Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Ottawa, City (CV)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,017,449
Population, 2016¹	934,243
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.9
Total private dwellings²	427,113
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	407,252
Population density per square kilometre	364.9
Land area in square kilometres	2,788.20
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,017,445
0 to 14 years	166,920
0 to 4 years	48,790
5 to 9 years	57,410
10 to 14 years	60,720
15 to 64 years	678,375
15 to 19 years	60,385
20 to 24 years	70,785
25 to 29 years	72,830
30 to 34 years	70,190
35 to 39 years	69,520
40 to 44 years	65,890
45 to 49 years	66,240
50 to 54 years	67,265
55 to 59 years	71,465
60 to 64 years	63,795
65 years and over	172,150
65 to 69 years	52,355
70 to 74 years	45,375
75 to 79 years	30,940
80 to 84 years	21,080
85 years and over	22,395
85 to 89 years	13,385
90 to 94 years	6,775
95 to 99 years	1,960
100 years and over	275
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.4
15 to 64 years	66.7
65 years and over	16.9
85 years and over	2.2
Average age of the population	40.7
Median age of the population	40.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	407,250
Single-detached house	169,760
Semi-detached house	21,675
Row house	87,045
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,595
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	43,025
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	76,895
Other single-attached house	460
Movable dwelling⁴	795
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	407,255
1 person	116,370
2 persons	135,365
3 persons	61,740
4 persons	59,175
5 or more persons	34,605
Number of persons in private households	1,000,935
Average household size	2.5
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	850,525
Married or living common-law	474,220
Married	390,555
Living common-law	83,660
Living common law - Never married	63,475
Living common law - Separated	3,270
Living common law - Divorced	15,380
Living common law - Widowed	1,535
Not married and not living common-law	376,305
Not married and not living common law - Never married	265,265
Not married and not living common law - Separated	22,900
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	48,880
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	39,265
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	275,395
2 persons	135,105
3 persons	57,890
4 persons	56,630
5 or more persons	25,765
Average size of census families	2.9
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	275,395
Total couple families	231,060
Married couples	189,255
With children⁶	108,720
Without children	80,535
Common-law couples	41,805
With children⁶	12,885
Without children	28,920
Total one-parent families	44,335
in which the parent is a woman+	35,065
in which the parent is a man+	9,270
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,000,935
Total - Persons in census families	809,960
Married spouses or common-law partners	462,120
Parents in one-parent families	44,335
Children⁶	303,505
In a two-parent family	231,930
In a one-parent family	71,570
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	190,980
Living alone	116,365
Living with other relatives⁷	25,225
Living with non-relatives only	49,385
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	407,255
One-census-family households without additional persons	245,945
Couple-family households	210,295
With children⁶	110,890
Without children	99,405
One-parent-family households	35,650
Multigenerational households⁸	9,915
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,870
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	10,995
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	22,155
One-person households	116,370
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	834,205
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	799,200
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	799,650
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	728,470
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	592,955
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	708,155
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,650
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	56,350
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	197,900
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	834,140
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	799,175
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	64,500
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	799,595
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,450
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	728,550
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,750
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	592,955
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,650
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	708,130
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,340
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	55,125
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,990
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	196,650
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,100
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	834,140
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	313,220
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	77,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	211,910
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,480
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	87.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	12.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	834,205
Without total income	35,010
With total income	799,195
Under $10,000 (including loss)	64,735
$10,000 to $19,999	81,905
$20,000 to $29,999	99,655
$30,000 to $39,999	82,070
$40,000 to $49,999	72,320
$50,000 to $59,999	65,745
$60,000 to $69,999	60,485
$70,000 to $79,999	51,755
$80,000 to $89,999	44,255
$90,000 to $99,999	36,745
$100,000 and over	139,520
$100,000 to $149,999	96,335
$150,000 and over	43,185
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	834,205
Without after-tax income	34,560
With after-tax income	799,645
Under $10,000 (including loss)	68,945
$10,000 to $19,999	85,505
$20,000 to $29,999	112,255
$30,000 to $39,999	96,660
$40,000 to $49,999	87,825
$50,000 to $59,999	80,210
$60,000 to $69,999	65,560
$70,000 to $79,999	53,935
$80,000 to $89,999	45,245
$90,000 to $99,999	32,110
$100,000 and over	71,395
$100,000 to $124,999	38,570
$125,000 and over	32,825
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	834,205
Without employment income	241,250
With employment income	592,955
Under $5,000 (including loss)	76,830
$5,000 to $9,999	44,305
$10,000 to $19,999	60,500
$20,000 to $29,999	43,960
$30,000 to $39,999	40,800
$40,000 to $49,999	40,555
$50,000 to $59,999	41,380
$60,000 to $69,999	40,990
$70,000 to $79,999	35,050
$80,000 to $89,999	32,370
$90,000 to $99,999	29,120
$100,000 and over	107,100
$100,000 to $124,999	51,775
$125,000 and over	55,320
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	834,205
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	780,535
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	780,930
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	714,635
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	588,510
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	664,760
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,450
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	40,110
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,040
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	834,140
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	780,035
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,900
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	780,415
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	714,295
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,550
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	588,525
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,900
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	664,165
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	40,730
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,840
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	834,140
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	310,985
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	72,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	83,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	196,430
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,480
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	91.0
Employment income (%)	73.0
Government transfers (%)	9.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	407,255
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	102,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	88,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	116,370
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,600
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,000
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	290,885
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	127,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	407,250
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	126,700
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	103,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	116,230
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	64,800
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,100
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	291,025
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	151,400
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,000
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	407,250
Under $5,000	4,455
$5,000 to $9,999	2,405
$10,000 to $14,999	4,680
$15,000 to $19,999	5,985
$20,000 to $24,999	10,820
$25,000 to $29,999	9,080
$30,000 to $34,999	9,475
$35,000 to $39,999	10,320
$40,000 to $44,999	10,715
$45,000 to $49,999	11,070
$50,000 to $59,999	23,155
$60,000 to $69,999	24,780
$70,000 to $79,999	24,500
$80,000 to $89,999	24,185
$90,000 to $99,999	22,710
$100,000 and over	208,915
$100,000 to $124,999	50,875
$125,000 to $149,999	40,410
$150,000 to $199,999	54,675
$200,000 and over	62,955
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	407,250
Under $5,000	4,980
$5,000 to $9,999	2,470
$10,000 to $14,999	4,800
$15,000 to $19,999	6,240
$20,000 to $24,999	11,615
$25,000 to $29,999	10,425
$30,000 to $34,999	11,305
$35,000 to $39,999	12,425
$40,000 to $44,999	13,055
$45,000 to $49,999	13,980
$50,000 to $59,999	29,855
$60,000 to $69,999	29,930
$70,000 to $79,999	29,450
$80,000 to $89,999	28,010
$90,000 to $99,999	26,500
$100,000 and over	172,210
$100,000 to $124,999	54,115
$125,000 to $149,999	39,740
$150,000 and over	78,355
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	274,735
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	129,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,000
Average family size of economic families	3.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	101,595
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	118,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	122,135
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	162,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	41,580
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	165,755
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	274,750
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	153,400
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	124,100
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	101,380
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	140,800
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,800
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	122,400
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	186,600
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	41,480
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,900
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,200
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	165,700
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	56,900
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,360
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,000,940
0 to 17 years	202,130
0 to 5 years	59,530
18 to 64 years	638,295
65 years and over	160,515
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	89,205
0 to 17 years	21,565
0 to 5 years	7,035
18 to 64 years	52,460
65 years and over	15,185
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.9
0 to 17 years (%)	10.7
0 to 5 years (%)	11.8
18 to 64 years (%)	8.2
65 years and over (%)	9.5
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,000,935
0 to 17 years	202,125
0 to 5 years	59,525
18 to 64 years	638,295
65 years and over	160,515
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	59,550
0 to 17 years	11,235
0 to 5 years	3,615
18 to 64 years	43,190
65 years and over	5,120
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.0
0 to 17 years (%)	5.6
0 to 5 years (%)	6.1
18 to 64 years (%)	6.8
65 years and over (%)	3.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,000,940
In bottom half of the distribution	380,325
In bottom decile	86,925
In second decile	70,295
In third decile	70,060
In fourth decile	72,780
In fifth decile	80,265
In top half of the distribution	620,610
In sixth decile	88,850
In seventh decile	100,465
In eighth decile	117,410
In ninth decile	146,625
In top decile	167,260
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,000,935
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.345
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.430
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.301
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,006,965
English only	610,175
French only	14,275
English and French	367,035
Neither English nor French	15,480
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,006,965
English	824,560
French	141,555
English and French	25,845
Neither English nor French	15,000
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,006,965
Single responses	944,105
Official languages	711,900
English	585,865
French	126,030
Non-official languages	232,210
Indigenous languages³⁹	595
Algonquian languages	205
Blackfoot	5
Cree-Innu languages	110
Atikamekw	5
Cree languages	105
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	25
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	40
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5
Cree, n.o.s.	30
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	5
Eastern Algonquian languages	20
Mi'kmaq	15
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	75
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10
Oji-Cree	10
Ojibway languages	55
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5
Ojibway, n.o.s.	40
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	5
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	365
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	360
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	15
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	15
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	231,615
Afro-Asiatic languages	55,580
Berber languages	500
Kabyle	355
Tamazight	125
Berber languages, n.i.e.	20
Chadic languages	80
Hausa	50
Mina	30
Coptic	30
Cushitic languages	7,610
Bilen	90
Oromo	210
Somali	7,150
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	165
Semitic languages	47,365
Amharic	1,615
Arabic	43,645
Aramaic languages	115
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	65
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15
Aramaic, n.o.s.	30
Harari	40
Hebrew	475
Maltese	35
Tigrigna	1,390
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	45
Austro-Asiatic languages	7,685
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,085
Vietnamese	6,590
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5
Austronesian languages	8,640
Bikol	30
Bisaya, n.o.s.	150
Cebuano	340
Fijian	5
Hiligaynon	165
Ilocano	725
Indonesian	365
Kankanaey	20
Kinaray-a	15
Malagasy languages	70
Merina	20
Malagasy, n.o.s.	50
Malay	55
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	50
Pangasinan	20
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,440
Waray-Waray	40
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	145
Creole languages	4,355
Haitian Creole	3,240
Jamaican English Creole	25
Krio	25
Morisyen	220
Sango	20
Creole, n.o.s.	750
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65
Dravidian languages	5,840
Kannada	330
Malayalam	1,350
Tamil	2,920
Telugu	1,200
Tulu	25
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15
Georgian	40
Hmong-Mien languages	5
Indo-European languages	97,715
Albanian	765
Armenian	450
Balto-Slavic languages	20,590
Baltic languages	405
Latvian	215
Lithuanian	185
Slavic languages	20,185
Belarusian	50
Bulgarian	870
Czech	780
Macedonian	100
Polish	5,110
Russian	7,295
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	3,520
Bosnian	700
Croatian	980
Serbian	1,755
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	85
Slovak	530
Slovene (Slovenian)	180
Ukrainian	1,755
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10
Celtic languages	80
Irish	20
Scottish Gaelic	15
Welsh	40
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5
Germanic languages	7,545
Frisian	30
High German languages	4,615
German	4,305
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	180
Yiddish	130
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,215
Afrikaans	210
Dutch	1,910
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	5
Plautdietsch	25
Vlaams (Flemish)	65
Scandinavian languages	660
Danish	270
Icelandic	20
Norwegian	130
Swedish	245
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25
Greek	1,965
Indo-Iranian languages	35,860
Indo-Aryan languages	25,015
Assamese	10
Bengali	3,990
Gujarati	2,810
Hindi	4,225
Kacchi	150
Kashmiri	30
Konkani	125
Marathi	475
Nepali	1,005
Oriya languages	80
Odia	55
Oriya, n.o.s.	25
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,610
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	100
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	920
Urdu	5,390
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	100
Iranian languages	10,830
Baluchi	10
Kurdish	785
Parsi	20
Pashto	1,285
Persian languages	8,690
Dari	2,320
Iranian Persian	5,735
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	630
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	45
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10
Italic (Romance) languages	30,450
Catalan	35
Italian	7,960
Portuguese	5,655
Romanian	2,630
Spanish	14,140
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10
Japanese	970
Korean	2,660
Mongolian	45
Niger-Congo languages	7,710
Akan (Twi)	365
Bamanankan	115
Edo	65
Éwé	95
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	125
Ga	50
Ganda	155
Gikuyu	65
Igbo	225
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	940
Lingala	380
Luba-Kasai	85
Mòoré	35
Mwani	40
Ndebele	20
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,885
Shona	120
Soninke	15
Sotho-Tswana languages	25
Swahili	1,420
Wojenaka	30
Wolof	145
Yoruba	640
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	685
Nilo-Saharan languages	355
Dinka	100
Nuer	70
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	170
African, n.o.s.	15
Sign languages	240
American Sign Language	170
Quebec Sign Language	20
Sign languages, n.i.e.	50
Sino-Tibetan languages	34,275
Chinese languages	33,415
Hakka	125
Mandarin	22,310
Min Dong	30
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	600
Wu (Shanghainese)	295
Yue (Cantonese)	9,675
Chinese, n.o.s.	355
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25
Tibeto-Burman languages	800
Burmese	175
Kuki-Chin languages	205
Karenic languages	300
S'gaw Karen	285
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15
Tibetan	60
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	65
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	55
Tai-Kadai languages	730
Lao	335
Thai	390
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10
Turkic languages	2,980
Azerbaijani	160
Kazakh	25
Turkish	2,600
Uyghur	55
Uzbek	55
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	85
Uralic languages	1,740
Estonian	125
Finnish	260
Hungarian	1,345
Other languages, n.i.e.	45
Multiple responses	62,860
English and French	22,595
English and non-official language(s)	27,990
French and non-official language(s)	5,620
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,925
Multiple non-official languages	2,735
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,006,965
English	618,285
French	57,370
Non-official language	59,420
Indigenous³⁹	85
Non-Indigenous	59,340
English and French	78,665
English and non-official language(s)	149,585
French and non-official language(s)	8,165
English, French and non-official language(s)	30,925
Multiple non-official languages	4,540
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,006,965
Single responses	942,180
Official languages	817,530
English	734,735
French	82,795
Non-official languages	124,650
Indigenous languages³⁹	170
Algonquian languages	40
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	25
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	20
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	120
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	115
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	5
Cayuga	5
Mohawk	5
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	124,480
Afro-Asiatic languages	32,290
Berber languages	210
Kabyle	145
Tamazight	60
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10
Chadic languages	30
Hausa	20
Mina	10
Coptic	5
Cushitic languages	4,260
Bilen	55
Oromo	105
Somali	3,980
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	120
Semitic languages	27,780
Amharic	870
Arabic	25,805
Aramaic languages	70
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15
Aramaic, n.o.s.	25
Harari	15
Hebrew	185
Maltese	5
Tigrigna	810
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,625
Khmer (Cambodian)	515
Vietnamese	4,115
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	4,440
Bikol	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	60
Cebuano	175
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	70
Ilocano	395
Indonesian	120
Kankanaey	20
Kinaray-a	10
Malagasy languages	35
Merina	15
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20
Malay	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35
Pangasinan	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,425
Waray-Waray	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55
Creole languages	2,235
Haitian Creole	1,650
Jamaican English Creole	5
Krio	15
Morisyen	135
Sango	10
Creole, n.o.s.	395
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25
Dravidian languages	3,600
Kannada	175
Malayalam	810
Tamil	1,915
Telugu	685
Tulu	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10
Georgian	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	46,210
Albanian	355
Armenian	195
Balto-Slavic languages	9,300
Baltic languages	85
Latvian	40
Lithuanian	40
Slavic languages	9,215
Belarusian	30
Bulgarian	375
Czech	180
Macedonian	35
Polish	1,765
Russian	4,365
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,600
Bosnian	310
Croatian	320
Serbian	955
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15
Slovak	155
Slovene (Slovenian)	25
Ukrainian	680
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	10
Irish	5
Scottish Gaelic	5
Welsh	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	730
Frisian	0
High German languages	460
German	430
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	25
Yiddish	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	190
Afrikaans	75
Dutch	115
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5
Scandinavian languages	70
Danish	20
Icelandic	5
Norwegian	10
Swedish	35
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5
Greek	570
Indo-Iranian languages	21,700
Indo-Aryan languages	14,950
Assamese	10
Bengali	2,425
Gujarati	1,585
Hindi	2,285
Kacchi	50
Kashmiri	5
Konkani	25
Marathi	195
Nepali	710
Oriya languages	35
Odia	25
Oriya, n.o.s.	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,825
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	40
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	505
Urdu	3,210
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	40
Iranian languages	6,745
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	455
Parsi	10
Pashto	865
Persian languages	5,400
Dari	1,325
Iranian Persian	3,695
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	375
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	13,355
Catalan	15
Italian	1,995
Portuguese	2,890
Romanian	1,185
Spanish	7,265
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	380
Korean	1,555
Mongolian	30
Niger-Congo languages	3,040
Akan (Twi)	120
Bamanankan	35
Edo	20
Éwé	20
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55
Ga	10
Ganda	35
Gikuyu	5
Igbo	45
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	415
Lingala	150
Luba-Kasai	25
Mòoré	5
Mwani	5
Ndebele	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,000
Shona	25
Soninke	10
Sotho-Tswana languages	5
Swahili	645
Wojenaka	20
Wolof	50
Yoruba	225
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	120
Nilo-Saharan languages	130
Dinka	30
Nuer	25
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75
African, n.o.s.	0
Sign languages	400
American Sign Language	295
Quebec Sign Language	20
Sign languages, n.i.e.	80
Sino-Tibetan languages	22,960
Chinese languages	22,375
Hakka	35
Mandarin	16,200
Min Dong	25
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	235
Wu (Shanghainese)	190
Yue (Cantonese)	5,515
Chinese, n.o.s.	175
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	535
Burmese	105
Kuki-Chin languages	140
Karenic languages	210
S'gaw Karen	200
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10
Tibetan	30
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	50
Tai-Kadai languages	295
Lao	170
Thai	120
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10
Turkic languages	1,895
Azerbaijani	60
Kazakh	15
Turkish	1,715
Uyghur	40
Uzbek	30
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35
Uralic languages	380
Estonian	15
Finnish	25
Hungarian	345
Other languages, n.i.e.	15
Multiple responses	64,785
English and French	19,180
English and non-official language(s)	37,595
French and non-official language(s)	3,505
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,785
Multiple non-official languages	720
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,006,965
None	786,960
English	67,365
French	48,965
Non-official language	70,130
Indigenous³⁹	430
Non-Indigenous	69,695
English and French	5,080
English and non-official language(s)	9,150
French and non-official language(s)	11,250
English, French and non-official language(s)	580
Multiple non-official languages	7,485
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,000,935
Official languages	985,515
English	971,415
French	379,320
Non-official languages	339,240
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,390
Algonquian languages	625
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	265
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	245
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	10
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	50
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	90
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	25
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	65
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	10
Eastern Algonquian languages	55
Mi'kmaq	35
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	25
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	285
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	30
Oji-Cree	20
Ojibway languages	245
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	85
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	15
Ojibway, n.o.s.	150
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10
Athabaskan languages	25
Northern Athabaskan languages	25
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	640
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	630
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	70
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	50
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	15
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	15
Salish languages	15
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	15
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	15
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10
Non-Indigenous languages	338,015
Afro-Asiatic languages	82,330
Berber languages	730
Kabyle	520
Tamazight	205
Berber languages, n.i.e.	40
Chadic languages	400
Hausa	300
Mina	100
Coptic	155
Cushitic languages	10,730
Bilen	170
Oromo	305
Somali	10,040
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	295
Semitic languages	72,430
Amharic	3,125
Arabic	66,380
Aramaic languages	235
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	105
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	50
Aramaic, n.o.s.	80
Harari	85
Hebrew	2,170
Maltese	60
Tigrigna	2,045
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	130
Austro-Asiatic languages	9,935
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,520
Vietnamese	8,490
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10
Austronesian languages	12,405
Bikol	20
Bisaya, n.o.s.	180
Cebuano	645
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	375
Ilocano	1,445
Indonesian	855
Kankanaey	70
Kinaray-a	35
Malagasy languages	125
Merina	15
Malagasy, n.o.s.	110
Malay	380
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	60
Pangasinan	70
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,525
Waray-Waray	110
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	510
Creole languages	10,580
Haitian Creole	8,565
Jamaican English Creole	145
Krio	65
Morisyen	595
Sango	75
Creole, n.o.s.	1,355
Creole languages, n.i.e.	410
Dravidian languages	8,700
Kannada	840
Malayalam	1,920
Tamil	4,800
Telugu	2,150
Tulu	65
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	40
Georgian	90
Hmong-Mien languages	15
Indo-European languages	154,980
Albanian	950
Armenian	760
Balto-Slavic languages	26,665
Baltic languages	480
Latvian	230
Lithuanian	250
Slavic languages	26,270
Belarusian	195
Bulgarian	1,075
Czech	1,345
Macedonian	210
Polish	6,645
Russian	11,590
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	4,685
Bosnian	1,385
Croatian	2,135
Serbian	2,655
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	90
Slovak	945
Slovene (Slovenian)	235
Ukrainian	3,170
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	20
Celtic languages	455
Irish	300
Scottish Gaelic	80
Welsh	70
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15
Germanic languages	17,165
Frisian	45
High German languages	12,755
German	12,375
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	230
Yiddish	310
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,475
Afrikaans	660
Dutch	2,715
Low German, n.o.s.	10
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	35
Vlaams (Flemish)	115
Scandinavian languages	1,500
Danish	505
Icelandic	25
Norwegian	360
Swedish	685
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	95
Greek	2,965
Indo-Iranian languages	52,110
Indo-Aryan languages	39,190
Assamese	30
Bengali	5,420
Gujarati	4,375
Hindi	18,430
Kacchi	340
Kashmiri	35
Konkani	275
Marathi	1,205
Nepali	1,270
Oriya languages	100
Odia	65
Oriya, n.o.s.	25
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10,240
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	210
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,485
Urdu	10,495
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	305
Iranian languages	14,040
Baluchi	20
Kurdish	1,090
Parsi	40
Pashto	2,035
Persian languages	11,805
Dari	3,470
Iranian Persian	7,810
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	755
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	150
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30
Italic (Romance) languages	61,090
Catalan	135
Italian	15,235
Portuguese	8,795
Romanian	3,310
Spanish	38,350
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	185
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	55
Japanese	2,835
Korean	3,615
Mongolian	95
Niger-Congo languages	18,815
Akan (Twi)	850
Bamanankan	360
Edo	200
Éwé	235
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	315
Ga	195
Ganda	385
Gikuyu	90
Igbo	1,085
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	2,030
Lingala	3,105
Luba-Kasai	510
Mòoré	125
Mwani	35
Ndebele	85
Rundi (Kirundi)	3,185
Shona	275
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	75
Swahili	5,310
Wojenaka	115
Wolof	405
Yoruba	2,250
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,945
Nilo-Saharan languages	700
Dinka	155
Nuer	100
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	450
African, n.o.s.	175
Sign languages	2,095
American Sign Language	1,820
Quebec Sign Language	145
Sign languages, n.i.e.	235
Sino-Tibetan languages	41,125
Chinese languages	40,240
Hakka	225
Mandarin	29,995
Min Dong	40
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,035
Wu (Shanghainese)	490
Yue (Cantonese)	13,630
Chinese, n.o.s.	435
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	70
Tibeto-Burman languages	875
Burmese	310
Kuki-Chin languages	280
Karenic languages	360
S'gaw Karen	345
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	45
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	70
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	55
Tai-Kadai languages	1,220
Lao	475
Thai	880
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25
Turkic languages	4,425
Azerbaijani	385
Kazakh	170
Turkish	3,820
Uyghur	105
Uzbek	160
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	100
Uralic languages	2,410
Estonian	210
Finnish	435
Hungarian	1,775
Other languages, n.i.e.	300
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,000,935
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	26,395
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	25,110
First Nations (North American Indian)	13,300
Métis	10,545
Inuk (Inuit)	1,270
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	665
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	620
Non-Indigenous identity	974,540
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,000,935
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	6,635
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	994,300
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	407,250
Owner	260,220
Renter	147,030
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	407,250
Condominium	65,705
Not condominium	341,550
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	407,250
No bedrooms	3,830
1 bedroom	59,775
2 bedrooms	85,345
3 bedrooms	150,190
4 or more bedrooms	108,110
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	407,250
1 to 4 rooms	117,090
5 rooms	54,625
6 rooms	57,030
7 rooms	54,520
8 or more rooms	123,985
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	407,250
One person or fewer per room	398,225
More than one person per room	9,030
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	407,250
Suitable	385,180
Not suitable	22,070
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	407,250
1960 or before	64,815
1961 to 1980	115,070
1981 to 1990	63,195
1991 to 2000	46,095
2001 to 2005	28,865
2006 to 2010	29,380
2011 to 2015	28,490
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	31,355
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	407,250
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	385,390
Major repairs needed	21,860
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	407,250
One-maintainer household	198,960
Two-maintainer household	189,175
Three-or-more-maintainer household	19,115
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	407,250
15 to 24 years	14,640
25 to 34 years	62,300
35 to 44 years	72,630
45 to 54 years	76,580
55 to 64 years	80,140
65 to 74 years	58,720
75 to 84 years	31,270
85 years and over	10,970
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	404,915
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	323,340
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	81,575
30% to less than 100%	72,595
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	407,250
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	114,035
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	71,850
Not suitable only	16,150
Major repairs needed only	14,840
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,180
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	5,275
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,475
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	275
Acceptable housing	293,215
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	395,940
In core need	44,435
Not in core need	351,505
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	259,630
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.8
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	11.7
% in core housing need⁶³	4.6
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,560
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,668
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	624,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	672,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	146,985
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	14.1
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.1
% in core housing need⁶³	23.3
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,380
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,422
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,000,935
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	8,200
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	7,950
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	5,255
Métis single ancestry	1,945
Inuit single ancestry	750
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	255
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	200
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	35
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	33,190
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	32,460
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	23,370
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	8,340
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	755
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	730
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	640
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	959,545
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,000,940
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	905,590
Canadian citizens aged under 18	185,345
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	720,250
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	95,345
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,000,940
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	712,100
Immigrants⁸¹	259,215
Before 1980	42,685
1980 to 1990	29,930
1991 to 2000	51,775
2001 to 2010	56,115
2011 to 2021⁸²	78,715
2011 to 2015	31,305
2016 to 2021	47,415
Non-permanent residents⁸³	29,620
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	259,220
Under 5 years	25,575
5 to 14 years	46,995
15 to 24 years	47,450
25 to 44 years	116,090
45 years and over	23,105
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	259,220
Americas	36,600
Brazil	1,980
Colombia	1,755
El Salvador	2,045
Guyana	1,255
Haiti	6,705
Jamaica	3,175
Mexico	1,710
Peru	790
Trinidad and Tobago	1,280
United States of America	8,795
Other places of birth in Americas	7,110
Europe	54,405
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,630
Croatia	780
France	2,665
Germany	3,390
Greece	800
Hungary	700
Italy	4,625
Netherlands	1,640
Poland	3,965
Portugal	1,995
Romania	2,550
Russian Federation	3,245
Serbia⁸⁶	770
Ukraine	2,460
United Kingdom⁸⁷	14,765
Other places of birth in Europe	8,420
Africa	44,290
Algeria	1,905
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	3,975
Egypt	4,410
Eritrea	1,535
Ethiopia	2,815
Morocco	2,640
Nigeria	3,220
Somalia	4,520
South Africa, Republic of	1,235
Other places of birth in Africa	18,035
Asia	123,015
Afghanistan	2,850
Iran⁸⁸	6,000
Iraq	4,460
Lebanon	11,905
Syria⁸⁹	6,365
Turkey	1,655
China⁹⁰	20,320
Hong Kong⁹¹	3,205
Korea, South⁹²	2,195
Taiwan	1,025
Philippines	10,505
Viet Nam	6,155
Bangladesh	3,270
India	16,195
Pakistan	5,500
Sri Lanka	2,885
Other places of birth in Asia	18,530
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	905
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	47,415
Americas	5,050
Brazil	740
Colombia	270
Haiti	985
Jamaica	200
Mexico	325
United States of America	1,565
Venezuela⁹⁵	120
Other places of birth in Americas	855
Europe	3,680
France	505
Germany	180
Ireland⁹⁶	130
Italy	65
Russian Federation	475
Ukraine	505
United Kingdom⁸⁷	710
Other places of birth in Europe	1,120
Africa	12,725
Algeria	625
Burundi	1,300
Cameroon	480
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,060
Côte d'Ivoire	275
Egypt	670
Eritrea	580
Ethiopia	440
Morocco	955
Nigeria	1,790
Somalia	570
South Africa, Republic of	345
Sudan⁹⁷	175
Tunisia	450
Other places of birth in Africa	3,005
Asia	25,825
Afghanistan	755
Bangladesh	580
China⁹⁰	3,225
Hong Kong⁹¹	90
India	5,645
Iran⁸⁸	825
Iraq	955
Israel	145
Japan	60
Jordan	340
Korea, South⁹²	315
Lebanon	1,045
Nepal	110
Pakistan	925
Philippines	2,105
Saudi Arabia	580
Sri Lanka	260
Syria⁸⁹	4,450
Turkey	695
United Arab Emirates	570
Viet Nam	460
Other places of birth in Asia	1,705
Oceania and other⁹³	130
Australia	95
Other places of birth⁹⁸	35
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,000,935
First generation¹⁰⁰	303,690
Second generation¹⁰¹	209,590
Third generation or more¹⁰²	487,660
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	216,530
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	104,175
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	44,555
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	59,620
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	56,285
Refugees¹⁰⁸	52,950
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	3,125
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	216,530
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	20,290
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	18,040
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	6,945
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	14,565
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,390
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	155,295
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,000,935
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	324,960
South Asian	57,820
Chinese	46,170
Black	84,765
Filipino	14,320
Arab	58,180
Latin American	14,350
Southeast Asian	14,960
West Asian	13,255
Korean	4,125
Japanese	2,315
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,780
Multiple visible minorities	10,910
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	675,975
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,000,940
Canadian	114,205
English	156,485
Irish	192,250
Scottish	160,250
French, n.o.s.¹²²	140,710
German	73,625
Chinese	47,925
Italian	45,685
Indian (India)	31,385
Ukrainian	23,840
Dutch	25,770
Polish	30,300
Québécois	6,730
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	38,750
Filipino	14,365
French Canadian	32,825
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	20,120
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	11,410
Métis	11,175
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	15,605
Russian	13,005
Norwegian	6,875
Welsh	16,410
Portuguese	9,695
American	11,045
Spanish	10,990
Swedish	6,575
Hungarian	8,230
Acadian	7,460
Pakistani	7,485
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	15,090
Jewish	10,700
Punjabi	3,420
Vietnamese	10,085
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	21,480
Greek	7,290
Jamaican	6,675
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	5,085
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,815
Korean	4,265
Romanian	5,620
Lebanese	23,990
Iranian	7,265
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	4,845
Danish	5,015
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	4,065
Sikh	1,755
Austrian	4,670
Belgian	4,230
Haitian	9,780
Hindu	4,180
Mexican	3,200
Mennonite	1,190
Swiss	3,790
Finnish	4,090
Sri Lankan	2,960
Croatian	3,375
Japanese	3,105
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	3,335
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	2,315
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	3,290
Muslim	5,230
Egyptian	6,920
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	3,200
Tamil	2,350
Icelandic	1,460
Colombian	2,360
Moroccan	2,910
Czech	3,215
Syrian	6,610
Guyanese	2,010
Afghan	4,475
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	4,085
Serbian	2,535
Ojibway	1,320
Newfoundlander	2,465
Hong Konger	1,200
Ontarian	5,400
Persian	3,095
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,090
Turkish	4,175
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	1,635
Bangladeshi	3,680
Algerian	2,015
Brazilian	2,550
Nigerian	3,850
Armenian	1,670
Slovak	2,665
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,630
Somali	10,500
Taiwanese	1,270
Iraqi	3,890
Salvadorean	2,030
African Caribbean	2,575
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,710
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	5,030
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	2,395
Algonquin	4,015
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,075
Lithuanian	2,130
South African	1,540
Australian	1,285
Palestinian	4,915
Chilean	865
Congolese	5,130
Nova Scotian	1,185
Ethiopian	2,600
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,255
Peruvian	1,325
Yoruba	1,815
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,375
Berber	1,310
Albanian	1,160
Maltese	605
Macedonian	535
Slovenian	1,015
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,620
New Brunswicker	855
Gujarati	1,025
Eritrean	2,095
African Canadian	1,170
Israeli	955
Mohawk	1,780
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	665
Bulgarian	1,525
Albertan	220
Ghanaian	1,195
Barbadian	1,130
African American	780
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	800
Tunisian	885
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,420
Cuban	1,245
Bosnian	1,365
Venezuelan	1,045
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	325
Latvian	1,110
Bengali	1,255
Cameroonian	1,185
Guatemalan	405
Indonesian	970
Laotian	815
Ilocano	455
Northern Irish	1,005
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,205
British Columbian	225
Ecuadorian	350
Franco Ontarian	6,225
Argentinian	505
Estonian	865
Kurdish	1,140
Fijian	50
Jatt	185
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	470
Coptic	1,050
Thai	1,015
Dominican	805
Nepali	915
Kabyle	320
Assyrian	230
Igbo	1,340
Byelorussian	945
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	25
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	325
Abenaki	225
Moldovan	375
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	515
New Zealander	490
Sudanese	795
Breton	160
Pennsylvania Dutch	270
Malaysian	635
Plains Cree	60
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,095
Huron (Wendat)	390
Saskatchewanian	400
Buddhist	415
Gaspesian	60
Norman	450
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	785
Ivorian	785
Saulteaux	70
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	445
Burundian	2,695
Tigrinya	405
Nicaraguan	615
Mauritian	635
Kenyan	630
Oji-Cree	70
Vincentian	270
Jordanian	1,505
Manitoban	255
Cape Bretoner	330
Rwandan	1,530
Grenadian	280
Malayali	550
Chaldean	55
Sinhalese	660
Mayan	290
Honduran	260
Cherokee	315
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	160
Indo-Caribbean	290
Flemish	345
United Empire Loyalist	595
Senegalese	440
Azerbaijani	310
Sicilian	270
Pashtun	540
Malay	110
Goan	315
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	830
Tibetan	55
Zimbabwean	320
Burmese	465
Mongolian	425
Azorean	165
Atikamekw	0
Bamileke	380
Indo-Guyanese	220
Ugandan	590
Oromo	410
Tanzanian	380
Yemeni	985
Central African	630
Libyan	1,430
Basque	335
Uruguayan	135
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	290
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	450
Igorot	195
Fulani	310
Woodland Cree	0
Guinean	320
St. Lucian	635
Prince Edward Islander	230
Maliseet	135
Beninese	240
Telugu	220
Roma	150
Costa Rican	175
African Nova Scotian	200
Malagasy	220
Kashmiri	130
Singaporean	165
Karen	385
Edo	310
Tajik	370
Amhara	415
Paraguayan	60
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,000,935
Buddhist	10,800
Christian	528,700
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	64,320
Anabaptist	885
Anglican	41,175
Baptist	7,600
Catholic	303,820
Christian Orthodox	21,350
Jehovah's Witness	3,015
Latter Day Saints	1,175
Lutheran	6,350
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,995
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	11,585
Presbyterian	9,245
Reformed	1,115
United Church	34,445
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	20,610
Hindu	20,300
Jewish	10,600
Muslim	98,920
Sikh	6,375
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	445
Other religions and spiritual traditions	8,055
No religion and secular perspectives	316,740
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	992,100
Non-movers	860,725
Movers	131,375
Non-migrants	94,310
Migrants	37,060
Internal migrants	26,175
Intraprovincial migrants	15,845
Interprovincial migrants	10,335
External migrants	10,885
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	952,255
Non-movers	561,640
Movers	390,615
Non-migrants	226,395
Migrants	164,220
Internal migrants	102,750
Intraprovincial migrants	60,055
Interprovincial migrants	42,695
External migrants	61,470
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	834,140
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	100,305
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	733,835
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	543,310
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	35,045
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	508,265
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	834,135
No certificate, diploma or degree	92,035
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	192,100
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	550,000
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	204,535
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	29,735
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	16,420
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	13,315
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	157,470
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,325
Bachelor's degree or higher	345,465
Bachelor's degree	208,395
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	18,710
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	8,015
Master's degree	91,830
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	18,520
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	543,305
No certificate, diploma or degree	30,180
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	95,710
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	417,415
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	148,475
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	19,900
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	10,930
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,965
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	117,225
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,355
Bachelor's degree or higher	268,935
Bachelor's degree	160,030
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	13,910
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	6,290
Master's degree	75,160
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	13,545
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	834,135
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	284,135
Education	27,600
13. Education	27,600
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	18,020
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,425
50. Visual and performing arts	15,590
Humanities	35,490
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	5,855
23. English language and literature/letters	8,820
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	6,885
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,025
38. Philosophy and religious studies	2,640
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,795
54. History	6,250
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,215
Social and behavioural sciences and law	104,360
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,635
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	11,740
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	10,185
22. Legal professions and studies	15,980
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,410
42. Psychology	15,385
45. Social sciences	46,020
Business, management and public administration	110,230
30.16 Accounting and computer science	170
44. Public administration and social service professions	11,785
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	98,275
Physical and life sciences and technologies	30,225
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	14,880
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,840
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	405
40. Physical sciences	9,330
41. Science technologies/technicians	770
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	40,150
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	31,300
25. Library science	2,545
27. Mathematics and statistics	4,980
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,325
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	88,310
04. Architecture and related services	5,325
14. Engineering	43,170
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	19,460
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	50
46. Construction trades	8,690
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,370
48. Precision production	3,250
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	8,755
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	5,145
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,610
Health and related fields	64,635
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	5,930
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	55,880
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	125
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,700
Personal, protective and transportation services	22,090
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	11,455
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	895
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	435
43. Security and protective services	7,000
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,315
Other¹⁷⁹	130
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	543,305
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	125,895
Education	18,440
13. Education	18,440
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	13,675
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,780
50. Visual and performing arts	11,895
Humanities	24,905
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	4,275
23. English language and literature/letters	6,325
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	4,755
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	710
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,880
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,170
54. History	4,480
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,310
Social and behavioural sciences and law	81,765
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,330
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	9,625
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	7,665
22. Legal professions and studies	13,035
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	2,560
42. Psychology	11,700
45. Social sciences	35,855
Business, management and public administration	85,840
30.16 Accounting and computer science	120
44. Public administration and social service professions	9,370
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	76,350
Physical and life sciences and technologies	22,000
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	11,405
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,485
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	330
40. Physical sciences	6,295
41. Science technologies/technicians	480
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	32,695
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	26,615
25. Library science	1,500
27. Mathematics and statistics	3,480
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,095
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	66,285
04. Architecture and related services	3,950
14. Engineering	33,720
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	14,425
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	50
46. Construction trades	6,200
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,845
48. Precision production	2,085
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	6,675
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,705
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,970
Health and related fields	48,185
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,605
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	41,505
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	105
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,970
Personal, protective and transportation services	16,855
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	8,590
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	720
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	250
43. Security and protective services	5,575
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,720
Other¹⁷⁹	95
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	543,305
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	125,895
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	417,410
Location of study inside Canada	338,690
Same as province or territory of residence	279,830
Different than province or territory of residence	58,860
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	78,720
Americas	15,750
United States of America	9,810
Mexico	735
Cuba	365
Haiti	780
Jamaica	250
Brazil	1,450
Colombia	720
Peru	175
Venezuela⁹⁵	285
Other locations of study in Americas	1,180
Europe	18,820
Belgium	285
France	2,245
Germany	670
Netherlands	375
Switzerland	255
Hungary	160
Moldova¹⁸³	190
Poland	755
Romania	885
Russian Federation	1,385
Ukraine	995
Ireland⁹⁶	560
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,985
Bosnia and Herzegovina	330
Italy	280
Serbia⁸⁶	320
Other locations of study in Europe	2,145
Africa	9,755
Nigeria	1,440
Algeria	715
Morocco	790
Tunisia	330
Egypt	1,870
South Africa, Republic of	505
Other locations of study in Africa	4,105
Asia	32,895
Iran⁸⁸	1,625
Iraq	875
Israel	405
Lebanon	1,850
Syria⁸⁹	1,110
Turkey	715
China⁹⁰	5,820
Taiwan	215
Hong Kong⁹¹	185
Japan	495
Korea, South⁹²	870
Philippines	4,625
Viet Nam	445
Bangladesh	935
Sri Lanka	365
India	7,625
Pakistan	1,530
Other locations of study in Asia	3,205
Oceania	1,495
Australia	1,245
New Zealand	250
Other locations of study in Oceania	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	834,135
In the labour force	549,990
Employed	493,140
Unemployed	56,845
Not in the labour force	284,150
Participation rate	65.9
Employment rate	59.1
Unemployment rate	10.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	834,135
Did not work¹⁸⁶	285,610
Worked	548,525
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	321,175
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	227,350
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	549,985
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,025
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	535,960
Employee	470,435
Permanent position	386,980
Temporary position	83,450
Fixed term (1 year or more)	30,765
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	52,685
Self-employed¹⁹²	65,530
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	549,985
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,025
All occupations¹⁹¹	535,960
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	8,485
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	109,065
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	81,345
3 Health occupations	39,930
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	95,710
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	20,320
6 Sales and service occupations	114,705
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	54,825
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,320
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	6,280
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	549,985
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,025
All industries¹⁹¹	535,960
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,455
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	550
22 Utilities	1,605
23 Construction	28,080
31-33 Manufacturing	16,225
41 Wholesale trade	10,925
44-45 Retail trade	53,365
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	18,585
51 Information and cultural industries	12,790
52 Finance and insurance	18,410
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	8,765
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	61,835
55 Management of companies and enterprises	840
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	22,300
61 Educational services	42,010
62 Health care and social assistance	62,860
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	9,670
72 Accommodation and food services	27,965
81 Other services (except public administration)	20,510
91 Public administration	116,235
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	583,615
English	437,365
French	13,590
Non-official language	2,245
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	2,245
English and French	115,695
English and non-official language(s)	11,465
French and non-official language(s)	165
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,015
Multiple non-official languages	75
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	583,615
Single responses	562,790
Official languages	558,345
English	532,150
French	26,195
Non-official languages	4,445
Indigenous languages³⁹	20
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	20
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	4,425
Afro-Asiatic languages	795
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	55
Bilen	0
Oromo	0
Somali	55
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	745
Amharic	10
Arabic	730
Aramaic languages	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Hebrew	10
Tigrigna	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	180
Khmer (Cambodian)	15
Vietnamese	175
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austronesian languages	60
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0
Cebuano	0
Hiligaynon	0
Ilocano	0
Indonesian	20
Kankanaey	0
Malagasy languages	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0
Creole languages	25
Haitian Creole	25
Jamaican English Creole	0
Morisyen	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	25
Kannada	0
Malayalam	15
Tamil	10
Telugu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Indo-European languages	1,365
Albanian	0
Armenian	0
Balto-Slavic languages	255
Baltic languages	0
Latvian	0
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	255
Bulgarian	10
Czech	10
Macedonian	0
Polish	25
Russian	180
Serbo-Croatian	15
Bosnian	0
Croatian	0
Serbian	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	20
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	130
Frisian	0
High German languages	90
German	90
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	20
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	15
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	10
Indo-Iranian languages	355
Indo-Aryan languages	210
Bengali	20
Gujarati	15
Hindi	50
Kacchi	0
Marathi	0
Nepali	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	70
Sindhi	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0
Urdu	45
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0
Iranian languages	145
Kurdish	15
Pashto	0
Persian languages	125
Dari	30
Iranian Persian	85
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	600
Catalan	0
Italian	40
Portuguese	135
Romanian	10
Spanish	420
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	40
Korean	165
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	20
Akan (Twi)	0
Edo	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Igbo	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Swahili	10
Wolof	0
Yoruba	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0
Dinka	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0
Sign languages	40
American Sign Language	35
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,550
Chinese languages	1,540
Hakka	0
Mandarin	1,085
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0
Yue (Cantonese)	435
Chinese, n.o.s.	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10
Burmese	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	40
Lao	0
Thai	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	95
Azerbaijani	0
Turkish	95
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	20
Estonian	0
Finnish	0
Hungarian	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	20,825
English and French	18,230
English and non-official language(s)	2,210
French and non-official language(s)	95
English, French and non-official language(s)	280
Multiple non-official languages	15
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	583,615
None	473,205
English	14,330
French	85,670
Non-official language	7,275
Indigenous³⁹	185
Non-Indigenous	7,085
English and French	100
English and non-official language(s)	225
French and non-official language(s)	1,885
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	920
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	493,140
Worked at home	215,705
Worked outside Canada	1,745
No fixed workplace address	43,070
Usual place of work	232,625
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	232,625
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	219,180
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	7,025
Commute to a different province or territory	6,420
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	275,700
Car, truck or van	211,755
Car, truck or van - as a driver	190,190
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	21,565
Public transit	31,015
Walked	19,395
Bicycle	4,260
Other method	9,265
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	275,700
Less than 15 minutes	74,060
15 to 29 minutes	116,260
30 to 44 minutes	55,365
45 to 59 minutes	15,975
60 minutes and over	14,030
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	275,700
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	14,400
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	48,325
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	71,860
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	60,385
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	37,570
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	43,155
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	206,290
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	72,675
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	133,615
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	153,795
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	55,250
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	41,170
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	14,085
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	98,550

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed October 15, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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