Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
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Topic:
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Age
Age characteristics
Commuting
Select all: Commuting
Commuting destination
Commuting duration
Main mode of commuting
Place of work status
Time leaving for work
Education
Select all: Education
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Ethnocultural and religious diversity
Select all: Ethnocultural and religious diversity
Ethnic or cultural origin
Religion
Visible minority
Families, households, and marital status
Select all: Families, households, and marital status
Family characteristics
Household type
Marital status
Housing
Household characteristics
Immigration, place of birth, and citizenship
Select all: Immigration, place of birth, and citizenship
Admission category and applicant type
Age at immigration
Citizenship
Generation status
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Pre-admission experience
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Income
Select all: Income
Income of economic families in 2020
Income of households in 2020
Income of individuals in 2019
Income of individuals in 2020
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Indigenous peoples
Select all: Indigenous peoples
Indigenous ancestry
Indigenous population
Instruction in the minority official language
Select all: Instruction in the minority official language
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Labour
Select all: Labour
Class of worker including job permanency
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Labour force status
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Work activity during the reference year
Language
Select all: Language
All languages spoken at home
First official language spoken
Knowledge of languages
Knowledge of official languages
Language spoken most often at home
Mother tongue
Other language spoken regularly at home
Language of work
Select all: Language of work
All languages used at work
Language used most often at work
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Mobility and migration
Select all: Mobility and migration
Mobility status 1 year ago
Mobility status 5 years ago
Population and dwelling counts
Population and dwellings
Type of dwelling
Household and dwelling characteristics
GenderMore information:


Statistic:
Characteristic Hamilton, Census division (CDR)More information:
Ontario
[Census division]
Counts Rates
Total Men＋ Women＋ Total Men＋ Women＋
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data 569,350 279,640 289,715 100.0 100.0 100.0
0 to 14 years 91,240 46,945 44,295 16.0 16.8 15.3
0 to 4 years 29,100 14,920 14,180 5.1 5.3 4.9
5 to 9 years 30,695 15,840 14,855 5.4 5.7 5.1
10 to 14 years 31,450 16,190 15,260 5.5 5.8 5.3
15 to 64 years 373,820 185,960 187,860 65.7 66.5 64.8
15 to 19 years 31,795 16,530 15,265 5.6 5.9 5.3
20 to 24 years 36,405 18,895 17,510 6.4 6.8 6.0
25 to 29 years 40,525 20,485 20,040 7.1 7.3 6.9
30 to 34 years 41,330 20,550 20,780 7.3 7.3 7.2
35 to 39 years 38,940 19,225 19,720 6.8 6.9 6.8
40 to 44 years 35,025 17,125 17,900 6.2 6.1 6.2
45 to 49 years 34,155 16,560 17,595 6.0 5.9 6.1
50 to 54 years 36,665 17,900 18,770 6.4 6.4 6.5
55 to 59 years 40,930 20,155 20,775 7.2 7.2 7.2
60 to 64 years 38,045 18,540 19,505 6.7 6.6 6.7
65 years and over 104,290 46,735 57,555 18.3 16.7 19.9
65 to 69 years 31,630 14,935 16,700 5.6 5.3 5.8
70 to 74 years 26,700 12,390 14,305 4.7 4.4 4.9
75 to 79 years 18,290 8,390 9,895 3.2 3.0 3.4
80 to 84 years 12,990 5,705 7,280 2.3 2.0 2.5
85 years and over 14,685 5,310 9,370 2.6 1.9 3.2
85 to 89 years 8,750 3,420 5,330 1.5 1.2 1.8
90 to 94 years 4,435 1,490 2,945 0.8 0.5 1.0
95 to 99 years 1,340 380 960 0.2 0.1 0.3
100 years and over 155 25 135 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
0 to 14 years 16.0 16.8 15.3 16.0 16.8 15.3
15 to 64 years 65.7 66.5 64.8 65.7 66.5 64.8
65 years and over 18.3 16.7 19.9 18.3 16.7 19.9
85 years and over 2.6 1.9 3.2 2.6 1.9 3.2
Average age of the population 41.5 40.4 42.6 41.5 40.4 42.6
Median age of the population 40.8 39.2 42.0 40.8 39.2 42.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data76 560,920 275,900 285,020 100.0 100.0 100.0
Canadian citizens77 515,585 253,005 262,580 91.9 91.7 92.1
Canadian citizens aged under 18 103,540 53,195 50,340 18.5 19.3 17.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over 412,045 199,805 212,235 73.5 72.4 74.5
Not Canadian citizens78 45,335 22,895 22,440 8.1 8.3 7.9
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data79 560,920 275,900 285,020 100.0 100.0 100.0
Non-immigrants80 402,725 199,210 203,520 71.8 72.2 71.4
Immigrants81 145,550 69,580 75,965 25.9 25.2 26.7
Before 1980 40,080 18,955 21,130 7.1 6.9 7.4
1980 to 1990 17,010 8,365 8,645 3.0 3.0 3.0
1991 to 2000 25,760 12,200 13,560 4.6 4.4 4.8
2001 to 2010 28,030 13,215 14,815 5.0 4.8 5.2
2011 to 202182 34,665 16,845 17,820 6.2 6.1 6.3
2011 to 2015 14,520 6,970 7,555 2.6 2.5 2.7
2016 to 2021 20,145 9,880 10,265 3.6 3.6 3.6
Non-permanent residents83 12,640 7,110 5,535 2.3 2.6 1.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data84 145,545 69,580 75,970 100.0 100.0 100.0
Under 5 years 15,455 7,855 7,605 10.6 11.3 10.0
5 to 14 years 29,435 14,690 14,750 20.2 21.1 19.4
15 to 24 years 31,895 14,565 17,325 21.9 20.9 22.8
25 to 44 years 57,530 27,310 30,220 39.5 39.2 39.8
45 years and over 11,230 5,160 6,070 7.7 7.4 8.0
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data85 145,545 69,580 75,970 100.0 100.0 100.0
Americas 19,750 9,215 10,540 13.6 13.2 13.9
Brazil 480 220 255 0.3 0.3 0.3
Colombia 1,935 900 1,030 1.3 1.3 1.4
El Salvador 1,810 910 895 1.2 1.3 1.2
Guyana 1,425 635 790 1.0 0.9 1.0
Haiti 285 150 135 0.2 0.2 0.2
Jamaica 3,355 1,640 1,715 2.3 2.4 2.3
Mexico 760 355 410 0.5 0.5 0.5
Peru 250 105 140 0.2 0.2 0.2
Trinidad and Tobago 1,345 590 755 0.9 0.8 1.0
United States of America 4,040 1,720 2,320 2.8 2.5 3.1
Other places of birth in Americas 4,075 1,975 2,100 2.8 2.8 2.8
Europe 56,750 27,035 29,715 39.0 38.9 39.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,575 1,205 1,370 1.8 1.7 1.8
Croatia 4,040 2,025 2,015 2.8 2.9 2.7
France 415 205 215 0.3 0.3 0.3
Germany 2,630 1,305 1,325 1.8 1.9 1.7
Greece 1,105 535 575 0.8 0.8 0.8
Hungary 1,150 535 615 0.8 0.8 0.8
Italy 8,900 4,415 4,485 6.1 6.3 5.9
Netherlands 2,080 1,080 1,000 1.4 1.6 1.3
Poland 5,395 2,375 3,025 3.7 3.4 4.0
Portugal 5,480 2,625 2,855 3.8 3.8 3.8
Romania 1,830 855 980 1.3 1.2 1.3
Russian Federation 735 300 430 0.5 0.4 0.6
Serbia86 2,015 995 1,020 1.4 1.4 1.3
Ukraine 855 335 515 0.6 0.5 0.7
United Kingdom87 12,200 5,770 6,430 8.4 8.3 8.5
Other places of birth in Europe 5,335 2,480 2,860 3.7 3.6 3.8
Africa 11,325 5,520 5,805 7.8 7.9 7.6
Algeria 150 80 70 0.1 0.1 0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 715 255 455 0.5 0.4 0.6
Egypt 1,155 660 490 0.8 0.9 0.6
Eritrea 200 115 80 0.1 0.2 0.1
Ethiopia 500 225 275 0.3 0.3 0.4
Morocco 210 110 100 0.1 0.2 0.1
Nigeria 1,755 840 920 1.2 1.2 1.2
Somalia 960 420 540 0.7 0.6 0.7
South Africa, Republic of 895 480 415 0.6 0.7 0.5
Other places of birth in Africa 4,790 2,335 2,455 3.3 3.4 3.2
Asia 57,220 27,575 29,645 39.3 39.6 39.0
Afghanistan 1,320 650 670 0.9 0.9 0.9
Iran88 1,445 745 705 1.0 1.1 0.9
Iraq 5,715 2,830 2,890 3.9 4.1 3.8
Lebanon 1,185 620 565 0.8 0.9 0.7
Syria89 3,565 1,810 1,755 2.4 2.6 2.3
Turkey 655 320 340 0.5 0.5 0.4
China90 4,100 1,895 2,200 2.8 2.7 2.9
Hong Kong91 750 370 385 0.5 0.5 0.5
Korea, South92 1,245 570 675 0.9 0.8 0.9
Taiwan 275 105 165 0.2 0.2 0.2
Philippines 8,255 3,480 4,770 5.7 5.0 6.3
Viet Nam 3,375 1,510 1,860 2.3 2.2 2.4
Bangladesh 1,185 645 540 0.8 0.9 0.7
India 10,930 5,575 5,360 7.5 8.0 7.1
Pakistan 5,295 2,680 2,620 3.6 3.9 3.4
Sri Lanka 755 360 400 0.5 0.5 0.5
Other places of birth in Asia 7,160 3,410 3,750 4.9 4.9 4.9
Oceania and other places of birth93 505 240 270 0.3 0.3 0.4
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data94 20,145 9,880 10,270 100.0 100.0 100.0
Americas 2,560 1,260 1,300 12.7 12.8 12.7
Brazil 185 80 110 0.9 0.8 1.1
Colombia 325 145 180 1.6 1.5 1.8
Haiti 35 15 20 0.2 0.2 0.2
Jamaica 520 280 245 2.6 2.8 2.4
Mexico 120 80 45 0.6 0.8 0.4
United States of America 615 305 310 3.1 3.1 3.0
Venezuela95 90 35 55 0.4 0.4 0.5
Other places of birth in Americas 675 330 345 3.4 3.3 3.4
Europe 1,815 975 835 9.0 9.9 8.1
France 90 40 50 0.4 0.4 0.5
Germany 50 25 30 0.2 0.3 0.3
Ireland96 60 45 20 0.3 0.5 0.2
Italy 25 15 10 0.1 0.2 0.1
Russian Federation 75 35 45 0.4 0.4 0.4
Ukraine 110 50 60 0.5 0.5 0.6
United Kingdom87 340 220 125 1.7 2.2 1.2
Other places of birth in Europe 1,060 550 505 5.3 5.6 4.9
Africa 3,175 1,510 1,665 15.8 15.3 16.2
Algeria 70 35 35 0.3 0.4 0.3
Burundi 120 65 60 0.6 0.7 0.6
Cameroon 70 35 30 0.3 0.4 0.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 260 110 150 1.3 1.1 1.5
Côte d'Ivoire 30 15 20 0.1 0.2 0.2
Egypt 250 135 115 1.2 1.4 1.1
Eritrea 75 45 30 0.4 0.5 0.3
Ethiopia 100 50 55 0.5 0.5 0.5
Morocco 45 15 30 0.2 0.2 0.3
Nigeria 915 415 505 4.5 4.2 4.9
Somalia 230 95 135 1.1 1.0 1.3
South Africa, Republic of 145 100 50 0.7 1.0 0.5
Sudan97 285 110 175 1.4 1.1 1.7
Tunisia 30 15 10 0.1 0.2 0.1
Other places of birth in Africa 560 280 285 2.8 2.8 2.8
Asia 12,530 6,100 6,435 62.2 61.7 62.7
Afghanistan 220 105 115 1.1 1.1 1.1
Bangladesh 165 100 70 0.8 1.0 0.7
China90 580 270 310 2.9 2.7 3.0
Hong Kong91 25 10 15 0.1 0.1 0.1
India 3,205 1,650 1,555 15.9 16.7 15.1
Iran88 125 50 70 0.6 0.5 0.7
Iraq 905 400 510 4.5 4.0 5.0
Israel 25 0 20 0.1 0.0 0.2
Japan 15 0 15 0.1 0.0 0.1
Jordan 215 110 100 1.1 1.1 1.0
Korea, South92 145 75 75 0.7 0.8 0.7
Lebanon 175 90 85 0.9 0.9 0.8
Nepal 70 25 45 0.3 0.3 0.4
Pakistan 665 330 335 3.3 3.3 3.3
Philippines 1,790 815 975 8.9 8.2 9.5
Saudi Arabia 250 135 110 1.2 1.4 1.1
Sri Lanka 55 35 25 0.3 0.4 0.2
Syria89 2,645 1,390 1,250 13.1 14.1 12.2
Turkey 170 90 75 0.8 0.9 0.7
United Arab Emirates 225 110 115 1.1 1.1 1.1
Viet Nam 250 75 170 1.2 0.8 1.7
Other places of birth in Asia 615 240 380 3.1 2.4 3.7
Oceania and other93 60 30 35 0.3 0.3 0.3
Australia 35 20 20 0.2 0.2 0.2
Other places of birth98 30 15 15 0.1 0.2 0.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data99 560,915 275,895 285,020 100.0 100.0 100.0
First generation100 162,645 78,780 83,870 29.0 28.6 29.4
Second generation101 139,670 69,440 70,230 24.9 25.2 24.6
Third generation or more102 258,600 127,675 130,925 46.1 46.3 45.9
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data103 105,470 50,625 54,845 100.0 100.0 100.0
Economic immigrants104 41,900 20,975 20,920 39.7 41.4 38.1
Principal applicants105 16,650 10,110 6,535 15.8 20.0 11.9
Secondary applicants106 25,250 10,860 14,385 23.9 21.5 26.2
Immigrants sponsored by family107 30,555 12,960 17,595 29.0 25.6 32.1
Refugees108 31,240 15,870 15,365 29.6 31.3 28.0
Other immigrants109 1,775 820 955 1.7 1.6 1.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data110 105,470 50,625 54,845 100.0 100.0 100.0
Asylum claim before admission111 9,635 4,780 4,855 9.1 9.4 8.9
Work permits only before admission112 8,575 3,975 4,600 8.1 7.9 8.4
Study permits only before admission113 2,420 1,175 1,245 2.3 2.3 2.3
Work and study permits before admission114 4,795 2,310 2,485 4.5 4.6 4.5
Other permits before admission115 755 345 415 0.7 0.7 0.8
No pre-admission experience116 79,290 38,040 41,245 75.2 75.1 75.2

Note: Gender

Gender refers to an individual's personal and social identity as a man, woman or non-binary person (a person who is not exclusively a man or a woman).

Gender includes the following concepts:

  • gender identity, which refers to the gender that a person feels internally and individually;
  • gender expression, which refers to the way a person presents their gender, regardless of their gender identity, through body language, aesthetic choices or accessories (e.g., clothes, hairstyle and makeup), which may have traditionally been associated with a specific gender.

A person's gender may differ from their sex at birth, and from what is indicated on their current identification or legal documents such as their birth certificate, passport or driver's licence. A person's gender may change over time.

Some people may not identify with a specific gender.

Given that the non-binary population is small, data aggregation to a two-category gender variable is sometimes necessary to protect the confidentiality of responses provided. In these cases, individuals in the category "non-binary persons" are distributed into the other two gender categories and are denoted by the "＋" symbol.

"Men＋" includes men (and/or boys), as well as some non-binary persons.

"Women＋" includes women (and/or girls), as well as some non-binary persons.

Source

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed March 23, 2025).

Note(s):

Footnote 76

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021.

Footnote 77

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

Footnote 78

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

Footnote 79

'Immigrant status' refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

'Period of immigration' refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021.

Footnote 80

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

Footnote 81

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2021 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who were admitted to Canada on or prior to May 11, 2021.

Footnote 82

Includes immigrants who were admitted to Canada on or prior to May 11, 2021.

Footnote 83

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country with a usual place of residence in Canada and who have a work or study permit or who have claimed refugee status (asylum claimants). Family members living with work or study permit holders are also included, unless these family members are already Canadian citizens, landed immigrants or permanent residents.

Footnote 84

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2021 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who were admitted to Canada on or prior to May 11, 2021.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021.

Footnote 85

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2021 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who were admitted to Canada on or prior to May 11, 2021.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2021 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country or area of interest if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on the place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021.

Footnote 86

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

Footnote 87

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 88

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

Footnote 89

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

Footnote 90

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

Footnote 91

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

Footnote 92

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

Footnote 93

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

Footnote 94

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2016 and May 11, 2021.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2021 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country or area of interest if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on the place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021.

Footnote 95

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

Footnote 96

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

Footnote 97

The full name of Sudan is the Republic of the Sudan.

Footnote 98

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

Footnote 99

'Generation status' refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021.

Footnote 100

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

Footnote 101

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

Footnote 102

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with all parents born in Canada.

Footnote 103

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on their application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2021 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who were admitted to Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 11, 2021.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021.

Footnote 104

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

Footnote 105

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on their application for permanent residence.

Footnote 106

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on their application for permanent residence.

Footnote 107

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

Footnote 108

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

Footnote 109

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

Footnote 110

'Pre-admission experience' refers to the category under which an immigrant was authorized to enter Canada for temporary residence purposes before admission as a landed immigrant or permanent resident.

In the 2021 Census of Population, data on pre-admission experience are available for immigrants who were admitted to Canada between January 1, 1980, and May 11, 2021.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021.

Footnote 111

This category includes immigrants who had an asylum claim before admission as a landed immigrant or permanent resident. This category includes immigrants who had an asylum claim with a work and/or study permit before admission.

Footnote 112

This category includes immigrants who had a work permit only before admission as a landed immigrant or permanent resident. A work permit is a document issued by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada that authorizes a person to work on a temporary basis in Canada. Work permits set out conditions for the worker, such as the type of work and employer, location of work, and timeline of work.

Footnote 113

This category includes immigrants who had a study permit only before admission as a landed immigrant or permanent resident. A study permit is a document issued by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada that authorizes a person to study at an educational institution in Canada for the duration of the program of study.

Footnote 114

This category includes immigrants who had both a work and a study permit before admission as a landed immigrant or permanent resident.

Footnote 115

This category includes immigrants who had a permit other than a work permit, study permit, or asylum claim before admission as a landed immigrant or permanent resident.

Footnote 116

This category includes immigrants who did not have a permit for temporary residence purposes before admission as a landed immigrant or permanent resident.

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