Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
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Topic:
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Age
Age characteristics
Commuting
Select all: Commuting
Commuting destination
Commuting duration
Main mode of commuting
Place of work status
Time leaving for work
Education
Select all: Education
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Ethnocultural and religious diversity
Select all: Ethnocultural and religious diversity
Ethnic or cultural origin
Religion
Visible minority
Families, households, and marital status
Select all: Families, households, and marital status
Family characteristics
Household type
Marital status
Housing
Household characteristics
Immigration, place of birth, and citizenship
Select all: Immigration, place of birth, and citizenship
Admission category and applicant type
Age at immigration
Citizenship
Generation status
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Pre-admission experience
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Income
Select all: Income
Income of economic families in 2020
Income of households in 2020
Income of individuals in 2019
Income of individuals in 2020
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Indigenous peoples
Select all: Indigenous peoples
Indigenous ancestry
Indigenous population
Instruction in the minority official language
Select all: Instruction in the minority official language
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Labour
Select all: Labour
Class of worker including job permanency
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Labour force status
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Work activity during the reference year
Language
Select all: Language
All languages spoken at home
First official language spoken
Knowledge of languages
Knowledge of official languages
Language spoken most often at home
Mother tongue
Other language spoken regularly at home
Language of work
Select all: Language of work
All languages used at work
Language used most often at work
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Mobility and migration
Select all: Mobility and migration
Mobility status 1 year ago
Mobility status 5 years ago
Population and dwelling counts
Population and dwellings
Type of dwelling
Household and dwelling characteristics
GenderMore information:


Statistic:
Characteristic Capital, Regional district (RD)More information:
British Columbia
[Census division]
Counts Rates
Total Men＋ Women＋ Total Men＋ Women＋
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data76 406,075 196,725 209,350 100.0 100.0 100.0
Canadian citizens77 377,360 183,295 194,065 92.9 93.2 92.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18 60,445 30,990 29,455 14.9 15.8 14.1
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over 316,915 152,305 164,610 78.0 77.4 78.6
Not Canadian citizens78 28,715 13,435 15,285 7.1 6.8 7.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data79 406,075 196,725 209,350 100.0 100.0 100.0
Non-immigrants80 320,165 156,565 163,605 78.8 79.6 78.1
Immigrants81 77,095 35,715 41,380 19.0 18.2 19.8
Before 1980 26,995 12,545 14,450 6.6 6.4 6.9
1980 to 1990 8,815 4,215 4,600 2.2 2.1 2.2
1991 to 2000 9,990 4,445 5,540 2.5 2.3 2.6
2001 to 2010 13,130 5,995 7,130 3.2 3.0 3.4
2011 to 202182 18,165 8,510 9,660 4.5 4.3 4.6
2011 to 2015 7,860 3,675 4,180 1.9 1.9 2.0
2016 to 2021 10,305 4,835 5,475 2.5 2.5 2.6
Non-permanent residents83 8,815 4,445 4,365 2.2 2.3 2.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data84 77,095 35,715 41,380 100.0 100.0 100.0
Under 5 years 8,090 3,955 4,135 10.5 11.1 10.0
5 to 14 years 13,340 6,735 6,600 17.3 18.9 15.9
15 to 24 years 14,795 6,635 8,165 19.2 18.6 19.7
25 to 44 years 33,485 15,045 18,445 43.4 42.1 44.6
45 years and over 7,385 3,350 4,030 9.6 9.4 9.7
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data85 77,095 35,715 41,380 100.0 100.0 100.0
Americas 12,005 5,405 6,600 15.6 15.1 15.9
Brazil 440 215 220 0.6 0.6 0.5
Colombia 545 230 310 0.7 0.6 0.7
El Salvador 235 120 110 0.3 0.3 0.3
Guyana 150 65 80 0.2 0.2 0.2
Haiti 75 40 30 0.1 0.1 0.1
Jamaica 360 180 175 0.5 0.5 0.4
Mexico 905 415 485 1.2 1.2 1.2
Peru 155 65 95 0.2 0.2 0.2
Trinidad and Tobago 250 90 160 0.3 0.3 0.4
United States of America 7,405 3,265 4,140 9.6 9.1 10.0
Other places of birth in Americas 1,490 705 780 1.9 2.0 1.9
Europe 30,885 14,830 16,055 40.1 41.5 38.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina 135 55 80 0.2 0.2 0.2
Croatia 330 145 190 0.4 0.4 0.5
France 635 250 385 0.8 0.7 0.9
Germany 2,840 1,295 1,540 3.7 3.6 3.7
Greece 275 150 120 0.4 0.4 0.3
Hungary 435 205 230 0.6 0.6 0.6
Italy 655 355 300 0.8 1.0 0.7
Netherlands 1,585 730 850 2.1 2.0 2.1
Poland 985 490 495 1.3 1.4 1.2
Portugal 880 385 495 1.1 1.1 1.2
Romania 460 215 245 0.6 0.6 0.6
Russian Federation 750 310 440 1.0 0.9 1.1
Serbia86 220 120 105 0.3 0.3 0.3
Ukraine 540 270 270 0.7 0.8 0.7
United Kingdom87 16,455 8,025 8,435 21.3 22.5 20.4
Other places of birth in Europe 3,705 1,825 1,875 4.8 5.1 4.5
Africa 3,995 2,040 1,955 5.2 5.7 4.7
Algeria 30 20 15 0.0 0.1 0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 55 20 30 0.1 0.1 0.1
Egypt 195 130 60 0.3 0.4 0.1
Eritrea 155 80 70 0.2 0.2 0.2
Ethiopia 310 150 165 0.4 0.4 0.4
Morocco 155 90 70 0.2 0.3 0.2
Nigeria 295 150 145 0.4 0.4 0.4
Somalia 75 45 35 0.1 0.1 0.1
South Africa, Republic of 1,380 675 700 1.8 1.9 1.7
Other places of birth in Africa 1,350 680 665 1.8 1.9 1.6
Asia 28,720 12,575 16,140 37.3 35.2 39.0
Afghanistan 55 40 15 0.1 0.1 0.0
Iran88 900 460 445 1.2 1.3 1.1
Iraq 125 65 60 0.2 0.2 0.1
Lebanon 180 85 95 0.2 0.2 0.2
Syria89 545 285 260 0.7 0.8 0.6
Turkey 295 165 130 0.4 0.5 0.3
China90 6,505 2,825 3,685 8.4 7.9 8.9
Hong Kong91 1,220 625 595 1.6 1.7 1.4
Korea, South92 1,385 640 740 1.8 1.8 1.8
Taiwan 670 250 420 0.9 0.7 1.0
Philippines 6,200 2,405 3,790 8.0 6.7 9.2
Viet Nam 1,150 465 685 1.5 1.3 1.7
Bangladesh 165 80 90 0.2 0.2 0.2
India 4,905 2,460 2,440 6.4 6.9 5.9
Pakistan 480 245 235 0.6 0.7 0.6
Sri Lanka 155 80 75 0.2 0.2 0.2
Other places of birth in Asia 3,775 1,400 2,375 4.9 3.9 5.7
Oceania and other places of birth93 1,490 865 625 1.9 2.4 1.5
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data94 10,310 4,830 5,475 100.0 100.0 100.0
Americas 1,540 675 870 14.9 14.0 15.9
Brazil 130 50 75 1.3 1.0 1.4
Colombia 120 35 85 1.2 0.7 1.6
Haiti 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Jamaica 30 15 15 0.3 0.3 0.3
Mexico 135 70 70 1.3 1.4 1.3
United States of America 925 415 505 9.0 8.6 9.2
Venezuela95 25 15 15 0.2 0.3 0.3
Other places of birth in Americas 175 75 105 1.7 1.6 1.9
Europe 1,415 750 670 13.7 15.5 12.2
France 85 45 45 0.8 0.9 0.8
Germany 140 60 75 1.4 1.2 1.4
Ireland96 80 50 25 0.8 1.0 0.5
Italy 50 40 10 0.5 0.8 0.2
Russian Federation 60 15 45 0.6 0.3 0.8
Ukraine 75 35 45 0.7 0.7 0.8
United Kingdom87 585 360 220 5.7 7.5 4.0
Other places of birth in Europe 355 145 205 3.4 3.0 3.7
Africa 835 420 410 8.1 8.7 7.5
Algeria 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Burundi 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Cameroon 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 15 10 10 0.1 0.2 0.2
Côte d'Ivoire 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Egypt 25 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.0
Eritrea 50 30 20 0.5 0.6 0.4
Ethiopia 80 35 40 0.8 0.7 0.7
Morocco 30 10 20 0.3 0.2 0.4
Nigeria 185 95 90 1.8 2.0 1.6
Somalia 15 0 10 0.1 0.0 0.2
South Africa, Republic of 85 50 40 0.8 1.0 0.7
Sudan97 80 35 45 0.8 0.7 0.8
Tunisia 10 0 0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Other places of birth in Africa 240 130 115 2.3 2.7 2.1
Asia 6,320 2,830 3,485 61.3 58.6 63.7
Afghanistan 30 20 10 0.3 0.4 0.2
Bangladesh 50 20 30 0.5 0.4 0.5
China90 1,195 475 720 11.6 9.8 13.2
Hong Kong91 25 15 0 0.2 0.3 0.0
India 1,210 645 565 11.7 13.4 10.3
Iran88 85 40 45 0.8 0.8 0.8
Iraq 65 35 35 0.6 0.7 0.6
Israel 25 10 15 0.2 0.2 0.3
Japan 215 55 160 2.1 1.1 2.9
Jordan 15 0 10 0.1 0.0 0.2
Korea, South92 280 120 160 2.7 2.5 2.9
Lebanon 55 20 40 0.5 0.4 0.7
Nepal 75 50 30 0.7 1.0 0.5
Pakistan 105 55 45 1.0 1.1 0.8
Philippines 1,750 750 1,000 17.0 15.5 18.3
Saudi Arabia 40 15 30 0.4 0.3 0.5
Sri Lanka 20 10 0 0.2 0.2 0.0
Syria89 475 245 225 4.6 5.1 4.1
Turkey 140 80 60 1.4 1.7 1.1
United Arab Emirates 30 15 15 0.3 0.3 0.3
Viet Nam 165 40 125 1.6 0.8 2.3
Other places of birth in Asia 270 110 155 2.6 2.3 2.8
Oceania and other93 195 155 40 1.9 3.2 0.7
Australia 135 105 35 1.3 2.2 0.6
Other places of birth98 55 50 10 0.5 1.0 0.2
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data99 406,075 196,725 209,350 100.0 100.0 100.0
First generation100 93,085 43,670 49,420 22.9 22.2 23.6
Second generation101 87,265 41,965 45,295 21.5 21.3 21.6
Third generation or more102 225,720 111,090 114,635 55.6 56.5 54.8
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data103 50,100 23,170 26,930 100.0 100.0 100.0
Economic immigrants104 27,325 13,450 13,875 54.5 58.0 51.5
Principal applicants105 12,600 7,025 5,575 25.1 30.3 20.7
Secondary applicants106 14,730 6,425 8,300 29.4 27.7 30.8
Immigrants sponsored by family107 18,280 7,305 10,980 36.5 31.5 40.8
Refugees108 4,050 2,220 1,830 8.1 9.6 6.8
Other immigrants109 450 200 250 0.9 0.9 0.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data110 50,100 23,170 26,930 100.0 100.0 100.0
Asylum claim before admission111 985 550 440 2.0 2.4 1.6
Work permits only before admission112 8,990 3,965 5,030 17.9 17.1 18.7
Study permits only before admission113 2,315 1,090 1,230 4.6 4.7 4.6
Work and study permits before admission114 3,980 1,790 2,190 7.9 7.7 8.1
Other permits before admission115 350 125 230 0.7 0.5 0.9
No pre-admission experience116 33,470 15,660 17,815 66.8 67.6 66.2

Note: Gender

Gender refers to an individual's personal and social identity as a man, woman or non-binary person (a person who is not exclusively a man or a woman).

Gender includes the following concepts:

  • gender identity, which refers to the gender that a person feels internally and individually;
  • gender expression, which refers to the way a person presents their gender, regardless of their gender identity, through body language, aesthetic choices or accessories (e.g., clothes, hairstyle and makeup), which may have traditionally been associated with a specific gender.

A person's gender may differ from their sex at birth, and from what is indicated on their current identification or legal documents such as their birth certificate, passport or driver's licence. A person's gender may change over time.

Some people may not identify with a specific gender.

Given that the non-binary population is small, data aggregation to a two-category gender variable is sometimes necessary to protect the confidentiality of responses provided. In these cases, individuals in the category "non-binary persons" are distributed into the other two gender categories and are denoted by the "＋" symbol.

"Men＋" includes men (and/or boys), as well as some non-binary persons.

"Women＋" includes women (and/or girls), as well as some non-binary persons.

Source

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed December 13, 2025).

Note(s):

Footnote 76

'Citizenship' refers to the country where the person has citizenship. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization.

For more information on citizenship variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021.

Footnote 77

'Canadian citizens' includes persons who are citizens of Canada only and persons who are citizens of Canada and at least one other country.

Footnote 78

'Not Canadian citizens' includes persons who are not citizens of Canada. They may be citizens of one or more other countries. Persons who are stateless are included in this category.

Footnote 79

'Immigrant status' refers to whether the person is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

'Period of immigration' refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021.

Footnote 80

'Non-immigrants' includes persons who are Canadian citizens by birth.

Footnote 81

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2021 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who were admitted to Canada on or prior to May 11, 2021.

Footnote 82

Includes immigrants who were admitted to Canada on or prior to May 11, 2021.

Footnote 83

'Non-permanent residents' includes persons from another country with a usual place of residence in Canada and who have a work or study permit or who have claimed refugee status (asylum claimants). Family members living with work or study permit holders are also included, unless these family members are already Canadian citizens, landed immigrants or permanent residents.

Footnote 84

'Age at immigration' refers to the age at which an immigrant first obtained landed immigrant or permanent resident status.

'Immigrants' includes persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. In the 2021 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who were admitted to Canada on or prior to May 11, 2021.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021.

Footnote 85

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2021 Census of Population, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who were admitted to Canada on or prior to May 11, 2021.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2021 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country or area of interest if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on the place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021.

Footnote 86

Serbia excludes Kosovo.

Footnote 87

The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).

Footnote 88

The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.

Footnote 89

The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.

Footnote 90

China excludes Hong Kong and Macao.

Footnote 91

The full name of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.

Footnote 92

The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.

Footnote 93

The category 'Oceania and other' includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

Footnote 94

'Recent immigrant' refers to an immigrant who first obtained his or her landed immigrant or permanent resident status between January 1, 2016 and May 11, 2021.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.

The places of birth selected are the most frequently reported by recent immigrants at the Canada level.

'Place of birth' refers to the name of the geographic location where the person was born. The geographic location is specified according to geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth. In the 2021 Census of Population, the geographic location refers to a country or area of interest if the person was born outside Canada.

For more information on the place of birth variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021.

Footnote 95

The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

Footnote 96

Ireland is also referred to as Republic of Ireland.

Footnote 97

The full name of Sudan is the Republic of the Sudan.

Footnote 98

The category 'Other places of birth' includes other places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere, such as 'born at sea.'

Footnote 99

'Generation status' refers to whether or not the person or the person's parents were born in Canada.

For more information on generation status variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021.

Footnote 100

'First generation' includes persons who were born outside Canada. For the most part, these are people who are now, or once were, immigrants to Canada.

Footnote 101

'Second generation' includes persons who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada. For the most part, these are the children of immigrants.

Footnote 102

'Third generation or more' includes persons who were born in Canada with all parents born in Canada.

Footnote 103

'Admission category' refers to the name of the immigration program or group of programs under which an immigrant has been granted for the first time the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

'Applicant type' refers to whether an immigrant was identified as the principal applicant, the spouse or the dependant on their application for permanent residence.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group. In the 2021 Census of Population, data on admission category and applicant type are available for immigrants who were admitted to Canada between January 1, 1980 and May 11, 2021.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021.

Footnote 104

'Economic immigrants' includes immigrants who have been selected for their ability to contribute to Canada's economy through their ability to meet labour market needs, to own and manage or to build a business, to make a substantial investment, to create their own employment or to meet specific provincial or territorial labour market needs.

Footnote 105

'Principal applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the principal applicant on their application for permanent residence.

Footnote 106

'Secondary applicants' includes immigrants who were identified as the married spouse, the common-law or conjugal partner or the dependant of the principal applicant on their application for permanent residence.

Footnote 107

'Immigrants sponsored by family' includes immigrants who were sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident and were granted permanent resident status on the basis of their relationship either as the spouse, partner, parent, grand-parent, child or other relative of this sponsor. The terms 'family class' or 'family reunification' are sometimes used to refer to this category.

Footnote 108

'Refugees' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status on the basis of a well-founded fear of returning to their home country. This category includes persons who had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or for political opinion (Geneva Convention refugees) as well as persons who had been seriously and personally affected by civil war or armed conflict, or have suffered a massive violation of human rights. Some refugees were in Canada when they applied for refugee protection for themselves and their family members (either with them in Canada or abroad). Others were abroad and were referred for resettlement to Canada by the United Nations Refugee Agency, another designated referral organization or private sponsors.

Footnote 109

'Other immigrants' includes immigrants who were granted permanent resident status under a program that does not fall under the economic immigrants, the immigrants sponsored by family or the refugee categories.

Footnote 110

'Pre-admission experience' refers to the category under which an immigrant was authorized to enter Canada for temporary residence purposes before admission as a landed immigrant or permanent resident.

In the 2021 Census of Population, data on pre-admission experience are available for immigrants who were admitted to Canada between January 1, 1980, and May 11, 2021.

'Immigrant' refers to a person who is, or who has ever been, a landed immigrant or permanent resident. Such a person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this group.

For more information on immigration variables, including information on their classifications, the questions from which they are derived, data quality and their comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021.

Footnote 111

This category includes immigrants who had an asylum claim before admission as a landed immigrant or permanent resident. This category includes immigrants who had an asylum claim with a work and/or study permit before admission.

Footnote 112

This category includes immigrants who had a work permit only before admission as a landed immigrant or permanent resident. A work permit is a document issued by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada that authorizes a person to work on a temporary basis in Canada. Work permits set out conditions for the worker, such as the type of work and employer, location of work, and timeline of work.

Footnote 113

This category includes immigrants who had a study permit only before admission as a landed immigrant or permanent resident. A study permit is a document issued by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada that authorizes a person to study at an educational institution in Canada for the duration of the program of study.

Footnote 114

This category includes immigrants who had both a work and a study permit before admission as a landed immigrant or permanent resident.

Footnote 115

This category includes immigrants who had a permit other than a work permit, study permit, or asylum claim before admission as a landed immigrant or permanent resident.

Footnote 116

This category includes immigrants who did not have a permit for temporary residence purposes before admission as a landed immigrant or permanent resident.

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