Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Halifax, Regional municipality (RGM)More information: Nova Scotia [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	439,819^E	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	403,131	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	9.1^E	...	...	9.1^E	...	...
Total private dwellings²	200,473	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	190,512	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	80.3	...	...	80.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	5,475.57	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	439,820	214,300	225,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	65,025	33,300	31,730	14.8	15.5	14.1
0 to 4 years	19,795	10,050	9,745	4.5	4.7	4.3
5 to 9 years	22,630	11,595	11,035	5.1	5.4	4.9
10 to 14 years	22,600	11,655	10,945	5.1	5.4	4.9
15 to 64 years	298,640	146,980	151,655	67.9	68.6	67.2
15 to 19 years	21,880	11,270	10,615	5.0	5.3	4.7
20 to 24 years	32,125	16,535	15,585	7.3	7.7	6.9
25 to 29 years	34,775	17,420	17,355	7.9	8.1	7.7
30 to 34 years	33,180	16,390	16,790	7.5	7.6	7.4
35 to 39 years	30,795	15,045	15,755	7.0	7.0	7.0
40 to 44 years	28,300	13,640	14,655	6.4	6.4	6.5
45 to 49 years	27,735	13,355	14,380	6.3	6.2	6.4
50 to 54 years	28,120	13,405	14,715	6.4	6.3	6.5
55 to 59 years	32,055	15,630	16,425	7.3	7.3	7.3
60 to 64 years	29,665	14,290	15,380	6.7	6.7	6.8
65 years and over	76,150	34,020	42,135	17.3	15.9	18.7
65 to 69 years	24,835	11,520	13,320	5.6	5.4	5.9
70 to 74 years	21,030	9,710	11,320	4.8	4.5	5.0
75 to 79 years	13,835	6,335	7,500	3.1	3.0	3.3
80 to 84 years	8,565	3,635	4,930	1.9	1.7	2.2
85 years and over	7,885	2,820	5,065	1.8	1.3	2.2
85 to 89 years	5,125	2,040	3,085	1.2	1.0	1.4
90 to 94 years	2,065	660	1,410	0.5	0.3	0.6
95 to 99 years	605	105	500	0.1	0.0	0.2
100 years and over	85	15	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.8	15.5	14.1	14.8	15.5	14.1
15 to 64 years	67.9	68.6	67.2	67.9	68.6	67.2
65 years and over	17.3	15.9	18.7	17.3	15.9	18.7
85 years and over	1.8	1.3	2.2	1.8	1.3	2.2
Average age of the population	41.3	40.3	42.3	41.3	40.3	42.3
Median age of the population	40.4	39.2	41.6	40.4	39.2	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	190,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	90,825	...	...	47.7	...	...
Semi-detached house	12,485	...	...	6.6	...	...
Row house	7,390	...	...	3.9	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,540	...	...	3.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	40,470	...	...	21.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	28,320	...	...	14.9	...	...
Other single-attached house	200	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	4,270	...	...	2.2	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	190,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	56,935	...	...	29.9	...	...
2 persons	71,090	...	...	37.3	...	...
3 persons	29,105	...	...	15.3	...	...
4 persons	22,770	...	...	12.0	...	...
5 or more persons	10,615	...	...	5.6	...	...
Number of persons in private households	435,290	212,255	223,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	374,790	181,000	193,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	209,905	104,635	105,265	56.0	57.8	54.3
Married	163,010	81,210	81,800	43.5	44.9	42.2
Living common-law	46,895	23,430	23,460	12.5	12.9	12.1
Living common law - Never married	35,505	17,745	17,755	9.5	9.8	9.2
Living common law - Separated	2,100	1,060	1,040	0.6	0.6	0.5
Living common law - Divorced	8,380	4,250	4,125	2.2	2.3	2.1
Living common law - Widowed	910	370	535	0.2	0.2	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	164,890	76,365	88,525	44.0	42.2	45.7
Not married and not living common law - Never married	114,600	60,060	54,540	30.6	33.2	28.1
Not married and not living common law - Separated	10,230	4,345	5,885	2.7	2.4	3.0
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	21,895	8,005	13,890	5.8	4.4	7.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	18,160	3,950	14,215	4.8	2.2	7.3
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	122,865	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	68,870	...	...	56.1	...	...
3 persons	25,960	...	...	21.1	...	...
4 persons	20,675	...	...	16.8	...	...
5 or more persons	7,360	...	...	6.0	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	122,865	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	103,045	...	...	83.9	...	...
Married couples	79,600	...	...	64.8	...	...
With children⁶	39,500	...	...	32.1	...	...
Without children	40,095	...	...	32.6	...	...
Common-law couples	23,445	...	...	19.1	...	...
With children⁶	7,140	...	...	5.8	...	...
Without children	16,305	...	...	13.3	...	...
Total one-parent families	19,820	...	...	16.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	15,805	...	...	12.9	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	4,015	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	435,290	212,255	223,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	337,625	166,095	171,530	77.6	78.3	76.9
Married spouses or common-law partners	206,085	102,850	103,235	47.3	48.5	46.3
Parents in one-parent families	19,820	4,020	15,800	4.6	1.9	7.1
Children⁶	111,715	59,225	52,490	25.7	27.9	23.5
In a two-parent family	82,010	43,280	38,725	18.8	20.4	17.4
In a one-parent family	29,710	15,945	13,765	6.8	7.5	6.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	97,665	46,160	51,505	22.4	21.7	23.1
Living alone	56,940	24,815	32,120	13.1	11.7	14.4
Living with other relatives⁷	9,900	4,120	5,780	2.3	1.9	2.6
Living with non-relatives only	30,825	17,225	13,600	7.1	8.1	6.1
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	190,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	110,240	...	...	57.9	...	...
Couple-family households	94,585	...	...	49.6	...	...
With children⁶	43,080	...	...	22.6	...	...
Without children	51,505	...	...	27.0	...	...
One-parent-family households	15,650	...	...	8.2	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,820	...	...	2.0	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	800	...	...	0.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	5,305	...	...	2.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	13,410	...	...	7.0	...	...
One-person households	56,940	...	...	29.9	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	370,355	179,015	191,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	357,435	172,620	184,810	96.5	96.4	96.6
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	47,200	38,000	42,000	47,200	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	357,645	172,735	184,915	96.6	96.5	96.6
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,800	34,000	36,800	40,800	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	324,120	159,105	165,015	87.5	88.9	86.2
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	44,000	31,600	37,200	44,000	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	265,115	133,810	131,305	71.6	74.7	68.6
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	43,200	33,600	38,000	43,200	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	275,110	121,685	153,430	74.3	68.0	80.2
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,800	9,400	10,000	9,800	9,400	10,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	36,780	17,645	19,135	9.9	9.9	10.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,975	45,870	49,100	25.6	25.6	25.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	370,355	179,020	191,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	357,325	172,445	184,875	96.5	96.3	96.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,900	59,950	46,320	52,900	59,950	46,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	357,560	172,565	184,995	96.5	96.4	96.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,800	47,440	38,440	42,800	47,440	38,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	324,265	158,875	165,385	87.6	88.7	86.4
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,120	57,050	41,480	49,120	57,050	41,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	265,120	133,770	131,350	71.6	74.7	68.7
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,200	54,700	41,600	48,200	54,700	41,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	274,955	121,420	153,535	74.2	67.8	80.2
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,830	10,490	11,100	10,830	10,490	11,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	37,010	17,615	19,395	10.0	9.8	10.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,620	6,280	6,930	6,620	6,280	6,930
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,895	45,895	48,995	25.6	25.6	25.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	8,980	9,010	9,000	8,980	9,010
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	370,350	179,025	191,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	134,115	71,855	62,260	36.2	40.1	32.5
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,400	67,500	56,800	62,400	67,500	56,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,800	78,200	64,300	71,800	78,200	64,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	100,890	46,655	54,235	27.2	26.1	28.3
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,400	18,200	15,100	16,400	18,200	15,100
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,000	29,920	22,620	26,000	29,920	22,620
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.2	87.6	80.2	84.2	87.6	80.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.6	70.8	63.8	67.6	70.8	63.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.8	12.3	19.9	15.8	12.3	19.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.1	1.6	1.3	1.1	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.1	4.4	6.0	5.1	4.4	6.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.5	4.0	5.2	4.5	4.0	5.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	370,355	179,010	191,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	12,920	6,395	6,530	3.5	3.6	3.4
With total income	357,430	172,620	184,815	96.5	96.4	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	28,820	12,940	15,880	8.1	7.5	8.6
$10,000 to $19,999	39,640	16,075	23,570	11.1	9.3	12.8
$20,000 to $29,999	54,510	23,085	31,425	15.3	13.4	17.0
$30,000 to $39,999	47,000	20,480	26,525	13.1	11.9	14.4
$40,000 to $49,999	41,710	18,400	23,310	11.7	10.7	12.6
$50,000 to $59,999	33,315	15,840	17,475	9.3	9.2	9.5
$60,000 to $69,999	26,330	14,115	12,215	7.4	8.2	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	20,805	11,780	9,030	5.8	6.8	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	17,685	9,965	7,715	4.9	5.8	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	13,150	7,350	5,795	3.7	4.3	3.1
$100,000 and over	34,455	22,590	11,865	9.6	13.1	6.4
$100,000 to $149,999	23,760	15,040	8,720	6.6	8.7	4.7
$150,000 and over	10,700	7,555	3,145	3.0	4.4	1.7
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	370,355	179,010	191,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	12,705	6,280	6,430	3.4	3.5	3.4
With after-tax income	357,645	172,735	184,910	96.6	96.5	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	31,065	13,485	17,580	8.7	7.8	9.5
$10,000 to $19,999	42,100	17,270	24,835	11.8	10.0	13.4
$20,000 to $29,999	64,860	28,165	36,695	18.1	16.3	19.8
$30,000 to $39,999	58,560	25,820	32,740	16.4	14.9	17.7
$40,000 to $49,999	48,365	22,685	25,680	13.5	13.1	13.9
$50,000 to $59,999	36,240	19,420	16,820	10.1	11.2	9.1
$60,000 to $69,999	26,920	15,155	11,765	7.5	8.8	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	17,945	9,955	7,995	5.0	5.8	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	10,570	6,475	4,095	3.0	3.7	2.2
$90,000 to $99,999	6,285	4,045	2,245	1.8	2.3	1.2
$100,000 and over	14,725	10,265	4,460	4.1	5.9	2.4
$100,000 to $124,999	7,480	5,110	2,365	2.1	3.0	1.3
$125,000 and over	7,245	5,155	2,095	2.0	3.0	1.1
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	370,355	179,010	191,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	105,240	45,205	60,035	28.4	25.3	31.4
With employment income	265,115	133,810	131,305	71.6	74.8	68.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	34,470	16,110	18,360	13.0	12.0	14.0
$5,000 to $9,999	21,235	9,400	11,830	8.0	7.0	9.0
$10,000 to $19,999	31,435	14,145	17,290	11.9	10.6	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	25,355	11,910	13,450	9.6	8.9	10.2
$30,000 to $39,999	24,730	11,600	13,125	9.3	8.7	10.0
$40,000 to $49,999	24,630	11,105	13,530	9.3	8.3	10.3
$50,000 to $59,999	20,780	10,405	10,370	7.8	7.8	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	17,505	9,805	7,700	6.6	7.3	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	15,095	8,555	6,535	5.7	6.4	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	13,920	7,765	6,150	5.3	5.8	4.7
$90,000 to $99,999	10,420	5,925	4,495	3.9	4.4	3.4
$100,000 and over	25,540	17,075	8,465	9.6	12.8	6.4
$100,000 to $124,999	12,695	7,925	4,770	4.8	5.9	3.6
$125,000 and over	12,845	9,150	3,700	4.8	6.8	2.8
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	370,355	179,015	191,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	349,005	167,880	181,125	94.2	93.8	94.7
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	46,000	34,800	39,600	46,000	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	349,410	167,940	181,470	94.3	93.8	94.8
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	39,600	31,200	34,800	39,600	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	320,260	156,815	163,440	86.5	87.6	85.4
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	44,000	31,800	37,200	44,000	31,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	265,185	133,190	131,995	71.6	74.4	69.0
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	43,200	32,800	37,600	43,200	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	236,910	100,450	136,460	64.0	56.1	71.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	4,160	6,240	5,640	4,160	6,240
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	27,630	13,080	14,550	7.5	7.3	7.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,960	5,760	6,120	5,960	5,760	6,120
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	370,355	179,020	191,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	348,810	167,740	181,070	94.2	93.7	94.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,880	59,250	43,160	50,880	59,250	43,160
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	349,180	167,790	181,390	94.3	93.7	94.8
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,960	46,520	35,800	40,960	46,520	35,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	320,380	156,555	163,825	86.5	87.5	85.6
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,560	58,600	40,920	49,560	58,600	40,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	265,060	133,110	131,955	71.6	74.4	69.0
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,400	56,150	40,560	48,400	56,150	40,560
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	236,865	100,060	136,805	64.0	55.9	71.5
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,930	7,610	8,150	7,930	7,610	8,150
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	28,460	13,500	14,965	7.7	7.5	7.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,450	6,970	7,880	7,450	6,970	7,880
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	370,350	179,025	191,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	133,145	71,290	61,855	36.0	39.8	32.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,400	64,000	52,000	58,400	64,000	52,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,600	75,000	59,000	67,600	75,000	59,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	94,830	43,675	51,150	25.6	24.4	26.7
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,600	23,200	18,800	20,600	23,200	18,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,080	38,560	26,600	32,080	38,560	26,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.4	92.4	85.8	89.4	92.4	85.8
Employment income (%)	72.2	75.2	68.4	72.2	75.2	68.4
Government transfers (%)	10.6	7.7	14.3	10.6	7.7	14.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	1.0	1.5	1.2	1.0	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	190,510	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...	69,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	56,940	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	...	...	42,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,200	...	...	37,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	133,575	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	190,505	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	99,200	...	...	99,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,300	...	...	80,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	56,965	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,400	...	...	51,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,920	...	...	41,920	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	133,540	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,600	...	...	119,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,700	...	...	96,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	190,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,580	...	...	1.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,185	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,245	...	...	1.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,945	...	...	1.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,270	...	...	3.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,100	...	...	3.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,340	...	...	3.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,970	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	7,390	...	...	3.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,545	...	...	4.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	14,605	...	...	7.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	14,255	...	...	7.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	13,310	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	12,465	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	11,470	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	72,840	...	...	38.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	22,610	...	...	11.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	16,320	...	...	8.6	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	18,875	...	...	9.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	15,035	...	...	7.9	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	190,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,905	...	...	1.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,230	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,310	...	...	1.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,190	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,995	...	...	4.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	7,535	...	...	4.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	8,060	...	...	4.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	8,965	...	...	4.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	9,000	...	...	4.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	8,940	...	...	4.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	17,935	...	...	9.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	17,340	...	...	9.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	15,615	...	...	8.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	13,830	...	...	7.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	11,780	...	...	6.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	52,870	...	...	27.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	21,875	...	...	11.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	13,745	...	...	7.2	...	...
$150,000 and over	17,255	...	...	9.1	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	122,615	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	52,730	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	47,180	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	135,000	...	...	135,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	18,475	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...	67,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,400	...	...	60,400	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	87,765	42,040	45,725	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	37,600	36,800	37,200	37,600	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	33,200	33,200	33,200	33,200	33,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	122,470	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	121,700	...	...	121,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,700	...	...	97,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	52,555	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,200	...	...	112,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,800	...	...	89,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	47,290	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	151,600	...	...	151,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,900	...	...	119,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	18,400	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,900	...	...	74,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,700	...	...	64,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	87,870	42,110	45,760	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,600	46,280	44,920	45,600	46,280	44,920
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,920	38,160	37,720	37,920	38,160	37,720
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	435,290	212,255	223,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	77,805	39,865	37,940	17.9	18.8	17.0
0 to 5 years	24,195	12,300	11,895	5.6	5.8	5.3
18 to 64 years	284,175	139,255	144,920	65.3	65.6	65.0
65 years and over	73,310	33,135	40,175	16.8	15.6	18.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	52,355	24,455	27,900	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	11,420	5,920	5,500	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	3,940	2,025	1,915	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	31,255	14,885	16,370	...	...	...
65 years and over	9,680	3,645	6,030	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.0	11.5	12.5	12.0	11.5	12.5
0 to 17 years (%)	14.7	14.9	14.5	14.7	14.9	14.5
0 to 5 years (%)	16.3	16.4	16.1	16.3	16.4	16.1
18 to 64 years (%)	11.0	10.7	11.3	11.0	10.7	11.3
65 years and over (%)	13.2	11.0	15.0	13.2	11.0	15.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	435,290	212,255	223,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	77,805	39,865	37,940	17.9	18.8	17.0
0 to 5 years	24,195	12,305	11,890	5.6	5.8	5.3
18 to 64 years	284,175	139,255	144,920	65.3	65.6	65.0
65 years and over	73,310	33,135	40,170	16.8	15.6	18.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	24,455	12,445	12,010	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	4,075	2,095	1,980	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,270	680	595	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	19,055	9,800	9,250	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,325	550	775	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.6	5.9	5.4	5.6	5.9	5.4
0 to 17 years (%)	5.2	5.3	5.2	5.2	5.3	5.2
0 to 5 years (%)	5.3	5.5	5.0	5.3	5.5	5.0
18 to 64 years (%)	6.7	7.0	6.4	6.7	7.0	6.4
65 years and over (%)	1.8	1.7	1.9	1.8	1.7	1.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	435,290	212,255	223,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	231,300	110,295	120,995	53.1	52.0	54.2
In bottom decile	50,885	24,535	26,345	11.7	11.6	11.8
In second decile	46,260	21,340	24,915	10.6	10.1	11.2
In third decile	44,835	21,195	23,635	10.3	10.0	10.6
In fourth decile	44,705	21,375	23,330	10.3	10.1	10.5
In fifth decile	44,620	21,850	22,775	10.3	10.3	10.2
In top half of the distribution	203,995	101,955	102,040	46.9	48.0	45.8
In sixth decile	44,075	21,800	22,270	10.1	10.3	10.0
In seventh decile	44,215	22,105	22,110	10.2	10.4	9.9
In eighth decile	43,270	21,615	21,660	9.9	10.2	9.7
In ninth decile	39,170	19,645	19,525	9.0	9.3	8.8
In top decile	33,270	16,790	16,475	7.6	7.9	7.4
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	435,290	...	...	435,290	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.330	...	...	0.330	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.426	...	...	0.426	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.286	...	...	0.286	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	436,510	212,925	223,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	380,205	188,370	191,835	87.1	88.5	85.8
French only	295	125	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	53,460	23,275	30,185	12.2	10.9	13.5
Neither English nor French	2,555	1,155	1,400	0.6	0.5	0.6
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	436,510	212,925	223,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	422,550	206,215	216,335	96.8	96.8	96.8
French	9,925	4,870	5,055	2.3	2.3	2.3
English and French	1,635	760	875	0.4	0.4	0.4
Neither English nor French	2,400	1,075	1,330	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	436,510	212,925	223,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	424,930	207,240	217,695	97.3	97.3	97.4
Official languages	379,110	183,765	195,350	86.9	86.3	87.4
English	369,130	178,885	190,240	84.6	84.0	85.1
French	9,985	4,880	5,105	2.3	2.3	2.3
Non-official languages	45,820	23,470	22,345	10.5	11.0	10.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	45,745	23,440	22,305	10.5	11.0	10.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,030	4,295	3,735	1.8	2.0	1.7
Berber languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	245	130	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	165	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	7,765	4,160	3,605	1.8	2.0	1.6
Amharic	160	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	7,135	3,835	3,305	1.6	1.8	1.5
Aramaic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	210	120	100	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	230	115	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	755	360	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	740	355	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,670	1,150	1,525	0.6	0.5	0.7
Bikol	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	165	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	70	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,210	965	1,245	0.5	0.5	0.6
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,435	1,380	1,055	0.6	0.6	0.5
Kannada	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,190	675	510	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tamil	480	255	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	685	405	280	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tulu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	20,175	10,615	9,560	4.6	5.0	4.3
Albanian	310	160	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,220	1,515	1,705	0.7	0.7	0.8
Baltic languages	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,175	1,500	1,675	0.7	0.7	0.7
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	625	295	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	1,525	715	810	0.3	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	515	250	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	120	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	185	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	180	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	225	100	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,100	1,025	1,075	0.5	0.5	0.5
Frisian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,200	580	620	0.3	0.3	0.3
German	1,140	545	590	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	640	305	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	165	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	450	205	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	250	130	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	610	300	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	9,965	5,660	4,305	2.3	2.7	1.9
Indo-Aryan languages	8,320	4,805	3,515	1.9	2.3	1.6
Assamese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	810	465	345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	1,000	645	350	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hindi	1,660	940	715	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kacchi	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	165	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	390	195	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,160	1,870	1,290	0.7	0.9	0.6
Rohingya	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	185	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	850	455	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,640	850	790	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	205	110	95	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,335	685	650	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,050	545	500	0.2	0.3	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,905	1,925	1,980	0.9	0.9	0.9
Catalan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	555	295	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	1,095	535	555	0.3	0.3	0.2
Romanian	245	130	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	2,005	955	1,050	0.5	0.4	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	300	80	225	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	2,005	860	1,150	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	895	455	440	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	185	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	185	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	105	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	115	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,340	3,665	3,675	1.7	1.7	1.6
Chinese languages	7,315	3,650	3,665	1.7	1.7	1.6
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	5,970	2,990	2,985	1.4	1.4	1.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,040	495	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	180	110	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	435	255	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	315	190	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	245	105	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	180	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	11,580	5,685	5,890	2.7	2.7	2.6
English and French	3,375	1,460	1,910	0.8	0.7	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	7,095	3,675	3,420	1.6	1.7	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	245	115	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	310	150	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	550	290	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	436,510	212,925	223,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	374,200	181,875	192,325	85.7	85.4	86.0
French	2,215	1,065	1,145	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official language	12,975	6,590	6,385	3.0	3.1	2.9
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,955	6,580	6,380	3.0	3.1	2.9
English and French	8,595	3,820	4,775	2.0	1.8	2.1
English and non-official language(s)	35,355	18,040	17,315	8.1	8.5	7.7
French and non-official language(s)	150	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,945	920	1,025	0.4	0.4	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	1,075	550	525	0.2	0.3	0.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	436,510	212,925	223,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	426,370	207,830	218,540	97.7	97.6	97.7
Official languages	398,405	193,515	204,890	91.3	90.9	91.6
English	395,020	191,915	203,095	90.5	90.1	90.8
French	3,385	1,595	1,790	0.8	0.7	0.8
Non-official languages	27,965	14,315	13,650	6.4	6.7	6.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	27,945	14,305	13,635	6.4	6.7	6.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,070	2,595	2,475	1.2	1.2	1.1
Berber languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	185	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	145	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,870	2,495	2,380	1.1	1.2	1.1
Amharic	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,455	2,280	2,175	1.0	1.1	1.0
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	170	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	530	260	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	520	255	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,515	735	775	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,295	630	665	0.3	0.3	0.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,700	950	750	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kannada	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	905	510	400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	345	185	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	405	240	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	11,000	5,775	5,225	2.5	2.7	2.3
Albanian	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,530	730	800	0.4	0.3	0.4
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,520	725	800	0.3	0.3	0.4
Belarusian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	960	460	500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	225	105	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	405	200	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	145	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	240	105	135	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	6,800	3,740	3,060	1.6	1.8	1.4
Indo-Aryan languages	5,665	3,175	2,490	1.3	1.5	1.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	525	270	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	610	365	245	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hindi	1,045	595	445	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	80	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	310	150	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,445	1,425	1,025	0.6	0.7	0.5
Rohingya	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	510	265	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,135	565	570	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	930	460	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	735	365	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,875	925	955	0.4	0.4	0.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	675	335	345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	950	465	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	1,600	710	895	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	345	160	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	200	110	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	175	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,435	2,760	2,675	1.2	1.3	1.2
Chinese languages	5,435	2,760	2,675	1.2	1.3	1.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,670	2,380	2,295	1.1	1.1	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	580	275	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	120	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	225	115	110	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	155	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,145	5,095	5,050	2.3	2.4	2.3
English and French	1,405	645	755	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	8,355	4,270	4,090	1.9	2.0	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	170	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	436,510	212,925	223,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	397,625	193,660	203,965	91.1	91.0	91.2
English	12,860	6,530	6,330	2.9	3.1	2.8
French	6,570	2,890	3,675	1.5	1.4	1.6
Non-official language	14,345	7,190	7,150	3.3	3.4	3.2
Indigenous³⁹	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	14,260	7,160	7,100	3.3	3.4	3.2
English and French	275	120	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,960	1,050	910	0.4	0.5	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	965	455	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,860	990	875	0.4	0.5	0.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	435,290	212,260	223,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	432,760	211,035	221,725	99.4	99.4	99.4
English	432,420	210,905	221,515	99.3	99.4	99.3
French	53,690	23,270	30,420	12.3	11.0	13.6
Non-official languages	66,460	33,695	32,765	15.3	15.9	14.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	270	105	165	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	215	90	125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	170	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	170	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	66,230	33,595	32,630	15.2	15.8	14.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,865	6,450	5,415	2.7	3.0	2.4
Berber languages	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	310	180	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	120	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	195	110	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	11,575	6,290	5,285	2.7	3.0	2.4
Amharic	220	125	95	0.1	0.1	0.0
Arabic	10,560	5,780	4,780	2.4	2.7	2.1
Aramaic languages	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	715	350	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,030	545	480	0.2	0.3	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,010	535	470	0.2	0.3	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,115	1,780	2,335	0.9	0.8	1.0
Bikol	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	155	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	265	125	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	170	50	125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	115	35	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	60	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,840	1,680	2,155	0.9	0.8	1.0
Waray-Waray	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	160	55	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	440	175	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	3,635	2,065	1,570	0.8	1.0	0.7
Kannada	330	175	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	1,580	885	695	0.4	0.4	0.3
Tamil	1,240	690	545	0.3	0.3	0.2
Telugu	1,090	645	445	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tulu	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	31,875	16,410	15,465	7.3	7.7	6.9
Albanian	470	230	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,300	2,135	2,165	1.0	1.0	1.0
Baltic languages	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,225	2,115	2,115	1.0	1.0	0.9
Belarusian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	170	100	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	765	375	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	2,295	1,175	1,115	0.5	0.6	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	765	375	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	235	110	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	350	140	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	340	185	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	425	205	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	340	165	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Irish	130	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	4,320	2,075	2,240	1.0	1.0	1.0
Frisian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,030	1,480	1,545	0.7	0.7	0.7
German	2,995	1,480	1,520	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,035	510	525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	275	150	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	745	355	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	450	210	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	160	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	115	25	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	950	460	495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	13,985	7,840	6,145	3.2	3.7	2.8
Indo-Aryan languages	12,175	6,875	5,300	2.8	3.2	2.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,120	610	505	0.3	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	1,245	790	455	0.3	0.4	0.2
Hindi	7,965	4,515	3,450	1.8	2.1	1.5
Kacchi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	375	185	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	415	220	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	35	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,965	2,815	2,145	1.1	1.3	1.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	320	160	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,520	840	680	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	70	55	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,955	1,045	910	0.4	0.5	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	355	175	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	155	95	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,460	780	675	0.3	0.4	0.3
Dari	150	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,190	640	550	0.3	0.3	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,565	4,020	4,540	2.0	1.9	2.0
Catalan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,465	700	765	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	1,435	735	700	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	280	120	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	5,970	2,745	3,220	1.4	1.3	1.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,015	460	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	2,365	980	1,385	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,795	1,405	1,390	0.6	0.7	0.6
Akan (Twi)	160	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	25	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	415	175	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	635	360	280	0.1	0.2	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	965	475	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	405	230	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	370	210	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	110	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	255	175	85	0.1	0.1	0.0
African, n.o.s.	25	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	975	340	635	0.2	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	870	290	580	0.2	0.1	0.3
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,520	4,285	4,235	2.0	2.0	1.9
Chinese languages	8,455	4,245	4,210	1.9	2.0	1.9
Hakka	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	7,410	3,735	3,670	1.7	1.8	1.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,490	655	840	0.3	0.3	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	200	115	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	875	515	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	625	360	265	0.1	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	70	50	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	310	130	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	220	85	135	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	230	110	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	435,290	212,265	223,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	16,615	7,860	8,760	3.8	3.7	3.9
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	15,670	7,395	8,285	3.6	3.5	3.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	8,385	4,025	4,355	1.9	1.9	2.0
Métis	6,785	3,145	3,635	1.6	1.5	1.6
Inuk (Inuit)	505	220	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	490	235	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	455	230	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	418,675	204,405	214,270	96.2	96.3	96.1
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	435,290	212,265	223,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,660	1,795	1,865	0.8	0.8	0.8
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	431,630	210,465	221,165	99.2	99.2	99.2
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	190,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	109,540	...	...	57.5	...	...
Renter	80,965	...	...	42.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	190,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	12,475	...	...	6.5	...	...
Not condominium	178,035	...	...	93.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	190,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,470	...	...	0.8	...	...
1 bedroom	29,525	...	...	15.5	...	...
2 bedrooms	52,005	...	...	27.3	...	...
3 bedrooms	65,015	...	...	34.1	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	42,490	...	...	22.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	190,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	58,555	...	...	30.7	...	...
5 rooms	27,350	...	...	14.4	...	...
6 rooms	25,595	...	...	13.4	...	...
7 rooms	23,305	...	...	12.2	...	...
8 or more rooms	55,705	...	...	29.2	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	190,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	187,570	...	...	98.5	...	...
More than one person per room	2,930	...	...	1.5	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	190,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	181,890	...	...	95.5	...	...
Not suitable	8,615	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	190,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	34,670	...	...	18.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	50,975	...	...	26.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	27,710	...	...	14.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	26,560	...	...	13.9	...	...
2001 to 2005	13,275	...	...	7.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	12,275	...	...	6.4	...	...
2011 to 2015	11,180	...	...	5.9	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	13,860	...	...	7.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	190,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	178,390	...	...	93.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	12,115	...	...	6.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	190,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	94,735	...	...	49.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	87,670	...	...	46.0	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	8,100	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	190,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	8,985	...	...	4.7	...	...
25 to 34 years	32,610	...	...	17.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	32,490	...	...	17.1	...	...
45 to 54 years	32,220	...	...	16.9	...	...
55 to 64 years	36,580	...	...	19.2	...	...
65 to 74 years	28,115	...	...	14.8	...	...
75 to 84 years	14,615	...	...	7.7	...	...
85 years and over	4,895	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	190,355	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	148,795	...	...	78.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	41,560	...	...	21.8	...	...
30% to less than 100%	36,055	...	...	18.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	190,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	56,420	...	...	29.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	36,445	...	...	19.1	...	...
Not suitable only	6,075	...	...	3.2	...	...
Major repairs needed only	8,160	...	...	4.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,785	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	3,200	...	...	1.7	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	625	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	130	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	134,080	...	...	70.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	184,855	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	22,540	...	...	12.2	...	...
Not in core need	162,315	...	...	87.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	109,505	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	63.6	...	...	63.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	10.8	...	...	10.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.0	...	...	5.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,290	...	...	1,290	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,386	...	...	1,386	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	348,000	...	...	348,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	403,600	...	...	403,600	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	80,960	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.8	...	...	7.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.7	...	...	36.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	22.4	...	...	22.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,170	...	...	1,170	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,251	...	...	1,251	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	435,290	212,260	223,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	4,925	2,320	2,605	1.1	1.1	1.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	4,770	2,250	2,520	1.1	1.1	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	3,540	1,700	1,835	0.8	0.8	0.8
Métis single ancestry	1,040	470	570	0.2	0.2	0.3
Inuit single ancestry	195	80	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	155	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	18,880	8,755	10,125	4.3	4.1	4.5
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	18,495	8,585	9,910	4.2	4.0	4.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	13,125	6,120	7,005	3.0	2.9	3.1
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,815	2,185	2,630	1.1	1.0	1.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	550	270	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	385	175	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	320	145	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	411,485	201,190	210,300	94.5	94.8	94.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	435,295	212,260	223,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	395,665	191,445	204,220	90.9	90.2	91.6
Canadian citizens aged under 18	71,490	36,710	34,780	16.4	17.3	15.6
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	324,175	154,730	169,440	74.5	72.9	76.0
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	39,625	20,815	18,805	9.1	9.8	8.4
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	435,295	212,260	223,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	367,730	177,640	190,090	84.5	83.7	85.2
Immigrants⁸¹	50,590	25,215	25,375	11.6	11.9	11.4
Before 1980	8,415	4,035	4,380	1.9	1.9	2.0
1980 to 1990	3,455	1,700	1,765	0.8	0.8	0.8
1991 to 2000	4,785	2,345	2,445	1.1	1.1	1.1
2001 to 2010	9,100	4,590	4,510	2.1	2.2	2.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	24,820	12,545	12,280	5.7	5.9	5.5
2011 to 2015	6,865	3,375	3,490	1.6	1.6	1.6
2016 to 2021	17,960	9,165	8,785	4.1	4.3	3.9
Non-permanent residents⁸³	16,970	9,400	7,565	3.9	4.4	3.4
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	50,595	25,215	25,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	5,710	2,890	2,820	11.3	11.5	11.1
5 to 14 years	9,275	4,885	4,390	18.3	19.4	17.3
15 to 24 years	7,260	3,545	3,710	14.3	14.1	14.6
25 to 44 years	24,565	11,850	12,720	48.6	47.0	50.1
45 years and over	3,780	2,045	1,735	7.5	8.1	6.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	50,595	25,215	25,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	6,780	3,280	3,500	13.4	13.0	13.8
Brazil	365	175	185	0.7	0.7	0.7
Colombia	195	105	85	0.4	0.4	0.3
El Salvador	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyana	180	80	105	0.4	0.3	0.4
Haiti	30	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Jamaica	570	260	310	1.1	1.0	1.2
Mexico	245	135	110	0.5	0.5	0.4
Peru	80	45	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	210	120	95	0.4	0.5	0.4
United States of America	3,550	1,630	1,915	7.0	6.5	7.5
Other places of birth in Americas	1,290	685	605	2.5	2.7	2.4
Europe	13,140	6,490	6,645	26.0	25.7	26.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	230	115	120	0.5	0.5	0.5
Croatia	175	70	105	0.3	0.3	0.4
France	250	140	115	0.5	0.6	0.5
Germany	910	470	435	1.8	1.9	1.7
Greece	275	125	155	0.5	0.5	0.6
Hungary	120	50	65	0.2	0.2	0.3
Italy	375	190	180	0.7	0.8	0.7
Netherlands	435	210	225	0.9	0.8	0.9
Poland	560	255	300	1.1	1.0	1.2
Portugal	175	100	75	0.3	0.4	0.3
Romania	255	105	150	0.5	0.4	0.6
Russian Federation	620	300	315	1.2	1.2	1.2
Serbia⁸⁶	130	55	80	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ukraine	520	285	230	1.0	1.1	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,350	3,165	3,180	12.6	12.6	12.5
Other places of birth in Europe	1,765	835	930	3.5	3.3	3.7
Africa	5,745	3,100	2,650	11.4	12.3	10.4
Algeria	65	45	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	255	145	110	0.5	0.6	0.4
Egypt	895	480	420	1.8	1.9	1.7
Eritrea	120	85	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
Ethiopia	245	140	105	0.5	0.6	0.4
Morocco	115	45	70	0.2	0.2	0.3
Nigeria	1,625	830	800	3.2	3.3	3.2
Somalia	130	80	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	425	225	200	0.8	0.9	0.8
Other places of birth in Africa	1,870	1,030	840	3.7	4.1	3.3
Asia	24,555	12,130	12,425	48.5	48.1	49.0
Afghanistan	125	65	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	980	495	485	1.9	2.0	1.9
Iraq	405	210	200	0.8	0.8	0.8
Lebanon	1,335	745	590	2.6	3.0	2.3
Syria⁸⁹	2,080	1,100	985	4.1	4.4	3.9
Turkey	295	165	135	0.6	0.7	0.5
China⁹⁰	3,740	1,740	2,005	7.4	6.9	7.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	295	125	175	0.6	0.5	0.7
Korea, South⁹²	1,015	445	570	2.0	1.8	2.2
Taiwan	155	70	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Philippines	3,420	1,485	1,935	6.8	5.9	7.6
Viet Nam	615	290	320	1.2	1.2	1.3
Bangladesh	510	255	250	1.0	1.0	1.0
India	4,790	2,505	2,280	9.5	9.9	9.0
Pakistan	780	410	370	1.5	1.6	1.5
Sri Lanka	350	180	175	0.7	0.7	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	3,650	1,835	1,815	7.2	7.3	7.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	375	220	150	0.7	0.9	0.6
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	17,955	9,170	8,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,535	820	715	8.5	8.9	8.1
Brazil	225	115	110	1.3	1.3	1.3
Colombia	30	15	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	245	105	140	1.4	1.1	1.6
Mexico	50	35	10	0.3	0.4	0.1
United States of America	550	295	250	3.1	3.2	2.8
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	15	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth in Americas	410	230	185	2.3	2.5	2.1
Europe	1,560	865	700	8.7	9.4	8.0
France	65	40	25	0.4	0.4	0.3
Germany	65	40	25	0.4	0.4	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	60	35	20	0.3	0.4	0.2
Italy	30	15	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	165	85	85	0.9	0.9	1.0
Ukraine	220	125	100	1.2	1.4	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	530	320	205	3.0	3.5	2.3
Other places of birth in Europe	425	205	225	2.4	2.2	2.6
Africa	3,195	1,710	1,490	17.8	18.6	17.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	20	15	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	160	85	75	0.9	0.9	0.9
Côte d'Ivoire	40	15	25	0.2	0.2	0.3
Egypt	350	195	155	1.9	2.1	1.8
Eritrea	50	45	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Ethiopia	95	55	40	0.5	0.6	0.5
Morocco	45	25	25	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigeria	1,405	685	720	7.8	7.5	8.2
Somalia	95	65	30	0.5	0.7	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	170	80	90	0.9	0.9	1.0
Sudan⁹⁷	155	110	50	0.9	1.2	0.6
Tunisia	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	565	315	255	3.1	3.4	2.9
Asia	11,590	5,725	5,865	64.6	62.4	66.7
Afghanistan	30	20	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bangladesh	340	175	165	1.9	1.9	1.9
China⁹⁰	1,910	915	995	10.6	10.0	11.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	35	25	10	0.2	0.3	0.1
India	3,235	1,660	1,570	18.0	18.1	17.9
Iran⁸⁸	205	95	110	1.1	1.0	1.3
Iraq	90	25	65	0.5	0.3	0.7
Israel	170	75	95	0.9	0.8	1.1
Japan	30	0	25	0.2	0.0	0.3
Jordan	150	70	75	0.8	0.8	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	480	190	295	2.7	2.1	3.4
Lebanon	135	70	65	0.8	0.8	0.7
Nepal	60	30	30	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pakistan	330	190	140	1.8	2.1	1.6
Philippines	1,555	700	850	8.7	7.6	9.7
Saudi Arabia	215	125	90	1.2	1.4	1.0
Sri Lanka	60	20	35	0.3	0.2	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	1,830	970	860	10.2	10.6	9.8
Turkey	105	50	55	0.6	0.5	0.6
United Arab Emirates	105	40	65	0.6	0.4	0.7
Viet Nam	195	95	95	1.1	1.0	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	335	170	170	1.9	1.9	1.9
Oceania and other⁹³	75	50	20	0.4	0.5	0.2
Australia	50	35	15	0.3	0.4	0.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	25	20	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	435,290	212,265	223,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	72,510	36,950	35,560	16.7	17.4	15.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	43,205	21,530	21,680	9.9	10.1	9.7
Third generation or more¹⁰²	319,570	153,780	165,790	73.4	72.4	74.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	42,175	21,180	20,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	27,330	14,065	13,275	64.8	66.4	63.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	11,320	6,830	4,490	26.8	32.2	21.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	16,015	7,230	8,785	38.0	34.1	41.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,370	3,670	4,705	19.8	17.3	22.4
Refugees¹⁰⁸	6,150	3,300	2,850	14.6	15.6	13.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	320	145	170	0.8	0.7	0.8
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	42,175	21,180	20,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	835	515	320	2.0	2.4	1.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,700	2,930	2,765	13.5	13.8	13.2
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,745	935	810	4.1	4.4	3.9
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,220	2,290	1,930	10.0	10.8	9.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	305	95	205	0.7	0.4	1.0
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	29,375	14,405	14,965	69.7	68.0	71.3
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	435,290	212,265	223,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	72,940	37,410	35,535	16.8	17.6	15.9
South Asian	16,765	9,430	7,330	3.9	4.4	3.3
Chinese	9,750	4,770	4,980	2.2	2.2	2.2
Black	20,565	10,140	10,425	4.7	4.8	4.7
Filipino	4,485	2,010	2,470	1.0	0.9	1.1
Arab	9,455	5,185	4,265	2.2	2.4	1.9
Latin American	2,255	1,150	1,110	0.5	0.5	0.5
Southeast Asian	1,860	920	945	0.4	0.4	0.4
West Asian	1,705	920	785	0.4	0.4	0.4
Korean	2,385	1,015	1,370	0.5	0.5	0.6
Japanese	760	310	455	0.2	0.1	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	775	395	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	2,190	1,165	1,025	0.5	0.5	0.5
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	362,350	174,850	187,500	83.2	82.4	84.1
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	435,290	212,260	223,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	59,540	29,030	30,505	13.7	13.7	13.7
English	99,790	48,005	51,785	22.9	22.6	23.2
Irish	93,165	43,695	49,470	21.4	20.6	22.2
Scottish	104,235	49,665	54,570	23.9	23.4	24.5
French, n.o.s.¹²²	50,630	23,885	26,740	11.6	11.3	12.0
German	39,275	18,740	20,525	9.0	8.8	9.2
Chinese	9,565	4,680	4,885	2.2	2.2	2.2
Italian	8,565	4,250	4,310	2.0	2.0	1.9
Indian (India)	10,945	6,075	4,865	2.5	2.9	2.2
Ukrainian	5,440	2,635	2,800	1.2	1.2	1.3
Dutch	11,480	5,260	6,220	2.6	2.5	2.8
Polish	5,750	2,880	2,870	1.3	1.4	1.3
Québécois	1,115	535	580	0.3	0.3	0.3
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	16,630	8,020	8,610	3.8	3.8	3.9
Filipino	4,055	1,835	2,220	0.9	0.9	1.0
French Canadian	3,400	1,590	1,805	0.8	0.7	0.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	25,320	12,135	13,185	5.8	5.7	5.9
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,485	2,560	2,925	1.3	1.2	1.3
Métis	6,310	2,860	3,445	1.4	1.3	1.5
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	22,640	11,155	11,480	5.2	5.3	5.1
Russian	2,805	1,340	1,465	0.6	0.6	0.7
Norwegian	3,175	1,490	1,685	0.7	0.7	0.8
Welsh	8,975	4,225	4,755	2.1	2.0	2.1
Portuguese	1,960	955	1,000	0.5	0.4	0.4
American	3,495	1,710	1,785	0.8	0.8	0.8
Spanish	2,550	1,220	1,335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Swedish	2,195	955	1,240	0.5	0.4	0.6
Hungarian	1,695	845	855	0.4	0.4	0.4
Acadian	19,585	8,795	10,785	4.5	4.1	4.8
Pakistani	1,055	550	505	0.2	0.3	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	5,755	2,845	2,910	1.3	1.3	1.3
Jewish	2,540	1,255	1,285	0.6	0.6	0.6
Punjabi	1,240	665	575	0.3	0.3	0.3
Vietnamese	1,135	615	515	0.3	0.3	0.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,080	1,595	1,485	0.7	0.8	0.7
Greek	2,170	1,110	1,055	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jamaican	1,285	635	645	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,265	1,015	1,250	0.5	0.5	0.6
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	515	230	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	2,110	890	1,220	0.5	0.4	0.5
Romanian	795	385	410	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanese	4,970	2,525	2,450	1.1	1.2	1.1
Iranian	1,065	560	505	0.2	0.3	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,190	590	600	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	1,800	840	960	0.4	0.4	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,725	1,290	1,435	0.6	0.6	0.6
Sikh	785	455	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austrian	1,095	520	570	0.3	0.2	0.3
Belgian	1,290	625	660	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	110	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	1,210	700	505	0.3	0.3	0.2
Mexican	595	320	280	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mennonite	190	115	75	0.0	0.1	0.0
Swiss	1,395	580	810	0.3	0.3	0.4
Finnish	760	340	415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lankan	415	215	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	595	255	335	0.1	0.1	0.2
Japanese	850	360	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	825	500	330	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	6,100	2,875	3,220	1.4	1.4	1.4
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,870	885	985	0.4	0.4	0.4
Muslim	695	375	320	0.2	0.2	0.1
Egyptian	1,210	675	535	0.3	0.3	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	655	350	300	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamil	340	170	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	450	185	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	390	225	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	230	95	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	605	285	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	1,955	1,075	880	0.4	0.5	0.4
Guyanese	405	210	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	215	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,825	1,330	1,495	0.6	0.6	0.7
Serbian	310	170	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	280	125	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	3,720	1,760	1,960	0.9	0.8	0.9
Hong Konger	190	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	675	365	310	0.2	0.2	0.1
Persian	380	180	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	415	235	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	590	330	260	0.1	0.2	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	820	395	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bangladeshi	680	360	320	0.2	0.2	0.1
Algerian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	530	265	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	960	475	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	240	140	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slovak	375	170	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,000	500	500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	200	115	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Taiwanese	240	115	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	270	145	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	95	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Caribbean	685	335	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	470	260	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,715	910	805	0.4	0.4	0.4
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	355	150	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	130	45	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	425	195	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	395	185	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	415	190	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	350	180	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	740	405	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chilean	200	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congolese	360	170	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	9,915	4,685	5,230	2.3	2.2	2.3
Ethiopian	290	150	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	210	85	125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Peruvian	135	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	850	435	415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	475	240	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	285	175	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	145	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,200	585	615	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Brunswicker	810	365	445	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	245	155	90	0.1	0.1	0.0
Eritrean	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	3,840	1,850	1,990	0.9	0.9	0.9
Israeli	410	225	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	285	130	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	220	110	105	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bulgarian	250	130	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	195	115	75	0.0	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	470	225	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	715	370	345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	170	95	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	265	140	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	205	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	275	150	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	125	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	335	145	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	185	115	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cameroonian	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	215	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
Laotian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	230	140	90	0.1	0.1	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,075	545	535	0.2	0.3	0.2
British Columbian	110	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	75	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	225	95	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kurdish	280	145	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	525	265	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	150	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	215	110	110	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	310	150	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	150	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	190	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Abenaki	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	170	115	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sudanese	110	75	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	130	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	80	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	215	120	100	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	170	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	1,975	890	1,090	0.5	0.4	0.5
Rwandan	90	60	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	190	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	495	280	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Caribbean	115	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	130	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	220	75	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Senegalese	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	60	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	115	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	160	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	405	235	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Basque	115	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	190	80	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Igorot	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	40	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	435	165	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maliseet	70	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	2,595	1,140	1,455	0.6	0.5	0.7
Malagasy	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	435,290	212,260	223,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,195	1,020	1,175	0.5	0.5	0.5
Christian	231,255	105,490	125,765	53.1	49.7	56.4
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	22,700	10,775	11,925	5.2	5.1	5.3
Anabaptist	100	65	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	36,470	16,255	20,220	8.4	7.7	9.1
Baptist	16,090	7,085	9,010	3.7	3.3	4.0
Catholic	102,325	47,810	54,515	23.5	22.5	24.4
Christian Orthodox	3,645	1,850	1,795	0.8	0.9	0.8
Jehovah's Witness	1,540	635	905	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	675	330	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lutheran	1,485	735	755	0.3	0.3	0.3
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,105	970	1,135	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	3,660	1,615	2,045	0.8	0.8	0.9
Presbyterian	3,940	1,710	2,230	0.9	0.8	1.0
Reformed	220	95	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
United Church	28,125	11,875	16,250	6.5	5.6	7.3
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	8,180	3,705	4,475	1.9	1.7	2.0
Hindu	6,840	3,950	2,895	1.6	1.9	1.3
Jewish	1,750	905	840	0.4	0.4	0.4
Muslim	13,220	7,185	6,035	3.0	3.4	2.7
Sikh	3,495	1,905	1,590	0.8	0.9	0.7
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	3,315	1,455	1,860	0.8	0.7	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	173,005	90,260	82,750	39.7	42.5	37.1
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	431,555	210,295	221,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	366,785	178,640	188,150	85.0	84.9	85.0
Movers	64,765	31,650	33,110	15.0	15.1	15.0
Non-migrants	44,685	21,750	22,935	10.4	10.3	10.4
Migrants	20,080	9,900	10,175	4.7	4.7	4.6
Internal migrants	16,085	7,945	8,140	3.7	3.8	3.7
Intraprovincial migrants	3,850	1,825	2,030	0.9	0.9	0.9
Interprovincial migrants	12,235	6,120	6,110	2.8	2.9	2.8
External migrants	4,000	1,960	2,040	0.9	0.9	0.9
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	415,495	202,160	213,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	237,185	114,780	122,410	57.1	56.8	57.4
Movers	178,310	87,380	90,930	42.9	43.2	42.6
Non-migrants	101,130	49,130	52,000	24.3	24.3	24.4
Migrants	77,180	38,255	38,930	18.6	18.9	18.2
Internal migrants	49,965	24,025	25,940	12.0	11.9	12.2
Intraprovincial migrants	14,880	6,875	8,005	3.6	3.4	3.8
Interprovincial migrants	35,085	17,150	17,935	8.4	8.5	8.4
External migrants	27,215	14,220	12,990	6.6	7.0	6.1
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	370,350	179,025	191,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	50,930	27,110	23,820	13.8	15.1	12.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	319,425	151,910	167,510	86.2	84.9	87.6
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	243,330	118,065	125,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	19,500	11,335	8,170	8.0	9.6	6.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	223,825	106,735	117,095	92.0	90.4	93.5
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	370,355	179,020	191,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	44,735	23,235	21,510	12.1	13.0	11.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	93,630	47,445	46,190	25.3	26.5	24.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	231,985	108,350	123,635	62.6	60.5	64.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	107,290	53,285	54,005	29.0	29.8	28.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	24,760	17,380	7,380	6.7	9.7	3.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	13,400	7,555	5,850	3.6	4.2	3.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	11,360	9,830	1,535	3.1	5.5	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	73,220	31,880	41,345	19.8	17.8	21.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	9,310	4,025	5,285	2.5	2.2	2.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	124,695	55,065	69,630	33.7	30.8	36.4
Bachelor's degree	81,385	35,815	45,570	22.0	20.0	23.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,265	3,210	4,055	2.0	1.8	2.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,045	1,515	1,530	0.8	0.8	0.8
Master's degree	28,345	11,835	16,515	7.7	6.6	8.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,650	2,695	1,960	1.3	1.5	1.0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	243,330	118,070	125,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,290	9,225	7,070	6.7	7.8	5.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	52,070	27,745	24,325	21.4	23.5	19.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	174,965	81,100	93,870	71.9	68.7	74.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	76,240	38,530	37,705	31.3	32.6	30.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	16,470	11,835	4,640	6.8	10.0	3.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,760	5,120	3,645	3.6	4.3	2.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	7,715	6,715	995	3.2	5.7	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	53,930	24,180	29,750	22.2	20.5	23.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,835	2,515	3,315	2.4	2.1	2.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	98,730	42,565	56,165	40.6	36.1	44.8
Bachelor's degree	64,145	28,025	36,115	26.4	23.7	28.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,700	2,340	3,360	2.3	2.0	2.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,395	1,050	1,345	1.0	0.9	1.1
Master's degree	23,065	9,325	13,735	9.5	7.9	11.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,425	1,830	1,600	1.4	1.5	1.3
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	370,355	179,025	191,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	138,365	70,675	67,695	37.4	39.5	35.4
Education	14,250	3,400	10,845	3.8	1.9	5.7
13. Education	14,250	3,400	10,845	3.8	1.9	5.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,490	3,545	3,940	2.0	2.0	2.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,020	725	295	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	6,470	2,825	3,645	1.7	1.6	1.9
Humanities	12,740	5,065	7,680	3.4	2.8	4.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	765	190	580	0.2	0.1	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	3,740	1,215	2,530	1.0	0.7	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,850	1,045	1,805	0.8	0.6	0.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	340	145	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	945	510	435	0.3	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,025	570	455	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	2,425	1,270	1,160	0.7	0.7	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	645	120	520	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	27,655	9,075	18,580	7.5	5.1	9.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	405	90	315	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,145	1,100	2,040	0.8	0.6	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,330	410	3,920	1.2	0.2	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	3,965	1,370	2,600	1.1	0.8	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	705	255	450	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	6,000	1,565	4,430	1.6	0.9	2.3
45. Social sciences	9,115	4,285	4,830	2.5	2.4	2.5
Business, management and public administration	54,510	21,280	33,225	14.7	11.9	17.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	100	15	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,415	760	2,660	0.9	0.4	1.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	50,990	20,505	30,490	13.8	11.5	15.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	12,130	5,770	6,360	3.3	3.2	3.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,535	2,300	3,235	1.5	1.3	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,795	1,115	1,675	0.8	0.6	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	255	45	205	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	3,310	2,220	1,095	0.9	1.2	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	235	90	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	12,275	8,150	4,125	3.3	4.6	2.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	10,015	7,130	2,885	2.7	4.0	1.5
25. Library science	840	140	695	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,215	745	470	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	200	130	70	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	41,980	37,490	4,495	11.3	20.9	2.3
04. Architecture and related services	1,270	765	505	0.3	0.4	0.3
14. Engineering	10,795	8,745	2,050	2.9	4.9	1.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	9,945	8,790	1,150	2.7	4.9	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	9,165	8,895	270	2.5	5.0	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	7,130	6,825	310	1.9	3.8	0.2
48. Precision production	3,665	3,475	190	1.0	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,585	1,545	2,045	1.0	0.9	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,925	670	1,255	0.5	0.4	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,665	880	785	0.4	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	32,355	6,145	26,210	8.7	3.4	13.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,340	1,095	1,245	0.6	0.6	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	28,785	4,395	24,390	7.8	2.5	12.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	105	20	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,120	625	500	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	12,975	6,880	6,095	3.5	3.8	3.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,470	2,215	5,250	2.0	1.2	2.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	205	175	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	400	385	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,035	1,555	485	0.5	0.9	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,870	2,545	325	0.8	1.4	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	243,330	118,065	125,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	68,365	36,970	31,395	28.1	31.3	25.1
Education	9,335	2,080	7,260	3.8	1.8	5.8
13. Education	9,335	2,080	7,260	3.8	1.8	5.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,130	2,920	3,210	2.5	2.5	2.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	825	550	270	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	5,305	2,365	2,940	2.2	2.0	2.3
Humanities	9,545	3,770	5,775	3.9	3.2	4.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	570	140	425	0.2	0.1	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	2,915	955	1,960	1.2	0.8	1.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,135	805	1,330	0.9	0.7	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	260	110	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	735	400	340	0.3	0.3	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	650	370	285	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	1,800	915	885	0.7	0.8	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	475	75	400	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	22,255	6,840	15,410	9.1	5.8	12.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	300	70	230	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,750	910	1,845	1.1	0.8	1.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,480	280	3,200	1.4	0.2	2.6
22. Legal professions and studies	3,200	960	2,245	1.3	0.8	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	540	210	330	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	4,800	1,230	3,570	2.0	1.0	2.9
45. Social sciences	7,175	3,185	3,990	2.9	2.7	3.2
Business, management and public administration	40,930	16,205	24,725	16.8	13.7	19.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	75	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,565	525	2,035	1.1	0.4	1.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	38,295	15,660	22,635	15.7	13.3	18.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,740	3,935	4,805	3.6	3.3	3.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,015	1,615	2,405	1.7	1.4	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,025	785	1,245	0.8	0.7	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	230	40	185	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	2,350	1,450	900	1.0	1.2	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	120	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	10,090	6,805	3,280	4.1	5.8	2.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	8,480	6,095	2,385	3.5	5.2	1.9
25. Library science	590	90	495	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	840	505	335	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	180	115	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	31,030	27,300	3,725	12.8	23.1	3.0
04. Architecture and related services	985	535	450	0.4	0.5	0.4
14. Engineering	8,255	6,565	1,685	3.4	5.6	1.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,275	6,340	935	3.0	5.4	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	6,750	6,505	245	2.8	5.5	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,120	4,900	225	2.1	4.2	0.2
48. Precision production	2,630	2,460	170	1.1	2.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,975	1,235	1,735	1.2	1.0	1.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,555	510	1,045	0.6	0.4	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,420	725	690	0.6	0.6	0.6
Health and related fields	24,200	4,825	19,375	9.9	4.1	15.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,795	850	945	0.7	0.7	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	21,460	3,545	17,915	8.8	3.0	14.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	95	15	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	845	410	435	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	9,700	5,165	4,530	4.0	4.4	3.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,535	1,685	3,845	2.3	1.4	3.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	155	135	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	260	250	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,605	1,210	395	0.7	1.0	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,150	1,885	265	0.9	1.6	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	243,330	118,065	125,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	68,365	36,970	31,395	28.1	31.3	25.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	174,965	81,095	93,870	71.9	68.7	74.9
Location of study inside Canada	152,495	70,375	82,115	62.7	59.6	65.6
Same as province or territory of residence	113,585	51,285	62,305	46.7	43.4	49.7
Different than province or territory of residence	38,905	19,095	19,810	16.0	16.2	15.8
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	22,470	10,725	11,755	9.2	9.1	9.4
Americas	4,585	2,215	2,370	1.9	1.9	1.9
United States of America	3,240	1,565	1,675	1.3	1.3	1.3
Mexico	225	110	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	65	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	185	80	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	390	195	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	270	120	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	5,025	2,525	2,505	2.1	2.1	2.0
Belgium	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	185	80	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	280	165	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	110	60	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	125	50	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Romania	105	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	355	165	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	245	115	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,610	1,365	1,240	1.1	1.2	1.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	515	245	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	1,835	940	895	0.8	0.8	0.7
Nigeria	660	330	325	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	500	260	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	225	105	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	395	220	175	0.2	0.2	0.1
Asia	10,525	4,765	5,765	4.3	4.0	4.6
Iran⁸⁸	365	155	205	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iraq	105	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	275	130	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	255	150	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	230	100	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	140	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,295	605	690	0.5	0.5	0.6
Taiwan	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	135	10	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	795	265	530	0.3	0.2	0.4
Philippines	1,895	700	1,190	0.8	0.6	1.0
Viet Nam	150	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	205	85	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
India	3,695	1,945	1,750	1.5	1.6	1.4
Pakistan	285	130	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	445	190	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oceania	495	270	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australia	415	210	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	75	65	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	370,355	179,020	191,330	...	...	...
In the labour force	242,690	124,170	118,520	...	...	...
Employed	215,070	111,280	103,790	...	...	...
Unemployed	27,620	12,890	14,730	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	127,665	54,850	72,810	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.5	69.4	61.9	65.5	69.4	61.9
Employment rate	58.1	62.2	54.2	58.1	62.2	54.2
Unemployment rate	11.4	10.4	12.4	11.4	10.4	12.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	370,355	179,025	191,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	125,325	54,590	70,735	33.8	30.5	37.0
Worked	245,025	124,430	120,595	66.2	69.5	63.0
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	137,945	74,360	63,580	37.2	41.5	33.2
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	107,090	50,070	57,015	28.9	28.0	29.8
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.8	42.4	41.2	41.8	42.4	41.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	242,690	124,170	118,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,860	2,460	2,400	2.0	2.0	2.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	237,830	121,710	116,120	98.0	98.0	98.0
Employee	211,830	106,175	105,660	87.3	85.5	89.2
Permanent position	175,830	89,545	86,285	72.5	72.1	72.8
Temporary position	35,995	16,625	19,375	14.8	13.4	16.3
Fixed term (1 year or more)	12,940	5,695	7,245	5.3	4.6	6.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	23,060	10,930	12,125	9.5	8.8	10.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	26,005	15,540	10,465	10.7	12.5	8.8
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	242,690	124,170	118,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,860	2,460	2,400	2.0	2.0	2.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	237,830	121,710	116,120	98.0	98.0	98.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,240	2,065	1,175	1.3	1.7	1.0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	43,080	13,810	29,265	17.8	11.1	24.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	22,235	16,820	5,420	9.2	13.5	4.6
3 Health occupations	21,510	4,415	17,090	8.9	3.6	14.4
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	35,685	13,990	21,690	14.7	11.3	18.3
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	8,275	3,910	4,370	3.4	3.1	3.7
6 Sales and service occupations	61,755	29,330	32,425	25.4	23.6	27.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	34,695	31,645	3,050	14.3	25.5	2.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,730	2,180	545	1.1	1.8	0.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	4,635	3,540	1,090	1.9	2.9	0.9
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	242,690	124,170	118,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,860	2,460	2,400	2.0	2.0	2.0
All industries¹⁹¹	237,830	121,710	116,120	98.0	98.0	98.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,725	1,195	525	0.7	1.0	0.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	835	685	150	0.3	0.6	0.1
22 Utilities	2,035	1,280	755	0.8	1.0	0.6
23 Construction	16,235	14,205	2,030	6.7	11.4	1.7
31-33 Manufacturing	10,160	7,335	2,820	4.2	5.9	2.4
41 Wholesale trade	6,290	4,470	1,820	2.6	3.6	1.5
44-45 Retail trade	27,065	12,845	14,220	11.2	10.3	12.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	10,575	8,265	2,310	4.4	6.7	1.9
51 Information and cultural industries	5,850	3,440	2,405	2.4	2.8	2.0
52 Finance and insurance	12,125	5,255	6,875	5.0	4.2	5.8
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	4,190	2,240	1,945	1.7	1.8	1.6
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	22,110	12,690	9,425	9.1	10.2	8.0
55 Management of companies and enterprises	410	195	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	11,575	7,060	4,520	4.8	5.7	3.8
61 Educational services	20,065	6,295	13,775	8.3	5.1	11.6
62 Health care and social assistance	32,610	6,620	25,985	13.4	5.3	21.9
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	4,760	2,310	2,450	2.0	1.9	2.1
72 Accommodation and food services	14,940	6,915	8,030	6.2	5.6	6.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	9,330	4,200	5,130	3.8	3.4	4.3
91 Public administration	24,935	14,210	10,725	10.3	11.4	9.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	261,100	132,590	128,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	249,335	127,450	121,885	95.5	96.1	94.8
French	1,075	270	810	0.4	0.2	0.6
Non-official language	600	330	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	600	330	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and French	6,625	2,615	4,005	2.5	2.0	3.1
English and non-official language(s)	3,235	1,820	1,415	1.2	1.4	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	200	80	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	261,100	132,590	128,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	259,755	131,970	127,785	99.5	99.5	99.4
Official languages	258,595	131,280	127,315	99.0	99.0	99.1
English	256,725	130,805	125,925	98.3	98.7	98.0
French	1,870	470	1,395	0.7	0.4	1.1
Non-official languages	1,160	690	465	0.4	0.5	0.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,160	690	465	0.4	0.5	0.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	115	95	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	115	95	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	110	90	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	285	155	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	85	60	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	520	320	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	520	320	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	415	265	155	0.2	0.2	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,350	615	735	0.5	0.5	0.6
English and French	730	265	465	0.3	0.2	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	600	345	255	0.2	0.3	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	261,100	132,590	128,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	252,290	128,625	123,665	96.6	97.0	96.2
English	1,310	535	775	0.5	0.4	0.6
French	5,120	2,160	2,955	2.0	1.6	2.3
Non-official language	2,000	1,085	915	0.8	0.8	0.7
Indigenous³⁹	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,965	1,065	900	0.8	0.8	0.7
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	175	65	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	180	95	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	215,070	111,280	103,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	59,655	27,580	32,075	27.7	24.8	30.9
Worked outside Canada	635	470	160	0.3	0.4	0.2
No fixed workplace address	24,710	18,800	5,915	11.5	16.9	5.7
Usual place of work	130,070	64,420	65,645	60.5	57.9	63.2
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	130,070	64,420	65,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	125,585	61,835	63,750	96.6	96.0	97.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	60	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,285	1,850	1,440	2.5	2.9	2.2
Commute to a different province or territory	1,140	710	430	0.9	1.1	0.7
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	154,785	83,220	71,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	126,110	69,930	56,180	81.5	84.0	78.5
Car, truck or van - as a driver	114,120	65,140	48,985	73.7	78.3	68.5
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	11,990	4,795	7,200	7.7	5.8	10.1
Public transit	12,540	5,420	7,120	8.1	6.5	9.9
Walked	11,250	5,215	6,040	7.3	6.3	8.4
Bicycle	1,145	795	350	0.7	1.0	0.5
Other method	3,735	1,870	1,870	2.4	2.2	2.6
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	154,785	83,220	71,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	47,095	22,935	24,160	30.4	27.6	33.8
15 to 29 minutes	67,245	37,005	30,245	43.4	44.5	42.3
30 to 44 minutes	27,645	15,825	11,825	17.9	19.0	16.5
45 to 59 minutes	6,715	3,695	3,020	4.3	4.4	4.2
60 minutes and over	6,080	3,770	2,315	3.9	4.5	3.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	154,785	83,220	71,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	8,040	5,370	2,670	5.2	6.5	3.7
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	30,860	18,980	11,875	19.9	22.8	16.6
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	45,715	24,610	21,110	29.5	29.6	29.5
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	32,690	14,835	17,860	21.1	17.8	25.0
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	17,690	8,470	9,220	11.4	10.2	12.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	19,785	10,965	8,825	12.8	13.2	12.3
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	79,305	40,700	38,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,285	4,125	4,155	10.4	10.1	10.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	71,020	36,575	34,445	89.6	89.9	89.2
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	58,000	29,875	28,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,190	3,085	3,105	10.7	10.3	11.0
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,980	1,920	2,055	6.9	6.4	7.3
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,210	1,160	1,050	3.8	3.9	3.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	51,805	26,790	25,015	89.3	89.7	89.0

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^E
use with caution. Refer to the 2021 population and dwelling count amendments or the 2016 population and dwelling count amendments for further information.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed March 24, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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