Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Victoria, City (CY)More information: British Columbia [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	91,867	...	...
Population, 2016¹	85,792	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	53,070	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	49,222	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	4,722.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	19.45	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	91,870	43,585	48,285
0 to 14 years	8,450	4,240	4,205
0 to 4 years	2,910	1,510	1,400
5 to 9 years	2,835	1,395	1,440
10 to 14 years	2,705	1,340	1,365
15 to 64 years	62,060	30,275	31,785
15 to 19 years	2,710	1,375	1,340
20 to 24 years	6,040	2,565	3,475
25 to 29 years	8,765	4,240	4,525
30 to 34 years	9,035	4,545	4,490
35 to 39 years	7,455	3,820	3,635
40 to 44 years	5,985	3,035	2,945
45 to 49 years	5,205	2,635	2,570
50 to 54 years	5,340	2,635	2,705
55 to 59 years	5,560	2,665	2,895
60 to 64 years	5,965	2,755	3,205
65 years and over	21,350	9,065	12,285
65 to 69 years	6,020	2,675	3,345
70 to 74 years	5,905	2,675	3,230
75 to 79 years	3,705	1,685	2,015
80 to 84 years	2,410	990	1,430
85 years and over	3,320	1,045	2,270
85 to 89 years	1,675	605	1,065
90 to 94 years	1,235	350	890
95 to 99 years	355	80	275
100 years and over	45	10	40
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	9.2	9.7	8.7
15 to 64 years	67.6	69.5	65.8
65 years and over	23.2	20.8	25.4
85 years and over	3.6	2.4	4.7
Average age of the population	45.2	44.0	46.3
Median age of the population	42.8	41.6	44.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	49,225	...	...
Single-detached house	6,685	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,150	...	...
Row house	2,305	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	4,450	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	23,510	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	11,000	...	...
Other single-attached house	80	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	35	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	49,225	...	...
1 person	24,100	...	...
2 persons	17,060	...	...
3 persons	4,295	...	...
4 persons	2,620	...	...
5 or more persons	1,145	...	...
Number of persons in private households	87,890	41,820	46,065
Average household size	1.8	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	83,415	39,340	44,075
Married or living common-law	38,580	19,280	19,305
Married	26,155	13,060	13,095
Living common-law	12,425	6,215	6,205
Living common law - Never married	10,080	5,020	5,055
Living common law - Separated	270	150	120
Living common law - Divorced	1,945	995	955
Living common law - Widowed	125	50	75
Not married and not living common-law	44,835	20,060	24,770
Not married and not living common law - Never married	29,280	14,960	14,320
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,400	1,000	1,395
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	8,670	3,180	5,495
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,485	925	3,560
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	21,760	...	...
2 persons	15,225	...	...
3 persons	3,545	...	...
4 persons	2,340	...	...
5 or more persons	650	...	...
Average size of census families	2.5	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.5	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	21,760	...	...
Total couple families	18,540	...	...
Married couples	12,330	...	...
With children⁶	4,670	...	...
Without children	7,670	...	...
Common-law couples	6,205	...	...
With children⁶	980	...	...
Without children	5,225	...	...
Total one-parent families	3,225	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	2,585	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	640	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	87,890	41,825	46,065
Total - Persons in census families	53,900	26,230	27,670
Married spouses or common-law partners	37,075	18,550	18,530
Parents in one-parent families	3,225	640	2,585
Children⁶	13,610	7,045	6,560
In a two-parent family	9,275	4,740	4,540
In a one-parent family	4,330	2,310	2,025
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	33,985	15,590	18,395
Living alone	24,100	10,670	13,430
Living with other relatives⁷	1,530	705	830
Living with non-relatives only	8,350	4,215	4,140
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	49,220	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	19,975	...	...
Couple-family households	17,160	...	...
With children⁶	5,135	...	...
Without children	12,025	...	...
One-parent-family households	2,815	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	365	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	160	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	940	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,680	...	...
One-person households	24,100	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	79,470	37,590	41,880
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,090	36,880	41,205
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,200	46,400	41,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,125	36,900	41,220
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	41,600	37,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,625	33,820	37,805
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	42,800	33,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	56,910	27,725	29,185
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	42,800	35,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	66,235	29,925	36,310
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,600	9,000	10,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,705	3,075	3,630
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,320	5,240	5,360
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	22,165	10,370	11,790
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	79,470	37,595	41,880
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,060	36,985	41,070
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,500	59,600	49,920
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,075	37,000	41,080
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,200	49,760	43,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,475	33,860	37,620
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,680	56,150	43,880
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	56,910	27,875	29,035
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,040	53,350	43,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	66,025	29,970	36,055
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,650	10,100	11,110
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,370	2,905	3,465
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,225	5,895	6,500
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	21,920	10,235	11,680
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,170	9,080	9,250
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	79,470	37,590	41,875
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	26,355	13,895	12,455
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,400	64,500	60,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,800	75,300	67,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,520	11,200	13,325
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,800	21,800	18,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,560	31,440	26,160
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.4	86.2	80.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	64.2	67.4	60.9
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.5	13.7	19.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.8	1.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.8	5.1	6.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.7	4.2	5.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	79,470	37,595	41,875
Without total income	1,380	710	670
With total income	78,090	36,880	41,210
Under $10,000 (including loss)	4,990	2,300	2,690
$10,000 to $19,999	7,390	3,305	4,090
$20,000 to $29,999	12,385	5,150	7,240
$30,000 to $39,999	10,875	4,830	6,045
$40,000 to $49,999	9,705	4,485	5,215
$50,000 to $59,999	7,930	3,590	4,340
$60,000 to $69,999	6,090	2,925	3,160
$70,000 to $79,999	4,760	2,415	2,345
$80,000 to $89,999	3,530	1,865	1,660
$90,000 to $99,999	2,690	1,390	1,300
$100,000 and over	7,740	4,610	3,125
$100,000 to $149,999	5,260	2,970	2,285
$150,000 and over	2,480	1,640	840
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	79,470	37,595	41,875
Without after-tax income	1,345	690	655
With after-tax income	78,125	36,905	41,225
Under $10,000 (including loss)	5,275	2,410	2,865
$10,000 to $19,999	7,675	3,430	4,240
$20,000 to $29,999	14,155	5,995	8,160
$30,000 to $39,999	12,800	5,765	7,035
$40,000 to $49,999	11,105	5,130	5,975
$50,000 to $59,999	8,320	3,905	4,410
$60,000 to $69,999	5,870	2,980	2,890
$70,000 to $79,999	4,210	2,185	2,030
$80,000 to $89,999	2,840	1,505	1,335
$90,000 to $99,999	1,795	970	825
$100,000 and over	4,090	2,635	1,460
$100,000 to $124,999	2,015	1,250	765
$125,000 and over	2,080	1,385	690
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	79,470	37,595	41,875
Without employment income	22,555	9,865	12,690
With employment income	56,915	27,730	29,185
Under $5,000 (including loss)	7,025	3,175	3,850
$5,000 to $9,999	4,355	1,870	2,490
$10,000 to $19,999	6,760	2,940	3,825
$20,000 to $29,999	5,610	2,620	2,990
$30,000 to $39,999	5,325	2,610	2,715
$40,000 to $49,999	5,425	2,620	2,805
$50,000 to $59,999	5,220	2,465	2,750
$60,000 to $69,999	4,105	1,995	2,115
$70,000 to $79,999	3,285	1,735	1,550
$80,000 to $89,999	2,570	1,400	1,170
$90,000 to $99,999	2,005	1,060	945
$100,000 and over	5,215	3,235	1,985
$100,000 to $124,999	2,645	1,490	1,160
$125,000 and over	2,575	1,745	830
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	79,470	37,590	41,880
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,500	36,055	40,445
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	43,600	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,580	36,090	40,500
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	38,800	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	71,055	33,535	37,525
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,400	33,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	58,840	28,405	30,440
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,400	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	54,245	23,440	30,805
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,960	2,540	4,920
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,085	1,925	2,160
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,320	5,080	5,680
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	79,470	37,595	41,880
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,555	36,145	40,410
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,640	56,150	45,680
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,635	36,200	40,430
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,520	46,160	39,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	70,875	33,525	37,350
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,760	55,350	42,880
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	58,635	28,435	30,205
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,280	50,800	40,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	54,180	23,250	30,930
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,730	7,520	7,890
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,090	1,865	2,225
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,700	6,020	7,270
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	79,470	37,590	41,875
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	26,005	13,680	12,320
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,600	60,000	55,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	65,900	70,500	60,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,510	10,740	12,765
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	27,000	22,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,360	37,400	30,000
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.2	91.4	86.8
Employment income (%)	68.6	71.2	65.6
Government transfers (%)	10.8	8.6	13.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.6	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	49,225	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	60,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	24,100	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	25,120	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	49,225	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	86,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	24,095	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,850	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,040	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	25,125	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	49,225	...	...
Under $5,000	715	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	355	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	585	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,505	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,800	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,135	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,200	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,375	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,275	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,310	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,345	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,025	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,685	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,080	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,605	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,235	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,790	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,155	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,420	...	...
$200,000 and over	2,865	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	49,225	...	...
Under $5,000	790	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	370	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	600	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,565	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,985	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,530	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,660	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,710	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,805	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,600	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,065	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,315	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,830	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,030	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,500	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,885	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,410	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,605	...	...
$150,000 and over	3,865	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	22,010	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	12,515	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	5,665	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	131,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,150	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.4	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	32,455	14,890	17,570
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800	41,200	40,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	37,600	36,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	22,015	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,575	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	118,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,690	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	153,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	127,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,110	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,550	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	32,445	14,850	17,595
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,520	50,040	49,080
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,800	42,960	42,680
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	87,890	41,820	46,070
0 to 17 years	9,990	5,045	4,945
0 to 5 years	3,470	1,790	1,680
18 to 64 years	59,105	28,455	30,650
65 years and over	18,795	8,320	10,475
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	11,515	5,255	6,260
0 to 17 years	1,375	680	695
0 to 5 years	490	235	255
18 to 64 years	7,025	3,320	3,705
65 years and over	3,110	1,250	1,860
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.1	12.6	13.6
0 to 17 years (%)	13.7	13.4	14.0
0 to 5 years (%)	14.1	13.0	15.1
18 to 64 years (%)	11.9	11.7	12.1
65 years and over (%)	16.6	15.1	17.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	87,890	41,825	46,065
0 to 17 years	9,985	5,045	4,940
0 to 5 years	3,470	1,790	1,685
18 to 64 years	59,110	28,455	30,650
65 years and over	18,795	8,320	10,475
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,225	2,545	2,680
0 to 17 years	460	200	260
0 to 5 years	140	65	70
18 to 64 years	4,275	2,110	2,170
65 years and over	485	230	255
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.0	6.1	5.8
0 to 17 years (%)	4.6	4.0	5.2
0 to 5 years (%)	4.0	3.6	4.4
18 to 64 years (%)	7.2	7.4	7.1
65 years and over (%)	2.6	2.8	2.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	87,890	41,820	46,070
In bottom half of the distribution	46,805	21,695	25,105
In bottom decile	11,525	5,360	6,160
In second decile	9,535	4,255	5,280
In third decile	8,905	4,190	4,720
In fourth decile	8,405	3,945	4,455
In fifth decile	8,425	3,945	4,485
In top half of the distribution	41,085	20,125	20,965
In sixth decile	8,160	3,895	4,260
In seventh decile	7,775	3,775	4,000
In eighth decile	8,225	4,005	4,220
In ninth decile	8,595	4,225	4,365
In top decile	8,345	4,225	4,120
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	87,890	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.344	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.449	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.306	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.1	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	89,115	42,325	46,790
English only	76,660	36,990	39,670
French only	35	15	15
English and French	11,735	5,020	6,715
Neither English nor French	685	290	395
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	89,115	42,325	46,790
English	86,515	41,140	45,375
French	1,645	775	870
English and French	305	135	170
Neither English nor French	650	275	375
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	89,115	42,325	46,790
Single responses	86,595	41,180	45,415
Official languages	73,880	35,655	38,230
English	72,220	34,875	37,345
French	1,655	780	880
Non-official languages	12,715	5,530	7,190
Indigenous languages³⁹	50	20	30
Algonquian languages	30	10	20
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	15	5	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	5	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	5	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	5	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	15	5	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	5	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	0	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	5	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	5	5	5
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	5	0	0
Wakashan languages	5	5	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	5	5	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	12,665	5,505	7,160
Afro-Asiatic languages	815	425	390
Berber languages	5	5	0
Kabyle	5	5	0
Tamazight	5	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	95	40	55
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	35	15	20
Somali	55	30	30
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	715	380	330
Amharic	65	25	45
Arabic	565	315	250
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	35	25	10
Maltese	5	5	0
Tigrigna	40	20	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	240	100	145
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	10	15
Vietnamese	220	85	135
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,455	570	885
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Cebuano	70	25	45
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	35	20	15
Ilocano	105	45	60
Indonesian	20	5	15
Kankanaey	5	0	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	0
Pangasinan	0	0	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,145	435	705
Waray-Waray	5	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Creole languages	20	5	15
Haitian Creole	5	0	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Dravidian languages	205	115	85
Kannada	5	5	5
Malayalam	105	65	40
Tamil	40	15	25
Telugu	50	20	25
Tulu	5	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	0	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	6,130	2,765	3,365
Albanian	45	20	30
Armenian	10	5	5
Balto-Slavic languages	1,195	485	705
Baltic languages	35	15	20
Latvian	20	5	10
Lithuanian	15	5	10
Slavic languages	1,160	475	685
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	40	20	15
Czech	100	40	50
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	315	135	180
Russian	350	145	200
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	160	55	110
Bosnian	15	5	10
Croatian	75	25	50
Serbian	70	30	45
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Slovak	35	20	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5
Ukrainian	150	50	95
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	5	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	10	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,465	585	885
Frisian	5	0	5
High German languages	935	350	590
German	890	330	555
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	25	10	15
Yiddish	20	10	15
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	390	170	220
Afrikaans	45	25	20
Dutch	325	140	190
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	5	5	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5
Scandinavian languages	140	60	75
Danish	50	25	30
Icelandic	5	5	5
Norwegian	40	20	15
Swedish	40	15	30
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	65	35	25
Indo-Iranian languages	1,495	770	720
Indo-Aryan languages	1,080	575	510
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	85	50	35
Gujarati	80	40	40
Hindi	255	150	105
Kacchi	10	5	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	5	5
Marathi	30	15	10
Nepali	25	15	15
Oriya languages	0	5	0
Odia	0	5	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	405	200	210
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	10
Urdu	140	75	60
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	415	200	215
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	15	10	5
Parsi	5	0	5
Pashto	20	15	5
Persian languages	375	175	205
Dari	20	10	10
Iranian Persian	315	140	175
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	20	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,845	855	990
Catalan	5	0	0
Italian	220	100	120
Portuguese	430	195	235
Romanian	90	45	45
Spanish	1,100	520	585
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	485	120	365
Korean	505	210	295
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	110	55	55
Akan (Twi)	5	5	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	5	0	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	0	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	0	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	5	10
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	5	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0
Swahili	25	15	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	5	0
Yoruba	20	10	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	5	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	30	15	20
American Sign Language	30	10	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,200	935	1,265
Chinese languages	2,175	925	1,250
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,065	420	640
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	5	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	5	15
Yue (Cantonese)	1,015	465	550
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	25	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	10
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	140	45	95
Lao	5	0	0
Thai	135	40	95
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	100	60	40
Azerbaijani	5	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	100	60	35
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	220	85	135
Estonian	20	0	15
Finnish	65	20	40
Hungarian	145	65	75
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,515	1,145	1,375
English and French	555	240	320
English and non-official language(s)	1,670	775	895
French and non-official language(s)	50	25	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	25	35
Multiple non-official languages	180	80	105
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	89,115	42,325	46,790
English	75,005	35,990	39,010
French	315	155	165
Non-official language	2,660	1,230	1,435
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	0
Non-Indigenous	2,655	1,220	1,430
English and French	1,440	625	820
English and non-official language(s)	8,910	3,970	4,940
French and non-official language(s)	30	10	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	505	230	280
Multiple non-official languages	250	115	135
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	89,115	42,325	46,790
Single responses	87,105	41,410	45,700
Official languages	81,655	38,870	42,790
English	81,170	38,640	42,530
French	490	230	255
Non-official languages	5,455	2,540	2,915
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	5	5	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	5	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	5,445	2,535	2,910
Afro-Asiatic languages	475	240	240
Berber languages	5	0	5
Kabyle	5	0	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	50	25	30
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	25	10	15
Somali	30	10	15
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	420	215	205
Amharic	45	10	30
Arabic	345	185	160
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	5	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	25	15	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	120	60	60
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5
Vietnamese	110	55	60
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	795	360	435
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Cebuano	30	15	15
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5
Ilocano	70	35	35
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	670	300	370
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	10	5	5
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	0	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	110	50	55
Kannada	5	0	0
Malayalam	50	25	25
Tamil	25	10	10
Telugu	35	15	15
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,955	960	1,000
Albanian	30	15	15
Armenian	5	0	5
Balto-Slavic languages	345	160	190
Baltic languages	5	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	5	0	0
Slavic languages	345	155	190
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	15	10	10
Czech	20	10	10
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	60	30	25
Russian	165	75	90
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	45	20	30
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	25	10	15
Serbian	20	10	15
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	5	5	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	35	10	20
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	120	50	70
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	85	35	50
German	80	35	50
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	30	15	20
Afrikaans	15	10	5
Dutch	15	10	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	15	5	10
Indo-Iranian languages	725	395	330
Indo-Aryan languages	495	275	215
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	25	15	10
Gujarati	20	5	10
Hindi	125	80	50
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	15	10	5
Nepali	15	5	10
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	180	100	80
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5
Urdu	90	45	45
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Iranian languages	230	120	110
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	10	5	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	20	15	0
Persian languages	205	100	105
Dari	10	5	5
Iranian Persian	185	90	95
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	5	5
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	715	330	390
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	45	25	25
Portuguese	210	95	120
Romanian	20	10	10
Spanish	435	200	235
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	165	55	110
Korean	320	145	175
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	15	5	10
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	0	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	50	25	25
American Sign Language	40	15	25
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,280	575	710
Chinese languages	1,270	565	700
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	675	300	370
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5	0	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	560	240	315
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	10	5
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	20	30
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	55	20	30
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	45	25	25
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	45	20	25
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	45	15	30
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	10	5	5
Hungarian	30	10	20
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,005	910	1,095
English and French	235	100	135
English and non-official language(s)	1,680	775	910
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	15	25
Multiple non-official languages	45	20	25
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	89,115	42,325	46,790
None	79,630	38,125	41,500
English	2,310	1,070	1,235
French	1,135	490	640
Non-official language	4,730	2,020	2,710
Indigenous³⁹	90	40	45
Non-Indigenous	4,640	1,975	2,660
English and French	40	15	20
English and non-official language(s)	385	190	190
French and non-official language(s)	340	160	180
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	10	5
Multiple non-official languages	540	240	300
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	87,890	41,805	46,080
Official languages	87,205	41,520	45,690
English	87,180	41,515	45,665
French	11,765	5,065	6,700
Non-official languages	20,225	9,275	10,950
Indigenous languages³⁹	355	145	210
Algonquian languages	190	65	125
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	70	30	40
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	70	30	40
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	45	25	25
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	0	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	125	35	85
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	110	25	75
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	105	25	75
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	20	10	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	10	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	25	15	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	25	15	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	10	0	10
Salish languages	25	20	0
Halkomelem	15	10	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	25	15	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	15	15	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	40	10	30
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	30	10	20
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	19,930	9,170	10,760
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,280	655	625
Berber languages	35	20	15
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	35	15	15
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	115	45	70
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	65	25	35
Somali	45	20	30
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,205	625	585
Amharic	110	35	80
Arabic	880	485	400
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	180	90	90
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	65	30	35
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	345	130	215
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	20	25
Vietnamese	295	100	195
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,125	845	1,275
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	0	20
Cebuano	75	30	40
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	40	20	20
Ilocano	145	75	75
Indonesian	70	25	45
Kankanaey	10	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	50	25	30
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	20	0	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,960	775	1,185
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	20	40
Creole languages	85	45	40
Haitian Creole	10	10	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	15	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	10	25
Dravidian languages	380	225	155
Kannada	10	10	0
Malayalam	190	120	65
Tamil	80	45	35
Telugu	140	75	65
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	10	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	11,240	5,355	5,885
Albanian	75	45	30
Armenian	10	10	0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,625	760	860
Baltic languages	40	20	20
Latvian	30	15	20
Lithuanian	10	10	0
Slavic languages	1,590	750	840
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	40	25	15
Czech	125	50	80
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	355	170	185
Russian	620	300	320
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	295	140	155
Bosnian	20	0	20
Croatian	130	60	75
Serbian	175	85	90
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	60	25	40
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	0	10
Ukrainian	210	120	95
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	50	35	15
Irish	30	20	0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10
Welsh	10	10	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,760	1,290	1,470
Frisian	25	10	20
High German languages	1,950	915	1,045
German	1,915	900	1,015
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	30	0	30
Yiddish	25	15	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	605	250	350
Afrikaans	115	65	50
Dutch	475	180	290
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	295	165	130
Danish	95	60	40
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	105	65	40
Swedish	125	55	65
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	90	50	45
Indo-Iranian languages	1,995	1,020	980
Indo-Aryan languages	1,585	825	770
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	130	65	65
Gujarati	120	70	60
Hindi	830	475	355
Kacchi	15	0	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	30	10	20
Marathi	115	45	70
Nepali	40	15	25
Oriya languages	10	10	0
Odia	10	10	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	575	275	290
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	295	140	155
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0
Iranian languages	440	220	225
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	15	10	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	40	30	10
Persian languages	400	190	215
Dari	30	20	10
Iranian Persian	355	170	185
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	0	25
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,290	2,460	2,830
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	830	325	505
Portuguese	620	310	315
Romanian	60	35	30
Spanish	4,160	1,990	2,170
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	25	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Japanese	1,065	410	660
Korean	695	320	375
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	270	135	135
Akan (Twi)	50	30	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	15	0	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	30	0	25
Lingala	15	15	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	10	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	15	10	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15	10	0
Swahili	95	45	45
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	35	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	280	90	185
American Sign Language	240	65	175
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	50	30	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,670	1,200	1,470
Chinese languages	2,625	1,170	1,450
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,560	685	880
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	20	25
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	15	10
Yue (Cantonese)	1,360	600	755
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	25	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	50	35	15
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	35	25	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	165	55	110
Lao	15	10	0
Thai	160	55	110
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	215	105	110
Azerbaijani	15	10	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	195	100	100
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Uralic languages	315	165	155
Estonian	35	10	25
Finnish	95	50	45
Hungarian	195	110	80
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	87,890	41,810	46,085
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	4,365	1,935	2,425
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	4,160	1,865	2,295
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,345	1,120	1,220
Métis	1,785	735	1,050
Inuk (Inuit)	25	10	15
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	135	40	95
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	70	40	35
Non-Indigenous identity	83,530	39,870	43,655
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	87,890	41,810	46,085
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,530	730	805
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	86,360	41,080	45,275
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	49,225	...	...
Owner	19,455	...	...
Renter	29,765	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	49,225	...	...
Condominium	15,085	...	...
Not condominium	34,140	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	49,225	...	...
No bedrooms	2,265	...	...
1 bedroom	19,425	...	...
2 bedrooms	17,385	...	...
3 bedrooms	6,435	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	3,710	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	49,225	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	31,515	...	...
5 rooms	6,935	...	...
6 rooms	3,760	...	...
7 rooms	2,515	...	...
8 or more rooms	4,495	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	49,225	...	...
One person or fewer per room	48,460	...	...
More than one person per room	765	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	49,225	...	...
Suitable	46,495	...	...
Not suitable	2,725	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	49,225	...	...
1960 or before	15,050	...	...
1961 to 1980	16,265	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,655	...	...
1991 to 2000	4,475	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,590	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,260	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,780	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,145	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	49,225	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	46,175	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,045	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	49,225	...	...
One-maintainer household	29,905	...	...
Two-maintainer household	17,620	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,700	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	49,225	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,750	...	...
25 to 34 years	9,980	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,295	...	...
45 to 54 years	6,825	...	...
55 to 64 years	7,660	...	...
65 to 74 years	8,150	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,140	...	...
85 years and over	1,425	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	49,045	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	32,375	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	16,675	...	...
30% to less than 100%	14,890	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	49,220	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	20,495	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	14,935	...	...
Not suitable only	1,805	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,870	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	715	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	975	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	150	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	60	...	...
Acceptable housing	28,725	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	47,260	...	...
In core need	9,160	...	...
Not in core need	38,100	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	19,455	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.1	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	21.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	8.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,310	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,586	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	750,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	821,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	29,765	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	42.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	26.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,378	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	87,890	41,810	46,080
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,190	530	665
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,170	525	650
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	980	445	535
Métis single ancestry	185	75	110
Inuit single ancestry	10	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	15	0	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	15	0	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	4,060	1,860	2,200
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,885	1,795	2,095
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,715	1,330	1,385
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,150	455	690
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	0	10
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	175	65	110
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	165	65	100
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	82,640	39,425	43,215
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	87,890	41,810	46,080
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	80,110	38,110	41,995
Canadian citizens aged under 18	9,315	4,640	4,680
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	70,785	33,470	37,320
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	7,785	3,700	4,085
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	87,890	41,810	46,080
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	67,650	32,350	35,300
Immigrants⁸¹	17,580	8,145	9,430
Before 1980	5,690	2,560	3,130
1980 to 1990	1,660	835	830
1991 to 2000	2,335	1,050	1,290
2001 to 2010	2,930	1,365	1,565
2011 to 2021⁸²	4,960	2,330	2,625
2011 to 2015	1,895	870	1,025
2016 to 2021	3,070	1,465	1,600
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,660	1,310	1,345
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	17,580	8,145	9,435
Under 5 years	1,870	905	960
5 to 14 years	2,890	1,540	1,350
15 to 24 years	3,040	1,325	1,710
25 to 44 years	8,255	3,725	4,530
45 years and over	1,525	645	885
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	17,580	8,145	9,435
Americas	3,175	1,435	1,740
Brazil	110	65	50
Colombia	125	60	60
El Salvador	55	25	30
Guyana	25	0	20
Haiti	20	10	15
Jamaica	105	55	45
Mexico	245	110	130
Peru	35	15	20
Trinidad and Tobago	40	0	35
United States of America	1,945	855	1,090
Other places of birth in Americas	475	230	245
Europe	6,655	3,190	3,465
Bosnia and Herzegovina	30	10	20
Croatia	40	10	30
France	160	80	85
Germany	590	250	340
Greece	30	20	15
Hungary	100	60	45
Italy	135	75	65
Netherlands	315	115	205
Poland	270	145	120
Portugal	80	35	50
Romania	95	50	40
Russian Federation	255	115	140
Serbia⁸⁶	95	45	50
Ukraine	95	60	35
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,505	1,740	1,765
Other places of birth in Europe	860	400	460
Africa	1,055	520	535
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Egypt	55	45	0
Eritrea	55	25	25
Ethiopia	110	35	80
Morocco	95	40	50
Nigeria	50	20	30
Somalia	20	15	0
South Africa, Republic of	260	120	140
Other places of birth in Africa	390	205	190
Asia	6,365	2,820	3,545
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Iran⁸⁸	260	135	125
Iraq	55	30	25
Lebanon	45	20	25
Syria⁸⁹	185	115	75
Turkey	100	60	40
China⁹⁰	1,110	485	625
Hong Kong⁹¹	210	90	115
Korea, South⁹²	400	185	220
Taiwan	110	40	70
Philippines	1,845	740	1,100
Viet Nam	210	90	120
Bangladesh	60	40	25
India	650	365	285
Pakistan	170	75	95
Sri Lanka	25	15	15
Other places of birth in Asia	925	335	590
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	335	180	155
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	3,070	1,465	1,605
Americas	470	205	265
Brazil	50	25	20
Colombia	25	0	20
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	20	0	10
Mexico	45	25	25
United States of America	255	105	150
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	10	10
Other places of birth in Americas	65	30	30
Europe	475	270	210
France	35	20	15
Germany	50	25	25
Ireland⁹⁶	40	20	15
Italy	15	15	0
Russian Federation	25	10	15
Ukraine	25	10	15
United Kingdom⁸⁷	185	120	65
Other places of birth in Europe	110	55	55
Africa	300	125	180
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	0	0	0
Eritrea	20	15	0
Ethiopia	50	15	40
Morocco	25	0	20
Nigeria	30	10	25
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	30	10	20
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	10	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	115	55	60
Asia	1,750	810	940
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	30	20	10
China⁹⁰	160	50	110
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	300	155	140
Iran⁸⁸	25	15	15
Iraq	35	15	20
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	55	10	45
Jordan	10	0	10
Korea, South⁹²	90	35	55
Lebanon	10	0	10
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	75	40	30
Philippines	585	265	325
Saudi Arabia	15	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	180	105	75
Turkey	35	30	0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0
Viet Nam	30	10	15
Other places of birth in Asia	110	50	55
Oceania and other⁹³	70	55	10
Australia	50	40	10
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	10	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	87,890	41,810	46,085
First generation¹⁰⁰	22,125	10,340	11,780
Second generation¹⁰¹	19,390	9,125	10,270
Third generation or more¹⁰²	46,375	22,345	24,035
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	11,890	5,580	6,305
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	6,710	3,275	3,435
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	3,295	1,775	1,520
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	3,410	1,495	1,920
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	4,095	1,700	2,400
Refugees¹⁰⁸	955	545	410
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	125	65	65
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	11,890	5,580	6,305
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	275	160	115
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,540	1,105	1,435
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	585	265	315
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,075	475	595
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	75	30	45
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	7,345	3,545	3,800
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	87,890	41,810	46,085
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	14,860	6,980	7,880
South Asian	2,540	1,295	1,250
Chinese	3,075	1,455	1,620
Black	1,510	755	750
Filipino	2,340	925	1,415
Arab	680	390	285
Latin American	1,120	515	605
Southeast Asian	780	290	490
West Asian	445	215	235
Korean	675	325	350
Japanese	895	355	540
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	210	120	95
Multiple visible minorities	590	340	255
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	73,030	34,830	38,200
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	87,890	41,805	46,080
Canadian	7,335	3,745	3,590
English	26,790	12,640	14,150
Irish	18,205	8,225	9,980
Scottish	21,660	9,880	11,780
French, n.o.s.¹²²	8,300	3,775	4,525
German	11,540	5,410	6,130
Chinese	3,285	1,545	1,735
Italian	3,205	1,435	1,770
Indian (India)	1,790	930	865
Ukrainian	4,455	2,015	2,440
Dutch	4,030	1,815	2,210
Polish	3,240	1,525	1,715
Québécois	260	125	135
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	5,785	2,735	3,055
Filipino	2,255	890	1,365
French Canadian	1,085	495	595
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,940	980	960
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,460	710	750
Métis	1,525	600	925
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,410	1,160	1,245
Russian	2,195	990	1,195
Norwegian	3,030	1,340	1,690
Welsh	3,210	1,430	1,780
Portuguese	695	320	370
American	2,025	945	1,080
Spanish	1,015	440	575
Swedish	2,070	920	1,155
Hungarian	1,250	585	670
Acadian	335	165	175
Pakistani	190	80	110
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	450	245	205
Jewish	1,405	710	690
Punjabi	235	120	115
Vietnamese	410	170	245
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	285	175	110
Greek	440	185	250
Jamaican	275	135	135
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	365	140	230
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	550	230	315
Korean	675	340	340
Romanian	625	295	325
Lebanese	290	150	140
Iranian	395	185	210
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	220	130	85
Danish	1,385	610	775
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	495	285	215
Sikh	95	50	50
Austrian	1,090	515	575
Belgian	555	285	270
Haitian	30	15	15
Hindu	135	85	45
Mexican	440	230	210
Mennonite	330	165	165
Swiss	680	310	370
Finnish	805	395	415
Sri Lankan	35	15	20
Croatian	335	175	160
Japanese	1,015	410	605
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	80	40	40
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	210	105	105
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	785	375	410
Muslim	45	20	20
Egyptian	140	80	60
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	195	90	105
Tamil	0	0	0
Icelandic	545	270	270
Colombian	185	80	105
Moroccan	120	50	75
Czech	520	250	270
Syrian	150	85	65
Guyanese	80	50	35
Afghan	25	15	10
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	95	55	45
Serbian	295	150	150
Ojibway	215	90	120
Newfoundlander	140	90	50
Hong Konger	145	55	90
Ontarian	80	15	65
Persian	150	65	85
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	165	75	90
Turkish	225	105	120
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	40	15	25
Bangladeshi	55	35	20
Algerian	10	0	0
Brazilian	225	110	110
Nigerian	120	50	70
Armenian	80	50	30
Slovak	230	110	130
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	350	130	220
Somali	50	25	25
Taiwanese	135	65	80
Iraqi	60	20	40
Salvadorean	55	10	40
African Caribbean	55	20	30
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	135	65	65
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	65	40	30
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	90	40	50
Algonquin	25	10	10
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	30	0	25
Lithuanian	340	195	145
South African	270	120	150
Australian	365	175	190
Palestinian	40	25	20
Chilean	155	55	95
Congolese	25	15	10
Nova Scotian	80	40	40
Ethiopian	90	15	75
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	75	45	30
Peruvian	125	70	50
Yoruba	0	0	0
Cambodian (Khmer)	60	20	40
Berber	50	25	25
Albanian	95	50	40
Maltese	50	35	20
Macedonian	10	0	0
Slovenian	100	35	70
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	285	145	145
New Brunswicker	35	15	25
Gujarati	45	25	20
Eritrean	55	30	25
African Canadian	70	35	35
Israeli	70	30	45
Mohawk	75	35	40
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	90	30	55
Bulgarian	85	40	45
Albertan	75	25	50
Ghanaian	65	35	30
Barbadian	45	30	15
African American	70	25	45
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	90	50	40
Tunisian	40	20	20
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	90	50	45
Cuban	55	45	10
Bosnian	15	0	10
Venezuelan	100	35	60
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	175	80	95
Bengali	45	35	10
Cameroonian	20	15	10
Guatemalan	30	25	0
Indonesian	80	20	65
Laotian	10	10	0
Ilocano	105	55	50
Northern Irish	145	60	85
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	220	90	135
British Columbian	365	180	185
Ecuadorian	35	15	15
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	55	15	40
Estonian	150	60	95
Kurdish	0	0	0
Fijian	25	0	25
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	70	35	40
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	165	55	110
Dominican	65	35	35
Nepali	45	15	30
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	10	0	0
Igbo	10	0	10
Byelorussian	60	30	30
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	10	0	10
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	25	0	25
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	15	10	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	25	10	15
New Zealander	200	80	125
Sudanese	0	0	0
Breton	45	20	25
Pennsylvania Dutch	50	15	35
Malaysian	95	35	55
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	20	0	10
Huron (Wendat)	10	0	0
Saskatchewanian	65	25	45
Buddhist	10	0	10
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	35	30	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	25	20
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	30	15	20
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	65	35	30
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	40	10	30
Nicaraguan	15	0	10
Mauritian	10	10	0
Kenyan	15	0	10
Oji-Cree	20	0	10
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	0	0	0
Manitoban	55	20	30
Cape Bretoner	30	0	20
Rwandan	25	10	15
Grenadian	40	25	15
Malayali	40	20	10
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	0	0	0
Mayan	20	10	10
Honduran	25	20	10
Cherokee	80	45	35
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	20	10	10
Flemish	30	20	10
United Empire Loyalist	50	35	15
Senegalese	10	0	0
Azerbaijani	30	15	15
Sicilian	50	20	25
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	15	10	10
Goan	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	10	10	0
Tibetan	40	25	10
Zimbabwean	50	25	20
Burmese	30	0	20
Mongolian	25	10	20
Azorean	10	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	90	45	45
Tanzanian	20	10	15
Yemeni	15	0	10
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	60	40	25
Basque	20	15	0
Uruguayan	15	15	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	15	0	0
Igorot	20	0	15
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	20	10	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	20	0	15
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	10	10	0
Roma	100	50	50
Costa Rican	15	10	10
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	15	10	10
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	87,890	41,810	46,085
Buddhist	1,220	510	710
Christian	24,930	10,775	14,155
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	4,410	1,970	2,435
Anabaptist	75	30	45
Anglican	4,015	1,690	2,325
Baptist	730	365	365
Catholic	8,950	3,980	4,965
Christian Orthodox	430	185	250
Jehovah's Witness	310	120	190
Latter Day Saints	115	30	85
Lutheran	580	275	305
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	115	50	60
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	520	200	320
Presbyterian	630	265	365
Reformed	45	10	35
United Church	2,475	910	1,565
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,530	685	850
Hindu	670	380	290
Jewish	960	445	520
Muslim	1,690	915	775
Sikh	420	200	215
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	255	85	170
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,990	840	1,155
No religion and secular perspectives	55,750	27,660	28,090
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	87,305	41,490	45,815
Non-movers	69,985	33,395	36,590
Movers	17,315	8,095	9,225
Non-migrants	10,740	5,085	5,655
Migrants	6,580	3,010	3,570
Internal migrants	5,510	2,600	2,910
Intraprovincial migrants	3,120	1,485	1,635
Interprovincial migrants	2,390	1,115	1,280
External migrants	1,070	415	660
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	85,000	40,280	44,715
Non-movers	39,975	18,945	21,030
Movers	45,025	21,335	23,690
Non-migrants	13,785	6,670	7,115
Migrants	31,235	14,660	16,575
Internal migrants	26,085	12,200	13,885
Intraprovincial migrants	18,105	8,395	9,715
Interprovincial migrants	7,980	3,805	4,175
External migrants	5,150	2,470	2,685
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	79,470	37,590	41,875
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	7,670	4,195	3,470
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	71,800	33,395	38,405
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	51,995	25,350	26,655
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,530	2,145	1,385
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	48,465	23,200	25,270
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	79,470	37,595	41,880
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,500	3,540	2,960
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	19,035	9,710	9,325
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	53,935	24,345	29,595
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,075	9,180	10,890
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,320	2,885	1,440
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,065	1,080	995
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,255	1,805	445
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,235	5,345	7,890
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,515	955	1,565
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,860	15,160	18,700
Bachelor's degree	20,635	9,190	11,445
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,030	855	1,175
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	750	420	330
Master's degree	8,625	3,640	4,985
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,830	1,060	765
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	52,000	25,345	26,650
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,835	1,760	1,075
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,465	6,055	4,410
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	38,695	17,540	21,160
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	13,675	6,610	7,065
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,910	2,010	900
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,345	735	610
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,565	1,275	290
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,055	3,880	5,170
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,715	715	995
Bachelor's degree or higher	25,025	10,930	14,100
Bachelor's degree	15,545	6,975	8,575
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,445	595	845
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	525	280	245
Master's degree	6,455	2,540	3,920
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,055	540	515
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	79,470	37,595	41,875
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	25,535	13,250	12,285
Education	3,395	960	2,440
13. Education	3,395	960	2,440
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,235	1,400	1,830
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	205	170	30
50. Visual and performing arts	3,030	1,230	1,800
Humanities	4,750	2,005	2,745
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	550	115	435
23. English language and literature/letters	1,580	590	990
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	825	365	460
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	205	70	130
38. Philosophy and religious studies	355	220	135
39. Theology and religious vocations	245	155	90
54. History	830	450	385
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	155	40	115
Social and behavioural sciences and law	10,400	3,870	6,530
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	340	90	245
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,190	455	730
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	885	80	810
22. Legal professions and studies	1,260	495	770
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	315	125	185
42. Psychology	2,055	615	1,435
45. Social sciences	4,365	2,005	2,360
Business, management and public administration	9,320	3,945	5,380
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,305	335	970
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,010	3,610	4,405
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,725	1,415	1,305
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,315	530	785
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	430	195	235
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	80	40	40
40. Physical sciences	855	650	210
41. Science technologies/technicians	40	0	40
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,500	1,760	740
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,855	1,450	410
25. Library science	260	45	210
27. Mathematics and statistics	315	210	105
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	70	55	10
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,325	5,415	905
04. Architecture and related services	530	300	225
14. Engineering	1,990	1,610	375
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,275	1,160	115
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,365	1,265	100
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	650	615	35
48. Precision production	510	470	45
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,105	570	535
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	465	215	255
03. Natural resources and conservation	640	360	285
Health and related fields	7,845	1,880	5,960
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	615	270	340
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,975	1,485	5,495
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	255	125	120
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,290	1,105	1,185
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,610	590	1,015
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45	35	0
43. Security and protective services	310	170	140
49. Transportation and materials moving	315	290	25
Other¹⁷⁹	55	20	40
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	51,995	25,345	26,655
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	13,305	7,815	5,490
Education	1,845	525	1,325
13. Education	1,845	525	1,325
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,395	1,020	1,370
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	130	105	25
50. Visual and performing arts	2,260	920	1,345
Humanities	3,265	1,325	1,945
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	355	60	290
23. English language and literature/letters	1,080	390	690
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	620	235	385
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	150	55	95
38. Philosophy and religious studies	265	155	110
39. Theology and religious vocations	105	65	45
54. History	595	320	280
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	95	35	60
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,800	2,850	4,950
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	275	65	205
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	985	355	625
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	665	60	605
22. Legal professions and studies	915	310	600
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	255	100	155
42. Psychology	1,410	425	980
45. Social sciences	3,305	1,535	1,770
Business, management and public administration	6,695	2,800	3,895
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	965	245	715
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	5,735	2,550	3,175
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,995	990	1,010
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,025	400	620
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	310	145	160
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	70	30	35
40. Physical sciences	580	410	170
41. Science technologies/technicians	20	0	20
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,015	1,495	515
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,635	1,300	330
25. Library science	140	30	105
27. Mathematics and statistics	200	125	75
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	40	40	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	4,570	3,805	760
04. Architecture and related services	415	210	205
14. Engineering	1,530	1,195	335
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	815	740	75
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,020	935	90
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	450	425	25
48. Precision production	335	300	35
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	895	435	460
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	345	145	200
03. Natural resources and conservation	550	285	265
Health and related fields	5,500	1,430	4,070
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	450	200	250
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,890	1,160	3,730
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	150	70	80
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,685	840	840
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,175	485	700
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30	30	0
43. Security and protective services	255	130	125
49. Transportation and materials moving	215	195	20
Other¹⁷⁹	45	15	30
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	51,995	25,345	26,655
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	13,305	7,815	5,490
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	38,695	17,535	21,160
Location of study inside Canada	31,795	14,485	17,315
Same as province or territory of residence	22,345	9,935	12,410
Different than province or territory of residence	9,450	4,545	4,910
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	6,900	3,055	3,845
Americas	1,975	820	1,150
United States of America	1,390	565	830
Mexico	145	60	85
Cuba	10	10	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	10	10	0
Brazil	155	60	90
Colombia	55	25	25
Peru	55	30	25
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	10	25
Other locations of study in Americas	125	60	70
Europe	1,925	975	945
Belgium	10	0	10
France	110	50	55
Germany	110	35	75
Netherlands	65	30	35
Switzerland	40	10	30
Hungary	10	0	0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	35	10	25
Romania	15	10	0
Russian Federation	95	40	55
Ukraine	55	40	20
Ireland⁹⁶	80	35	45
United Kingdom⁸⁷	975	530	445
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	60	35	25
Serbia⁸⁶	35	0	15
Other locations of study in Europe	215	120	90
Africa	255	135	120
Nigeria	10	10	0
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	30	10	15
Tunisia	15	10	10
Egypt	20	15	0
South Africa, Republic of	80	45	40
Other locations of study in Africa	110	55	55
Asia	2,365	905	1,460
Iran⁸⁸	100	40	65
Iraq	15	10	10
Israel	15	10	0
Lebanon	20	10	10
Syria⁸⁹	25	10	15
Turkey	50	35	15
China⁹⁰	215	70	140
Taiwan	10	0	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	45	15	25
Japan	195	35	160
Korea, South⁹²	200	75	120
Philippines	870	310	565
Viet Nam	30	0	30
Bangladesh	10	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
India	380	205	175
Pakistan	45	25	25
Other locations of study in Asia	135	50	90
Oceania	390	210	175
Australia	325	185	140
New Zealand	60	25	30
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	79,470	37,595	41,880
In the labour force	53,400	26,515	26,885
Employed	49,070	24,285	24,785
Unemployed	4,330	2,230	2,100
Not in the labour force	26,075	11,080	14,995
Participation rate	67.2	70.5	64.2
Employment rate	61.7	64.6	59.2
Unemployment rate	8.1	8.4	7.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	79,470	37,595	41,875
Did not work¹⁸⁶	26,000	11,115	14,885
Worked	53,470	26,480	26,995
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	27,030	14,315	12,715
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	26,445	12,165	14,280
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.2	41.7	40.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	53,400	26,515	26,880
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	870	440	425
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	52,535	26,080	26,455
Employee	44,135	21,495	22,640
Permanent position	36,595	18,060	18,535
Temporary position	7,545	3,435	4,110
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,595	1,160	1,430
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,950	2,280	2,675
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,390	4,580	3,815
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	53,400	26,515	26,880
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	870	440	425
All occupations¹⁹¹	52,535	26,080	26,455
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	760	450	315
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	9,385	3,250	6,135
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,270	3,890	1,380
3 Health occupations	4,965	1,180	3,785
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	8,850	3,450	5,400
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,915	1,315	1,600
6 Sales and service occupations	13,395	6,640	6,760
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,485	4,800	685
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	755	535	220
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	745	565	185
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	53,400	26,515	26,880
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	870	440	425
All industries¹⁹¹	52,535	26,080	26,455
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	330	210	115
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	130	100	30
22 Utilities	80	65	15
23 Construction	2,955	2,630	325
31-33 Manufacturing	1,530	1,085	445
41 Wholesale trade	640	445	195
44-45 Retail trade	5,385	2,645	2,745
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	1,435	1,095	345
51 Information and cultural industries	1,325	750	570
52 Finance and insurance	1,305	655	650
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,135	630	505
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,170	3,520	2,650
55 Management of companies and enterprises	90	55	35
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,470	1,440	1,025
61 Educational services	4,450	1,695	2,755
62 Health care and social assistance	7,855	1,940	5,910
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,550	800	750
72 Accommodation and food services	4,690	2,315	2,375
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,090	780	1,315
91 Public administration	6,915	3,225	3,690
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	56,845	28,085	28,760
English	54,690	27,115	27,580
French	100	35	70
Non-official language	110	45	65
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	110	45	65
English and French	795	360	435
English and non-official language(s)	1,070	490	580
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	45	25
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	10
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	56,845	28,085	28,760
Single responses	56,605	27,980	28,630
Official languages	56,345	27,870	28,475
English	56,120	27,805	28,315
French	225	65	160
Non-official languages	265	110	155
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	260	110	150
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	10	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	10	10	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	70	30	35
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	10	0	10
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	10	0	10
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	15	15	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	10	10	0
German	10	10	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	45	20	25
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	15	10	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	30	10	20
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	40	15	30
Korean	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	90	60	35
Chinese languages	90	60	35
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	35	10	20
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	55	40	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	0	20
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	20	0	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	10	0	10
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	10	0	10
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	235	100	135
English and French	75	15	60
English and non-official language(s)	150	85	65
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	56,845	28,085	28,760
None	55,110	27,275	27,840
English	250	85	165
French	605	320	280
Non-official language	705	315	385
Indigenous³⁹	25	10	15
Non-Indigenous	675	305	370
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	15	0	10
French and non-official language(s)	50	30	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	100	40	60
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	49,065	24,280	24,785
Worked at home	14,725	6,910	7,815
Worked outside Canada	110	85	25
No fixed workplace address	5,195	3,645	1,545
Usual place of work	29,040	13,640	15,395
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	29,040	13,645	15,395
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	18,330	8,110	10,230
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	10,050	5,155	4,900
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	495	290	210
Commute to a different province or territory	155	90	65
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	34,230	17,290	16,945
Car, truck or van	18,245	9,535	8,705
Car, truck or van - as a driver	16,695	8,985	7,705
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,550	550	1,000
Public transit	3,800	1,715	2,085
Walked	7,690	3,470	4,220
Bicycle	3,300	1,895	1,400
Other method	1,200	670	535
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	34,230	17,290	16,945
Less than 15 minutes	12,885	6,100	6,785
15 to 29 minutes	14,570	7,400	7,175
30 to 44 minutes	4,840	2,645	2,195
45 to 59 minutes	1,105	630	475
60 minutes and over	830	520	315
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	34,230	17,290	16,945
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,010	660	350
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,390	2,590	1,800
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,825	4,640	4,185
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,095	4,090	5,005
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,160	2,850	3,310
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,745	2,455	2,295
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	10,175	5,140	5,035
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	855	395	455
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,325	4,750	4,575
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	7,065	3,530	3,535
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	610	275	330
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	300	125	175
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	305	150	155
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,455	3,255	3,205

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 21, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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