Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Calgary, City (CY)More information: Alberta [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,306,784	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	1,239,220	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.5	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	531,062	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	502,301	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,592.4	...	...	1,592.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	820.62	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,306,780	648,835	657,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	235,855	121,145	114,710	18.0	18.7	17.4
0 to 4 years	73,840	37,865	35,980	5.7	5.8	5.5
5 to 9 years	80,585	41,225	39,365	6.2	6.4	6.0
10 to 14 years	81,425	42,055	39,370	6.2	6.5	6.0
15 to 64 years	893,525	445,660	447,865	68.4	68.7	68.1
15 to 19 years	73,490	37,720	35,770	5.6	5.8	5.4
20 to 24 years	78,365	40,280	38,085	6.0	6.2	5.8
25 to 29 years	88,385	43,930	44,460	6.8	6.8	6.8
30 to 34 years	105,960	52,030	53,930	8.1	8.0	8.2
35 to 39 years	110,765	54,785	55,985	8.5	8.4	8.5
40 to 44 years	100,080	49,490	50,595	7.7	7.6	7.7
45 to 49 years	91,385	45,430	45,945	7.0	7.0	7.0
50 to 54 years	84,725	42,550	42,175	6.5	6.6	6.4
55 to 59 years	82,570	41,000	41,570	6.3	6.3	6.3
60 to 64 years	77,790	38,450	39,345	6.0	5.9	6.0
65 years and over	177,405	82,035	95,375	13.6	12.6	14.5
65 to 69 years	62,120	30,410	31,710	4.8	4.7	4.8
70 to 74 years	46,495	22,225	24,270	3.6	3.4	3.7
75 to 79 years	28,965	13,485	15,485	2.2	2.1	2.4
80 to 84 years	19,405	8,370	11,035	1.5	1.3	1.7
85 years and over	20,420	7,540	12,875	1.6	1.2	2.0
85 to 89 years	12,620	4,995	7,625	1.0	0.8	1.2
90 to 94 years	6,225	2,115	4,110	0.5	0.3	0.6
95 to 99 years	1,375	390	990	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	195	45	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.0	18.7	17.4	18.0	18.7	17.4
15 to 64 years	68.4	68.7	68.1	68.4	68.7	68.1
65 years and over	13.6	12.6	14.5	13.6	12.6	14.5
85 years and over	1.6	1.2	2.0	1.6	1.2	2.0
Average age of the population	38.8	38.2	39.5	38.8	38.2	39.5
Median age of the population	38.0	37.6	38.8	38.0	37.6	38.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	502,300	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	276,050	...	...	55.0	...	...
Semi-detached house	31,660	...	...	6.3	...	...
Row house	48,860	...	...	9.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	21,165	...	...	4.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	81,870	...	...	16.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	40,700	...	...	8.1	...	...
Other single-attached house	200	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,790	...	...	0.4	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	502,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	132,695	...	...	26.4	...	...
2 persons	159,955	...	...	31.8	...	...
3 persons	80,020	...	...	15.9	...	...
4 persons	79,565	...	...	15.8	...	...
5 or more persons	50,070	...	...	10.0	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,291,770	642,160	649,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,070,930	527,695	543,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	624,845	312,690	312,150	58.3	59.3	57.5
Married	529,175	264,635	264,545	49.4	50.1	48.7
Living common-law	95,665	48,060	47,610	8.9	9.1	8.8
Living common law - Never married	73,555	37,065	36,490	6.9	7.0	6.7
Living common law - Separated	3,080	1,645	1,435	0.3	0.3	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	17,645	8,750	8,890	1.6	1.7	1.6
Living common law - Widowed	1,390	595	795	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	446,090	215,005	231,085	41.7	40.7	42.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	313,900	170,360	143,540	29.3	32.3	26.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	24,245	10,380	13,865	2.3	2.0	2.6
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	67,400	25,865	41,535	6.3	4.9	7.6
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	40,550	8,395	32,150	3.8	1.6	5.9
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	356,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	164,970	...	...	46.3	...	...
3 persons	78,740	...	...	22.1	...	...
4 persons	79,565	...	...	22.3	...	...
5 or more persons	32,950	...	...	9.2	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	356,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	304,050	...	...	85.4	...	...
Married couples	256,225	...	...	71.9	...	...
With children⁶	155,795	...	...	43.7	...	...
Without children	100,430	...	...	28.2	...	...
Common-law couples	47,830	...	...	13.4	...	...
With children⁶	14,805	...	...	4.2	...	...
Without children	33,020	...	...	9.3	...	...
Total one-parent families	52,170	...	...	14.6	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	40,670	...	...	11.4	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	11,505	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,291,770	642,160	649,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	1,060,650	527,080	533,570	82.1	82.1	82.1
Married spouses or common-law partners	608,110	304,145	303,965	47.1	47.4	46.8
Parents in one-parent families	52,170	11,500	40,665	4.0	1.8	6.3
Children⁶	400,375	211,435	188,940	31.0	32.9	29.1
In a two-parent family	319,875	167,975	151,905	24.8	26.2	23.4
In a one-parent family	80,495	43,460	37,035	6.2	6.8	5.7
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	231,120	115,080	116,040	17.9	17.9	17.9
Living alone	132,690	62,770	69,920	10.3	9.8	10.8
Living with other relatives⁷	34,850	14,875	19,980	2.7	2.3	3.1
Living with non-relatives only	63,575	37,435	26,140	4.9	5.8	4.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	502,300	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	302,280	...	...	60.2	...	...
Couple-family households	262,950	...	...	52.3	...	...
With children⁶	147,735	...	...	29.4	...	...
Without children	115,220	...	...	22.9	...	...
One-parent-family households	39,325	...	...	7.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	17,040	...	...	3.4	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	4,035	...	...	0.8	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	18,975	...	...	3.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	27,275	...	...	5.4	...	...
One-person households	132,690	...	...	26.4	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,056,225	521,185	535,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,003,515	495,570	507,940	95.0	95.1	94.9
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,400	50,800	39,600	44,400	50,800	39,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,004,015	495,845	508,175	95.1	95.1	95.0
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	44,800	36,000	40,000	44,800	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	909,585	457,190	452,395	86.1	87.7	84.6
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	48,400	32,800	40,400	48,400	32,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	761,365	391,230	370,130	72.1	75.1	69.2
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	49,600	35,600	42,400	49,600	35,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	880,900	428,430	452,470	83.4	82.2	84.6
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,500	5,640	9,000	7,500	5,640	9,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	115,990	54,710	61,280	11.0	10.5	11.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,800	5,760	5,880	5,800	5,760	5,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	326,795	158,290	168,500	30.9	30.4	31.5
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000	9,000	8,500	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,056,230	521,175	535,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,003,175	495,345	507,830	95.0	95.0	94.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	64,600	76,500	53,050	64,600	76,500	53,050
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,003,685	495,595	508,095	95.0	95.1	95.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,500	60,400	44,760	52,500	60,400	44,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	909,780	457,395	452,390	86.1	87.8	84.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,600	74,500	48,520	61,600	74,500	48,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	761,230	391,465	369,765	72.1	75.1	69.1
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,450	71,900	48,320	60,450	71,900	48,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	879,935	427,945	451,995	83.3	82.1	84.5
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,010	8,920	11,050	10,010	8,920	11,050
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	115,600	54,695	60,905	10.9	10.5	11.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,060	6,620	7,460	7,060	6,620	7,460
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	325,765	158,290	167,480	30.8	30.4	31.3
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,350	9,260	9,440	9,350	9,260	9,440
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,056,230	521,175	535,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	356,230	200,300	155,925	33.7	38.4	29.1
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	72,500	79,000	65,500	72,500	79,000	65,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	93,600	105,800	77,800	93,600	105,800	77,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	309,535	144,060	165,475	29.3	27.6	30.9
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,400	23,000	18,600	20,400	23,000	18,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,600	39,360	28,560	33,600	39,360	28,560
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.4	90.0	81.4	86.4	90.0	81.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	71.0	74.2	66.4	71.0	74.2	66.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	13.6	10.1	18.6	13.6	10.1	18.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.0	1.7	1.3	1.0	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.2	4.2	6.6	5.2	4.2	6.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.7	3.9	5.9	4.7	3.9	5.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,056,220	521,185	535,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	52,710	25,610	27,100	5.0	4.9	5.1
With total income	1,003,510	495,570	507,940	95.0	95.1	94.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	88,650	37,295	51,350	8.8	7.5	10.1
$10,000 to $19,999	95,485	40,550	54,935	9.5	8.2	10.8
$20,000 to $29,999	150,395	67,505	82,885	15.0	13.6	16.3
$30,000 to $39,999	120,085	52,190	67,895	12.0	10.5	13.4
$40,000 to $49,999	102,800	47,405	55,400	10.2	9.6	10.9
$50,000 to $59,999	84,010	40,150	43,855	8.4	8.1	8.6
$60,000 to $69,999	69,945	34,995	34,950	7.0	7.1	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	56,175	29,855	26,315	5.6	6.0	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	43,630	24,315	19,315	4.3	4.9	3.8
$90,000 to $99,999	36,520	20,230	16,285	3.6	4.1	3.2
$100,000 and over	155,825	101,065	54,765	15.5	20.4	10.8
$100,000 to $149,999	90,875	54,255	36,615	9.1	10.9	7.2
$150,000 and over	64,950	46,810	18,145	6.5	9.4	3.6
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,056,220	521,185	535,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	52,205	25,340	26,860	4.9	4.9	5.0
With after-tax income	1,004,020	495,845	508,175	95.1	95.1	95.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	92,205	38,635	53,565	9.2	7.8	10.5
$10,000 to $19,999	99,660	42,515	57,150	9.9	8.6	11.2
$20,000 to $29,999	170,545	76,940	93,605	17.0	15.5	18.4
$30,000 to $39,999	139,800	62,515	77,285	13.9	12.6	15.2
$40,000 to $49,999	119,345	56,570	62,770	11.9	11.4	12.4
$50,000 to $59,999	94,265	46,850	47,410	9.4	9.4	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	71,155	37,840	33,320	7.1	7.6	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	52,530	29,120	23,415	5.2	5.9	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	41,555	22,700	18,850	4.1	4.6	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	28,220	16,610	11,610	2.8	3.3	2.3
$100,000 and over	94,730	65,540	29,195	9.4	13.2	5.7
$100,000 to $124,999	39,250	25,260	13,985	3.9	5.1	2.8
$125,000 and over	55,485	40,285	15,205	5.5	8.1	3.0
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,056,220	521,185	535,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	294,855	129,955	164,905	27.9	24.9	30.8
With employment income	761,365	391,235	370,135	72.1	75.1	69.2
Under $5,000 (including loss)	93,565	43,905	49,665	12.3	11.2	13.4
$5,000 to $9,999	61,265	26,265	35,000	8.0	6.7	9.5
$10,000 to $19,999	84,600	37,635	46,965	11.1	9.6	12.7
$20,000 to $29,999	65,430	30,260	35,170	8.6	7.7	9.5
$30,000 to $39,999	62,020	29,540	32,480	8.1	7.6	8.8
$40,000 to $49,999	60,110	29,420	30,685	7.9	7.5	8.3
$50,000 to $59,999	56,160	27,655	28,505	7.4	7.1	7.7
$60,000 to $69,999	50,010	25,670	24,345	6.6	6.6	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	40,770	22,575	18,195	5.4	5.8	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	33,160	18,845	14,315	4.4	4.8	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	29,855	16,295	13,560	3.9	4.2	3.7
$100,000 and over	124,415	83,170	41,245	16.3	21.3	11.1
$100,000 to $124,999	49,530	29,135	20,400	6.5	7.4	5.5
$125,000 and over	74,880	54,035	20,845	9.8	13.8	5.6
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,056,225	521,185	535,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	980,505	483,190	497,310	92.8	92.7	92.9
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,600	51,200	37,600	43,600	51,200	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	980,815	483,265	497,550	92.9	92.7	93.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	44,800	34,400	39,200	44,800	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	897,540	451,120	446,420	85.0	86.6	83.4
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	51,200	36,000	43,200	51,200	36,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	762,840	391,880	370,965	72.2	75.2	69.3
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,400	51,600	38,000	44,400	51,600	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	833,025	405,905	427,120	78.9	77.9	79.8
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,140	950	2,740	1,140	950	2,740
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	70,610	32,260	38,350	6.7	6.2	7.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,600	5,840	7,300	6,600	5,840	7,300
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,056,230	521,175	535,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	980,005	482,985	497,015	92.8	92.7	92.9
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	64,200	77,400	51,450	64,200	77,400	51,450
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	980,295	483,045	497,250	92.8	92.7	92.9
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,800	60,800	43,040	51,800	60,800	43,040
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	897,990	451,595	446,395	85.0	86.6	83.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	64,500	78,300	50,560	64,500	78,300	50,560
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	762,865	392,125	370,740	72.2	75.2	69.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	63,450	75,800	50,440	63,450	75,800	50,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	833,205	406,035	427,170	78.9	77.9	79.8
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,005	4,932	7,020	6,005	4,932	7,020
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	70,185	31,980	38,210	6.6	6.1	7.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,230	7,210	9,090	8,230	7,210	9,090
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,056,230	521,175	535,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	352,800	198,465	154,335	33.4	38.1	28.8
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	76,500	62,400	69,500	76,500	62,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	91,200	104,000	74,800	91,200	104,000	74,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	292,225	136,270	155,955	27.7	26.1	29.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,800	32,400	26,000	28,800	32,400	26,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	43,240	51,500	36,040	43,240	51,500	36,040
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	92.0	94.6	88.2	92.0	94.6	88.2
Employment income (%)	77.0	79.6	73.2	77.0	79.6	73.2
Government transfers (%)	7.9	5.4	11.7	7.9	5.4	11.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.4	0.9	0.6	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	502,305	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	132,690	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,000	...	...	50,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,000	...	...	44,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	369,610	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	502,305	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	129,000	...	...	129,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	104,900	...	...	104,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	132,725	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	67,900	...	...	67,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,300	...	...	55,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	369,575	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	151,000	...	...	151,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,700	...	...	122,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	502,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	5,975	...	...	1.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,895	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,930	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,410	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	14,160	...	...	2.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	14,505	...	...	2.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	12,430	...	...	2.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	14,120	...	...	2.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	15,160	...	...	3.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	15,195	...	...	3.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	30,875	...	...	6.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	31,950	...	...	6.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	31,405	...	...	6.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	29,885	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	28,640	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	245,760	...	...	48.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	61,565	...	...	12.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	47,245	...	...	9.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	61,440	...	...	12.2	...	...
$200,000 and over	75,515	...	...	15.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	502,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	6,665	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,985	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,035	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,855	...	...	1.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	15,290	...	...	3.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	16,415	...	...	3.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	14,475	...	...	2.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	16,635	...	...	3.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	18,230	...	...	3.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	18,030	...	...	3.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	37,875	...	...	7.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	38,390	...	...	7.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	36,910	...	...	7.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	35,205	...	...	7.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	31,690	...	...	6.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	203,605	...	...	40.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	64,210	...	...	12.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	45,680	...	...	9.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	93,720	...	...	18.7	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	350,080	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	119,715	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	170,690	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	142,000	...	...	142,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...	122,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	47,790	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...	74,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	196,265	100,210	96,060	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,000	45,200	43,200	44,000	45,200	43,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	40,000	38,800	39,600	40,000	38,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	350,020	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	151,600	...	...	151,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	122,800	...	...	122,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	119,860	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	140,800	...	...	140,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	113,200	...	...	113,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	170,590	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	178,600	...	...	178,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,200	...	...	143,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	47,630	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,200	...	...	89,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,600	...	...	77,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	196,265	100,075	96,185	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	59,850	61,150	58,550	59,850	61,150	58,550
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,480	50,080	48,880	49,480	50,080	48,880
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,291,770	642,160	649,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	279,980	143,740	136,235	21.7	22.4	21.0
0 to 5 years	90,035	46,090	43,945	7.0	7.2	6.8
18 to 64 years	844,490	419,605	424,880	65.4	65.3	65.4
65 years and over	167,305	78,810	88,495	13.0	12.3	13.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	115,560	55,845	59,720	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	30,045	15,495	14,550	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	9,980	5,085	4,895	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	68,060	33,225	34,835	...	...	...
65 years and over	17,455	7,120	10,335	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.0	8.7	9.2	9.0	8.7	9.2
0 to 17 years (%)	10.7	10.8	10.7	10.7	10.8	10.7
0 to 5 years (%)	11.1	11.0	11.1	11.1	11.0	11.1
18 to 64 years (%)	8.1	7.9	8.2	8.1	7.9	8.2
65 years and over (%)	10.4	9.0	11.7	10.4	9.0	11.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,291,770	642,160	649,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	279,975	143,740	136,235	21.7	22.4	21.0
0 to 5 years	90,035	46,090	43,945	7.0	7.2	6.8
18 to 64 years	844,490	419,610	424,880	65.4	65.3	65.4
65 years and over	167,305	78,810	88,495	13.0	12.3	13.6
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	74,755	38,790	35,970	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	16,260	8,345	7,910	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	5,165	2,630	2,530	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	52,615	27,685	24,930	...	...	...
65 years and over	5,885	2,755	3,135	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.8	6.0	5.5	5.8	6.0	5.5
0 to 17 years (%)	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.8
0 to 5 years (%)	5.7	5.7	5.8	5.7	5.7	5.8
18 to 64 years (%)	6.2	6.6	5.9	6.2	6.6	5.9
65 years and over (%)	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,291,770	642,160	649,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	567,165	277,385	289,775	43.9	43.2	44.6
In bottom decile	107,675	54,440	53,230	8.3	8.5	8.2
In second decile	113,610	53,540	60,065	8.8	8.3	9.2
In third decile	112,705	54,705	58,005	8.7	8.5	8.9
In fourth decile	115,075	56,390	58,690	8.9	8.8	9.0
In fifth decile	118,100	58,310	59,790	9.1	9.1	9.2
In top half of the distribution	724,605	364,770	359,830	56.1	56.8	55.4
In sixth decile	122,380	60,845	61,535	9.5	9.5	9.5
In seventh decile	125,895	62,890	63,005	9.7	9.8	9.7
In eighth decile	132,170	66,300	65,865	10.2	10.3	10.1
In ninth decile	145,410	73,125	72,290	11.3	11.4	11.1
In top decile	198,750	101,615	97,135	15.4	15.8	15.0
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,291,770	...	...	1,291,770	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.376	...	...	0.376	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.471	...	...	0.471	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.327	...	...	0.327	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,296,120	644,020	652,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	1,177,415	591,385	586,025	90.8	91.8	89.9
French only	825	350	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	85,355	39,160	46,200	6.6	6.1	7.1
Neither English nor French	32,520	13,125	19,395	2.5	2.0	3.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,296,120	644,020	652,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,240,980	619,695	621,280	95.7	96.2	95.3
French	16,810	8,335	8,480	1.3	1.3	1.3
English and French	6,620	3,275	3,345	0.5	0.5	0.5
Neither English nor French	31,705	12,710	18,995	2.4	2.0	2.9
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,296,120	644,020	652,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,229,455	611,620	617,835	94.9	95.0	94.7
Official languages	846,405	428,260	418,145	65.3	66.5	64.1
English	830,305	420,265	410,040	64.1	65.3	62.9
French	16,100	7,990	8,105	1.2	1.2	1.2
Non-official languages	383,050	183,360	199,690	29.6	28.5	30.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	580	240	345	0.0	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	415	165	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	175	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	185	70	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	185	70	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	125	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	80	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	382,470	183,120	199,345	29.5	28.4	30.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	34,290	17,610	16,680	2.6	2.7	2.6
Berber languages	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	3,165	1,585	1,580	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	1,370	685	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	1,600	795	805	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	30,935	15,925	15,005	2.4	2.5	2.3
Amharic	4,460	2,140	2,315	0.3	0.3	0.4
Arabic	20,395	10,695	9,705	1.6	1.7	1.5
Aramaic languages	635	305	330	0.0	0.0	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	325	160	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	215	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	455	225	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	4,890	2,510	2,380	0.4	0.4	0.4
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	13,755	6,180	7,575	1.1	1.0	1.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	795	365	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	12,855	5,750	7,100	1.0	0.9	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	51,040	22,530	28,505	3.9	3.5	4.4
Bikol	195	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	865	370	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	1,840	815	1,020	0.1	0.1	0.2
Fijian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	955	405	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	3,435	1,545	1,890	0.3	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	665	270	395	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	190	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	460	225	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	41,375	18,235	23,135	3.2	2.8	3.5
Waray-Waray	155	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	420	180	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	560	275	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	165	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	145	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	6,430	3,300	3,125	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kannada	355	180	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	2,655	1,335	1,320	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	2,095	1,095	1,000	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	1,255	660	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	120	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	182,725	89,715	93,015	14.1	13.9	14.3
Albanian	1,330	695	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	260	135	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	27,355	12,635	14,725	2.1	2.0	2.3
Baltic languages	435	205	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	270	130	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	26,925	12,430	14,490	2.1	1.9	2.2
Belarusian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	785	395	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,190	545	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	135	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	6,845	3,190	3,650	0.5	0.5	0.6
Russian	9,460	4,205	5,255	0.7	0.7	0.8
Rusyn	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,440	2,150	2,290	0.3	0.3	0.4
Bosnian	780	380	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,755	830	925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	1,830	900	925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	940	465	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	195	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	2,900	1,315	1,585	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	12,360	5,935	6,430	1.0	0.9	1.0
Frisian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	7,370	3,450	3,915	0.6	0.5	0.6
German	7,100	3,315	3,790	0.5	0.5	0.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	210	105	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,940	1,950	1,990	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	905	445	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	2,750	1,370	1,375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	180	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,000	495	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	560	295	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	165	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,385	640	745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	98,325	49,490	48,840	7.6	7.7	7.5
Indo-Aryan languages	85,530	43,050	42,485	6.6	6.7	6.5
Assamese	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	4,350	2,175	2,180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	6,290	3,245	3,045	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hindi	7,905	3,990	3,920	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kacchi	1,030	455	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	980	495	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	2,195	1,135	1,065	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oriya languages	95	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	43,685	21,975	21,710	3.4	3.4	3.3
Rohingya	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	285	150	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	960	475	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	16,835	8,445	8,390	1.3	1.3	1.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	625	330	290	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages	12,760	6,425	6,335	1.0	1.0	1.0
Baluchi	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,055	515	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,960	1,000	960	0.2	0.2	0.1
Persian languages	9,625	4,835	4,780	0.7	0.8	0.7
Dari	2,800	1,400	1,395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	5,565	2,800	2,765	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,255	635	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	41,550	20,105	21,450	3.2	3.1	3.3
Catalan	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,100	2,060	2,040	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	4,065	1,935	2,125	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	4,155	2,045	2,115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	29,175	14,035	15,135	2.3	2.2	2.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,195	735	1,455	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korean	10,205	4,705	5,510	0.8	0.7	0.8
Mongolian	450	200	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	5,870	2,945	2,920	0.5	0.5	0.4
Akan (Twi)	620	315	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	730	380	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	190	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	290	130	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	725	355	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	1,685	880	805	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	700	335	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,270	640	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	535	295	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	375	165	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	305	155	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	230	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	185	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	67,255	31,260	36,000	5.2	4.9	5.5
Chinese languages	65,980	30,640	35,335	5.1	4.8	5.4
Hakka	280	135	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	31,270	14,465	16,810	2.4	2.2	2.6
Min Dong	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,205	515	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	250	125	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	32,065	14,990	17,075	2.5	2.3	2.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	840	380	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,235	600	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	255	120	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	220	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	635	320	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,070	390	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	415	195	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	620	175	445	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,870	1,000	865	0.1	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	240	135	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,340	730	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	3,070	1,415	1,655	0.2	0.2	0.3
Estonian	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	240	85	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	2,765	1,300	1,465	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	66,660	32,400	34,265	5.1	5.0	5.3
English and French	5,245	2,530	2,715	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	53,970	26,410	27,560	4.2	4.1	4.2
French and non-official language(s)	1,145	565	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,015	465	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	5,295	2,430	2,865	0.4	0.4	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,296,120	644,020	652,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	858,205	432,905	425,300	66.2	67.2	65.2
French	3,800	1,885	1,915	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	119,530	56,930	62,595	9.2	8.8	9.6
Indigenous³⁹	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	119,485	56,915	62,570	9.2	8.8	9.6
English and French	12,035	5,650	6,380	0.9	0.9	1.0
English and non-official language(s)	283,170	137,555	145,610	21.8	21.4	22.3
French and non-official language(s)	525	235	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,990	3,275	3,715	0.5	0.5	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	11,860	5,575	6,290	0.9	0.9	1.0
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,296,120	644,020	652,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,226,245	609,935	616,315	94.6	94.7	94.5
Official languages	983,495	492,440	491,055	75.9	76.5	75.3
English	977,675	489,585	488,090	75.4	76.0	74.8
French	5,820	2,860	2,965	0.4	0.4	0.5
Non-official languages	242,750	117,500	125,255	18.7	18.2	19.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	105	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	242,650	117,455	125,195	18.7	18.2	19.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	21,960	10,980	10,975	1.7	1.7	1.7
Berber languages	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	2,135	1,040	1,100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	130	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	995	495	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	1,010	470	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	19,740	9,895	9,845	1.5	1.5	1.5
Amharic	2,800	1,320	1,485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arabic	12,395	6,275	6,120	1.0	1.0	0.9
Aramaic languages	485	230	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	250	120	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	150	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	235	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	3,765	1,920	1,845	0.3	0.3	0.3
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	9,355	4,270	5,090	0.7	0.7	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	430	190	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	8,840	4,030	4,810	0.7	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	32,480	15,230	17,250	2.5	2.4	2.6
Bikol	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	470	220	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,090	530	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	520	250	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	2,135	990	1,150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	225	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	240	120	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	27,210	12,710	14,500	2.1	2.0	2.2
Waray-Waray	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	325	155	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	4,160	2,085	2,080	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	190	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,785	890	900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	1,395	710	680	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	760	375	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	112,245	55,440	56,805	8.7	8.6	8.7
Albanian	610	325	290	0.0	0.1	0.0
Armenian	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	12,980	6,225	6,760	1.0	1.0	1.0
Baltic languages	195	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	12,790	6,130	6,660	1.0	1.0	1.0
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	360	175	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	345	160	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	2,795	1,345	1,455	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	6,055	2,880	3,170	0.5	0.4	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,860	905	960	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	315	155	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	650	300	350	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbian	895	440	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	350	165	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	905	435	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,535	735	805	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	665	320	345	0.1	0.0	0.1
German	640	305	335	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	725	345	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	435	215	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	275	125	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	130	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	430	185	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	73,220	36,630	36,595	5.6	5.7	5.6
Indo-Aryan languages	64,720	32,425	32,290	5.0	5.0	5.0
Assamese	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,905	1,420	1,490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	4,045	2,085	1,960	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	5,165	2,605	2,565	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	565	235	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	565	285	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	1,565	805	765	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	36,445	18,325	18,120	2.8	2.8	2.8
Rohingya	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	165	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	520	255	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	12,250	6,075	6,175	0.9	0.9	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	340	165	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	8,490	4,190	4,295	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baluchi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	735	355	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,215	625	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	6,470	3,185	3,285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dari	1,710	830	880	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	3,900	1,930	1,975	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	860	430	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	23,265	11,255	12,015	1.8	1.7	1.8
Catalan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	945	425	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	2,220	1,090	1,125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	1,980	980	995	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	18,095	8,740	9,360	1.4	1.4	1.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,075	455	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	7,740	3,650	4,090	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mongolian	305	135	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,045	965	1,080	0.2	0.1	0.2
Akan (Twi)	315	155	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	195	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	275	125	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	615	290	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	150	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	700	350	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	325	185	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	255	110	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	380	210	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	295	160	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	47,145	22,180	24,965	3.6	3.4	3.8
Chinese languages	46,220	21,715	24,505	3.6	3.4	3.8
Hakka	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	23,495	11,210	12,290	1.8	1.7	1.9
Min Dong	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	460	185	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	21,510	9,980	11,530	1.7	1.5	1.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	500	230	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	910	460	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	160	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	485	250	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	435	205	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	240	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,135	580	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	910	470	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,065	505	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,025	490	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	69,870	34,085	35,785	5.4	5.3	5.5
English and French	2,485	1,205	1,285	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	64,950	31,765	33,190	5.0	4.9	5.1
French and non-official language(s)	240	105	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	640	290	350	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	1,550	715	835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,296,115	644,020	652,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,038,845	519,700	519,145	80.2	80.7	79.6
English	97,335	47,975	49,365	7.5	7.4	7.6
French	9,450	4,360	5,090	0.7	0.7	0.8
Non-official language	116,850	55,575	61,275	9.0	8.6	9.4
Indigenous³⁹	600	265	330	0.0	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous	116,250	55,305	60,945	9.0	8.6	9.3
English and French	1,235	595	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	15,885	7,880	8,005	1.2	1.2	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	3,285	1,535	1,755	0.3	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	190	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	13,040	6,300	6,735	1.0	1.0	1.0
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,291,770	642,130	649,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	1,259,370	628,960	630,410	97.5	97.9	97.0
English	1,258,480	628,565	629,915	97.4	97.9	97.0
French	86,135	39,155	46,980	6.7	6.1	7.2
Non-official languages	518,025	249,240	268,785	40.1	38.8	41.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,600	630	965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	1,045	395	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	460	180	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	520	215	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	520	215	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	220	65	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	235	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	120	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	120	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	225	90	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	215	85	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	170	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	215	115	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	170	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	516,570	248,665	267,905	40.0	38.7	41.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	52,310	27,045	25,265	4.0	4.2	3.9
Berber languages	275	175	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	165	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	80	60	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	25	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	350	215	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	340	210	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	4,685	2,455	2,225	0.4	0.4	0.3
Bilen	235	130	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	2,085	1,115	970	0.2	0.2	0.1
Somali	2,420	1,260	1,165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	48,400	24,960	23,435	3.7	3.9	3.6
Amharic	8,360	4,130	4,230	0.6	0.6	0.7
Arabic	33,325	17,480	15,845	2.6	2.7	2.4
Aramaic languages	820	480	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	345	210	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	370	210	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	120	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,975	1,000	975	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	7,570	3,870	3,695	0.6	0.6	0.6
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	125	90	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	19,430	8,935	10,495	1.5	1.4	1.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,135	540	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	18,090	8,270	9,820	1.4	1.3	1.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	270	150	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	70,310	31,065	39,240	5.4	4.8	6.0
Bikol	505	265	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,065	475	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	3,285	1,510	1,775	0.3	0.2	0.3
Fijian	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,265	525	735	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	6,395	2,785	3,610	0.5	0.4	0.6
Indonesian	1,175	545	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	250	105	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	780	350	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,130	490	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	460	235	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	66,715	29,420	37,300	5.2	4.6	5.7
Waray-Waray	390	190	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,700	770	925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	1,915	975	940	0.1	0.2	0.1
Haitian Creole	540	285	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	125	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	355	170	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	475	275	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	470	225	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10,080	5,160	4,920	0.8	0.8	0.8
Kannada	1,075	550	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	3,775	1,935	1,840	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	4,200	2,140	2,055	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	2,335	1,220	1,115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tulu	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	220	120	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	257,340	126,440	130,900	19.9	19.7	20.1
Albanian	1,825	990	840	0.1	0.2	0.1
Armenian	460	265	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	34,205	16,055	18,150	2.6	2.5	2.8
Baltic languages	485	220	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	155	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	330	155	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	33,920	15,935	17,985	2.6	2.5	2.8
Belarusian	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	985	445	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,940	970	970	0.2	0.2	0.1
Macedonian	290	135	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	8,485	4,025	4,460	0.7	0.6	0.7
Russian	14,155	6,685	7,470	1.1	1.0	1.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	6,010	2,820	3,195	0.5	0.4	0.5
Bosnian	1,560	745	810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	3,010	1,400	1,615	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	2,905	1,385	1,520	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	1,295	590	700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	280	115	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	4,265	1,890	2,375	0.3	0.3	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	435	245	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	205	125	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	85	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	135	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	21,235	10,295	10,935	1.6	1.6	1.7
Frisian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	14,220	6,860	7,360	1.1	1.1	1.1
German	13,950	6,720	7,235	1.1	1.0	1.1
Pennsylvania German	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	350	165	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	110	65	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5,870	2,990	2,885	0.5	0.5	0.4
Afrikaans	1,785	960	825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	3,780	1,890	1,885	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	230	90	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,920	895	1,030	0.1	0.1	0.2
Danish	940	480	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	380	165	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	630	275	355	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,155	1,065	1,090	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	132,795	67,155	65,640	10.3	10.5	10.1
Indo-Aryan languages	118,560	60,020	58,540	9.2	9.3	9.0
Assamese	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	6,005	3,015	2,990	0.5	0.5	0.5
Gujarati	10,800	5,485	5,315	0.8	0.9	0.8
Hindi	42,160	21,290	20,875	3.3	3.3	3.2
Kacchi	2,245	985	1,260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kashmiri	190	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	425	200	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	2,245	1,150	1,095	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	2,880	1,485	1,395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oriya languages	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	85	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	61,205	31,170	30,030	4.7	4.9	4.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	630	360	270	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,330	640	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	29,980	15,280	14,705	2.3	2.4	2.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,355	730	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	16,480	8,290	8,195	1.3	1.3	1.3
Baluchi	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,360	690	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	2,930	1,485	1,445	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	12,595	6,355	6,230	1.0	1.0	1.0
Dari	4,430	2,165	2,265	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	6,735	3,460	3,275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,605	835	770	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	160	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	165	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	71,550	34,010	37,540	5.5	5.3	5.8
Catalan	100	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	8,730	4,240	4,490	0.7	0.7	0.7
Portuguese	6,170	3,070	3,100	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	5,390	2,695	2,695	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	54,235	25,520	28,715	4.2	4.0	4.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	120	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	4,845	2,125	2,715	0.4	0.3	0.4
Korean	11,695	5,490	6,205	0.9	0.9	1.0
Mongolian	640	300	335	0.0	0.0	0.1
Niger-Congo languages	16,975	8,610	8,365	1.3	1.3	1.3
Akan (Twi)	1,270	645	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	310	165	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	170	110	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	275	140	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	110	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	2,800	1,465	1,335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	295	140	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	395	185	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	255	140	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	125	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	145	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	580	270	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	120	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	3,220	1,700	1,520	0.2	0.3	0.2
Wojenaka	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	230	130	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5,915	2,900	3,015	0.5	0.5	0.5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,355	1,175	1,180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,815	925	890	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	815	435	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nuer	440	200	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	575	300	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	1,775	630	1,145	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	1,495	515	980	0.1	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	335	155	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	81,025	38,350	42,680	6.3	6.0	6.6
Chinese languages	79,265	37,475	41,795	6.1	5.8	6.4
Hakka	390	160	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	45,330	21,095	24,235	3.5	3.3	3.7
Min Dong	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,295	1,000	1,295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	335	140	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	42,090	19,730	22,350	3.3	3.1	3.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	840	395	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,785	885	900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	495	245	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	365	180	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	295	145	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	765	395	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,640	680	955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	595	300	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,160	445	710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	3,420	1,785	1,635	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	550	285	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	2,530	1,425	1,100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	110	30	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	180	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	105	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	3,760	1,750	2,010	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	360	170	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	3,290	1,535	1,755	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	485	275	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,291,770	642,135	649,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	41,350	19,270	22,085	3.2	3.0	3.4
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	39,720	18,515	21,210	3.1	2.9	3.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	18,440	8,300	10,135	1.4	1.3	1.6
Métis	20,855	9,990	10,865	1.6	1.6	1.7
Inuk (Inuit)	430	220	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	865	385	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	765	365	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	1,250,420	622,865	627,555	96.8	97.0	96.6
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,291,770	642,135	649,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	14,405	6,575	7,825	1.1	1.0	1.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,277,370	635,560	641,810	98.9	99.0	98.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	502,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	345,690	...	...	68.8	...	...
Renter	156,615	...	...	31.2	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	502,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	124,190	...	...	24.7	...	...
Not condominium	378,115	...	...	75.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	502,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	2,920	...	...	0.6	...	...
1 bedroom	59,385	...	...	11.8	...	...
2 bedrooms	116,625	...	...	23.2	...	...
3 bedrooms	167,895	...	...	33.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	155,480	...	...	31.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	502,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	153,485	...	...	30.6	...	...
5 rooms	78,585	...	...	15.6	...	...
6 rooms	69,385	...	...	13.8	...	...
7 rooms	59,530	...	...	11.9	...	...
8 or more rooms	141,320	...	...	28.1	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.1	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	502,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	486,420	...	...	96.8	...	...
More than one person per room	15,885	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	502,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	476,790	...	...	94.9	...	...
Not suitable	25,515	...	...	5.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	502,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	43,855	...	...	8.7	...	...
1961 to 1980	133,035	...	...	26.5	...	...
1981 to 1990	59,780	...	...	11.9	...	...
1991 to 2000	75,685	...	...	15.1	...	...
2001 to 2005	50,390	...	...	10.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	47,665	...	...	9.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	45,850	...	...	9.1	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	46,045	...	...	9.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	502,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	479,525	...	...	95.5	...	...
Major repairs needed	22,780	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	502,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	242,815	...	...	48.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	228,860	...	...	45.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	30,630	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	502,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	13,825	...	...	2.8	...	...
25 to 34 years	83,280	...	...	16.6	...	...
35 to 44 years	110,705	...	...	22.0	...	...
45 to 54 years	100,130	...	...	19.9	...	...
55 to 64 years	93,305	...	...	18.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	62,865	...	...	12.5	...	...
75 to 84 years	27,860	...	...	5.5	...	...
85 years and over	10,340	...	...	2.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	499,855	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	385,380	...	...	77.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	114,470	...	...	22.9	...	...
30% to less than 100%	102,665	...	...	20.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	502,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	150,520	...	...	30.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	103,650	...	...	20.6	...	...
Not suitable only	19,875	...	...	4.0	...	...
Major repairs needed only	14,995	...	...	3.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,215	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	6,360	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,170	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	250	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	351,785	...	...	70.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	488,040	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	49,860	...	...	10.2	...	...
Not in core need	438,185	...	...	89.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	345,680	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.2	...	...	65.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.7	...	...	17.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.6	...	...	5.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,720	...	...	1,720	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,774	...	...	1,774	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	456,000	...	...	456,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	519,500	...	...	519,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	156,615	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.0	...	...	9.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.4	...	...	34.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.6	...	...	20.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,350	...	...	1,350	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,404	...	...	1,404	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,291,770	642,135	649,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	14,495	6,615	7,875	1.1	1.0	1.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	14,125	6,430	7,695	1.1	1.0	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	10,035	4,560	5,475	0.8	0.7	0.8
Métis single ancestry	3,975	1,790	2,185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuit single ancestry	115	75	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	370	190	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	355	180	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	34,850	16,545	18,305	2.7	2.6	2.8
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	33,825	16,090	17,740	2.6	2.5	2.7
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	19,015	9,015	10,005	1.5	1.4	1.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	14,490	6,925	7,565	1.1	1.1	1.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	320	145	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,030	460	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	935	420	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,242,425	618,970	623,455	96.2	96.4	96.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,291,770	642,135	649,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,131,540	565,050	566,495	87.6	88.0	87.2
Canadian citizens aged under 18	257,900	132,670	125,230	20.0	20.7	19.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	873,645	432,380	441,265	67.6	67.3	67.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	160,225	77,085	83,140	12.4	12.0	12.8
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,291,770	642,135	649,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	834,100	420,985	413,120	64.6	65.6	63.6
Immigrants⁸¹	430,640	207,060	223,575	33.3	32.2	34.4
Before 1980	48,430	23,310	25,115	3.7	3.6	3.9
1980 to 1990	40,330	19,730	20,600	3.1	3.1	3.2
1991 to 2000	61,465	29,575	31,890	4.8	4.6	4.9
2001 to 2010	117,055	56,175	60,875	9.1	8.7	9.4
2011 to 2021⁸²	163,365	78,275	85,095	12.6	12.2	13.1
2011 to 2015	82,050	39,320	42,735	6.4	6.1	6.6
2016 to 2021	81,315	38,960	42,360	6.3	6.1	6.5
Non-permanent residents⁸³	27,025	14,085	12,940	2.1	2.2	2.0
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	430,640	207,065	223,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	37,050	18,960	18,090	8.6	9.2	8.1
5 to 14 years	71,460	37,200	34,265	16.6	18.0	15.3
15 to 24 years	74,550	34,020	40,525	17.3	16.4	18.1
25 to 44 years	204,525	97,045	107,480	47.5	46.9	48.1
45 years and over	43,060	19,840	23,220	10.0	9.6	10.4
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	430,640	207,065	223,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	44,125	20,585	23,540	10.2	9.9	10.5
Brazil	2,010	890	1,120	0.5	0.4	0.5
Colombia	5,865	2,710	3,160	1.4	1.3	1.4
El Salvador	2,425	1,135	1,290	0.6	0.5	0.6
Guyana	740	340	400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	510	295	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	3,135	1,475	1,660	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mexico	4,895	2,410	2,480	1.1	1.2	1.1
Peru	1,070	470	595	0.2	0.2	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	1,315	620	695	0.3	0.3	0.3
United States of America	10,895	4,960	5,935	2.5	2.4	2.7
Other places of birth in Americas	11,260	5,275	5,985	2.6	2.5	2.7
Europe	68,740	34,275	34,465	16.0	16.6	15.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,000	960	1,045	0.5	0.5	0.5
Croatia	1,330	620	705	0.3	0.3	0.3
France	1,265	645	620	0.3	0.3	0.3
Germany	4,685	2,155	2,525	1.1	1.0	1.1
Greece	865	455	415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungary	1,550	740	815	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italy	3,075	1,590	1,490	0.7	0.8	0.7
Netherlands	2,620	1,375	1,245	0.6	0.7	0.6
Poland	5,890	2,750	3,140	1.4	1.3	1.4
Portugal	990	505	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	4,025	2,030	1,995	0.9	1.0	0.9
Russian Federation	4,210	1,785	2,430	1.0	0.9	1.1
Serbia⁸⁶	980	460	515	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	3,035	1,385	1,655	0.7	0.7	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	20,420	10,815	9,600	4.7	5.2	4.3
Other places of birth in Europe	11,795	6,010	5,780	2.7	2.9	2.6
Africa	51,610	26,045	25,560	12.0	12.6	11.4
Algeria	630	310	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	855	425	435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egypt	3,320	1,745	1,575	0.8	0.8	0.7
Eritrea	4,720	2,465	2,250	1.1	1.2	1.0
Ethiopia	7,090	3,435	3,655	1.6	1.7	1.6
Morocco	870	445	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	12,450	6,340	6,110	2.9	3.1	2.7
Somalia	1,580	775	805	0.4	0.4	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	3,095	1,620	1,480	0.7	0.8	0.7
Other places of birth in Africa	17,005	8,480	8,525	3.9	4.1	3.8
Asia	262,700	124,535	138,160	61.0	60.1	61.8
Afghanistan	3,980	1,970	2,010	0.9	1.0	0.9
Iran⁸⁸	5,515	2,865	2,650	1.3	1.4	1.2
Iraq	3,935	1,990	1,950	0.9	1.0	0.9
Lebanon	4,095	2,205	1,890	1.0	1.1	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	4,340	2,280	2,060	1.0	1.1	0.9
Turkey	1,085	540	545	0.3	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	36,245	16,615	19,625	8.4	8.0	8.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	10,775	5,180	5,595	2.5	2.5	2.5
Korea, South⁹²	8,215	3,835	4,375	1.9	1.9	2.0
Taiwan	2,110	885	1,220	0.5	0.4	0.5
Philippines	65,430	29,000	36,430	15.2	14.0	16.3
Viet Nam	15,395	6,875	8,525	3.6	3.3	3.8
Bangladesh	3,510	1,785	1,725	0.8	0.9	0.8
India	56,510	28,275	28,240	13.1	13.7	12.6
Pakistan	18,375	9,305	9,070	4.3	4.5	4.1
Sri Lanka	1,820	900	925	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	21,375	10,040	11,335	5.0	4.8	5.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	3,470	1,630	1,840	0.8	0.8	0.8
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	81,315	38,960	42,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	7,550	3,475	4,070	9.3	8.9	9.6
Brazil	840	355	490	1.0	0.9	1.2
Colombia	615	245	370	0.8	0.6	0.9
Haiti	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	475	215	255	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mexico	1,265	645	615	1.6	1.7	1.5
United States of America	2,130	1,000	1,130	2.6	2.6	2.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	885	390	500	1.1	1.0	1.2
Other places of birth in Americas	1,245	570	675	1.5	1.5	1.6
Europe	6,505	3,340	3,170	8.0	8.6	7.5
France	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	225	105	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	470	315	160	0.6	0.8	0.4
Italy	260	160	105	0.3	0.4	0.2
Russian Federation	635	235	405	0.8	0.6	1.0
Ukraine	680	295	385	0.8	0.8	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,420	805	610	1.7	2.1	1.4
Other places of birth in Europe	2,615	1,330	1,290	3.2	3.4	3.0
Africa	15,065	7,475	7,590	18.5	19.2	17.9
Algeria	60	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Burundi	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cameroon	380	170	210	0.5	0.4	0.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	155	85	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Côte d'Ivoire	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Egypt	595	300	300	0.7	0.8	0.7
Eritrea	2,525	1,325	1,195	3.1	3.4	2.8
Ethiopia	1,845	880	965	2.3	2.3	2.3
Morocco	210	95	110	0.3	0.2	0.3
Nigeria	5,885	2,895	2,990	7.2	7.4	7.1
Somalia	310	140	170	0.4	0.4	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	650	360	295	0.8	0.9	0.7
Sudan⁹⁷	445	215	225	0.5	0.6	0.5
Tunisia	95	65	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	1,815	895	920	2.2	2.3	2.2
Asia	51,570	24,320	27,250	63.4	62.4	64.3
Afghanistan	845	405	435	1.0	1.0	1.0
Bangladesh	630	310	320	0.8	0.8	0.8
China⁹⁰	5,520	2,410	3,115	6.8	6.2	7.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	310	120	190	0.4	0.3	0.4
India	14,070	7,095	6,970	17.3	18.2	16.5
Iran⁸⁸	865	415	445	1.1	1.1	1.1
Iraq	945	440	505	1.2	1.1	1.2
Israel	340	185	150	0.4	0.5	0.4
Japan	170	25	140	0.2	0.1	0.3
Jordan	165	90	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	1,740	740	1,000	2.1	1.9	2.4
Lebanon	425	215	210	0.5	0.6	0.5
Nepal	460	235	230	0.6	0.6	0.5
Pakistan	2,315	1,130	1,185	2.8	2.9	2.8
Philippines	15,485	7,055	8,435	19.0	18.1	19.9
Saudi Arabia	265	160	105	0.3	0.4	0.2
Sri Lanka	145	75	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	3,070	1,630	1,445	3.8	4.2	3.4
Turkey	405	175	225	0.5	0.4	0.5
United Arab Emirates	360	200	165	0.4	0.5	0.4
Viet Nam	955	310	640	1.2	0.8	1.5
Other places of birth in Asia	2,090	885	1,205	2.6	2.3	2.8
Oceania and other⁹³	620	345	280	0.8	0.9	0.7
Australia	435	230	205	0.5	0.6	0.5
Other places of birth⁹⁸	185	115	75	0.2	0.3	0.2
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,291,770	642,130	649,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	471,470	228,280	243,195	36.5	35.6	37.4
Second generation¹⁰¹	281,465	142,090	139,380	21.8	22.1	21.5
Third generation or more¹⁰²	538,830	271,765	267,065	41.7	42.3	41.1
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	382,215	183,750	198,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	215,420	108,005	107,410	56.4	58.8	54.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	88,050	52,955	35,090	23.0	28.8	17.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	127,375	55,055	72,315	33.3	30.0	36.4
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	107,140	43,925	63,210	28.0	23.9	31.9
Refugees¹⁰⁸	55,735	29,885	25,845	14.6	16.3	13.0
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	3,920	1,925	1,990	1.0	1.0	1.0
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	382,215	183,750	198,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	13,615	7,955	5,660	3.6	4.3	2.9
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	46,635	20,170	26,460	12.2	11.0	13.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	9,450	4,855	4,595	2.5	2.6	2.3
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	22,045	11,495	10,545	5.8	6.3	5.3
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,375	605	770	0.4	0.3	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	289,095	138,665	150,425	75.6	75.5	75.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,291,770	642,135	649,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	534,695	262,355	272,340	41.4	40.9	41.9
South Asian	141,660	71,810	69,845	11.0	11.2	10.8
Chinese	91,410	44,315	47,095	7.1	6.9	7.2
Black	70,680	35,655	35,020	5.5	5.6	5.4
Filipino	84,215	38,660	45,550	6.5	6.0	7.0
Arab	30,735	16,175	14,560	2.4	2.5	2.2
Latin American	31,855	15,340	16,520	2.5	2.4	2.5
Southeast Asian	26,395	12,300	14,095	2.0	1.9	2.2
West Asian	15,150	7,705	7,440	1.2	1.2	1.1
Korean	12,380	5,945	6,430	1.0	0.9	1.0
Japanese	5,825	2,530	3,295	0.5	0.4	0.5
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	5,445	2,710	2,740	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	18,955	9,210	9,745	1.5	1.4	1.5
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	757,075	379,775	377,295	58.6	59.1	58.1
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,291,770	642,135	649,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	125,490	65,430	60,065	9.7	10.2	9.2
English	205,980	102,400	103,575	15.9	15.9	15.9
Irish	153,865	74,665	79,195	11.9	11.6	12.2
Scottish	177,490	87,675	89,815	13.7	13.7	13.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	79,635	39,135	40,500	6.2	6.1	6.2
German	146,970	72,775	74,190	11.4	11.3	11.4
Chinese	96,180	46,325	49,860	7.4	7.2	7.7
Italian	36,235	18,060	18,175	2.8	2.8	2.8
Indian (India)	71,115	35,960	35,155	5.5	5.6	5.4
Ukrainian	69,030	33,640	35,390	5.3	5.2	5.4
Dutch	38,505	19,070	19,430	3.0	3.0	3.0
Polish	42,735	20,560	22,175	3.3	3.2	3.4
Québécois	1,580	785	795	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	41,520	20,955	20,570	3.2	3.3	3.2
Filipino	79,200	36,580	42,625	6.1	5.7	6.6
French Canadian	9,130	4,545	4,590	0.7	0.7	0.7
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	20,860	10,850	10,005	1.6	1.7	1.5
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	12,415	5,805	6,615	1.0	0.9	1.0
Métis	19,805	9,345	10,460	1.5	1.5	1.6
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	22,790	11,410	11,380	1.8	1.8	1.8
Russian	28,470	13,255	15,215	2.2	2.1	2.3
Norwegian	32,675	15,535	17,140	2.5	2.4	2.6
Welsh	21,030	9,965	11,065	1.6	1.6	1.7
Portuguese	6,770	3,400	3,370	0.5	0.5	0.5
American	18,030	8,720	9,310	1.4	1.4	1.4
Spanish	17,085	7,820	9,265	1.3	1.2	1.4
Swedish	20,940	10,255	10,685	1.6	1.6	1.6
Hungarian	16,335	7,965	8,375	1.3	1.2	1.3
Acadian	2,935	1,520	1,415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	22,800	11,565	11,240	1.8	1.8	1.7
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	13,470	6,635	6,830	1.0	1.0	1.1
Jewish	6,595	3,345	3,250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Punjabi	18,050	9,135	8,920	1.4	1.4	1.4
Vietnamese	21,145	9,890	11,255	1.6	1.5	1.7
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	10,585	5,620	4,965	0.8	0.9	0.8
Greek	5,540	2,865	2,680	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jamaican	5,860	2,915	2,950	0.5	0.5	0.5
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	14,510	6,955	7,555	1.1	1.1	1.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	5,915	2,675	3,240	0.5	0.4	0.5
Korean	12,445	5,920	6,525	1.0	0.9	1.0
Romanian	10,540	4,990	5,545	0.8	0.8	0.9
Lebanese	11,360	5,955	5,405	0.9	0.9	0.8
Iranian	6,105	3,130	2,975	0.5	0.5	0.5
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	4,815	2,325	2,490	0.4	0.4	0.4
Danish	14,575	7,305	7,270	1.1	1.1	1.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	4,225	2,020	2,200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sikh	14,120	7,270	6,850	1.1	1.1	1.1
Austrian	10,255	5,080	5,175	0.8	0.8	0.8
Belgian	5,295	2,545	2,755	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian	930	475	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	8,550	4,305	4,245	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mexican	7,685	3,755	3,930	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mennonite	3,750	1,840	1,910	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	5,765	2,795	2,965	0.4	0.4	0.5
Finnish	5,250	2,540	2,705	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sri Lankan	1,865	925	940	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	5,170	2,540	2,635	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japanese	7,785	3,465	4,320	0.6	0.5	0.7
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	4,655	2,305	2,345	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,330	620	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	6,340	3,050	3,290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Muslim	6,060	3,145	2,915	0.5	0.5	0.4
Egyptian	4,610	2,475	2,135	0.4	0.4	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	5,960	2,910	3,050	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tamil	1,370	710	665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	6,025	3,195	2,830	0.5	0.5	0.4
Colombian	6,420	3,075	3,345	0.5	0.5	0.5
Moroccan	880	425	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	6,295	3,085	3,215	0.5	0.5	0.5
Syrian	4,215	2,150	2,065	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyanese	1,210	595	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	6,465	3,170	3,290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,530	1,325	1,205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	3,125	1,485	1,635	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ojibway	1,165	595	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	1,500	795	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	3,940	1,925	2,015	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ontarian	1,030	470	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	2,700	1,440	1,260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,495	745	750	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	2,610	1,435	1,175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	520	265	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	3,570	1,810	1,765	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algerian	645	320	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	2,555	1,260	1,290	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	8,120	4,145	3,975	0.6	0.6	0.6
Armenian	925	495	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	3,520	1,750	1,770	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,620	1,220	1,400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	2,830	1,485	1,350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Taiwanese	2,120	890	1,230	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iraqi	3,035	1,470	1,570	0.2	0.2	0.2
Salvadorean	2,325	1,150	1,175	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	930	495	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	3,670	1,710	1,960	0.3	0.3	0.3
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	2,645	1,375	1,270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,330	650	680	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	380	165	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	835	370	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	2,015	880	1,130	0.2	0.1	0.2
South African	2,915	1,465	1,445	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	3,060	1,585	1,475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Palestinian	1,675	910	760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	2,925	1,505	1,420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	1,045	500	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	850	380	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	6,695	3,225	3,465	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	2,920	1,375	1,550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	1,450	690	760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	5,200	2,640	2,560	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,960	965	985	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber	405	225	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	1,870	1,030	835	0.1	0.2	0.1
Maltese	505	230	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	385	185	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	1,445	715	730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,960	925	1,035	0.2	0.1	0.2
New Brunswicker	410	170	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	1,665	880	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	5,320	2,700	2,615	0.4	0.4	0.4
African Canadian	940	465	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	1,095	565	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	500	300	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,685	790	900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	1,305	635	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	5,465	2,785	2,685	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ghanaian	1,405	705	700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	640	310	330	0.0	0.0	0.1
African American	935	435	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,030	545	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	300	150	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,305	675	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	830	395	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	1,870	890	975	0.1	0.1	0.2
Venezuelan	3,025	1,445	1,575	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	1,025	485	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	1,200	585	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	930	485	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	1,200	555	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	1,555	750	800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	1,015	505	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	2,575	1,195	1,380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern Irish	920	445	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	805	420	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	520	295	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	405	210	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	125	85	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	1,050	545	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	980	480	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	1,060	525	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	1,145	525	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jatt	1,410	705	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	645	320	325	0.0	0.0	0.1
Coptic	440	225	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,185	370	810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	405	245	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	2,255	1,175	1,085	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	420	215	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	3,150	1,635	1,515	0.2	0.3	0.2
Byelorussian	730	350	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	215	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	1,580	685	895	0.1	0.1	0.1
Abenaki	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	990	545	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	245	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	1,095	590	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	2,480	1,205	1,275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Breton	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	350	125	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	1,175	560	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	200	100	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	420	210	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	1,150	595	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	1,010	480	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	145	100	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,270	645	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	210	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	280	120	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	160	60	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	150	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	2,240	1,220	1,020	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nicaraguan	800	355	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	450	190	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	1,050	510	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	175	65	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	445	220	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	460	245	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	175	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	280	150	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	225	90	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	665	375	290	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chaldean	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	555	255	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	575	310	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	340	150	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	545	255	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	420	190	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	180	65	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	140	100	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	670	350	320	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sicilian	110	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	820	420	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	790	340	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	350	185	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	330	165	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	790	415	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Zimbabwean	660	295	365	0.1	0.0	0.1
Burmese	540	250	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	985	455	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	300	145	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	1,560	875	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tanzanian	795	425	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yemeni	555	280	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	445	255	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	175	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	295	125	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	345	210	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	1,195	560	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulani	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	155	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	230	90	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	215	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	255	135	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	200	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	180	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	820	405	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Singaporean	325	120	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	390	195	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	605	340	265	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tajik	280	130	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	810	435	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Paraguayan	100	30	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,291,770	642,135	649,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	20,855	9,225	11,625	1.6	1.4	1.8
Christian	575,250	270,555	304,690	44.5	42.1	46.9
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	121,585	58,010	63,575	9.4	9.0	9.8
Anabaptist	2,100	1,020	1,075	0.2	0.2	0.2
Anglican	27,005	12,375	14,635	2.1	1.9	2.3
Baptist	10,875	5,050	5,825	0.8	0.8	0.9
Catholic	262,720	125,010	137,705	20.3	19.5	21.2
Christian Orthodox	24,020	11,690	12,330	1.9	1.8	1.9
Jehovah's Witness	5,160	2,300	2,860	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latter Day Saints	9,895	4,590	5,305	0.8	0.7	0.8
Lutheran	14,005	6,325	7,675	1.1	1.0	1.2
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,570	1,160	1,415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	14,690	6,905	7,785	1.1	1.1	1.2
Presbyterian	8,330	3,730	4,600	0.6	0.6	0.7
Reformed	1,250	600	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	37,055	15,800	21,255	2.9	2.5	3.3
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	33,980	15,990	17,990	2.6	2.5	2.8
Hindu	33,450	17,180	16,265	2.6	2.7	2.5
Jewish	6,390	3,140	3,255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Muslim	95,925	48,855	47,075	7.4	7.6	7.2
Sikh	49,465	24,885	24,580	3.8	3.9	3.8
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,370	500	870	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	9,695	4,165	5,535	0.8	0.6	0.9
No religion and secular perspectives	499,375	263,630	235,745	38.7	41.1	36.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,277,835	634,945	642,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	1,101,965	547,205	554,760	86.2	86.2	86.3
Movers	175,865	87,745	88,125	13.8	13.8	13.7
Non-migrants	132,940	66,500	66,445	10.4	10.5	10.3
Migrants	42,925	21,245	21,680	3.4	3.3	3.4
Internal migrants	29,285	14,520	14,770	2.3	2.3	2.3
Intraprovincial migrants	13,780	6,700	7,080	1.1	1.1	1.1
Interprovincial migrants	15,505	7,820	7,690	1.2	1.2	1.2
External migrants	13,640	6,730	6,910	1.1	1.1	1.1
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,217,975	604,435	613,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	707,190	350,630	356,560	58.1	58.0	58.1
Movers	510,785	253,805	256,980	41.9	42.0	41.9
Non-migrants	333,555	166,780	166,775	27.4	27.6	27.2
Migrants	177,230	87,025	90,205	14.6	14.4	14.7
Internal migrants	103,835	51,155	52,680	8.5	8.5	8.6
Intraprovincial migrants	52,115	25,805	26,310	4.3	4.3	4.3
Interprovincial migrants	51,725	25,355	26,370	4.2	4.2	4.3
External migrants	73,395	35,870	37,525	6.0	5.9	6.1
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,056,230	521,175	535,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	149,010	77,165	71,850	14.1	14.8	13.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	907,215	444,015	463,205	85.9	85.2	86.6
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	737,750	364,645	373,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	65,615	35,580	30,040	8.9	9.8	8.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	672,130	329,065	343,070	91.1	90.2	91.9
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,056,230	521,180	535,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	134,565	68,700	65,865	12.7	13.2	12.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	273,135	137,495	135,635	25.9	26.4	25.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	648,530	314,980	333,550	61.4	60.4	62.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	271,085	134,270	136,810	25.7	25.8	25.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	62,155	45,900	16,255	5.9	8.8	3.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	22,795	12,780	10,015	2.2	2.5	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	39,360	33,125	6,235	3.7	6.4	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	172,905	73,135	99,775	16.4	14.0	18.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	36,020	15,235	20,790	3.4	2.9	3.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	377,450	180,710	196,740	35.7	34.7	36.8
Bachelor's degree	258,985	121,715	137,275	24.5	23.4	25.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	19,835	9,020	10,810	1.9	1.7	2.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	9,365	4,285	5,080	0.9	0.8	0.9
Master's degree	77,600	38,555	39,040	7.3	7.4	7.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	11,670	7,130	4,540	1.1	1.4	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	737,750	364,645	373,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	56,150	30,270	25,880	7.6	8.3	6.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	158,090	83,330	74,760	21.4	22.9	20.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	523,505	251,045	272,465	71.0	68.8	73.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	207,210	103,010	104,205	28.1	28.2	27.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	46,300	34,495	11,805	6.3	9.5	3.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	16,310	9,360	6,950	2.2	2.6	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	29,990	25,135	4,860	4.1	6.9	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	132,925	56,660	76,265	18.0	15.5	20.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,990	11,860	16,130	3.8	3.3	4.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	316,295	148,035	168,260	42.9	40.6	45.1
Bachelor's degree	215,545	99,580	115,960	29.2	27.3	31.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	15,980	7,050	8,925	2.2	1.9	2.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	8,070	3,480	4,595	1.1	1.0	1.2
Master's degree	67,610	32,685	34,925	9.2	9.0	9.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	9,100	5,240	3,855	1.2	1.4	1.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,056,230	521,180	535,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	407,695	206,200	201,495	38.6	39.6	37.7
Education	37,900	8,205	29,695	3.6	1.6	5.5
13. Education	37,900	8,205	29,695	3.6	1.6	5.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	20,300	8,295	12,000	1.9	1.6	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,095	1,585	515	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	18,205	6,715	11,490	1.7	1.3	2.1
Humanities	29,295	10,450	18,845	2.8	2.0	3.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	3,420	660	2,760	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	6,610	1,750	4,860	0.6	0.3	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	10,070	3,555	6,515	1.0	0.7	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	455	155	300	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,925	1,050	875	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,775	1,575	1,200	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	3,320	1,570	1,750	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	720	130	585	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	72,710	25,400	47,315	6.9	4.9	8.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,020	200	820	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	9,885	3,435	6,450	0.9	0.7	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	7,890	615	7,275	0.7	0.1	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	13,435	4,770	8,665	1.3	0.9	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,430	480	945	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	11,935	2,745	9,190	1.1	0.5	1.7
45. Social sciences	27,130	13,155	13,975	2.6	2.5	2.6
Business, management and public administration	151,340	66,070	85,275	14.3	12.7	15.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	145	60	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	7,190	1,385	5,810	0.7	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	144,000	64,630	79,380	13.6	12.4	14.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	35,280	18,270	17,015	3.3	3.5	3.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	11,915	4,605	7,310	1.1	0.9	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	7,125	3,260	3,870	0.7	0.6	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	560	230	330	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	14,385	9,680	4,705	1.4	1.9	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,295	495	800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	32,775	21,555	11,215	3.1	4.1	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	27,025	18,865	8,165	2.6	3.6	1.5
25. Library science	1,385	170	1,210	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	3,675	2,070	1,610	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	685	455	230	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	141,165	119,620	21,550	13.4	23.0	4.0
04. Architecture and related services	5,715	3,555	2,165	0.5	0.7	0.4
14. Engineering	60,975	48,265	12,715	5.8	9.3	2.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	30,160	24,830	5,325	2.9	4.8	1.0
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	20,365	19,740	625	1.9	3.8	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	15,535	15,080	455	1.5	2.9	0.1
48. Precision production	8,400	8,145	260	0.8	1.6	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	10,880	5,175	5,705	1.0	1.0	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	6,525	3,070	3,455	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	4,350	2,100	2,250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Health and related fields	91,710	19,495	72,215	8.7	3.7	13.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	7,380	3,540	3,845	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	81,445	14,515	66,930	7.7	2.8	12.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	150	55	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,740	1,395	1,350	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	24,990	12,345	12,645	2.4	2.4	2.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	16,005	5,380	10,625	1.5	1.0	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	105	90	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	125	105	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	4,485	2,870	1,615	0.4	0.6	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,270	3,900	370	0.4	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	737,745	364,640	373,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	214,245	113,600	100,640	29.0	31.2	27.0
Education	27,425	5,745	21,680	3.7	1.6	5.8
13. Education	27,425	5,745	21,680	3.7	1.6	5.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	16,520	6,735	9,785	2.2	1.8	2.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,595	1,150	450	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	14,920	5,580	9,335	2.0	1.5	2.5
Humanities	23,385	8,110	15,275	3.2	2.2	4.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,795	520	2,270	0.4	0.1	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	5,440	1,440	3,995	0.7	0.4	1.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	8,205	2,785	5,420	1.1	0.8	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	340	110	230	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,575	845	730	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,930	1,110	820	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	2,585	1,210	1,375	0.4	0.3	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	515	90	420	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	60,535	20,560	39,980	8.2	5.6	10.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	870	180	685	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	8,695	2,925	5,770	1.2	0.8	1.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	6,225	450	5,780	0.8	0.1	1.5
22. Legal professions and studies	11,170	3,705	7,465	1.5	1.0	2.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,180	385	795	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	9,685	2,100	7,590	1.3	0.6	2.0
45. Social sciences	22,700	10,805	11,895	3.1	3.0	3.2
Business, management and public administration	124,905	53,865	71,040	16.9	14.8	19.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,835	1,070	4,765	0.8	0.3	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	118,970	52,750	66,215	16.1	14.5	17.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	27,230	13,335	13,895	3.7	3.7	3.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	9,575	3,600	5,975	1.3	1.0	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	5,600	2,495	3,105	0.8	0.7	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	465	190	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	10,735	6,710	4,020	1.5	1.8	1.1
41. Science technologies/technicians	860	335	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	28,300	18,680	9,610	3.8	5.1	2.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	24,085	16,720	7,360	3.3	4.6	2.0
25. Library science	900	120	780	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,765	1,500	1,265	0.4	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	555	350	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	113,170	94,000	19,170	15.3	25.8	5.1
04. Architecture and related services	4,610	2,700	1,910	0.6	0.7	0.5
14. Engineering	51,005	39,500	11,510	6.9	10.8	3.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	24,030	19,430	4,600	3.3	5.3	1.2
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	15,725	15,190	535	2.1	4.2	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	11,690	11,295	400	1.6	3.1	0.1
48. Precision production	6,095	5,885	200	0.8	1.6	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	8,820	4,045	4,780	1.2	1.1	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	5,000	2,240	2,765	0.7	0.6	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,820	1,805	2,015	0.5	0.5	0.5
Health and related fields	73,600	16,045	57,555	10.0	4.4	15.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	5,910	2,840	3,070	0.8	0.8	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	65,330	12,095	53,230	8.9	3.3	14.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	130	45	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,240	1,065	1,180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	19,480	9,855	9,625	2.6	2.7	2.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	12,230	4,210	8,020	1.7	1.2	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	80	70	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	50	45	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	3,695	2,380	1,315	0.5	0.7	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	3,425	3,150	275	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	737,745	364,640	373,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	214,245	113,600	100,640	29.0	31.2	27.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	523,510	251,045	272,465	71.0	68.8	73.0
Location of study inside Canada	372,000	180,455	191,540	50.4	49.5	51.3
Same as province or territory of residence	267,640	128,510	139,130	36.3	35.2	37.3
Different than province or territory of residence	104,355	51,950	52,410	14.1	14.2	14.0
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	151,510	70,585	80,925	20.5	19.4	21.7
Americas	24,755	12,395	12,360	3.4	3.4	3.3
United States of America	14,510	7,920	6,590	2.0	2.2	1.8
Mexico	2,085	930	1,160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cuba	235	135	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	400	175	230	0.1	0.0	0.1
Brazil	1,555	665	890	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	2,015	880	1,140	0.3	0.2	0.3
Peru	365	140	225	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,780	745	1,035	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other locations of study in Americas	1,735	760	970	0.2	0.2	0.3
Europe	25,250	13,170	12,080	3.4	3.6	3.2
Belgium	170	100	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	1,155	600	555	0.2	0.2	0.1
Germany	925	515	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	600	315	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	280	150	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	330	165	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	570	270	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	1,375	540	835	0.2	0.1	0.2
Romania	1,725	935	795	0.2	0.3	0.2
Russian Federation	2,065	890	1,170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ukraine	1,465	680	785	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	855	520	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	9,355	5,195	4,155	1.3	1.4	1.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	280	145	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	315	170	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	360	180	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	3,420	1,790	1,635	0.5	0.5	0.4
Africa	12,240	6,200	6,040	1.7	1.7	1.6
Nigeria	4,635	2,225	2,415	0.6	0.6	0.6
Algeria	330	170	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	380	205	175	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tunisia	180	110	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	1,610	825	785	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	1,315	665	655	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	3,795	2,005	1,790	0.5	0.5	0.5
Asia	86,450	37,320	49,140	11.7	10.2	13.2
Iran⁸⁸	2,105	980	1,120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iraq	895	440	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	385	210	175	0.1	0.1	0.0
Lebanon	590	275	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	730	375	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	385	235	155	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	10,965	4,890	6,075	1.5	1.3	1.6
Taiwan	565	140	430	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	790	310	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japan	995	270	720	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	3,715	1,535	2,175	0.5	0.4	0.6
Philippines	28,045	11,105	16,945	3.8	3.0	4.5
Viet Nam	810	315	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	1,360	510	845	0.2	0.1	0.2
Sri Lanka	455	235	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	23,485	11,025	12,455	3.2	3.0	3.3
Pakistan	6,015	2,670	3,345	0.8	0.7	0.9
Other locations of study in Asia	4,170	1,795	2,375	0.6	0.5	0.6
Oceania	2,815	1,510	1,305	0.4	0.4	0.3
Australia	2,225	1,200	1,025	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Zealand	480	255	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	105	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,056,230	521,180	535,055	...	...	...
In the labour force	730,055	382,305	347,750	...	...	...
Employed	638,645	335,655	302,995	...	...	...
Unemployed	91,405	46,650	44,755	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	326,175	138,875	187,310	...	...	...
Participation rate	69.1	73.4	65.0	69.1	73.4	65.0
Employment rate	60.5	64.4	56.6	60.5	64.4	56.6
Unemployment rate	12.5	12.2	12.9	12.5	12.2	12.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,056,230	521,180	535,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	350,820	153,180	197,640	33.2	29.4	36.9
Worked	705,410	367,995	337,415	66.8	70.6	63.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	370,495	210,090	160,405	35.1	40.3	30.0
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	334,920	157,910	177,010	31.7	30.3	33.1
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.6	41.4	39.7	40.6	41.4	39.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	730,050	382,305	347,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	25,210	12,180	13,025	3.5	3.2	3.7
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	704,840	370,120	334,720	96.5	96.8	96.3
Employee	596,075	303,490	292,590	81.6	79.4	84.1
Permanent position	498,865	258,105	240,765	68.3	67.5	69.2
Temporary position	97,210	45,385	51,825	13.3	11.9	14.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	33,010	14,890	18,125	4.5	3.9	5.2
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	64,200	30,500	33,700	8.8	8.0	9.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	108,770	66,635	42,130	14.9	17.4	12.1
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	730,050	382,305	347,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	25,210	12,180	13,025	3.5	3.2	3.7
All occupations¹⁹¹	704,840	370,120	334,720	96.5	96.8	96.3
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	8,910	6,645	2,265	1.2	1.7	0.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	135,315	46,270	89,040	18.5	12.1	25.6
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	83,405	63,705	19,695	11.4	16.7	5.7
3 Health occupations	58,670	11,985	46,685	8.0	3.1	13.4
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	77,125	25,355	51,770	10.6	6.6	14.9
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	20,330	9,105	11,230	2.8	2.4	3.2
6 Sales and service occupations	175,295	80,580	94,715	24.0	21.1	27.2
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	115,655	103,615	12,040	15.8	27.1	3.5
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	10,185	8,205	1,980	1.4	2.1	0.6
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	19,960	14,655	5,300	2.7	3.8	1.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	730,050	382,305	347,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	25,210	12,180	13,025	3.5	3.2	3.7
All industries¹⁹¹	704,840	370,120	334,720	96.5	96.8	96.3
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,635	1,590	1,050	0.4	0.4	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	32,410	20,860	11,545	4.4	5.5	3.3
22 Utilities	8,485	5,525	2,960	1.2	1.4	0.9
23 Construction	58,805	49,750	9,055	8.1	13.0	2.6
31-33 Manufacturing	33,130	24,105	9,030	4.5	6.3	2.6
41 Wholesale trade	22,295	15,400	6,895	3.1	4.0	2.0
44-45 Retail trade	80,115	38,770	41,340	11.0	10.1	11.9
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	46,840	34,225	12,610	6.4	9.0	3.6
51 Information and cultural industries	12,790	7,585	5,205	1.8	2.0	1.5
52 Finance and insurance	26,450	12,325	14,125	3.6	3.2	4.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	14,175	7,965	6,215	1.9	2.1	1.8
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	83,970	48,655	35,310	11.5	12.7	10.2
55 Management of companies and enterprises	2,240	995	1,250	0.3	0.3	0.4
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	31,495	17,855	13,640	4.3	4.7	3.9
61 Educational services	46,695	14,690	32,005	6.4	3.8	9.2
62 Health care and social assistance	90,910	18,065	72,845	12.5	4.7	20.9
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	14,470	7,345	7,125	2.0	1.9	2.0
72 Accommodation and food services	42,785	19,585	23,200	5.9	5.1	6.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	29,975	12,560	17,415	4.1	3.3	5.0
91 Public administration	24,185	12,265	11,920	3.3	3.2	3.4
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	764,085	398,215	365,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	720,920	377,180	343,730	94.4	94.7	93.9
French	1,020	295	725	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	6,605	3,350	3,255	0.9	0.8	0.9
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	6,600	3,350	3,250	0.9	0.8	0.9
English and French	6,415	2,620	3,795	0.8	0.7	1.0
English and non-official language(s)	27,865	14,130	13,730	3.6	3.5	3.8
French and non-official language(s)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	665	305	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	570	320	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	764,085	398,215	365,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	757,765	394,970	362,795	99.2	99.2	99.2
Official languages	745,365	388,565	356,810	97.6	97.6	97.5
English	743,325	387,970	355,360	97.3	97.4	97.1
French	2,040	595	1,445	0.3	0.1	0.4
Non-official languages	12,400	6,410	5,990	1.6	1.6	1.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	12,390	6,410	5,980	1.6	1.6	1.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	450	245	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	430	235	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	315	165	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	800	305	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	780	295	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	535	275	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	480	245	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	4,915	2,660	2,260	0.6	0.7	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	425	175	250	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	425	175	250	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	130	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	175	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	3,090	1,860	1,225	0.4	0.5	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	2,955	1,810	1,140	0.4	0.5	0.3
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	110	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,505	1,605	900	0.3	0.4	0.2
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	225	95	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	135	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	125	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	90	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,285	565	720	0.2	0.1	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	75	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	1,150	475	670	0.2	0.1	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	105	25	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	775	435	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,560	2,355	2,205	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese languages	4,540	2,340	2,200	0.6	0.6	0.6
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,910	975	935	0.2	0.2	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,595	1,340	1,250	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,320	3,245	3,075	0.8	0.8	0.8
English and French	805	365	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	5,280	2,770	2,515	0.7	0.7	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	130	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	764,085	398,215	365,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	734,060	383,675	350,390	96.1	96.3	95.8
English	5,720	2,795	2,930	0.7	0.7	0.8
French	4,720	2,005	2,720	0.6	0.5	0.7
Non-official language	16,030	8,000	8,030	2.1	2.0	2.2
Indigenous³⁹	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	15,945	7,965	7,980	2.1	2.0	2.2
English and French	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	640	305	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	440	215	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,460	1,210	1,250	0.3	0.3	0.3
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	638,645	335,655	302,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	182,015	89,915	92,100	28.5	26.8	30.4
Worked outside Canada	2,460	1,800	660	0.4	0.5	0.2
No fixed workplace address	89,650	66,145	23,505	14.0	19.7	7.8
Usual place of work	364,515	177,790	186,730	57.1	53.0	61.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	364,520	177,790	186,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	332,545	158,240	174,305	91.2	89.0	93.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	22,900	13,305	9,595	6.3	7.5	5.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	5,875	4,210	1,665	1.6	2.4	0.9
Commute to a different province or territory	3,200	2,035	1,165	0.9	1.1	0.6
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	454,170	243,935	210,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	378,085	208,085	169,995	83.2	85.3	80.9
Car, truck or van - as a driver	350,765	198,775	151,990	77.2	81.5	72.3
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	27,315	9,310	18,005	6.0	3.8	8.6
Public transit	39,905	17,255	22,645	8.8	7.1	10.8
Walked	19,195	8,805	10,390	4.2	3.6	4.9
Bicycle	3,955	2,970	985	0.9	1.2	0.5
Other method	13,035	6,820	6,215	2.9	2.8	3.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	454,170	243,935	210,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	97,610	44,795	52,810	21.5	18.4	25.1
15 to 29 minutes	213,150	115,080	98,070	46.9	47.2	46.6
30 to 44 minutes	99,695	58,885	40,805	22.0	24.1	19.4
45 to 59 minutes	20,845	11,730	9,110	4.6	4.8	4.3
60 minutes and over	22,870	13,440	9,430	5.0	5.5	4.5
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	454,170	243,935	210,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	28,655	20,330	8,325	6.3	8.3	4.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	79,585	49,005	30,585	17.5	20.1	14.5
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	116,785	61,460	55,320	25.7	25.2	26.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	86,045	42,180	43,860	18.9	17.3	20.9
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	67,250	30,565	36,680	14.8	12.5	17.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	75,850	40,390	35,455	16.7	16.6	16.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	285,180	146,410	138,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,385	10,340	10,050	7.1	7.1	7.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	264,795	136,070	128,725	92.9	92.9	92.8
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	205,680	105,675	100,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,120	7,690	7,430	7.4	7.3	7.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	7,850	3,820	4,030	3.8	3.6	4.0
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	7,275	3,870	3,400	3.5	3.7	3.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	190,560	97,990	92,580	92.6	92.7	92.6

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed March 22, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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