Indigenous³⁹	63,565	29,285	34,280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-Indigenous	2,184,565	1,042,590	1,141,975	6.0	5.8	6.2
English and French	86,185	42,600	43,585	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	323,845	161,995	161,850	0.9	0.9	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	134,565	61,575	72,995	0.4	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	11,870	5,975	5,895	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	234,905	115,470	119,430	0.6	0.6	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	35,644,660	17,656,300	17,988,360	98.1	98.4	97.8
English	31,628,570	15,769,105	15,859,470	87.1	87.9	86.2
French	10,563,235	5,115,365	5,447,875	29.1	28.5	29.6
Non-official languages	10,724,700	5,156,300	5,568,400	29.5	28.7	30.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	243,155	116,360	126,795	0.7	0.6	0.7
Algonquian languages	163,815	78,135	85,675	0.5	0.4	0.5
Blackfoot	6,680	3,120	3,560	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	105,850	50,975	54,870	0.3	0.3	0.3
Atikamekw	6,815	3,455	3,360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	87,875	42,340	45,530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	420	220	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	895	450	445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	4,880	2,320	2,555	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	4,675	2,025	2,645	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	12,005	5,440	6,555	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5,110	2,460	2,650	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	61,000	29,930	31,070	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu (Montagnais)	10,745	4,935	5,805	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	1,035	515	525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10,035	4,770	5,260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	9,245	4,370	4,880	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	820	420	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	42,865	20,015	22,850	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	1,950	895	1,060	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	15,305	7,450	7,855	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	26,160	11,930	14,235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	2,035	875	1,165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	215	80	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	3,625	1,670	1,955	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20,720	9,495	11,225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	165	100	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	20,390	9,635	10,755	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Athabaskan languages	20,135	9,515	10,620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dakelh (Carrier)	1,550	680	870	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	270	125	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	11,560	5,470	6,085	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	295	115	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	2,330	1,140	1,190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	775	355	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	415	195	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	1,210	620	590	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	480	265	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	245	130	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	235	140	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	2,140	1,080	1,060	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	135	40	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	870	400	470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	175	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	320	120	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	135	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	140	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	290	140	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	245	90	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	42,795	20,980	21,820	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,140	505	630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	795	365	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	350	145	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	41,680	20,495	21,185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	2,055	880	1,175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	230	95	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	1,605	655	950	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	210	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	215	90	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	1,905	850	1,050	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	5,305	2,555	2,755	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	1,415	670	745	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	600	285	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	510	300	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	1,090	510	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	350	165	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	325	135	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	705	320	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	360	190	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	2,965	1,465	1,495	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	370	195	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	1,530	715	810	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	925	470	455	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	325	180	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	2,665	1,335	1,335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	1,135	555	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	1,110	595	515	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	465	210	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	2,205	1,010	1,200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	295	145	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	335	170	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	820	355	465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	700	315	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	645	310	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	855	405	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	10,485,595	5,041,770	5,443,825	28.9	28.1	29.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,100,035	565,845	534,195	3.0	3.2	2.9
Berber languages	42,835	22,775	20,060	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	37,415	19,660	17,755	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	4,735	2,720	2,015	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	1,330	750	575	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	7,090	3,740	3,350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5,080	2,695	2,380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	2,010	1,040	965	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	3,690	1,790	1,900	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	71,930	34,430	37,500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	2,745	1,490	1,260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	9,635	4,860	4,780	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	59,005	27,735	31,270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	1,400	760	645	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,015,485	524,700	490,780	2.8	2.9	2.7
Amharic	48,305	23,910	24,395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	838,045	436,510	401,540	2.3	2.4	2.2
Aramaic languages	39,655	19,690	19,965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	23,865	11,765	12,100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	13,285	6,625	6,655	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	3,195	1,625	1,570	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	2,000	925	1,075	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	83,205	42,515	40,685	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	6,535	3,080	3,450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	45,970	23,120	22,845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	1,760	1,065	695	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	260,030	120,035	139,995	0.7	0.7	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	28,390	13,100	15,290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	232,800	107,435	125,355	0.6	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	910	455	455	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	793,275	336,445	456,840	2.2	1.9	2.5
Bikol	4,260	1,975	2,275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10,990	4,625	6,375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	33,045	13,790	19,250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	1,765	900	865	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	16,385	6,650	9,735	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	61,680	25,280	36,400	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	19,815	8,895	10,915	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	1,950	770	1,175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	860	345	510	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	3,885	1,960	1,920	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	2,355	1,215	1,140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	1,565	785	780	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10,770	4,995	5,775	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10,555	4,690	5,865	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	4,455	1,885	2,575	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	737,565	310,735	426,830	2.0	1.7	2.3
Waray-Waray	4,520	1,910	2,610	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20,140	8,785	11,355	0.1	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	184,840	85,045	99,790	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haitian Creole	134,895	61,215	73,680	0.4	0.3	0.4
Jamaican English Creole	4,875	2,200	2,675	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	1,955	870	1,090	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15,345	7,620	7,725	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	1,535	785	750	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	31,220	14,400	16,825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	9,585	4,575	5,005	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	359,485	185,160	174,325	1.0	1.0	0.9
Kannada	18,420	9,660	8,760	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malayalam	77,910	42,025	35,890	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	237,890	119,570	118,320	0.7	0.7	0.6
Telugu	54,685	30,575	24,110	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tulu	1,765	935	835	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	970	450	520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	3,015	1,565	1,445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	720	365	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	5,849,775	2,867,575	2,982,195	16.1	16.0	16.2
Albanian	38,345	19,410	18,935	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	44,500	21,675	22,825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	820,305	384,390	435,915	2.3	2.1	2.4
Baltic languages	13,890	5,900	7,985	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	6,020	2,595	3,425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	7,895	3,325	4,570	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	809,985	380,025	429,960	2.2	2.1	2.3
Belarusian	2,825	1,185	1,640	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	24,210	11,805	12,400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	28,625	13,595	15,030	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	23,015	10,965	12,050	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	204,460	94,135	110,325	0.6	0.5	0.6
Russian	309,235	145,375	163,860	0.9	0.8	0.9
Rusyn	680	345	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	155,775	76,800	78,975	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	25,380	12,555	12,825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	73,845	36,015	37,830	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	83,735	41,550	42,185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	3,085	1,590	1,500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20,905	9,455	11,450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	10,650	4,715	5,935	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	131,655	59,230	72,425	0.4	0.3	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	770	385	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10,485	5,430	5,055	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5,360	2,940	2,415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	2,170	1,050	1,120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	2,170	1,015	1,155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	910	495	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	658,705	319,800	338,905	1.8	1.8	1.8
Frisian	2,835	1,480	1,350	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	453,995	222,215	231,780	1.2	1.2	1.3
German	419,195	204,840	214,355	1.2	1.1	1.2
Pennsylvania German	10,565	5,260	5,305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10,465	5,025	5,440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	20,155	10,105	10,045	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	191,840	93,435	98,405	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afrikaans	29,670	15,335	14,335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	107,985	51,330	56,650	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	10,555	5,245	5,315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	1,310	640	670	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	41,165	20,590	20,575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vlaams (Flemish)	3,985	1,825	2,155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	37,500	17,205	20,300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	14,700	6,805	7,900	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	1,475	685	790	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	8,860	4,180	4,675	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	14,620	6,765	7,855	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	1,275	720	555	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	145,060	71,685	73,375	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	2,263,825	1,162,830	1,100,990	6.2	6.5	6.0
Indo-Aryan languages	1,918,570	989,350	929,220	5.3	5.5	5.1
Assamese	1,155	590	565	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	120,605	62,330	58,270	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	209,415	110,000	99,405	0.6	0.6	0.5
Hindi	761,425	395,410	366,015	2.1	2.2	2.0
Kacchi	15,085	6,785	8,300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	1,830	965	865	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	8,950	4,300	4,645	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	35,230	18,210	17,020	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	30,660	15,680	14,980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	3,235	1,665	1,570	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	1,710	925	785	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	1,550	755	795	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	942,170	488,075	454,090	2.6	2.7	2.5
Rohingya	765	345	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	8,385	4,480	3,910	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	33,050	16,645	16,400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	414,870	211,895	202,975	1.1	1.2	1.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	11,320	6,280	5,040	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	370,520	186,750	183,770	1.0	1.0	1.0
Baluchi	985	565	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	24,035	13,005	11,030	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	1,000	535	470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	31,695	16,810	14,885	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	326,285	163,665	162,620	0.9	0.9	0.9
Dari	78,220	38,765	39,460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	222,160	111,750	110,415	0.6	0.6	0.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30,345	15,460	14,880	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	1,830	970	855	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	2,135	1,245	895	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,054,885	975,310	1,079,575	5.7	5.4	5.9
Catalan	2,855	1,560	1,305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	547,655	263,950	283,705	1.5	1.5	1.5
Portuguese	336,865	164,985	171,880	0.9	0.9	0.9
Romanian	116,520	55,570	60,950	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	1,171,450	548,315	623,135	3.2	3.1	3.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	4,890	2,835	2,060	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	1,965	1,025	940	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	98,070	43,380	54,690	0.3	0.2	0.3
Korean	203,885	92,275	111,605	0.6	0.5	0.6
Mongolian	2,545	1,085	1,455	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	267,520	131,495	136,025	0.7	0.7	0.7
Akan (Twi)	26,240	12,585	13,660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	4,950	2,570	2,380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	4,945	2,315	2,630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	4,645	2,490	2,165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	7,840	4,100	3,740	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	3,255	1,565	1,685	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	4,650	2,055	2,600	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	1,850	750	1,100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	18,365	9,345	9,020	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	13,515	6,305	7,210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	25,720	12,260	13,460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	2,695	1,300	1,395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	2,085	1,055	1,035	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	1,080	585	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	2,425	1,140	1,285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	14,825	7,070	7,755	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	7,280	3,440	3,845	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	1,010	650	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	1,305	580	725	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	57,295	28,950	28,340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	2,820	1,440	1,380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	12,940	6,925	6,015	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	50,935	25,265	25,675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	43,625	21,935	21,685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	11,090	5,570	5,530	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	2,815	1,470	1,345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	1,490	685	805	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	6,815	3,425	3,385	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	2,760	1,485	1,275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	49,535	19,685	29,850	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	37,620	14,430	23,195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	6,195	2,525	3,670	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	7,450	3,515	3,940	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,550,930	721,520	829,410	4.3	4.0	4.5
Chinese languages	1,528,860	710,700	818,160	4.2	4.0	4.4
Hakka	14,830	6,845	7,980	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	987,300	452,995	534,305	2.7	2.5	2.9
Min Dong	1,825	840	980	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	51,755	22,840	28,920	0.1	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	13,660	6,060	7,600	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	724,925	335,185	389,740	2.0	1.9	2.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	11,720	5,695	6,020	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	1,185	560	625	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	22,300	10,955	11,345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	5,935	2,910	3,025	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	1,140	520	620	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	5,705	2,790	2,915	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	5,030	2,490	2,545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	845	395	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	9,160	4,565	4,590	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	1,940	890	1,050	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	1,220	540	680	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	33,705	14,255	19,440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	17,630	8,320	9,310	0.0	0.0	0.1
Thai	18,575	6,955	11,615	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	800	330	465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	91,375	47,575	43,800	0.3	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	9,875	5,380	4,490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	1,415	600	815	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	78,500	41,130	37,365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	1,660	790	875	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	3,290	1,645	1,640	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	2,150	980	1,165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	85,055	39,290	45,765	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	5,315	2,320	2,990	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15,325	6,735	8,590	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	64,625	30,320	34,300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	5,545	2,750	2,790	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,807,250	877,645	929,605	5.0	4.9	5.1
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,743,165	847,385	895,785	4.8	4.7	4.9
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,048,405	506,515	541,890	2.9	2.8	2.9
Métis	624,220	306,220	318,000	1.7	1.7	1.7
Inuk (Inuit)	70,540	34,645	35,895	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	28,855	13,645	15,215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	35,225	16,620	18,610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	34,521,230	17,059,520	17,461,710	95.0	95.1	94.9
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	831,720	402,310	429,405	2.3	2.2	2.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	35,496,755	17,534,850	17,961,905	97.7	97.8	97.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	14,978,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	9,955,975	...	...	66.5	...	...
Renter	4,953,840	...	...	33.1	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	69,130	...	...	0.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	14,978,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	2,248,280	...	...	15.0	...	...
Not condominium	12,730,660	...	...	85.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	14,978,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	132,060	...	...	0.9	...	...
1 bedroom	2,124,485	...	...	14.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	3,829,965	...	...	25.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	4,982,900	...	...	33.3	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	3,909,525	...	...	26.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	14,978,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	4,662,125	...	...	31.1	...	...
5 rooms	2,323,910	...	...	15.5	...	...
6 rooms	2,037,185	...	...	13.6	...	...
7 rooms	1,796,855	...	...	12.0	...	...
8 or more rooms	4,158,855	...	...	27.8	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.1	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	14,978,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	14,625,230	...	...	97.6	...	...
More than one person per room	353,715	...	...	2.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	14,978,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	14,173,290	...	...	94.6	...	...
Not suitable	805,650	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	14,978,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	3,027,045	...	...	20.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	4,171,840	...	...	27.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	1,982,515	...	...	13.2	...	...
1991 to 2000	1,805,985	...	...	12.1	...	...
2001 to 2005	959,860	...	...	6.4	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,034,925	...	...	6.9	...	...
2011 to 2015	967,540	...	...	6.5	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,029,220	...	...	6.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	14,978,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	14,059,395	...	...	93.9	...	...
Major repairs needed	919,545	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	14,978,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	7,659,700	...	...	51.1	...	...
Two-maintainer household	6,631,755	...	...	44.3	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	687,485	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	14,978,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	424,695	...	...	2.8	...	...
25 to 34 years	2,077,895	...	...	13.9	...	...
35 to 44 years	2,600,000	...	...	17.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	2,646,945	...	...	17.7	...	...
55 to 64 years	3,046,560	...	...	20.3	...	...
65 to 74 years	2,432,140	...	...	16.2	...	...
75 to 84 years	1,292,805	...	...	8.6	...	...
85 years and over	457,900	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	14,687,350	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	11,612,640	...	...	79.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	3,074,715	...	...	20.9	...	...
30% to less than 100%	2,742,920	...	...	18.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	14,978,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	4,379,420	...	...	29.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	2,728,995	...	...	18.2	...	...
Not suitable only	595,110	...	...	4.0	...	...
Major repairs needed only	645,465	...	...	4.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	135,770	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	199,355	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	64,095	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	10,630	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	10,599,520	...	...	70.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	14,355,555	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	1,451,025	...	...	10.1	...	...
Not in core need	12,904,530	...	...	89.9	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,807,720	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.0	...	...	60.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	14.8	...	...	14.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.3	...	...	5.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,240	...	...	1,240	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,498	...	...	1,498	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	472,000	...	...	472,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	618,500	...	...	618,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	4,936,850	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.7	...	...	11.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	33.2	...	...	33.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.0	...	...	20.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,070	...	...	1,070	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,209	...	...	1,209	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	69,130	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	5.9	...	...	5.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	284	...	...	284	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	327	...	...	327	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	985,200	480,950	504,245	2.7	2.7	2.7
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	963,705	470,850	492,855	2.7	2.6	2.7
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	763,230	371,400	391,825	2.1	2.1	2.1
Métis single ancestry	146,010	72,680	73,325	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuit single ancestry	54,475	26,770	27,700	0.1	0.1	0.2
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	21,490	10,095	11,395	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	17,665	8,215	9,450	0.0	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	2,430	1,185	1,250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	1,070	530	535	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	320	165	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,219,285	585,590	633,690	3.4	3.3	3.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,183,350	568,980	614,365	3.3	3.2	3.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	801,630	384,550	417,075	2.2	2.1	2.3
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	362,130	174,975	187,150	1.0	1.0	1.0
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	19,595	9,450	10,150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	35,930	16,605	19,320	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	31,815	14,790	17,025	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,785	1,190	1,595	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,005	500	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	330	125	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	34,124,000	16,870,625	17,253,375	93.9	94.1	93.8
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	33,143,225	16,360,910	16,782,315	91.2	91.2	91.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	6,784,875	3,486,545	3,298,330	18.7	19.4	17.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	26,358,355	12,874,365	13,483,990	72.6	71.8	73.3
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	3,185,250	1,576,255	1,608,995	8.8	8.8	8.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	27,042,120	13,461,515	13,580,610	74.4	75.0	73.8
Immigrants⁸¹	8,361,505	3,976,160	4,385,340	23.0	22.2	23.8
Before 1980	1,540,610	731,340	809,265	4.2	4.1	4.4
1980 to 1990	924,320	443,805	480,520	2.5	2.5	2.6
1991 to 2000	1,511,475	708,315	803,165	4.2	3.9	4.4
2001 to 2010	1,930,525	911,190	1,019,340	5.3	5.1	5.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	2,454,570	1,181,515	1,273,055	6.8	6.6	6.9
2011 to 2015	1,126,330	536,615	589,715	3.1	3.0	3.2
2016 to 2021	1,328,240	644,900	683,335	3.7	3.6	3.7
Non-permanent residents⁸³	924,850	499,490	425,365	2.5	2.8	2.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	8,361,505	3,976,160	4,385,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	748,265	377,795	370,470	8.9	9.5	8.4
5 to 14 years	1,438,440	730,675	707,765	17.2	18.4	16.1
15 to 24 years	1,594,290	720,630	873,660	19.1	18.1	19.9
25 to 44 years	3,783,335	1,782,805	2,000,525	45.2	44.8	45.6
45 years and over	797,180	364,260	432,920	9.5	9.2	9.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	8,361,505	3,976,160	4,385,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,203,180	546,325	656,855	14.4	13.7	15.0
Brazil	48,450	22,405	26,050	0.6	0.6	0.6
Colombia	80,570	36,675	43,900	1.0	0.9	1.0
El Salvador	49,450	24,430	25,015	0.6	0.6	0.6
Guyana	85,530	37,870	47,660	1.0	1.0	1.1
Haiti	99,945	44,585	55,360	1.2	1.1	1.3
Jamaica	145,360	63,430	81,925	1.7	1.6	1.9
Mexico	90,585	42,215	48,370	1.1	1.1	1.1
Peru	31,420	13,925	17,490	0.4	0.4	0.4
Trinidad and Tobago	65,035	29,110	35,930	0.8	0.7	0.8
United States of America	256,090	115,380	140,705	3.1	2.9	3.2
Other places of birth in Americas	250,760	116,305	134,460	3.0	2.9	3.1
Europe	1,967,620	955,840	1,011,785	23.5	24.0	23.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	35,925	17,705	18,220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Croatia	36,675	18,115	18,560	0.4	0.5	0.4
France	121,525	63,845	57,685	1.5	1.6	1.3
Germany	126,470	60,560	65,915	1.5	1.5	1.5
Greece	54,715	27,050	27,665	0.7	0.7	0.6
Hungary	31,050	14,595	16,450	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italy	204,065	101,445	102,625	2.4	2.6	2.3
Netherlands	75,830	39,020	36,810	0.9	1.0	0.8
Poland	135,030	60,660	74,370	1.6	1.5	1.7
Portugal	128,795	62,880	65,910	1.5	1.6	1.5
Romania	86,770	40,820	45,955	1.0	1.0	1.0
Russian Federation	81,840	35,185	46,650	1.0	0.9	1.1
Serbia⁸⁶	31,925	15,480	16,450	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ukraine	81,135	36,840	44,295	1.0	0.9	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	464,135	229,710	234,430	5.6	5.8	5.3
Other places of birth in Europe	271,725	131,935	139,790	3.2	3.3	3.2
Africa	821,735	412,365	409,375	9.8	10.4	9.3
Algeria	79,660	41,065	38,600	1.0	1.0	0.9
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	33,110	15,775	17,340	0.4	0.4	0.4
Egypt	73,710	38,730	34,980	0.9	1.0	0.8
Eritrea	31,385	16,575	14,815	0.4	0.4	0.3
Ethiopia	41,715	19,955	21,760	0.5	0.5	0.5
Morocco	81,775	41,085	40,685	1.0	1.0	0.9
Nigeria	81,290	41,665	39,620	1.0	1.0	0.9
Somalia	32,500	14,600	17,900	0.4	0.4	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	51,590	25,740	25,855	0.6	0.6	0.6
Other places of birth in Africa	314,995	157,170	157,825	3.8	4.0	3.6
Asia	4,307,000	2,030,575	2,276,420	51.5	51.1	51.9
Afghanistan	62,450	30,940	31,515	0.7	0.8	0.7
Iran⁸⁸	182,940	92,300	90,645	2.2	2.3	2.1
Iraq	84,130	42,660	41,465	1.0	1.1	0.9
Lebanon	95,725	50,675	45,055	1.1	1.3	1.0
Syria⁸⁹	97,590	49,855	47,735	1.2	1.3	1.1
Turkey	35,270	18,835	16,435	0.4	0.5	0.4
China⁹⁰	715,835	317,970	397,860	8.6	8.0	9.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	213,855	100,480	113,375	2.6	2.5	2.6
Korea, South⁹²	138,355	63,025	75,325	1.7	1.6	1.7
Taiwan	65,365	28,725	36,635	0.8	0.7	0.8
Philippines	719,580	305,115	414,460	8.6	7.7	9.5
Viet Nam	182,095	82,670	99,425	2.2	2.1	2.3
Bangladesh	70,090	35,675	34,415	0.8	0.9	0.8
India	898,050	451,120	446,930	10.7	11.3	10.2
Pakistan	234,105	118,390	115,715	2.8	3.0	2.6
Sri Lanka	136,240	66,215	70,030	1.6	1.7	1.6
Other places of birth in Asia	375,340	175,930	199,410	4.5	4.4	4.5
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	61,965	31,055	30,910	0.7	0.8	0.7
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	1,328,240	644,900	683,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	154,490	74,275	80,215	11.6	11.5	11.7
Brazil	19,895	9,340	10,560	1.5	1.4	1.5
Colombia	11,455	5,090	6,365	0.9	0.8	0.9
Haiti	10,550	5,155	5,400	0.8	0.8	0.8
Jamaica	15,155	7,740	7,420	1.1	1.2	1.1
Mexico	17,150	8,405	8,745	1.3	1.3	1.3
United States of America	39,875	19,790	20,085	3.0	3.1	2.9
Venezuela⁹⁵	7,060	2,980	4,075	0.5	0.5	0.6
Other places of birth in Americas	33,350	15,785	17,570	2.5	2.4	2.6
Europe	134,425	69,310	65,120	10.1	10.7	9.5
France	27,175	14,560	12,610	2.0	2.3	1.8
Germany	5,365	2,660	2,705	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	6,355	4,000	2,350	0.5	0.6	0.3
Italy	4,240	2,470	1,770	0.3	0.4	0.3
Russian Federation	10,905	4,335	6,570	0.8	0.7	1.0
Ukraine	14,515	6,570	7,945	1.1	1.0	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	22,755	13,550	9,200	1.7	2.1	1.3
Other places of birth in Europe	43,120	21,160	21,960	3.2	3.3	3.2
Africa	206,965	102,875	104,090	15.6	16.0	15.2
Algeria	15,745	7,530	8,220	1.2	1.2	1.2
Burundi	4,935	2,420	2,510	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cameroon	11,795	5,545	6,250	0.9	0.9	0.9
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	8,915	4,200	4,720	0.7	0.7	0.7
Côte d'Ivoire	7,915	3,795	4,125	0.6	0.6	0.6
Egypt	12,120	6,285	5,835	0.9	1.0	0.9
Eritrea	16,330	8,755	7,575	1.2	1.4	1.1
Ethiopia	9,385	4,415	4,970	0.7	0.7	0.7
Morocco	12,835	6,025	6,810	1.0	0.9	1.0
Nigeria	40,360	20,575	19,780	3.0	3.2	2.9
Somalia	6,315	3,240	3,075	0.5	0.5	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	8,510	4,290	4,220	0.6	0.7	0.6
Sudan⁹⁷	4,690	2,375	2,315	0.4	0.4	0.3
Tunisia	8,155	4,185	3,975	0.6	0.6	0.6
Other places of birth in Africa	38,960	19,250	19,715	2.9	3.0	2.9
Asia	823,205	393,110	430,090	62.0	61.0	62.9
Afghanistan	12,730	6,290	6,440	1.0	1.0	0.9
Bangladesh	13,185	6,670	6,515	1.0	1.0	1.0
China⁹⁰	118,035	50,365	67,665	8.9	7.8	9.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	6,495	2,880	3,620	0.5	0.4	0.5
India	246,995	128,205	118,790	18.6	19.9	17.4
Iran⁸⁸	25,650	12,310	13,340	1.9	1.9	2.0
Iraq	17,715	8,835	8,875	1.3	1.4	1.3
Israel	4,850	2,565	2,290	0.4	0.4	0.3
Japan	4,445	1,035	3,410	0.3	0.2	0.5
Jordan	4,635	2,375	2,260	0.3	0.4	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	20,985	8,790	12,200	1.6	1.4	1.8
Lebanon	9,980	5,120	4,860	0.8	0.8	0.7
Nepal	4,890	2,475	2,415	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pakistan	36,255	18,070	18,190	2.7	2.8	2.7
Philippines	151,490	66,720	84,765	11.4	10.3	12.4
Saudi Arabia	9,560	5,195	4,365	0.7	0.8	0.6
Sri Lanka	8,480	4,010	4,465	0.6	0.6	0.7
Syria⁸⁹	63,130	32,725	30,410	4.8	5.1	4.5
Turkey	10,150	5,520	4,635	0.8	0.9	0.7
United Arab Emirates	8,405	4,325	4,085	0.6	0.7	0.6
Viet Nam	14,725	5,605	9,125	1.1	0.9	1.3
Other places of birth in Asia	30,410	13,035	17,375	2.3	2.0	2.5
Oceania and other⁹³	9,160	5,335	3,825	0.7	0.8	0.6
Australia	6,535	3,845	2,685	0.5	0.6	0.4
Other places of birth⁹⁸	2,625	1,490	1,135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	9,606,595	4,631,905	4,974,690	26.4	25.8	27.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	6,393,310	3,207,980	3,185,330	17.6	17.9	17.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	20,328,565	10,097,280	10,231,290	56.0	56.3	55.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	6,820,895	3,244,820	3,576,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	3,673,705	1,837,625	1,836,090	53.9	56.6	51.3
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	1,556,675	935,790	620,885	22.8	28.8	17.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	2,117,030	901,835	1,215,200	31.0	27.8	34.0
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	2,016,010	821,325	1,194,685	29.6	25.3	33.4
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,039,275	543,725	495,550	15.2	16.8	13.9
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	91,900	42,145	49,755	1.3	1.3	1.4
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	6,820,895	3,244,820	3,576,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	416,105	222,895	193,205	6.1	6.9	5.4
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	705,405	324,370	381,035	10.3	10.0	10.7
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	183,250	92,135	91,110	2.7	2.8	2.5
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	377,130	188,535	188,590	5.5	5.8	5.3
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	39,540	15,685	23,855	0.6	0.5	0.7
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	5,099,470	2,401,190	2,698,280	74.8	74.0	75.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	9,639,205	4,712,790	4,926,415	26.5	26.3	26.8
South Asian	2,571,400	1,324,120	1,247,275	7.1	7.4	6.8
Chinese	1,715,770	808,745	907,035	4.7	4.5	4.9
Black	1,547,870	754,100	793,765	4.3	4.2	4.3
Filipino	957,355	427,755	529,600	2.6	2.4	2.9
Arab	694,015	362,845	331,170	1.9	2.0	1.8
Latin American	580,235	281,030	299,200	1.6	1.6	1.6
Southeast Asian	390,340	184,120	206,220	1.1	1.0	1.1
West Asian	360,495	181,795	178,695	1.0	1.0	1.0
Korean	218,140	101,855	116,285	0.6	0.6	0.6
Japanese	98,890	42,315	56,575	0.3	0.2	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	172,885	83,310	89,580	0.5	0.5	0.5
Multiple visible minorities	331,805	160,790	171,010	0.9	0.9	0.9
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	26,689,275	13,224,375	13,464,900	73.5	73.7	73.2
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	5,677,205	2,836,675	2,840,530	15.6	15.8	15.4
English	5,322,830	2,600,245	2,722,580	14.7	14.5	14.8
Irish	4,413,120	2,102,610	2,310,505	12.1	11.7	12.6
Scottish	4,392,200	2,131,620	2,260,580	12.1	11.9	12.3
French, n.o.s.¹²²	3,985,945	1,964,695	2,021,250	11.0	11.0	11.0
German	2,955,695	1,449,465	1,506,230	8.1	8.1	8.2
Chinese	1,713,870	806,365	907,500	4.7	4.5	4.9
Italian	1,546,390	774,250	772,140	4.3	4.3	4.2
Indian (India)	1,347,715	691,535	656,185	3.7	3.9	3.6
Ukrainian	1,258,635	612,455	646,175	3.5	3.4	3.5
Dutch	988,585	489,045	499,545	2.7	2.7	2.7
Polish	982,820	472,290	510,525	2.7	2.6	2.8
Québécois	981,635	490,130	491,510	2.7	2.7	2.7
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	938,950	462,420	476,530	2.6	2.6	2.6
Filipino	925,490	414,915	510,570	2.5	2.3	2.8
French Canadian	906,315	441,610	464,705	2.5	2.5	2.5
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	691,260	347,080	344,175	1.9	1.9	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	632,340	304,220	328,120	1.7	1.7	1.8
Métis	560,335	271,985	288,350	1.5	1.5	1.6
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	551,910	278,060	273,850	1.5	1.6	1.5
Russian	548,140	260,075	288,065	1.5	1.4	1.6
Norwegian	466,500	224,290	242,210	1.3	1.3	1.3
Welsh	455,720	216,490	239,230	1.3	1.2	1.3
Portuguese	448,305	222,770	225,535	1.2	1.2	1.2
American	353,495	172,240	181,255	1.0	1.0	1.0
Spanish	342,040	160,475	181,570	0.9	0.9	1.0
Swedish	334,505	156,840	177,665	0.9	0.9	1.0
Hungarian	320,150	155,755	164,395	0.9	0.9	0.9
Acadian	305,170	145,500	159,675	0.8	0.8	0.9
Pakistani	303,260	154,435	148,825	0.8	0.9	0.8
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	301,955	148,335	153,625	0.8	0.8	0.8
Jewish	282,015	141,530	140,490	0.8	0.8	0.8
Punjabi	279,950	145,620	134,330	0.8	0.8	0.7
Vietnamese	275,530	131,075	144,445	0.8	0.7	0.8
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	263,710	138,210	125,500	0.7	0.8	0.7
Greek	262,140	132,975	129,160	0.7	0.7	0.7
Jamaican	249,070	119,265	129,805	0.7	0.7	0.7
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	226,220	107,785	118,435	0.6	0.6	0.6
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	219,855	105,825	114,030	0.6	0.6	0.6
Korean	217,650	101,805	115,845	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	215,885	103,720	112,165	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanese	210,605	107,990	102,615	0.6	0.6	0.6
Iranian	200,465	100,790	99,675	0.6	0.6	0.5
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	200,340	99,800	100,540	0.6	0.6	0.5
Danish	196,945	96,220	100,725	0.5	0.5	0.5
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	194,840	94,035	100,810	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sikh	194,640	101,255	93,385	0.5	0.6	0.5
Austrian	189,535	92,740	96,800	0.5	0.5	0.5
Belgian	182,175	90,150	92,030	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haitian	178,990	84,510	94,490	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hindu	166,160	87,665	78,495	0.5	0.5	0.4
Mexican	155,495	77,435	78,055	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mennonite	155,095	77,735	77,360	0.4	0.4	0.4
Swiss	145,570	72,015	73,555	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	144,055	69,270	74,785	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sri Lankan	132,410	65,175	67,240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Croatian	130,820	64,915	65,905	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japanese	129,425	56,850	72,580	0.4	0.3	0.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	120,125	60,575	59,550	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	111,605	53,700	57,905	0.3	0.3	0.3
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	110,735	54,730	56,005	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	105,620	54,095	51,525	0.3	0.3	0.3
Egyptian	105,245	55,230	50,020	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	104,765	51,375	53,395	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	102,170	51,165	51,005	0.3	0.3	0.3
Icelandic	101,990	50,370	51,620	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombian	100,555	47,995	52,560	0.3	0.3	0.3
Moroccan	99,980	50,835	49,150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Czech	98,925	47,495	51,430	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syrian	98,250	49,385	48,865	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyanese	97,210	46,270	50,940	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afghan	96,810	48,255	48,550	0.3	0.3	0.3
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	94,585	44,335	50,250	0.3	0.2	0.3
Serbian	93,360	46,945	46,410	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ojibway	92,220	44,610	47,600	0.3	0.2	0.3
Newfoundlander	91,670	45,665	46,005	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hong Konger	81,680	39,485	42,195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ontarian	80,555	39,675	40,880	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian	80,340	41,415	38,925	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	77,405	37,655	39,750	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkish	76,745	39,955	36,795	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	76,675	37,315	39,365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bangladeshi	75,425	39,085	36,335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algerian	73,770	38,035	35,740	0.2	0.2	0.2
Brazilian	71,755	34,670	37,085	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	69,540	34,680	34,860	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	68,850	34,105	34,745	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	68,210	33,475	34,740	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	66,780	31,525	35,255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	65,555	31,555	33,995	0.2	0.2	0.2
Taiwanese	64,020	29,280	34,740	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraqi	59,300	29,865	29,435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Salvadorean	59,280	29,150	30,130	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	59,050	26,385	32,670	0.2	0.1	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	58,870	27,845	31,025	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	58,840	30,560	28,280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	57,195	25,715	31,475	0.2	0.1	0.2
Algonquin	56,070	27,025	29,040	0.2	0.2	0.2
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	52,085	23,685	28,395	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lithuanian	52,040	24,510	27,530	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	49,840	24,885	24,955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	46,765	24,165	22,595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	45,905	23,930	21,975	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	45,685	22,520	23,165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	45,260	22,000	23,260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	44,720	21,700	23,025	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	42,545	20,675	21,875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	42,405	20,105	22,300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	42,295	19,925	22,370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	42,075	21,740	20,330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	41,950	19,835	22,115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	41,700	22,325	19,370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	41,620	21,050	20,570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	40,670	20,210	20,455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	39,440	19,500	19,940	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovenian	38,595	18,785	19,815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	38,520	18,935	19,585	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	37,670	18,235	19,435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	36,970	19,580	17,385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	36,290	18,185	18,110	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Canadian	35,395	17,140	18,250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	35,345	18,410	16,940	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	33,330	16,485	16,845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	33,135	15,355	17,775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	33,085	16,235	16,850	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	32,575	16,525	16,055	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	31,720	15,650	16,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	31,440	15,265	16,175	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	31,430	15,700	15,730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	30,565	14,635	15,930	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	30,465	16,585	13,875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	30,220	15,225	14,995	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	30,065	14,830	15,235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	28,490	14,320	14,170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	28,395	13,220	15,175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	28,225	13,490	14,735	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	28,140	13,515	14,620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	26,675	13,830	12,850	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	26,535	12,960	13,580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	26,460	13,920	12,540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	26,330	11,910	14,415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	25,875	12,500	13,375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	25,575	11,860	13,715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	25,200	12,495	12,710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	24,420	12,265	12,155	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	24,325	12,230	12,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ecuadorian	24,255	11,510	12,745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	24,110	11,540	12,570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Argentinian	23,500	11,665	11,840	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	23,455	11,080	12,375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	23,130	12,670	10,460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	23,020	11,040	11,980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jatt	22,785	11,695	11,090	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	22,785	11,680	11,105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	22,570	11,405	11,165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	22,275	8,525	13,750	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	22,125	10,615	11,510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	21,975	11,215	10,765	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	20,565	10,595	9,975	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian	19,685	9,730	9,955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	19,305	9,890	9,415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	18,850	9,055	9,795	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	18,745	9,030	9,710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	18,545	8,975	9,570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Abenaki	18,420	8,545	9,870	0.1	0.0	0.1
Moldovan	18,190	8,850	9,340	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	17,955	8,625	9,330	0.0	0.0	0.1
New Zealander	17,755	9,275	8,470	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sudanese	17,485	8,825	8,665	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	17,465	8,710	8,755	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	17,315	7,300	10,020	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malaysian	17,050	7,935	9,115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	16,570	8,255	8,310	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	16,315	8,565	7,750	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	15,910	7,715	8,195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	15,780	7,505	8,280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	15,660	7,485	8,175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	15,650	7,290	8,360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	15,340	8,155	7,190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	15,055	7,180	7,875	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	15,010	7,255	7,755	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	14,265	6,730	7,535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	14,260	6,525	7,735	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	14,110	6,810	7,295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	13,910	7,435	6,470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	13,840	6,730	7,120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	13,755	7,020	6,730	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	13,565	6,510	7,055	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	13,525	6,610	6,915	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	13,245	5,800	7,445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	13,225	7,055	6,170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	13,095	6,530	6,565	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	13,065	6,175	6,885	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	12,890	6,150	6,740	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	12,890	5,965	6,930	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	12,490	6,580	5,910	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	12,115	6,080	6,035	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	12,080	5,905	6,170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	11,710	5,980	5,730	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	10,920	5,370	5,550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	10,825	5,080	5,745	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10,750	5,130	5,620	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	10,490	4,710	5,775	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	10,275	4,950	5,325	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10,015	4,975	5,045	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	9,955	5,115	4,840	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	9,915	5,165	4,750	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	9,835	5,135	4,695	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	9,825	5,195	4,625	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	9,795	4,725	5,065	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	9,700	4,710	4,990	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	9,455	4,705	4,755	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	9,350	4,650	4,700	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	9,165	4,435	4,725	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	9,150	4,385	4,760	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	9,090	4,240	4,850	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	8,970	4,235	4,735	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	8,400	4,270	4,125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	8,315	4,220	4,090	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	8,310	3,765	4,545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	8,285	3,910	4,375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	8,255	4,425	3,830	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	8,140	3,945	4,195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	8,115	3,995	4,130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	8,080	3,830	4,250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	7,945	4,265	3,680	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	7,745	4,030	3,710	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	7,660	3,870	3,790	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	7,640	3,835	3,805	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	7,635	3,690	3,950	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	7,535	3,305	4,230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	7,480	3,865	3,620	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	7,415	3,615	3,800	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	7,390	3,700	3,695	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	7,285	3,340	3,945	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	7,225	3,355	3,875	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	7,220	3,515	3,705	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	6,810	3,630	3,180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	6,670	3,730	2,945	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	6,545	3,225	3,320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	6,500	3,265	3,230	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	6,480	2,945	3,535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	6,255	3,085	3,170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	6,165	3,020	3,145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	6,060	2,755	3,305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	6,050	3,065	2,985	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5,985	2,995	2,995	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	5,980	2,965	3,015	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	5,945	3,010	2,930	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	5,925	2,855	3,075	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	356,975	157,435	199,540	1.0	0.9	1.1
Christian	19,373,325	9,131,320	10,242,005	53.3	50.9	55.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	2,760,760	1,319,760	1,440,995	7.6	7.4	7.8
Anabaptist	144,145	70,095	74,050	0.4	0.4	0.4
Anglican	1,134,315	515,270	619,045	3.1	2.9	3.4
Baptist	436,940	200,325	236,615	1.2	1.1	1.3
Catholic	10,880,360	5,193,345	5,687,010	29.9	29.0	30.9
Christian Orthodox	623,010	301,055	321,955	1.7	1.7	1.8
Jehovah's Witness	137,255	59,505	77,750	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	87,725	41,365	46,360	0.2	0.2	0.3
Lutheran	328,045	150,115	177,925	0.9	0.8	1.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	100,655	46,640	54,020	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	399,025	180,870	218,155	1.1	1.0	1.2
Presbyterian	301,400	136,440	164,960	0.8	0.8	0.9
Reformed	79,870	39,250	40,620	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Church	1,214,185	531,740	682,445	3.3	3.0	3.7
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	745,650	345,540	400,110	2.1	1.9	2.2
Hindu	828,195	430,135	398,060	2.3	2.4	2.2
Jewish	335,295	164,220	171,070	0.9	0.9	0.9
Muslim	1,775,715	904,205	871,510	4.9	5.0	4.7
Sikh	771,790	394,345	377,445	2.1	2.2	2.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	80,685	38,460	42,230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other religions and spiritual traditions	229,015	97,645	131,370	0.6	0.5	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	12,577,475	6,619,395	5,958,080	34.6	36.9	32.4
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	35,986,480	17,761,880	18,224,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	31,600,930	15,595,875	16,005,050	87.8	87.8	87.8
Movers	4,385,555	2,166,005	2,219,550	12.2	12.2	12.2
Non-migrants	2,572,400	1,270,395	1,302,005	7.1	7.2	7.1
Migrants	1,813,155	895,610	917,550	5.0	5.0	5.0
Internal migrants	1,519,200	748,025	771,180	4.2	4.2	4.2
Intraprovincial migrants	1,250,235	612,810	637,425	3.5	3.5	3.5
Interprovincial migrants	268,965	135,215	133,750	0.7	0.8	0.7
External migrants	293,955	147,585	146,370	0.8	0.8	0.8
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	34,504,330	17,002,250	17,502,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	21,061,090	10,370,425	10,690,660	61.0	61.0	61.1
Movers	13,443,240	6,631,825	6,811,420	39.0	39.0	38.9
Non-migrants	5,773,890	2,840,425	2,933,460	16.7	16.7	16.8
Migrants	7,669,355	3,791,400	3,877,955	22.2	22.3	22.2
Internal migrants	5,976,960	2,932,205	3,044,755	17.3	17.2	17.4
Intraprovincial migrants	5,055,615	2,472,510	2,583,105	14.7	14.5	14.8
Interprovincial migrants	921,345	459,695	461,650	2.7	2.7	2.6
External migrants	1,692,390	859,195	833,200	4.9	5.1	4.8
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	30,335,920	14,861,250	15,474,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,474,175	2,907,175	2,567,000	18.0	19.6	16.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	24,861,745	11,954,065	12,907,675	82.0	80.4	83.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	19,568,265	9,620,340	9,947,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,271,360	1,309,215	962,140	11.6	13.6	9.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	17,296,905	8,311,120	8,985,780	88.4	86.4	90.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	30,335,915	14,861,245	15,474,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,899,580	2,534,175	2,365,395	16.2	17.1	15.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	8,097,295	4,022,790	4,074,505	26.7	27.1	26.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	17,339,045	8,304,275	9,034,770	57.2	55.9	58.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	9,252,800	4,623,985	4,628,815	30.5	31.1	29.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,641,555	1,811,500	830,055	8.7	12.2	5.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,458,160	827,980	630,185	4.8	5.6	4.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,183,395	983,525	199,870	3.9	6.6	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	5,714,490	2,439,925	3,274,560	18.8	16.4	21.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	896,755	372,560	524,195	3.0	2.5	3.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	8,086,245	3,680,285	4,405,955	26.7	24.8	28.5
Bachelor's degree	5,295,360	2,339,045	2,956,315	17.5	15.7	19.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	556,510	243,200	313,310	1.8	1.6	2.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	214,105	108,000	106,105	0.7	0.7	0.7
Master's degree	1,740,605	824,250	916,355	5.7	5.5	5.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	279,660	165,795	113,870	0.9	1.1	0.7
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	19,568,260	9,620,335	9,947,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,931,855	1,094,855	837,000	9.9	11.4	8.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	4,501,365	2,349,540	2,151,825	23.0	24.4	21.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	13,135,045	6,175,940	6,959,105	67.1	64.2	70.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,703,100	3,338,215	3,364,885	34.3	34.7	33.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,886,510	1,280,245	606,260	9.6	13.3	6.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,050,285	586,420	463,865	5.4	6.1	4.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	836,220	693,830	142,395	4.3	7.2	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	4,193,505	1,796,935	2,396,575	21.4	18.7	24.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	623,090	261,035	362,050	3.2	2.7	3.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	6,431,940	2,837,720	3,594,215	32.9	29.5	36.1
Bachelor's degree	4,177,455	1,808,555	2,368,900	21.3	18.8	23.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	430,875	179,230	251,645	2.2	1.9	2.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	167,730	75,120	92,615	0.9	0.8	0.9
Master's degree	1,446,435	659,295	787,145	7.4	6.9	7.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	209,445	115,530	93,915	1.1	1.2	0.9
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	12,996,870	6,556,970	6,439,900	42.8	44.1	41.6
Education	1,113,015	258,365	854,655	3.7	1.7	5.5
13. Education	1,113,015	258,365	854,655	3.7	1.7	5.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	631,255	274,065	357,190	2.1	1.8	2.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	74,785	53,390	21,395	0.2	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	556,470	220,680	335,790	1.8	1.5	2.2
Humanities	926,560	354,120	572,440	3.1	2.4	3.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	106,345	23,460	82,885	0.4	0.2	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	184,600	53,020	131,580	0.6	0.4	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	316,050	119,215	196,830	1.0	0.8	1.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	18,935	6,835	12,095	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	57,745	33,040	24,700	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	77,510	46,140	31,365	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	108,935	58,310	50,620	0.4	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	56,440	14,090	42,345	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	2,016,125	670,770	1,345,360	6.6	4.5	8.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	29,430	7,065	22,365	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	233,400	88,205	145,200	0.8	0.6	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	344,150	27,905	316,240	1.1	0.2	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	325,785	115,335	210,445	1.1	0.8	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	49,855	16,000	33,850	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	327,965	79,295	248,665	1.1	0.5	1.6
45. Social sciences	705,540	336,960	368,580	2.3	2.3	2.4
Business, management and public administration	3,758,250	1,488,175	2,270,075	12.4	10.0	14.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	5,335	1,705	3,630	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	272,240	55,995	216,245	0.9	0.4	1.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	3,480,675	1,430,475	2,050,200	11.5	9.6	13.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	719,715	353,540	366,175	2.4	2.4	2.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	297,055	121,615	175,435	1.0	0.8	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	155,955	72,245	83,705	0.5	0.5	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35,380	14,950	20,430	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	196,620	130,745	65,875	0.6	0.9	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	34,710	13,985	20,730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	804,230	531,435	272,795	2.7	3.6	1.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	643,145	454,370	188,775	2.1	3.1	1.2
25. Library science	43,085	7,100	35,985	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	99,360	57,560	41,800	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	18,640	12,400	6,240	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	3,506,120	3,131,220	374,900	11.6	21.1	2.4
04. Architecture and related services	135,020	81,930	53,090	0.4	0.6	0.3
14. Engineering	900,475	723,080	177,395	3.0	4.9	1.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	726,155	638,355	87,800	2.4	4.3	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	580	190	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	703,905	683,060	20,845	2.3	4.6	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	659,480	640,895	18,590	2.2	4.3	0.1
48. Precision production	380,505	363,710	16,795	1.3	2.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	407,545	234,360	173,175	1.3	1.6	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	262,580	140,520	122,070	0.9	0.9	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	144,960	93,845	51,115	0.5	0.6	0.3
Health and related fields	2,444,500	485,615	1,958,885	8.1	3.3	12.7
30.37 Design for human health	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	180,785	89,005	91,780	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	2,194,395	360,540	1,833,855	7.2	2.4	11.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	5,255	1,425	3,825	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	64,030	34,630	29,400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,006,425	520,970	485,455	3.3	3.5	3.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	548,520	151,115	397,410	1.8	1.0	2.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	3,965	3,520	445	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	6,900	6,210	690	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	227,835	160,930	66,905	0.8	1.1	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	219,205	199,190	20,010	0.7	1.3	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	5,305	1,640	3,665	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	19,568,260	9,620,340	9,947,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	6,433,215	3,444,395	2,988,825	32.9	35.8	30.0
Education	742,175	158,185	583,990	3.8	1.6	5.9
13. Education	742,175	158,185	583,990	3.8	1.6	5.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	490,455	210,500	279,955	2.5	2.2	2.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	54,645	38,170	16,475	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	435,815	172,330	263,480	2.2	1.8	2.6
Humanities	649,695	241,235	408,465	3.3	2.5	4.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	79,235	16,400	62,835	0.4	0.2	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	134,815	37,610	97,210	0.7	0.4	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	216,725	80,505	136,220	1.1	0.8	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	12,910	4,540	8,370	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	41,640	23,645	17,990	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	48,920	29,245	19,675	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	78,415	40,800	37,615	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	37,045	8,490	28,555	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,588,720	502,835	1,085,885	8.1	5.2	10.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	23,895	5,520	18,370	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	196,475	72,125	124,350	1.0	0.7	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	270,970	20,095	250,875	1.4	0.2	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	261,265	82,850	178,420	1.3	0.9	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	37,830	12,160	25,670	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	249,205	55,840	193,365	1.3	0.6	1.9
45. Social sciences	549,090	254,250	294,840	2.8	2.6	3.0
Business, management and public administration	2,941,315	1,140,050	1,801,260	15.0	11.9	18.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	3,995	1,335	2,665	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	213,140	40,230	172,910	1.1	0.4	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	2,724,175	1,098,490	1,625,685	13.9	11.4	16.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	513,555	241,780	271,785	2.6	2.5	2.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	227,460	90,390	137,075	1.2	0.9	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	108,350	48,075	60,280	0.6	0.5	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	14,270	5,690	8,580	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	140,510	88,540	51,970	0.7	0.9	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	22,960	9,090	13,870	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	667,305	445,970	221,330	3.4	4.6	2.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	554,185	392,835	161,350	2.8	4.1	1.6
25. Library science	27,610	4,720	22,885	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	70,940	39,000	31,940	0.4	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	14,565	9,415	5,155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	2,611,205	2,292,785	318,420	13.3	23.8	3.2
04. Architecture and related services	105,845	61,230	44,605	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	724,235	568,385	155,850	3.7	5.9	1.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	536,600	464,510	72,090	2.7	4.8	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	510	160	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	510,105	493,000	17,100	2.6	5.1	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	467,225	452,385	14,840	2.4	4.7	0.1
48. Precision production	266,690	253,110	13,585	1.4	2.6	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	314,120	170,440	143,680	1.6	1.8	1.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	199,335	99,700	99,635	1.0	1.0	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	114,780	70,745	44,040	0.6	0.7	0.4
Health and related fields	1,839,975	371,180	1,468,795	9.4	3.9	14.8
30.37 Design for human health	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	139,280	67,885	71,385	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	1,648,120	279,090	1,369,030	8.4	2.9	13.8
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	4,430	945	3,485	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	48,115	23,255	24,860	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	772,450	399,835	372,615	3.9	4.2	3.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	414,520	112,935	301,590	2.1	1.2	3.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	2,955	2,575	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	3,850	3,415	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	183,025	128,295	54,725	0.9	1.3	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	168,105	152,620	15,485	0.9	1.6	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	4,075	1,150	2,930	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	19,568,260	9,620,340	9,947,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	6,433,215	3,444,395	2,988,825	32.9	35.8	30.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	13,135,040	6,175,940	6,959,100	67.1	64.2	70.0
Location of study inside Canada	10,490,520	4,926,390	5,564,130	53.6	51.2	55.9
Same as province or territory of residence	9,251,025	4,324,195	4,926,830	47.3	44.9	49.5
Different than province or territory of residence	1,239,495	602,195	637,300	6.3	6.3	6.4
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	2,644,520	1,249,550	1,394,970	13.5	13.0	14.0
Americas	483,810	238,040	245,775	2.5	2.5	2.5
United States of America	279,005	143,575	135,435	1.4	1.5	1.4
Mexico	36,400	16,175	20,230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	8,345	4,275	4,070	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	10,620	5,645	4,970	0.1	0.1	0.0
Jamaica	12,780	6,110	6,670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	40,050	18,445	21,605	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	31,165	13,875	17,295	0.2	0.1	0.2
Peru	7,780	3,025	4,750	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	12,655	5,330	7,320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	45,000	21,575	23,425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	543,725	281,205	262,520	2.8	2.9	2.6
Belgium	7,795	4,260	3,535	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	97,770	53,930	43,840	0.5	0.6	0.4
Germany	22,450	12,070	10,380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	10,825	6,065	4,765	0.1	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	8,470	4,420	4,050	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	5,160	2,465	2,700	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	9,055	4,165	4,890	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	25,215	11,115	14,100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	32,250	16,190	16,060	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	36,095	16,250	19,845	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	36,405	16,635	19,775	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	16,040	9,175	6,865	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	151,900	81,980	69,920	0.8	0.9	0.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	6,030	2,915	3,115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	8,895	5,055	3,840	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	8,745	4,470	4,280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	60,615	30,055	30,560	0.3	0.3	0.3
Africa	216,815	111,010	105,805	1.1	1.2	1.1
Nigeria	33,280	16,395	16,880	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algeria	33,230	17,020	16,210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Morocco	23,640	12,125	11,510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	12,655	7,100	5,555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	30,255	15,145	15,115	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	19,060	9,900	9,160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	64,700	33,325	31,385	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asia	1,352,215	594,805	757,410	6.9	6.2	7.6
Iran⁸⁸	66,630	30,180	36,450	0.3	0.3	0.4
Iraq	16,515	8,250	8,265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	11,355	5,725	5,630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	19,565	9,355	10,210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	16,405	7,885	8,520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	11,855	6,595	5,260	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	201,100	87,370	113,720	1.0	0.9	1.1
Taiwan	14,520	4,750	9,770	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	18,325	7,445	10,875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japan	18,605	5,280	13,325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	53,575	20,575	33,000	0.3	0.2	0.3
Philippines	305,795	115,370	190,420	1.6	1.2	1.9
Viet Nam	12,500	4,490	8,005	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	25,000	11,360	13,645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	15,085	7,090	7,995	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	405,850	199,380	206,475	2.1	2.1	2.1
Pakistan	75,155	35,055	40,100	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other locations of study in Asia	64,385	28,650	35,735	0.3	0.3	0.4
Oceania	47,960	24,495	23,460	0.2	0.3	0.2
Australia	38,525	19,270	19,250	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	7,785	4,300	3,485	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	1,655	930	730	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	30,335,915	14,861,245	15,474,670	...	...	...
In the labour force	19,310,345	10,056,270	9,254,070	...	...	...
Employed	17,321,695	9,056,680	8,265,025	...	...	...
Unemployed	1,988,645	999,600	989,045	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	11,025,575	4,804,970	6,220,605	...	...	...
Participation rate	63.7	67.7	59.8	63.7	67.7	59.8
Employment rate	57.1	60.9	53.4	57.1	60.9	53.4
Unemployment rate	10.3	9.9	10.7	10.3	9.9	10.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	11,140,775	4,889,605	6,251,170	36.7	32.9	40.4
Worked	19,195,145	9,971,640	9,223,500	63.3	67.1	59.6
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	10,215,385	5,685,910	4,529,475	33.7	38.3	29.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	8,979,760	4,285,730	4,694,025	29.6	28.8	30.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.0	41.7	40.3	41.0	41.7	40.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	19,310,340	10,056,275	9,254,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	486,865	237,950	248,915	2.5	2.4	2.7
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	18,823,480	9,818,325	9,005,160	97.5	97.6	97.3
Employee	16,103,455	8,139,075	7,964,375	83.4	80.9	86.1
Permanent position	13,431,685	6,866,375	6,565,310	69.6	68.3	70.9
Temporary position	2,671,765	1,272,700	1,399,065	13.8	12.7	15.1
Fixed term (1 year or more)	867,740	386,965	480,775	4.5	3.8	5.2
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	1,804,030	885,740	918,285	9.3	8.8	9.9
Self-employed¹⁹²	2,720,025	1,679,250	1,040,780	14.1	16.7	11.2
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	19,310,340	10,056,275	9,254,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	486,865	237,950	248,915	2.5	2.4	2.7
All occupations¹⁹¹	18,823,480	9,818,325	9,005,160	97.5	97.6	97.3
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	254,760	177,450	77,315	1.3	1.8	0.8
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	3,303,180	1,062,425	2,240,755	17.1	10.6	24.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	1,587,980	1,199,390	388,595	8.2	11.9	4.2
3 Health occupations	1,504,100	298,960	1,205,135	7.8	3.0	13.0
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	2,322,345	752,280	1,570,075	12.0	7.5	17.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	596,785	275,420	321,360	3.1	2.7	3.5
6 Sales and service occupations	4,616,050	2,072,110	2,543,945	23.9	20.6	27.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	3,239,500	2,950,915	288,585	16.8	29.3	3.1
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	541,235	416,960	124,270	2.8	4.1	1.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	857,540	612,415	245,120	4.4	6.1	2.6
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	19,310,340	10,056,275	9,254,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	486,865	237,950	248,915	2.5	2.4	2.7
All industries¹⁹¹	18,823,480	9,818,325	9,005,160	97.5	97.6	97.3
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	434,800	295,160	139,640	2.3	2.9	1.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	239,030	195,605	43,425	1.2	1.9	0.5
22 Utilities	147,750	109,475	38,270	0.8	1.1	0.4
23 Construction	1,469,085	1,269,060	200,025	7.6	12.6	2.2
31-33 Manufacturing	1,540,490	1,095,160	445,330	8.0	10.9	4.8
41 Wholesale trade	610,295	406,960	203,335	3.2	4.0	2.2
44-45 Retail trade	2,149,640	1,027,160	1,122,480	11.1	10.2	12.1
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	981,030	742,515	238,515	5.1	7.4	2.6
51 Information and cultural industries	400,460	237,940	162,520	2.1	2.4	1.8
52 Finance and insurance	815,225	358,145	457,080	4.2	3.6	4.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	343,940	186,230	157,710	1.8	1.9	1.7
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	1,571,160	877,780	693,380	8.1	8.7	7.5
55 Management of companies and enterprises	45,455	21,495	23,955	0.2	0.2	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	792,600	457,880	334,725	4.1	4.6	3.6
61 Educational services	1,413,320	436,645	976,670	7.3	4.3	10.6
62 Health care and social assistance	2,446,370	470,340	1,976,030	12.7	4.7	21.4
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	350,710	180,205	170,500	1.8	1.8	1.8
72 Accommodation and food services	1,085,270	478,000	607,270	5.6	4.8	6.6
81 Other services (except public administration)	797,935	373,775	424,165	4.1	3.7	4.6
91 Public administration	1,188,915	598,780	590,135	6.2	6.0	6.4
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	20,630,520	10,690,035	9,940,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	14,942,170	7,807,315	7,134,855	72.4	73.0	71.8
French	3,164,890	1,592,470	1,572,420	15.3	14.9	15.8
Non-official language	169,205	89,515	79,685	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indigenous³⁹	6,935	3,590	3,345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	162,265	85,925	76,345	0.8	0.8	0.8
English and French	1,682,510	859,635	822,870	8.2	8.0	8.3
English and non-official language(s)	570,220	291,000	279,220	2.8	2.7	2.8
French and non-official language(s)	20,935	9,955	10,980	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	69,340	34,190	35,145	0.3	0.3	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	11,265	5,960	5,305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	20,630,520	10,690,035	9,940,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	20,176,640	10,458,830	9,717,810	97.8	97.8	97.8
Official languages	19,866,180	10,297,010	9,569,175	96.3	96.3	96.3
English	15,879,850	8,272,750	7,607,105	77.0	77.4	76.5
French	3,986,330	2,024,260	1,962,070	19.3	18.9	19.7
Non-official languages	310,455	161,825	148,635	1.5	1.5	1.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	19,435	9,725	9,710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	11,600	6,020	5,575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	9,115	4,715	4,400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	1,015	585	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5,985	3,170	2,815	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	110	65	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	765	385	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	190	110	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	140	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	4,695	2,500	2,205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	1,955	875	1,075	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	155	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	835	435	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	825	430	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,585	830	755	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	875	490	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	695	340	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	610	295	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	895	410	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	890	410	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	535	255	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	155	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	130	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	6,630	3,200	3,425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	6,605	3,200	3,405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	125	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	291,025	152,095	138,925	1.4	1.4	1.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,265	5,300	3,955	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	415	185	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	365	155	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	8,785	5,080	3,705	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	215	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	7,190	4,250	2,940	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	460	325	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	330	240	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	90	70	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	585	240	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	325	165	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	9,770	4,135	5,635	0.0	0.0	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	495	215	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	9,260	3,905	5,350	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,760	2,180	2,580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	165	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	170	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,205	1,895	2,310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	390	185	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	375	170	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	3,010	1,410	1,605	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	250	140	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	2,685	1,255	1,425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	70	15	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	112,395	64,055	48,335	0.5	0.6	0.5
Albanian	315	170	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	530	295	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	10,085	4,390	5,695	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	95	15	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	9,995	4,375	5,620	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	145	55	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	75	60	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	2,265	1,000	1,265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	5,240	2,085	3,155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	835	485	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	120	80	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	155	95	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	555	310	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,265	620	650	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	14,250	8,060	6,190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10,480	5,695	4,790	0.1	0.1	0.0
German	6,615	3,655	2,970	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	2,560	1,405	1,150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	255	115	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	1,050	520	530	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,540	2,245	1,290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	965	515	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	560	420	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	1,940	1,275	670	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	190	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	875	445	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	55,455	32,965	22,490	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	48,020	28,910	19,100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bengali	645	290	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	1,115	515	600	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	2,235	1,145	1,090	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	275	125	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	40,840	25,480	15,365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sindhi	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	105	80	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	2,725	1,265	1,465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	7,430	4,045	3,385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	175	145	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	7,110	3,825	3,285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	800	445	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	5,715	2,980	2,735	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	595	400	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	30,795	17,685	13,105	0.1	0.2	0.1
Catalan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,625	730	900	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	6,970	4,070	2,895	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	680	375	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	21,455	12,465	8,990	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	3,560	1,225	2,340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	14,345	7,125	7,225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	410	210	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	150	95	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	2,010	795	1,210	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	1,590	620	970	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	285	110	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	128,375	64,180	64,190	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese languages	128,045	63,990	64,055	0.6	0.6	0.6
Hakka	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	76,040	37,760	38,280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Min Dong	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	485	210	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	50,950	25,725	25,225	0.2	0.2	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	460	240	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	295	175	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	60	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	135	85	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	120	80	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	765	310	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	670	275	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,345	695	650	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,270	660	615	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	485	215	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	70	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	90	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	330	170	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	453,880	231,205	222,675	2.2	2.2	2.2
English and French	321,975	163,305	158,675	1.6	1.5	1.6
English and non-official language(s)	115,955	60,210	55,745	0.6	0.6	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	6,280	2,795	3,485	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	7,405	3,795	3,605	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,265	1,100	1,165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	20,630,520	10,690,035	9,940,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	18,696,980	9,704,050	8,992,935	90.6	90.8	90.5
English	902,625	474,755	427,875	4.4	4.4	4.3
French	589,755	288,955	300,800	2.9	2.7	3.0
Non-official language	331,375	168,035	163,335	1.6	1.6	1.6
Indigenous³⁹	18,190	7,740	10,450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	313,185	160,295	152,885	1.5	1.5	1.5
English and French	2,940	1,445	1,495	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	33,125	15,680	17,445	0.2	0.1	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	22,615	11,475	11,135	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	360	210	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	50,740	25,425	25,315	0.2	0.2	0.3
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	17,321,700	9,056,680	8,265,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	4,214,860	2,000,150	2,214,705	24.3	22.1	26.8
Worked outside Canada	58,335	40,295	18,035	0.3	0.4	0.2
No fixed workplace address	2,201,745	1,660,325	541,415	12.7	18.3	6.6
Usual place of work	10,846,770	5,355,910	5,490,860	62.6	59.1	66.4
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	10,846,770	5,355,905	5,490,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	6,397,120	2,970,205	3,426,915	59.0	55.5	62.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,343,640	1,185,830	1,157,810	21.6	22.1	21.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,007,950	1,139,665	868,285	18.5	21.3	15.8
Commute to a different province or territory	98,060	60,210	37,850	0.9	1.1	0.7
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	13,048,510	7,016,230	6,032,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	10,950,750	6,060,925	4,889,825	83.9	86.4	81.1
Car, truck or van - as a driver	10,106,595	5,717,830	4,388,770	77.5	81.5	72.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	844,155	343,100	501,050	6.5	4.9	8.3
Public transit	1,000,510	422,270	578,235	7.7	6.0	9.6
Walked	672,815	296,610	376,205	5.2	4.2	6.2
Bicycle	138,615	92,195	46,415	1.1	1.3	0.8
Other method	285,820	144,225	141,595	2.2	2.1	2.3
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	13,048,510	7,016,230	6,032,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	4,178,570	1,993,385	2,185,185	32.0	28.4	36.2
15 to 29 minutes	4,546,195	2,418,910	2,127,285	34.8	34.5	35.3
30 to 44 minutes	2,487,010	1,462,340	1,024,670	19.1	20.8	17.0
45 to 59 minutes	910,610	542,485	368,125	7.0	7.7	6.1
60 minutes and over	926,120	599,115	327,005	7.1	8.5	5.4
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	13,048,510	7,016,230	6,032,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	938,820	701,960	236,865	7.2	10.0	3.9
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	2,274,845	1,465,860	808,985	17.4	20.9	13.4
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	3,435,740	1,776,900	1,658,845	26.3	25.3	27.5
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	2,711,355	1,189,065	1,522,290	20.8	16.9	25.2
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	1,661,340	740,915	920,430	12.7	10.6	15.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	2,026,405	1,141,540	884,865	15.5	16.3	14.7
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	7,335,800	3,768,210	3,567,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	897,205	456,120	441,085	12.2	12.1	12.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,438,595	3,312,090	3,126,505	87.8	87.9	87.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	5,372,330	2,761,965	2,610,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	682,190	346,420	335,770	12.7	12.5	12.9
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	467,685	234,475	233,215	8.7	8.5	8.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	214,500	111,950	102,550	4.0	4.1	3.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,690,140	2,415,545	2,274,595	87.3	87.5	87.1

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed March 22, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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