Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Vancouver, City (CY)More information: British Columbia [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	662,248	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	631,486	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	4.9	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total private dwellings²	328,347	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	305,336	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	5,749.9	...	...	5,749.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	115.18	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	662,250	324,570	337,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	70,570	36,595	33,980	10.7	11.3	10.1
0 to 4 years	23,840	12,170	11,670	3.6	3.7	3.5
5 to 9 years	23,070	12,140	10,930	3.5	3.7	3.2
10 to 14 years	23,660	12,280	11,380	3.6	3.8	3.4
15 to 64 years	478,960	236,425	242,535	72.3	72.8	71.8
15 to 19 years	26,315	13,645	12,670	4.0	4.2	3.8
20 to 24 years	43,290	21,135	22,155	6.5	6.5	6.6
25 to 29 years	67,155	32,785	34,375	10.1	10.1	10.2
30 to 34 years	69,225	34,580	34,640	10.5	10.7	10.3
35 to 39 years	57,330	29,065	28,270	8.7	9.0	8.4
40 to 44 years	45,075	22,380	22,695	6.8	6.9	6.7
45 to 49 years	42,045	20,055	21,990	6.3	6.2	6.5
50 to 54 years	44,840	21,665	23,175	6.8	6.7	6.9
55 to 59 years	44,360	22,060	22,305	6.7	6.8	6.6
60 to 64 years	39,320	19,060	20,265	5.9	5.9	6.0
65 years and over	112,720	51,555	61,160	17.0	15.9	18.1
65 to 69 years	34,590	16,420	18,170	5.2	5.1	5.4
70 to 74 years	30,055	14,175	15,880	4.5	4.4	4.7
75 to 79 years	18,520	8,495	10,025	2.8	2.6	3.0
80 to 84 years	13,865	6,080	7,785	2.1	1.9	2.3
85 years and over	15,695	6,385	9,310	2.4	2.0	2.8
85 to 89 years	9,425	4,055	5,370	1.4	1.2	1.6
90 to 94 years	4,685	1,870	2,815	0.7	0.6	0.8
95 to 99 years	1,350	410	935	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	235	50	185	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	10.7	11.3	10.1	10.7	11.3	10.1
15 to 64 years	72.3	72.8	71.8	72.3	72.8	71.8
65 years and over	17.0	15.9	18.1	17.0	15.9	18.1
85 years and over	2.4	2.0	2.8	2.4	2.0	2.8
Average age of the population	42.2	41.5	43.0	42.2	41.5	43.0
Median age of the population	39.6	38.8	40.4	39.6	38.8	40.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	305,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	44,750	...	...	14.7	...	...
Semi-detached house	4,800	...	...	1.6	...	...
Row house	10,815	...	...	3.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	54,305	...	...	17.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	95,120	...	...	31.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	94,815	...	...	31.1	...	...
Other single-attached house	695	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	305,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	119,805	...	...	39.2	...	...
2 persons	100,730	...	...	33.0	...	...
3 persons	38,600	...	...	12.6	...	...
4 persons	29,140	...	...	9.5	...	...
5 or more persons	17,060	...	...	5.6	...	...
Number of persons in private households	650,380	317,905	332,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	591,675	287,980	303,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	298,085	149,430	148,660	50.4	51.9	48.9
Married	230,735	114,860	115,875	39.0	39.9	38.2
Living common-law	67,350	34,570	32,780	11.4	12.0	10.8
Living common law - Never married	57,990	29,630	28,355	9.8	10.3	9.3
Living common law - Separated	1,120	650	465	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	7,740	4,060	3,675	1.3	1.4	1.2
Living common law - Widowed	500	225	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	293,585	138,550	155,040	49.6	48.1	51.1
Not married and not living common law - Never married	218,140	113,810	104,325	36.9	39.5	34.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	13,790	5,870	7,920	2.3	2.0	2.6
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	37,675	14,270	23,400	6.4	5.0	7.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	23,985	4,595	19,390	4.1	1.6	6.4
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	168,660	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	96,975	...	...	57.5	...	...
3 persons	35,905	...	...	21.3	...	...
4 persons	28,165	...	...	16.7	...	...
5 or more persons	7,615	...	...	4.5	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	168,660	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	142,595	...	...	84.5	...	...
Married couples	108,925	...	...	64.6	...	...
With children⁶	58,130	...	...	34.5	...	...
Without children	50,790	...	...	30.1	...	...
Common-law couples	33,675	...	...	20.0	...	...
With children⁶	5,370	...	...	3.2	...	...
Without children	28,305	...	...	16.8	...	...
Total one-parent families	26,060	...	...	15.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	21,285	...	...	12.6	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	4,780	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	650,380	317,905	332,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	454,055	224,315	229,740	69.8	70.6	69.1
Married spouses or common-law partners	285,190	143,975	141,215	43.8	45.3	42.5
Parents in one-parent families	26,065	4,780	21,280	4.0	1.5	6.4
Children⁶	142,800	75,560	67,245	22.0	23.8	20.2
In a two-parent family	106,565	56,110	50,460	16.4	17.6	15.2
In a one-parent family	36,235	19,450	16,780	5.6	6.1	5.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	196,325	93,590	102,735	30.2	29.4	30.9
Living alone	119,805	56,365	63,440	18.4	17.7	19.1
Living with other relatives⁷	19,650	7,505	12,145	3.0	2.4	3.7
Living with non-relatives only	56,870	29,725	27,150	8.7	9.4	8.2
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	305,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	142,375	...	...	46.6	...	...
Couple-family households	122,210	...	...	40.0	...	...
With children⁶	53,125	...	...	17.4	...	...
Without children	69,085	...	...	22.6	...	...
One-parent-family households	20,160	...	...	6.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	8,260	...	...	2.7	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	2,030	...	...	0.7	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	9,045	...	...	3.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	23,825	...	...	7.8	...	...
One-person households	119,805	...	...	39.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	580,010	281,450	298,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	563,730	273,475	290,250	97.2	97.2	97.2
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	45,600	39,200	42,000	45,600	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	564,040	273,650	290,390	97.2	97.2	97.3
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	40,800	36,000	38,000	40,800	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	508,185	247,130	261,055	87.6	87.8	87.4
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	44,800	34,000	38,800	44,800	34,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	415,915	207,825	208,085	71.7	73.8	69.7
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	46,400	36,400	41,200	46,400	36,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	454,870	209,135	245,735	78.4	74.3	82.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,200	7,900	8,500	8,200	7,900	8,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	49,505	22,375	27,125	8.5	7.9	9.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520	5,480	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	170,155	82,630	87,525	29.3	29.4	29.3
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,500	9,000	9,500	9,500	9,000	9,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	580,010	281,355	298,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	563,600	273,300	290,295	97.2	97.1	97.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,250	71,700	53,350	62,250	71,700	53,350
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	563,910	273,480	290,425	97.2	97.2	97.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,080	56,050	44,520	50,080	56,050	44,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	508,140	246,985	261,155	87.6	87.8	87.4
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,150	71,200	49,720	60,150	71,200	49,720
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	415,915	208,040	207,875	71.7	73.9	69.6
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	58,700	68,400	48,960	58,700	68,400	48,960
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	454,215	208,415	245,800	78.3	74.1	82.3
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,940	9,620	10,220	9,940	9,620	10,220
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	49,585	22,205	27,380	8.5	7.9	9.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,410	5,835	6,880	6,410	5,835	6,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	169,180	82,150	87,035	29.2	29.2	29.1
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,610	9,600	9,620	9,610	9,600	9,620
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	580,010	281,355	298,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	192,635	104,825	87,805	33.2	37.3	29.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	74,500	64,500	69,500	74,500	64,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,200	101,400	76,700	90,200	101,400	76,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	173,660	79,770	93,895	29.9	28.4	31.4
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,200	21,800	19,000	20,200	21,800	19,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,400	37,080	30,280	33,400	37,080	30,280
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	87.2	89.8	83.8	87.2	89.8	83.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.6	72.6	65.6	69.6	72.6	65.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	12.9	10.2	16.2	12.9	10.2	16.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.7	1.2	0.9	0.7	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.6	4.7	6.6	5.6	4.7	6.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.6	4.0	5.4	4.6	4.0	5.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	580,010	281,455	298,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	16,285	7,975	8,305	2.8	2.8	2.8
With total income	563,730	273,475	290,255	97.2	97.2	97.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	55,370	25,295	30,075	9.8	9.2	10.4
$10,000 to $19,999	61,180	28,340	32,835	10.9	10.4	11.3
$20,000 to $29,999	86,405	38,360	48,045	15.3	14.0	16.6
$30,000 to $39,999	67,875	30,530	37,345	12.0	11.2	12.9
$40,000 to $49,999	55,555	25,140	30,420	9.9	9.2	10.5
$50,000 to $59,999	46,055	20,965	25,095	8.2	7.7	8.6
$60,000 to $69,999	37,150	18,060	19,085	6.6	6.6	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	30,195	15,230	14,965	5.4	5.6	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	24,045	12,365	11,675	4.3	4.5	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	19,545	10,140	9,405	3.5	3.7	3.2
$100,000 and over	80,345	49,040	31,310	14.3	17.9	10.8
$100,000 to $149,999	46,155	26,435	19,725	8.2	9.7	6.8
$150,000 and over	34,195	22,605	11,585	6.1	8.3	4.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	580,010	281,455	298,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	15,975	7,800	8,170	2.8	2.8	2.7
With after-tax income	564,035	273,650	290,385	97.2	97.2	97.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	57,995	26,550	31,445	10.3	9.7	10.8
$10,000 to $19,999	63,245	29,355	33,890	11.2	10.7	11.7
$20,000 to $29,999	97,585	43,580	54,000	17.3	15.9	18.6
$30,000 to $39,999	77,280	35,020	42,265	13.7	12.8	14.6
$40,000 to $49,999	63,640	28,995	34,650	11.3	10.6	11.9
$50,000 to $59,999	50,160	23,985	26,170	8.9	8.8	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	38,210	19,210	18,995	6.8	7.0	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	29,320	15,255	14,070	5.2	5.6	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	21,470	11,310	10,165	3.8	4.1	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	14,965	8,400	6,570	2.7	3.1	2.3
$100,000 and over	50,165	32,000	18,165	8.9	11.7	6.3
$100,000 to $124,999	21,515	13,030	8,490	3.8	4.8	2.9
$125,000 and over	28,645	18,970	9,670	5.1	6.9	3.3
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	580,010	281,455	298,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	164,095	73,625	90,470	28.3	26.2	30.3
With employment income	415,915	207,825	208,090	71.7	73.8	69.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	51,110	23,615	27,495	12.3	11.4	13.2
$5,000 to $9,999	33,650	15,005	18,650	8.1	7.2	9.0
$10,000 to $19,999	48,115	21,800	26,315	11.6	10.5	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	36,415	16,885	19,535	8.8	8.1	9.4
$30,000 to $39,999	34,295	16,015	18,285	8.2	7.7	8.8
$40,000 to $49,999	34,220	16,115	18,105	8.2	7.8	8.7
$50,000 to $59,999	32,385	15,285	17,100	7.8	7.4	8.2
$60,000 to $69,999	27,390	13,915	13,475	6.6	6.7	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	22,615	11,835	10,775	5.4	5.7	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	19,180	10,170	9,010	4.6	4.9	4.3
$90,000 to $99,999	15,870	8,395	7,475	3.8	4.0	3.6
$100,000 and over	60,670	38,800	21,870	14.6	18.7	10.5
$100,000 to $124,999	23,930	13,870	10,065	5.8	6.7	4.8
$125,000 and over	36,740	24,935	11,810	8.8	12.0	5.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	580,010	281,450	298,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	545,310	263,635	281,675	94.0	93.7	94.3
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	43,600	35,600	39,200	43,600	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	546,235	263,895	282,350	94.2	93.8	94.6
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	38,400	32,400	35,200	38,400	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	499,605	242,560	257,045	86.1	86.2	86.1
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	45,200	35,200	39,600	45,200	35,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	418,280	207,555	210,730	72.1	73.7	70.6
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	45,600	36,000	40,400	45,600	36,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	356,615	156,025	200,590	61.5	55.4	67.2
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,680	1,140	2,300	1,680	1,140	2,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	25,265	10,865	14,400	4.4	3.9	4.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	4,960	6,320	5,640	4,960	6,320
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	580,010	281,355	298,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	544,950	263,290	281,655	94.0	93.6	94.3
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,550	69,400	50,400	59,550	69,400	50,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	545,825	263,560	282,260	94.1	93.7	94.5
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,800	54,250	41,760	47,800	54,250	41,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	499,235	242,210	257,020	86.1	86.1	86.1
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,450	71,500	50,000	60,450	71,500	50,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	418,215	207,730	210,490	72.1	73.8	70.5
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,800	66,600	47,160	56,800	66,600	47,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	356,225	155,625	200,600	61.4	55.3	67.2
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,420	6,050	6,700	6,420	6,050	6,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	25,615	10,960	14,660	4.4	3.9	4.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,390	6,135	8,320	7,390	6,135	8,320
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	580,010	281,355	298,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	189,135	102,835	86,300	32.6	36.5	28.9
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	63,200	68,500	58,400	63,200	68,500	58,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,600	93,600	69,500	82,600	93,600	69,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	162,990	74,715	88,275	28.1	26.6	29.6
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,800	29,200	25,000	26,800	29,200	25,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	39,840	45,040	35,480	39,840	45,040	35,480
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	93.0	94.8	90.6	93.0	94.8	90.6
Employment income (%)	73.2	75.8	70.0	73.2	75.8	70.0
Government transfers (%)	7.0	5.2	9.5	7.0	5.2	9.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.4	0.9	0.6	0.4	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	305,335	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...	72,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	119,805	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,400	...	...	46,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...	41,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	185,530	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	305,335	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	114,900	...	...	114,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	92,500	...	...	92,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	119,745	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	63,300	...	...	63,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,200	...	...	51,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	185,595	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	148,200	...	...	148,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,200	...	...	119,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	305,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	7,260	...	...	2.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,990	...	...	1.0	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,025	...	...	1.3	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	8,210	...	...	2.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	14,595	...	...	4.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	10,570	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	10,515	...	...	3.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	11,620	...	...	3.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	10,450	...	...	3.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	10,315	...	...	3.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	20,760	...	...	6.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	19,740	...	...	6.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	18,775	...	...	6.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	17,225	...	...	5.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	15,485	...	...	5.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	122,810	...	...	40.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	31,225	...	...	10.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	23,270	...	...	7.6	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	29,850	...	...	9.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	38,465	...	...	12.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	305,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	8,305	...	...	2.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	3,055	...	...	1.0	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,095	...	...	1.3	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	8,565	...	...	2.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	15,495	...	...	5.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	12,065	...	...	4.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	12,080	...	...	4.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	13,130	...	...	4.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	12,385	...	...	4.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	12,390	...	...	4.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	24,430	...	...	8.0	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	22,815	...	...	7.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	20,975	...	...	6.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	18,315	...	...	6.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	15,955	...	...	5.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	101,285	...	...	33.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	31,545	...	...	10.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	22,240	...	...	7.3	...	...
$150,000 and over	47,500	...	...	15.6	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	167,155	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	72,300	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	63,570	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,000	...	...	144,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...	125,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	23,830	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...	72,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500	...	...	66,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	176,675	86,085	90,590	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800	40,800	40,400	40,800	40,800	40,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	37,200	37,200	37,200	37,200	37,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	167,290	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	151,000	...	...	151,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,400	...	...	120,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	72,225	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	140,000	...	...	140,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	111,400	...	...	111,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	63,625	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	189,800	...	...	189,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	149,600	...	...	149,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	23,690	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	91,300	...	...	91,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	176,080	85,775	90,300	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	55,850	58,500	53,350	55,850	58,500	53,350
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,080	47,640	44,600	46,080	47,640	44,600
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	650,380	317,910	332,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	85,590	44,450	41,145	13.2	14.0	12.4
0 to 5 years	28,350	14,510	13,840	4.4	4.6	4.2
18 to 64 years	457,950	224,570	233,380	70.4	70.6	70.2
65 years and over	106,840	48,890	57,950	16.4	15.4	17.4
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	86,125	41,205	44,920	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	11,150	5,880	5,270	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	3,325	1,745	1,580	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	55,890	27,030	28,860	...	...	...
65 years and over	19,085	8,295	10,790	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.2	13.0	13.5	13.2	13.0	13.5
0 to 17 years (%)	13.0	13.2	12.8	13.0	13.2	12.8
0 to 5 years (%)	11.7	12.0	11.4	11.7	12.0	11.4
18 to 64 years (%)	12.2	12.0	12.4	12.2	12.0	12.4
65 years and over (%)	17.9	17.0	18.6	17.9	17.0	18.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	650,380	317,905	332,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	85,590	44,450	41,145	13.2	14.0	12.4
0 to 5 years	28,345	14,510	13,835	4.4	4.6	4.2
18 to 64 years	457,945	224,570	233,380	70.4	70.6	70.2
65 years and over	106,845	48,895	57,950	16.4	15.4	17.4
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	65,275	32,655	32,620	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	7,110	3,740	3,370	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,960	1,040	925	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	49,925	25,145	24,780	...	...	...
65 years and over	8,240	3,775	4,465	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	10.0	10.3	9.8	10.0	10.3	9.8
0 to 17 years (%)	8.3	8.4	8.2	8.3	8.4	8.2
0 to 5 years (%)	6.9	7.2	6.7	6.9	7.2	6.7
18 to 64 years (%)	10.9	11.2	10.6	10.9	11.2	10.6
65 years and over (%)	7.7	7.7	7.7	7.7	7.7	7.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	650,385	317,910	332,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	303,380	145,145	158,235	46.6	45.7	47.6
In bottom decile	88,275	43,010	45,265	13.6	13.5	13.6
In second decile	59,770	28,155	31,615	9.2	8.9	9.5
In third decile	53,530	25,395	28,135	8.2	8.0	8.5
In fourth decile	50,535	24,140	26,400	7.8	7.6	7.9
In fifth decile	51,270	24,445	26,820	7.9	7.7	8.1
In top half of the distribution	347,000	172,760	174,240	53.4	54.3	52.4
In sixth decile	53,315	25,725	27,590	8.2	8.1	8.3
In seventh decile	55,165	26,850	28,315	8.5	8.4	8.5
In eighth decile	61,520	30,295	31,225	9.5	9.5	9.4
In ninth decile	70,990	35,610	35,385	10.9	11.2	10.6
In top decile	106,000	54,280	51,725	16.3	17.1	15.6
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	650,380	...	...	650,380	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.413	...	...	0.413	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.504	...	...	0.504	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.361	...	...	0.361	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.0	...	...	5.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	654,825	320,740	334,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	555,235	277,365	277,870	84.8	86.5	83.2
French only	345	165	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	61,055	27,905	33,150	9.3	8.7	9.9
Neither English nor French	38,195	15,310	22,885	5.8	4.8	6.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	654,825	320,740	334,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	602,935	298,590	304,340	92.1	93.1	91.1
French	10,485	5,405	5,085	1.6	1.7	1.5
English and French	3,685	1,655	2,030	0.6	0.5	0.6
Neither English nor French	37,725	15,090	22,630	5.8	4.7	6.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	654,825	320,740	334,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	619,175	303,765	315,405	94.6	94.7	94.4
Official languages	342,060	178,135	163,930	52.2	55.5	49.1
English	332,135	172,950	159,185	50.7	53.9	47.6
French	9,925	5,180	4,745	1.5	1.6	1.4
Non-official languages	277,105	125,635	151,475	42.3	39.2	45.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	295	145	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	155	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	115	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	115	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	276,815	125,485	151,330	42.3	39.1	45.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,930	2,745	2,185	0.8	0.9	0.7
Berber languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	240	120	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,655	2,600	2,050	0.7	0.8	0.6
Amharic	290	150	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,965	1,710	1,255	0.5	0.5	0.4
Aramaic languages	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,105	600	505	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	12,140	5,385	6,755	1.9	1.7	2.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	230	100	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	11,870	5,265	6,610	1.8	1.6	2.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	24,020	9,625	14,395	3.7	3.0	4.3
Bikol	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	225	80	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	655	230	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	570	210	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	1,840	760	1,080	0.3	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	1,085	490	595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	210	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	18,675	7,450	11,220	2.9	2.3	3.4
Waray-Waray	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	250	105	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	100	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	3,015	1,730	1,285	0.5	0.5	0.4
Kannada	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	580	340	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	1,615	855	755	0.2	0.3	0.2
Telugu	665	450	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	86,610	42,565	44,040	13.2	13.3	13.2
Albanian	170	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	315	165	150	0.0	0.1	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	14,805	6,655	8,150	2.3	2.1	2.4
Baltic languages	250	90	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	95	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	150	50	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	14,555	6,565	7,990	2.2	2.0	2.4
Belarusian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	435	185	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,000	490	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	2,505	1,125	1,380	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	5,155	2,235	2,920	0.8	0.7	0.9
Rusyn	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	3,735	1,775	1,965	0.6	0.6	0.6
Bosnian	355	160	190	0.1	0.0	0.1
Croatian	1,120	505	615	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	2,185	1,065	1,120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	615	275	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	865	360	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	100	70	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	45	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	7,450	3,660	3,785	1.1	1.1	1.1
Frisian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	5,050	2,400	2,650	0.8	0.7	0.8
German	4,725	2,245	2,475	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	220	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,530	825	705	0.2	0.3	0.2
Afrikaans	300	160	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	1,150	620	525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	845	420	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	315	170	150	0.0	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	350	165	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,870	945	930	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	33,155	16,695	16,455	5.1	5.2	4.9
Indo-Aryan languages	22,110	11,140	10,970	3.4	3.5	3.3
Assamese	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,065	620	445	0.2	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	1,075	555	515	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	4,355	2,265	2,090	0.7	0.7	0.6
Kacchi	185	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	300	160	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	210	115	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	13,305	6,435	6,865	2.0	2.0	2.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	255	140	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,125	640	485	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	11,035	5,555	5,480	1.7	1.7	1.6
Baluchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	555	295	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10,315	5,160	5,160	1.6	1.6	1.5
Dari	420	205	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	8,900	4,440	4,460	1.4	1.4	1.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,000	510	485	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	28,740	14,290	14,445	4.4	4.5	4.3
Catalan	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,000	1,990	2,010	0.6	0.6	0.6
Portuguese	6,740	3,250	3,495	1.0	1.0	1.0
Romanian	1,150	530	620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	16,735	8,460	8,275	2.6	2.6	2.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	7,150	2,305	4,840	1.1	0.7	1.4
Korean	8,605	3,480	5,130	1.3	1.1	1.5
Mongolian	160	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	580	310	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	45	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	125,120	55,180	69,940	19.1	17.2	20.9
Chinese languages	124,730	54,985	69,745	19.0	17.1	20.9
Hakka	640	275	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	41,695	17,570	24,125	6.4	5.5	7.2
Min Dong	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	3,105	1,315	1,785	0.5	0.4	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	850	355	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	77,435	35,015	42,415	11.8	10.9	12.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	910	410	505	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	375	185	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	255	130	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	905	295	610	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	770	230	540	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,755	960	795	0.3	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,500	835	665	0.2	0.3	0.2
Uyghur	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,520	680	840	0.2	0.2	0.3
Estonian	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	395	145	250	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	1,040	500	540	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	35,655	16,975	18,680	5.4	5.3	5.6
English and French	2,870	1,415	1,455	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	28,165	13,545	14,620	4.3	4.2	4.4
French and non-official language(s)	605	290	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	640	285	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	3,370	1,435	1,935	0.5	0.4	0.6
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	654,825	320,740	334,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	363,455	186,725	176,730	55.5	58.2	52.9
French	2,430	1,225	1,200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official language	92,070	40,670	51,400	14.1	12.7	15.4
Indigenous³⁹	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	92,025	40,645	51,380	14.1	12.7	15.4
English and French	8,325	4,035	4,285	1.3	1.3	1.3
English and non-official language(s)	174,100	81,685	92,415	26.6	25.5	27.7
French and non-official language(s)	245	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	4,690	2,210	2,475	0.7	0.7	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	9,525	4,080	5,445	1.5	1.3	1.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	654,825	320,740	334,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	617,450	303,250	314,195	94.3	94.5	94.0
Official languages	450,825	228,080	222,740	68.8	71.1	66.7
English	446,870	226,125	220,745	68.2	70.5	66.1
French	3,955	1,955	1,995	0.6	0.6	0.6
Non-official languages	166,620	75,170	91,455	25.4	23.4	27.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	166,565	75,135	91,425	25.4	23.4	27.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,190	1,100	1,085	0.3	0.3	0.3
Berber languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	115	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,055	1,035	1,015	0.3	0.3	0.3
Amharic	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,275	655	620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Aramaic languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	510	265	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	120	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	7,885	3,540	4,345	1.2	1.1	1.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	7,755	3,480	4,275	1.2	1.1	1.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	13,285	5,605	7,675	2.0	1.7	2.3
Bikol	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	300	110	185	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	305	130	175	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	980	440	545	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	380	195	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,835	4,520	6,315	1.7	1.4	1.9
Waray-Waray	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,755	955	805	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kannada	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	310	180	135	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tamil	1,025	515	505	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	370	235	140	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tulu	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	41,915	20,215	21,700	6.4	6.3	6.5
Albanian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	6,070	2,820	3,255	0.9	0.9	1.0
Baltic languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	6,025	2,795	3,230	0.9	0.9	1.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	175	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	340	175	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	720	335	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	2,570	1,175	1,395	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,640	770	875	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bosnian	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	350	155	195	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbian	1,135	550	585	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	235	110	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	265	120	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,080	520	555	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	760	355	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	725	340	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	195	105	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	745	335	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	19,390	9,400	9,990	3.0	2.9	3.0
Indo-Aryan languages	12,650	6,205	6,445	1.9	1.9	1.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	560	300	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	400	195	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	2,100	1,050	1,055	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,505	4,100	4,400	1.3	1.3	1.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	620	325	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	6,735	3,195	3,545	1.0	1.0	1.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	340	160	180	0.1	0.0	0.1
Parsi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	6,305	2,980	3,325	1.0	0.9	1.0
Dari	220	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	5,550	2,625	2,925	0.8	0.8	0.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	535	260	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	14,425	7,035	7,385	2.2	2.2	2.2
Catalan	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,400	600	800	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	3,995	1,905	2,090	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	385	180	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	8,600	4,330	4,270	1.3	1.4	1.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	3,620	1,465	2,150	0.6	0.5	0.6
Korean	5,100	2,200	2,905	0.8	0.7	0.9
Mongolian	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	125	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	88,935	39,190	49,745	13.6	12.2	14.9
Chinese languages	88,715	39,085	49,630	13.5	12.2	14.9
Hakka	210	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	30,925	13,425	17,500	4.7	4.2	5.2
Min Dong	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,525	660	865	0.2	0.2	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	485	225	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	54,920	24,400	30,515	8.4	7.6	9.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	610	260	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	330	120	205	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	280	105	175	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	765	385	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	685	350	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	320	135	185	0.0	0.0	0.1
Estonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	95	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	220	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	37,380	17,490	19,895	5.7	5.5	6.0
English and French	1,595	795	795	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	34,170	15,985	18,185	5.2	5.0	5.4
French and non-official language(s)	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	315	160	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,205	505	700	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	654,830	320,740	334,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	488,985	243,150	245,835	74.7	75.8	73.6
English	57,925	27,110	30,815	8.8	8.5	9.2
French	6,335	3,050	3,285	1.0	1.0	1.0
Non-official language	80,100	37,360	42,740	12.2	11.6	12.8
Indigenous³⁹	245	105	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	79,850	37,250	42,600	12.2	11.6	12.8
English and French	515	240	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	9,025	4,175	4,850	1.4	1.3	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	2,720	1,270	1,450	0.4	0.4	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	150	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	9,075	4,325	4,755	1.4	1.3	1.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	650,385	317,885	332,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	612,560	302,865	309,695	94.2	95.3	93.1
English	612,215	302,725	309,485	94.1	95.2	93.1
French	60,990	27,755	33,235	9.4	8.7	10.0
Non-official languages	355,425	163,885	191,540	54.6	51.6	57.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	595	240	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	235	85	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	155	55	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	155	55	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	60	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	90	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	75	20	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	55	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	354,885	163,680	191,205	54.6	51.5	57.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,650	4,705	3,940	1.3	1.5	1.2
Berber languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	385	205	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	240	130	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	8,300	4,525	3,775	1.3	1.4	1.1
Amharic	470	250	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	4,900	2,855	2,045	0.8	0.9	0.6
Aramaic languages	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	2,815	1,360	1,455	0.4	0.4	0.4
Maltese	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	305	140	170	0.0	0.0	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	15,195	6,795	8,395	2.3	2.1	2.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	325	155	180	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	14,905	6,665	8,240	2.3	2.1	2.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	33,950	13,630	20,320	5.2	4.3	6.1
Bikol	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	245	80	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,060	435	630	0.2	0.1	0.2
Fijian	160	60	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	885	320	560	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ilocano	3,295	1,355	1,935	0.5	0.4	0.6
Indonesian	1,805	880	925	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kankanaey	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	815	420	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	300	135	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	230	80	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30,430	11,955	18,480	4.7	3.8	5.6
Waray-Waray	160	45	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	680	280	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	320	185	130	0.0	0.1	0.0
Haitian Creole	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	100	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	75	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	4,730	2,670	2,055	0.7	0.8	0.6
Kannada	330	195	140	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malayalam	965	565	400	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamil	2,670	1,430	1,240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Telugu	1,110	690	415	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tulu	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	129,460	63,750	65,710	19.9	20.1	19.8
Albanian	225	120	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	355	170	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	18,335	8,490	9,850	2.8	2.7	3.0
Baltic languages	295	110	190	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	130	45	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	165	65	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	18,105	8,425	9,685	2.8	2.7	2.9
Belarusian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	510	245	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,435	725	710	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	105	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	3,085	1,445	1,640	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian	7,620	3,365	4,255	1.2	1.1	1.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,660	2,245	2,415	0.7	0.7	0.7
Bosnian	875	385	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	2,010	935	1,070	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	2,975	1,470	1,505	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	140	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	825	400	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	205	105	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,945	860	1,085	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	1,255	685	565	0.2	0.2	0.2
Irish	1,035	565	470	0.2	0.2	0.1
Scottish Gaelic	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	130	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15,535	7,665	7,865	2.4	2.4	2.4
Frisian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	11,430	5,660	5,770	1.8	1.8	1.7
German	11,050	5,480	5,565	1.7	1.7	1.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	330	145	185	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yiddish	240	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,895	1,560	1,335	0.4	0.5	0.4
Afrikaans	1,015	565	445	0.2	0.2	0.1
Dutch	1,860	965	900	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,805	785	1,020	0.3	0.2	0.3
Danish	565	280	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	405	145	260	0.1	0.0	0.1
Swedish	910	395	510	0.1	0.1	0.2
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	35	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	3,055	1,555	1,500	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	45,935	23,365	22,570	7.1	7.4	6.8
Indo-Aryan languages	33,070	16,905	16,165	5.1	5.3	4.9
Assamese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,675	950	725	0.3	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	1,840	895	935	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	15,025	7,830	7,190	2.3	2.5	2.2
Kacchi	405	165	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	150	95	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	665	385	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	325	185	140	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	19,130	9,570	9,555	2.9	3.0	2.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	610	275	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	2,515	1,460	1,055	0.4	0.5	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	250	115	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	13,100	6,615	6,485	2.0	2.1	2.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	800	425	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	230	160	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	12,330	6,185	6,145	1.9	1.9	1.8
Dari	575	255	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	10,805	5,425	5,370	1.7	1.7	1.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,050	540	505	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	50,560	24,575	25,980	7.8	7.7	7.8
Catalan	280	140	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	7,740	3,710	4,030	1.2	1.2	1.2
Portuguese	8,715	4,260	4,460	1.3	1.3	1.3
Romanian	1,475	690	780	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	36,500	17,885	18,615	5.6	5.6	5.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	12,075	4,980	7,100	1.9	1.6	2.1
Korean	10,480	4,270	6,210	1.6	1.3	1.9
Mongolian	210	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,395	750	645	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	90	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	610	350	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	150	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	220	150	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	775	320	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	700	280	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	148,095	66,600	81,490	22.8	21.0	24.5
Chinese languages	147,655	66,365	81,285	22.7	20.9	24.4
Hakka	970	495	470	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mandarin	74,695	32,335	42,355	11.5	10.2	12.7
Min Dong	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5,810	2,440	3,370	0.9	0.8	1.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,270	520	745	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	96,965	44,045	52,915	14.9	13.9	15.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	740	325	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	530	285	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	365	200	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,545	610	930	0.2	0.2	0.3
Lao	150	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,380	535	850	0.2	0.2	0.3
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	2,785	1,385	1,395	0.4	0.4	0.4
Azerbaijani	370	185	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	65	10	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	2,500	1,270	1,230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Uyghur	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,805	835	970	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	140	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	385	175	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	1,285	610	675	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	85	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	650,380	317,885	332,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	14,660	7,175	7,485	2.3	2.3	2.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	13,940	6,845	7,090	2.1	2.2	2.1
First Nations (North American Indian)	9,335	4,590	4,745	1.4	1.4	1.4
Métis	4,465	2,195	2,265	0.7	0.7	0.7
Inuk (Inuit)	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	380	185	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	335	135	200	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	635,720	310,715	325,010	97.7	97.7	97.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	650,380	317,885	332,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	7,005	3,485	3,520	1.1	1.1	1.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	643,375	314,395	328,975	98.9	98.9	98.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	305,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	138,845	...	...	45.5	...	...
Renter	166,490	...	...	54.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	305,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	112,105	...	...	36.7	...	...
Not condominium	193,235	...	...	63.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	305,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	13,860	...	...	4.5	...	...
1 bedroom	111,060	...	...	36.4	...	...
2 bedrooms	84,935	...	...	27.8	...	...
3 bedrooms	42,445	...	...	13.9	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	53,045	...	...	17.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	305,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	187,470	...	...	61.4	...	...
5 rooms	37,350	...	...	12.2	...	...
6 rooms	22,780	...	...	7.5	...	...
7 rooms	16,460	...	...	5.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	41,275	...	...	13.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.5	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	305,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	295,970	...	...	96.9	...	...
More than one person per room	9,370	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	305,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	281,445	...	...	92.2	...	...
Not suitable	23,890	...	...	7.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	305,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	62,225	...	...	20.4	...	...
1961 to 1980	69,110	...	...	22.6	...	...
1981 to 1990	35,990	...	...	11.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	47,170	...	...	15.4	...	...
2001 to 2005	19,415	...	...	6.4	...	...
2006 to 2010	22,755	...	...	7.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	20,935	...	...	6.9	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	27,740	...	...	9.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	305,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	286,035	...	...	93.7	...	...
Major repairs needed	19,300	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	305,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	171,540	...	...	56.2	...	...
Two-maintainer household	115,355	...	...	37.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	18,440	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	305,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	11,910	...	...	3.9	...	...
25 to 34 years	65,870	...	...	21.6	...	...
35 to 44 years	56,605	...	...	18.5	...	...
45 to 54 years	51,270	...	...	16.8	...	...
55 to 64 years	50,645	...	...	16.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	40,465	...	...	13.3	...	...
75 to 84 years	19,715	...	...	6.5	...	...
85 years and over	8,870	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	303,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	202,070	...	...	66.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	101,655	...	...	33.5	...	...
30% to less than 100%	82,575	...	...	27.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	305,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	131,005	...	...	42.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	89,520	...	...	29.3	...	...
Not suitable only	16,295	...	...	5.3	...	...
Major repairs needed only	11,715	...	...	3.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	5,895	...	...	1.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	5,880	...	...	1.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,345	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	360	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	174,335	...	...	57.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	284,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	54,210	...	...	19.0	...	...
Not in core need	230,435	...	...	81.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	138,850	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	50.7	...	...	50.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	26.3	...	...	26.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.2	...	...	11.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,460	...	...	1,460	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,084	...	...	2,084	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,450,000	...	...	1,450,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,728,000	...	...	1,728,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	166,485	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.1	...	...	12.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.4	...	...	39.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	25.7	...	...	25.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,570	...	...	1,570	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,660	...	...	1,660	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	650,380	317,890	332,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	5,460	2,585	2,875	0.8	0.8	0.9
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	5,375	2,545	2,830	0.8	0.8	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	4,710	2,230	2,480	0.7	0.7	0.7
Métis single ancestry	615	290	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	11,270	5,590	5,680	1.7	1.8	1.7
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	10,880	5,420	5,460	1.7	1.7	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	7,925	4,000	3,925	1.2	1.3	1.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,865	1,380	1,485	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	390	170	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	375	170	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	633,655	309,710	323,940	97.4	97.4	97.4
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	650,380	317,885	332,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	537,810	263,400	274,410	82.7	82.9	82.5
Canadian citizens aged under 18	78,320	40,810	37,510	12.0	12.8	11.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	459,495	222,595	236,900	70.7	70.0	71.2
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	112,570	54,480	58,085	17.3	17.1	17.5
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	650,380	317,885	332,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	333,190	170,600	162,590	51.2	53.7	48.9
Immigrants⁸¹	274,360	125,745	148,620	42.2	39.6	44.7
Before 1980	45,435	21,455	23,980	7.0	6.7	7.2
1980 to 1990	39,525	18,025	21,500	6.1	5.7	6.5
1991 to 2000	65,920	29,290	36,630	10.1	9.2	11.0
2001 to 2010	54,215	24,230	29,980	8.3	7.6	9.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	69,270	32,745	36,525	10.7	10.3	11.0
2011 to 2015	27,910	12,800	15,110	4.3	4.0	4.5
2016 to 2021	41,355	19,945	21,415	6.4	6.3	6.4
Non-permanent residents⁸³	42,830	21,545	21,290	6.6	6.8	6.4
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	274,365	125,745	148,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	19,460	9,635	9,825	7.1	7.7	6.6
5 to 14 years	40,820	21,020	19,800	14.9	16.7	13.3
15 to 24 years	49,865	22,770	27,095	18.2	18.1	18.2
25 to 44 years	132,610	58,645	73,960	48.3	46.6	49.8
45 years and over	31,610	13,675	17,935	11.5	10.9	12.1
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	274,365	125,745	148,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	24,375	12,125	12,250	8.9	9.6	8.2
Brazil	2,530	1,220	1,305	0.9	1.0	0.9
Colombia	1,040	505	535	0.4	0.4	0.4
El Salvador	1,030	540	495	0.4	0.4	0.3
Guyana	215	80	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	455	240	210	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mexico	3,870	1,920	1,950	1.4	1.5	1.3
Peru	890	440	450	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	510	235	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
United States of America	9,790	4,990	4,800	3.6	4.0	3.2
Other places of birth in Americas	3,965	1,915	2,050	1.4	1.5	1.4
Europe	43,955	22,155	21,795	16.0	17.6	14.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,145	535	610	0.4	0.4	0.4
Croatia	835	390	445	0.3	0.3	0.3
France	2,220	1,205	1,015	0.8	1.0	0.7
Germany	2,800	1,260	1,540	1.0	1.0	1.0
Greece	1,070	555	510	0.4	0.4	0.3
Hungary	725	330	390	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	2,805	1,335	1,475	1.0	1.1	1.0
Netherlands	770	475	295	0.3	0.4	0.2
Poland	1,995	940	1,060	0.7	0.7	0.7
Portugal	1,290	630	655	0.5	0.5	0.4
Romania	1,250	555	690	0.5	0.4	0.5
Russian Federation	2,395	975	1,415	0.9	0.8	1.0
Serbia⁸⁶	1,250	585	665	0.5	0.5	0.4
Ukraine	1,785	805	985	0.7	0.6	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	12,895	7,000	5,895	4.7	5.6	4.0
Other places of birth in Europe	8,725	4,575	4,145	3.2	3.6	2.8
Africa	7,195	3,855	3,340	2.6	3.1	2.2
Algeria	145	90	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	550	355	190	0.2	0.3	0.1
Eritrea	205	105	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	430	210	220	0.2	0.2	0.1
Morocco	320	165	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	240	125	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	100	65	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	2,290	1,230	1,055	0.8	1.0	0.7
Other places of birth in Africa	2,835	1,460	1,370	1.0	1.2	0.9
Asia	193,325	84,765	108,555	70.5	67.4	73.0
Afghanistan	395	205	190	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	8,780	4,465	4,310	3.2	3.6	2.9
Iraq	595	325	265	0.2	0.3	0.2
Lebanon	485	315	170	0.2	0.3	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	740	340	395	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkey	960	515	445	0.3	0.4	0.3
China⁹⁰	63,270	26,815	36,455	23.1	21.3	24.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	25,485	11,565	13,920	9.3	9.2	9.4
Korea, South⁹²	6,495	2,625	3,870	2.4	2.1	2.6
Taiwan	9,865	4,200	5,670	3.6	3.3	3.8
Philippines	29,925	12,055	17,875	10.9	9.6	12.0
Viet Nam	12,115	5,505	6,605	4.4	4.4	4.4
Bangladesh	800	405	390	0.3	0.3	0.3
India	14,640	7,435	7,210	5.3	5.9	4.9
Pakistan	1,085	620	465	0.4	0.5	0.3
Sri Lanka	1,605	790	815	0.6	0.6	0.5
Other places of birth in Asia	16,080	6,580	9,500	5.9	5.2	6.4
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	5,520	2,845	2,680	2.0	2.3	1.8
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	41,360	19,945	21,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	6,735	3,340	3,395	16.3	16.7	15.9
Brazil	1,820	885	935	4.4	4.4	4.4
Colombia	290	150	135	0.7	0.8	0.6
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mexico	1,215	600	615	2.9	3.0	2.9
United States of America	2,295	1,175	1,125	5.5	5.9	5.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	220	85	135	0.5	0.4	0.6
Other places of birth in Americas	865	425	440	2.1	2.1	2.1
Europe	9,075	4,955	4,115	21.9	24.8	19.2
France	920	505	410	2.2	2.5	1.9
Germany	455	225	235	1.1	1.1	1.1
Ireland⁹⁶	1,690	1,035	655	4.1	5.2	3.1
Italy	320	190	130	0.8	1.0	0.6
Russian Federation	645	250	400	1.6	1.3	1.9
Ukraine	495	200	295	1.2	1.0	1.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,415	1,430	985	5.8	7.2	4.6
Other places of birth in Europe	2,135	1,125	1,010	5.2	5.6	4.7
Africa	1,165	680	485	2.8	3.4	2.3
Algeria	40	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Burundi	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cameroon	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	15	10	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Egypt	110	90	20	0.3	0.5	0.1
Eritrea	35	35	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Ethiopia	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	85	40	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	115	70	45	0.3	0.4	0.2
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	350	190	160	0.8	1.0	0.7
Sudan⁹⁷	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	240	125	115	0.6	0.6	0.5
Asia	23,045	10,150	12,900	55.7	50.9	60.2
Afghanistan	105	60	45	0.3	0.3	0.2
Bangladesh	155	85	75	0.4	0.4	0.4
China⁹⁰	5,930	2,305	3,625	14.3	11.6	16.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	615	210	400	1.5	1.1	1.9
India	3,680	2,100	1,585	8.9	10.5	7.4
Iran⁸⁸	1,220	590	630	2.9	3.0	2.9
Iraq	125	90	30	0.3	0.5	0.1
Israel	245	140	100	0.6	0.7	0.5
Japan	815	215	600	2.0	1.1	2.8
Jordan	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	1,250	430	820	3.0	2.2	3.8
Lebanon	80	50	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
Nepal	65	30	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Pakistan	255	175	85	0.6	0.9	0.4
Philippines	4,445	1,915	2,530	10.7	9.6	11.8
Saudi Arabia	140	95	45	0.3	0.5	0.2
Sri Lanka	250	110	140	0.6	0.6	0.7
Syria⁸⁹	565	255	315	1.4	1.3	1.5
Turkey	375	215	155	0.9	1.1	0.7
United Arab Emirates	105	35	75	0.3	0.2	0.4
Viet Nam	995	365	635	2.4	1.8	3.0
Other places of birth in Asia	1,590	660	925	3.8	3.3	4.3
Oceania and other⁹³	1,340	820	525	3.2	4.1	2.5
Australia	1,010	635	380	2.4	3.2	1.8
Other places of birth⁹⁸	330	185	145	0.8	0.9	0.7
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	650,380	317,885	332,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	327,870	152,655	175,215	50.4	48.0	52.7
Second generation¹⁰¹	160,910	82,380	78,535	24.7	25.9	23.6
Third generation or more¹⁰²	161,595	82,860	78,745	24.8	26.1	23.7
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	228,925	104,290	124,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	140,320	66,200	74,120	61.3	63.5	59.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	62,775	33,325	29,450	27.4	32.0	23.6
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	77,545	32,870	44,675	33.9	31.5	35.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	66,960	26,690	40,270	29.2	25.6	32.3
Refugees¹⁰⁸	17,530	9,610	7,920	7.7	9.2	6.4
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	4,120	1,795	2,325	1.8	1.7	1.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	228,925	104,290	124,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	5,935	3,425	2,510	2.6	3.3	2.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	33,310	13,840	19,465	14.6	13.3	15.6
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	8,645	4,085	4,555	3.8	3.9	3.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	17,150	7,665	9,480	7.5	7.3	7.6
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	750	285	465	0.3	0.3	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	163,140	74,990	88,150	71.3	71.9	70.7
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	650,380	317,885	332,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	354,615	166,315	188,305	54.5	52.3	56.6
South Asian	44,850	23,295	21,555	6.9	7.3	6.5
Chinese	168,385	77,690	90,695	25.9	24.4	27.3
Black	8,515	4,620	3,895	1.3	1.5	1.2
Filipino	38,605	16,560	22,045	5.9	5.2	6.6
Arab	3,785	2,215	1,570	0.6	0.7	0.5
Latin American	18,080	9,155	8,925	2.8	2.9	2.7
Southeast Asian	20,585	9,480	11,110	3.2	3.0	3.3
West Asian	12,100	6,070	6,030	1.9	1.9	1.8
Korean	10,895	4,600	6,295	1.7	1.4	1.9
Japanese	10,990	4,280	6,710	1.7	1.3	2.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,240	1,510	1,725	0.5	0.5	0.5
Multiple visible minorities	14,585	6,835	7,755	2.2	2.2	2.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	295,770	151,575	144,195	45.5	47.7	43.4
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	650,385	317,885	332,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	33,685	17,880	15,810	5.2	5.6	4.8
English	84,370	42,975	41,395	13.0	13.5	12.4
Irish	65,695	32,670	33,020	10.1	10.3	9.9
Scottish	69,200	34,335	34,865	10.6	10.8	10.5
French, n.o.s.¹²²	30,625	15,415	15,210	4.7	4.8	4.6
German	45,215	22,315	22,900	7.0	7.0	6.9
Chinese	159,080	73,335	85,745	24.5	23.1	25.8
Italian	21,155	10,465	10,690	3.3	3.3	3.2
Indian (India)	27,765	14,435	13,325	4.3	4.5	4.0
Ukrainian	20,000	9,725	10,275	3.1	3.1	3.1
Dutch	13,330	6,960	6,370	2.0	2.2	1.9
Polish	15,900	7,525	8,370	2.4	2.4	2.5
Québécois	925	465	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	21,545	11,120	10,420	3.3	3.5	3.1
Filipino	38,885	16,625	22,260	6.0	5.2	6.7
French Canadian	4,070	2,015	2,055	0.6	0.6	0.6
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	11,105	5,870	5,235	1.7	1.8	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,665	2,835	2,830	0.9	0.9	0.9
Métis	3,945	1,875	2,070	0.6	0.6	0.6
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	11,990	6,180	5,810	1.8	1.9	1.7
Russian	14,135	6,570	7,565	2.2	2.1	2.3
Norwegian	10,125	4,995	5,125	1.6	1.6	1.5
Welsh	9,255	4,290	4,975	1.4	1.3	1.5
Portuguese	6,535	3,185	3,355	1.0	1.0	1.0
American	7,565	3,805	3,760	1.2	1.2	1.1
Spanish	11,605	5,515	6,095	1.8	1.7	1.8
Swedish	8,270	3,935	4,335	1.3	1.2	1.3
Hungarian	5,615	2,760	2,850	0.9	0.9	0.9
Acadian	835	420	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	1,825	1,055	770	0.3	0.3	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,660	1,375	1,280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jewish	11,555	5,895	5,660	1.8	1.9	1.7
Punjabi	6,100	3,220	2,880	0.9	1.0	0.9
Vietnamese	17,450	8,085	9,365	2.7	2.5	2.8
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,800	1,065	735	0.3	0.3	0.2
Greek	5,475	2,880	2,595	0.8	0.9	0.8
Jamaican	1,375	710	660	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	11,330	5,315	6,015	1.7	1.7	1.8
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,705	835	870	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	11,470	4,895	6,575	1.8	1.5	2.0
Romanian	3,370	1,655	1,715	0.5	0.5	0.5
Lebanese	1,780	955	825	0.3	0.3	0.2
Iranian	9,440	4,755	4,685	1.5	1.5	1.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,695	825	870	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	4,890	2,480	2,415	0.8	0.8	0.7
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,715	815	900	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sikh	3,225	1,640	1,590	0.5	0.5	0.5
Austrian	4,710	2,215	2,490	0.7	0.7	0.7
Belgian	2,160	1,055	1,110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	190	100	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	2,685	1,475	1,210	0.4	0.5	0.4
Mexican	7,855	4,055	3,795	1.2	1.3	1.1
Mennonite	1,860	930	930	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	2,790	1,365	1,425	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	2,775	1,375	1,405	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sri Lankan	1,865	945	930	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatian	3,580	1,815	1,765	0.6	0.6	0.5
Japanese	13,320	5,380	7,940	2.0	1.7	2.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,460	1,165	1,290	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	430	205	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	2,840	1,365	1,475	0.4	0.4	0.4
Muslim	885	490	395	0.1	0.2	0.1
Egyptian	1,125	650	475	0.2	0.2	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,830	1,415	1,415	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamil	1,040	575	465	0.2	0.2	0.1
Icelandic	2,525	1,225	1,305	0.4	0.4	0.4
Colombian	1,735	895	840	0.3	0.3	0.3
Moroccan	545	280	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	2,820	1,370	1,445	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syrian	770	380	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	460	240	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	655	335	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	695	435	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	2,930	1,475	1,455	0.5	0.5	0.4
Ojibway	440	225	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	355	190	165	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hong Konger	8,560	4,040	4,515	1.3	1.3	1.4
Ontarian	360	170	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	3,510	1,785	1,725	0.5	0.6	0.5
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	770	365	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	2,350	1,210	1,140	0.4	0.4	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	145	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	935	500	425	0.1	0.2	0.1
Algerian	250	140	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	3,785	1,830	1,955	0.6	0.6	0.6
Nigerian	430	215	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	760	375	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	1,710	790	920	0.3	0.2	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,065	895	1,175	0.3	0.3	0.4
Somali	300	170	125	0.0	0.1	0.0
Taiwanese	9,355	4,165	5,185	1.4	1.3	1.6
Iraqi	475	220	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	1,035	515	520	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	320	150	175	0.0	0.0	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,395	1,105	1,295	0.4	0.3	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,025	525	495	0.2	0.2	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	385	140	240	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquin	125	75	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	345	155	195	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	1,445	645	795	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	1,885	1,020	865	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australian	2,805	1,470	1,330	0.4	0.5	0.4
Palestinian	475	255	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	1,325	675	650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	205	115	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	210	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	405	200	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,135	495	635	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	1,015	505	515	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	125	85	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	615	285	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	175	115	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	320	170	150	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	355	185	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	275	140	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	760	370	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,095	515	580	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Brunswicker	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	375	180	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	220	120	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	220	130	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	1,285	625	655	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mohawk	210	120	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	470	215	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	720	345	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	200	120	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	315	175	145	0.0	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	230	130	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	795	450	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	720	335	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	150	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,075	570	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuban	335	170	165	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bosnian	810	360	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	515	235	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	815	410	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	445	270	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	40	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	325	190	130	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	1,670	820	850	0.3	0.3	0.3
Laotian	255	90	170	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	1,140	510	630	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern Irish	665	310	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,055	545	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Columbian	1,345	690	650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ecuadorian	360	190	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	70	50	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	505	255	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	730	330	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	735	355	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	1,860	810	1,050	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jatt	325	145	185	0.0	0.0	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	210	120	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,360	530	830	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dominican	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	320	160	155	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	60	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	425	195	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	145	85	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	215	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	1,225	640	590	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sudanese	165	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	115	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	1,290	570	720	0.2	0.2	0.2
Plains Cree	130	85	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	160	105	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	190	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	1,045	480	565	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gaspesian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	110	75	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	280	145	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	105	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	395	200	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	135	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	355	165	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	120	80	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	180	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	135	80	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	180	85	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	455	230	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	265	130	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	180	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	95	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	240	115	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	115	75	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	245	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	590	310	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	160	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	460	240	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	360	150	205	0.1	0.0	0.1
Azorean	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	85	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	145	95	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	320	175	145	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	130	95	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	135	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	320	155	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	105	65	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	250	120	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	735	325	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	55	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	650,380	317,885	332,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	26,245	10,845	15,400	4.0	3.4	4.6
Christian	194,365	88,655	105,710	29.9	27.9	31.8
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	44,395	20,505	23,890	6.8	6.5	7.2
Anabaptist	1,425	645	785	0.2	0.2	0.2
Anglican	11,970	5,385	6,580	1.8	1.7	2.0
Baptist	4,705	2,080	2,625	0.7	0.7	0.8
Catholic	94,425	43,680	50,745	14.5	13.7	15.3
Christian Orthodox	8,970	4,210	4,760	1.4	1.3	1.4
Jehovah's Witness	2,050	895	1,155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latter Day Saints	495	180	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	3,060	1,375	1,685	0.5	0.4	0.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	500	240	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,465	1,055	1,405	0.4	0.3	0.4
Presbyterian	2,390	965	1,420	0.4	0.3	0.4
Reformed	305	180	125	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Church	8,575	3,350	5,220	1.3	1.1	1.6
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	8,650	3,915	4,740	1.3	1.2	1.4
Hindu	12,585	6,635	5,945	1.9	2.1	1.8
Jewish	11,675	5,570	6,110	1.8	1.8	1.8
Muslim	17,910	9,130	8,775	2.8	2.9	2.6
Sikh	16,535	8,150	8,380	2.5	2.6	2.5
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	480	215	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	7,665	3,195	4,470	1.2	1.0	1.3
No religion and secular perspectives	362,925	185,495	177,435	55.8	58.4	53.4
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	645,400	315,325	330,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	531,810	259,905	271,910	82.4	82.4	82.4
Movers	113,585	55,425	58,160	17.6	17.6	17.6
Non-migrants	74,590	36,140	38,450	11.6	11.5	11.6
Migrants	39,000	19,285	19,710	6.0	6.1	6.0
Internal migrants	23,805	11,585	12,225	3.7	3.7	3.7
Intraprovincial migrants	14,460	7,060	7,400	2.2	2.2	2.2
Interprovincial migrants	9,345	4,525	4,820	1.4	1.4	1.5
External migrants	15,190	7,700	7,490	2.4	2.4	2.3
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	626,725	305,590	321,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	345,375	167,310	178,065	55.1	54.7	55.4
Movers	281,350	138,280	143,075	44.9	45.3	44.6
Non-migrants	129,275	63,830	65,440	20.6	20.9	20.4
Migrants	152,085	74,445	77,635	24.3	24.4	24.2
Internal migrants	86,030	41,615	44,415	13.7	13.6	13.8
Intraprovincial migrants	56,025	27,090	28,930	8.9	8.9	9.0
Interprovincial migrants	30,010	14,525	15,480	4.8	4.8	4.8
External migrants	66,055	32,830	33,225	10.5	10.7	10.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	580,010	281,355	298,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	65,905	32,455	33,445	11.4	11.5	11.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	514,110	248,895	265,215	88.6	88.5	88.8
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	403,970	197,910	206,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	25,010	13,540	11,470	6.2	6.8	5.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	378,960	184,370	194,590	93.8	93.2	94.4
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	580,010	281,355	298,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	60,930	29,670	31,265	10.5	10.5	10.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	134,790	69,580	65,210	23.2	24.7	21.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	384,290	182,110	202,180	66.3	64.7	67.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	124,050	60,450	63,600	21.4	21.5	21.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	24,410	16,170	8,235	4.2	5.7	2.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	12,940	7,240	5,700	2.2	2.6	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	11,465	8,930	2,535	2.0	3.2	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	78,400	35,260	43,145	13.5	12.5	14.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,240	9,020	12,215	3.7	3.2	4.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	260,240	121,660	138,585	44.9	43.2	46.4
Bachelor's degree	164,040	75,765	88,275	28.3	26.9	29.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	16,270	7,255	9,015	2.8	2.6	3.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	8,125	4,370	3,750	1.4	1.6	1.3
Master's degree	60,335	27,900	32,435	10.4	9.9	10.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	11,475	6,370	5,105	2.0	2.3	1.7
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	403,970	197,910	206,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	21,915	11,815	10,100	5.4	6.0	4.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	75,550	41,405	34,145	18.7	20.9	16.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	306,505	144,695	161,815	75.9	73.1	78.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	93,190	46,440	46,750	23.1	23.5	22.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	17,550	11,770	5,785	4.3	5.9	2.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	9,330	5,295	4,035	2.3	2.7	2.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,220	6,475	1,750	2.0	3.3	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	59,610	27,685	31,930	14.8	14.0	15.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,030	6,990	9,040	4.0	3.5	4.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	213,315	98,250	115,060	52.8	49.6	55.8
Bachelor's degree	133,975	61,665	72,305	33.2	31.2	35.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	13,095	5,710	7,385	3.2	2.9	3.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	6,155	3,005	3,150	1.5	1.5	1.5
Master's degree	51,525	23,420	28,100	12.8	11.8	13.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	8,575	4,455	4,125	2.1	2.3	2.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	580,015	281,350	298,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	195,725	99,245	96,475	33.7	35.3	32.3
Education	18,520	4,390	14,130	3.2	1.6	4.7
13. Education	18,520	4,390	14,130	3.2	1.6	4.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	31,525	14,230	17,295	5.4	5.1	5.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	3,890	2,720	1,170	0.7	1.0	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	27,630	11,510	16,125	4.8	4.1	5.4
Humanities	26,645	9,900	16,740	4.6	3.5	5.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	3,580	785	2,795	0.6	0.3	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	8,145	2,485	5,665	1.4	0.9	1.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	7,390	2,820	4,570	1.3	1.0	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	575	205	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,530	815	710	0.3	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,305	755	555	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	3,360	1,850	1,515	0.6	0.7	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	755	185	565	0.1	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	61,760	24,025	37,730	10.6	8.5	12.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,480	385	1,100	0.3	0.1	0.4
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	8,695	3,280	5,410	1.5	1.2	1.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,400	580	3,825	0.8	0.2	1.3
22. Legal professions and studies	10,175	4,540	5,635	1.8	1.6	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,580	625	960	0.3	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	11,250	3,050	8,205	1.9	1.1	2.7
45. Social sciences	24,175	11,575	12,600	4.2	4.1	4.2
Business, management and public administration	82,545	37,470	45,080	14.2	13.3	15.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,780	955	2,825	0.7	0.3	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	78,690	36,475	42,215	13.6	13.0	14.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	21,960	11,025	10,935	3.8	3.9	3.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	10,100	4,180	5,915	1.7	1.5	2.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,670	2,225	2,445	0.8	0.8	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	470	180	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	6,350	4,305	2,045	1.1	1.5	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	370	145	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	22,385	15,350	7,035	3.9	5.5	2.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	17,345	12,840	4,500	3.0	4.6	1.5
25. Library science	1,405	200	1,200	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,800	1,775	1,025	0.5	0.6	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	840	525	315	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	52,810	42,920	9,885	9.1	15.3	3.3
04. Architecture and related services	6,100	3,465	2,640	1.1	1.2	0.9
14. Engineering	24,930	19,460	5,475	4.3	6.9	1.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	8,295	7,100	1,195	1.4	2.5	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	6,475	6,200	275	1.1	2.2	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	4,855	4,700	145	0.8	1.7	0.0
48. Precision production	2,135	1,990	145	0.4	0.7	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,965	2,840	3,125	1.0	1.0	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,150	1,420	1,730	0.5	0.5	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,815	1,415	1,400	0.5	0.5	0.5
Health and related fields	47,020	13,575	33,445	8.1	4.8	11.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,125	2,235	1,900	0.7	0.8	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	39,720	9,605	30,115	6.8	3.4	10.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	165	55	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	3,000	1,685	1,315	0.5	0.6	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	13,000	6,315	6,685	2.2	2.2	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	9,910	3,925	5,985	1.7	1.4	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	35	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,075	705	370	0.2	0.3	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,940	1,630	310	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	160	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	403,970	197,915	206,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	97,465	53,215	44,245	24.1	26.9	21.5
Education	12,580	3,095	9,485	3.1	1.6	4.6
13. Education	12,580	3,095	9,485	3.1	1.6	4.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	26,570	12,285	14,290	6.6	6.2	6.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	3,380	2,445	935	0.8	1.2	0.5
50. Visual and performing arts	23,190	9,835	13,355	5.7	5.0	6.5
Humanities	20,375	7,495	12,875	5.0	3.8	6.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,770	565	2,200	0.7	0.3	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	6,200	1,870	4,330	1.5	0.9	2.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	5,740	2,140	3,600	1.4	1.1	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	395	140	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,180	605	575	0.3	0.3	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	950	570	380	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	2,630	1,475	1,150	0.7	0.7	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	510	120	390	0.1	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	50,310	19,180	31,130	12.5	9.7	15.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,240	315	925	0.3	0.2	0.4
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	7,760	2,925	4,835	1.9	1.5	2.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,350	420	2,930	0.8	0.2	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	8,335	3,460	4,875	2.1	1.7	2.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,250	510	740	0.3	0.3	0.4
42. Psychology	8,865	2,315	6,550	2.2	1.2	3.2
45. Social sciences	19,510	9,235	10,275	4.8	4.7	5.0
Business, management and public administration	68,135	30,525	37,605	16.9	15.4	18.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,855	700	2,160	0.7	0.4	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	65,210	29,795	35,415	16.1	15.1	17.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	17,025	8,405	8,615	4.2	4.2	4.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	8,055	3,290	4,765	2.0	1.7	2.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,540	1,655	1,880	0.9	0.8	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	400	160	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	4,785	3,195	1,595	1.2	1.6	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	240	105	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	18,835	13,165	5,670	4.7	6.7	2.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	15,215	11,360	3,850	3.8	5.7	1.9
25. Library science	905	150	760	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,020	1,235	785	0.5	0.6	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	690	415	275	0.2	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	41,315	32,750	8,565	10.2	16.5	4.2
04. Architecture and related services	5,005	2,695	2,315	1.2	1.4	1.1
14. Engineering	20,215	15,425	4,795	5.0	7.8	2.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	6,280	5,290	995	1.6	2.7	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	5,010	4,815	200	1.2	2.4	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,395	3,275	115	0.8	1.7	0.1
48. Precision production	1,385	1,260	125	0.3	0.6	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,775	2,180	2,595	1.2	1.1	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,545	1,100	1,445	0.6	0.6	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,225	1,080	1,145	0.6	0.5	0.6
Health and related fields	36,380	10,610	25,765	9.0	5.4	12.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,330	1,865	1,460	0.8	0.9	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	30,720	7,585	23,140	7.6	3.8	11.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	130	25	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,195	1,135	1,060	0.5	0.6	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	10,075	4,945	5,130	2.5	2.5	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,655	3,110	4,545	1.9	1.6	2.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	885	555	330	0.2	0.3	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,490	1,255	235	0.4	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	403,970	197,915	206,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	97,465	53,215	44,245	24.1	26.9	21.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	306,505	144,690	161,815	75.9	73.1	78.5
Location of study inside Canada	205,815	99,325	106,485	50.9	50.2	51.7
Same as province or territory of residence	155,970	74,250	81,720	38.6	37.5	39.7
Different than province or territory of residence	49,840	25,075	24,765	12.3	12.7	12.0
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	100,695	45,365	55,325	24.9	22.9	26.8
Americas	23,285	11,415	11,870	5.8	5.8	5.8
United States of America	14,145	7,080	7,065	3.5	3.6	3.4
Mexico	3,490	1,690	1,800	0.9	0.9	0.9
Cuba	60	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	3,170	1,490	1,680	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombia	685	315	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peru	215	80	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	225	100	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	1,255	620	630	0.3	0.3	0.3
Europe	25,945	13,340	12,605	6.4	6.7	6.1
Belgium	250	150	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	2,330	1,260	1,065	0.6	0.6	0.5
Germany	1,175	575	600	0.3	0.3	0.3
Netherlands	455	250	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	410	190	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	180	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	580	285	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	420	195	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	1,230	555	675	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	825	335	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	3,755	2,155	1,600	0.9	1.1	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10,140	5,225	4,915	2.5	2.6	2.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	245	105	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	635	335	305	0.2	0.2	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	525	280	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	2,740	1,345	1,395	0.7	0.7	0.7
Africa	1,570	910	660	0.4	0.5	0.3
Nigeria	60	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	250	150	95	0.1	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	885	495	385	0.2	0.3	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	245	165	85	0.1	0.1	0.0
Asia	45,510	17,435	28,070	11.3	8.8	13.6
Iran⁸⁸	2,835	1,190	1,650	0.7	0.6	0.8
Iraq	115	85	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	500	270	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	125	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	105	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	670	400	265	0.2	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	11,420	4,400	7,020	2.8	2.2	3.4
Taiwan	1,960	615	1,345	0.5	0.3	0.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,850	745	1,110	0.5	0.4	0.5
Japan	2,885	725	2,155	0.7	0.4	1.0
Korea, South⁹²	2,940	895	2,045	0.7	0.5	1.0
Philippines	11,535	3,920	7,615	2.9	2.0	3.7
Viet Nam	765	210	560	0.2	0.1	0.3
Bangladesh	320	155	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	185	85	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	4,865	2,530	2,330	1.2	1.3	1.1
Pakistan	315	180	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	2,110	925	1,190	0.5	0.5	0.6
Oceania	4,385	2,260	2,130	1.1	1.1	1.0
Australia	3,330	1,685	1,645	0.8	0.9	0.8
New Zealand	975	545	430	0.2	0.3	0.2
Other locations of study in Oceania	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	580,010	281,355	298,655	...	...	...
In the labour force	394,670	201,045	193,620	...	...	...
Employed	359,280	183,425	175,860	...	...	...
Unemployed	35,390	17,630	17,765	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	185,345	80,305	105,035	...	...	...
Participation rate	68.0	71.5	64.8	68.0	71.5	64.8
Employment rate	61.9	65.2	58.9	61.9	65.2	58.9
Unemployment rate	9.0	8.8	9.2	9.0	8.8	9.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	580,015	281,350	298,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	191,360	84,275	107,080	33.0	30.0	35.9
Worked	388,655	197,075	191,570	67.0	70.0	64.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	200,890	109,960	90,930	34.6	39.1	30.4
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	187,760	87,120	100,640	32.4	31.0	33.7
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.7	41.6	39.9	40.7	41.6	39.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	394,670	201,050	193,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,915	3,925	3,990	2.0	2.0	2.1
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	386,760	197,125	189,630	98.0	98.0	97.9
Employee	316,775	156,395	160,380	80.3	77.8	82.8
Permanent position	257,520	129,205	128,310	65.2	64.3	66.3
Temporary position	59,255	27,185	32,075	15.0	13.5	16.6
Fixed term (1 year or more)	24,150	10,950	13,200	6.1	5.4	6.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	35,105	16,235	18,870	8.9	8.1	9.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	69,980	40,735	29,250	17.7	20.3	15.1
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	394,670	201,050	193,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,915	3,925	3,990	2.0	2.0	2.1
All occupations¹⁹¹	386,760	197,125	189,630	98.0	98.0	97.9
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	6,520	4,460	2,055	1.7	2.2	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	76,280	28,715	47,560	19.3	14.3	24.6
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	43,880	32,020	11,860	11.1	15.9	6.1
3 Health occupations	29,825	8,605	21,220	7.6	4.3	11.0
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	50,680	18,415	32,260	12.8	9.2	16.7
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	32,435	16,795	15,645	8.2	8.4	8.1
6 Sales and service occupations	95,630	45,560	50,070	24.2	22.7	25.9
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	39,750	35,160	4,590	10.1	17.5	2.4
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	3,475	2,525	955	0.9	1.3	0.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	8,285	4,870	3,415	2.1	2.4	1.8
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	394,670	201,050	193,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,915	3,925	3,990	2.0	2.0	2.1
All industries¹⁹¹	386,760	197,125	189,630	98.0	98.0	97.9
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,840	1,065	780	0.5	0.5	0.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,250	855	390	0.3	0.4	0.2
22 Utilities	1,665	1,035	625	0.4	0.5	0.3
23 Construction	20,765	17,640	3,135	5.3	8.8	1.6
31-33 Manufacturing	16,305	10,040	6,270	4.1	5.0	3.2
41 Wholesale trade	11,445	7,230	4,215	2.9	3.6	2.2
44-45 Retail trade	38,470	18,805	19,665	9.7	9.4	10.2
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	14,565	10,740	3,835	3.7	5.3	2.0
51 Information and cultural industries	22,390	13,540	8,850	5.7	6.7	4.6
52 Finance and insurance	18,710	9,610	9,100	4.7	4.8	4.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	11,855	6,415	5,435	3.0	3.2	2.8
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	58,070	32,865	25,205	14.7	16.3	13.0
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,225	580	645	0.3	0.3	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	14,660	8,250	6,415	3.7	4.1	3.3
61 Educational services	34,035	12,940	21,095	8.6	6.4	10.9
62 Health care and social assistance	45,910	12,250	33,660	11.6	6.1	17.4
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	11,100	5,595	5,505	2.8	2.8	2.8
72 Accommodation and food services	30,480	14,670	15,810	7.7	7.3	8.2
81 Other services (except public administration)	16,780	5,915	10,865	4.3	2.9	5.6
91 Public administration	15,240	7,095	8,140	3.9	3.5	4.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	419,270	212,565	206,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	370,305	189,715	180,590	88.3	89.3	87.4
French	575	180	400	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	11,825	5,860	5,965	2.8	2.8	2.9
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	11,810	5,855	5,955	2.8	2.8	2.9
English and French	4,925	2,040	2,885	1.2	1.0	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	29,720	13,795	15,920	7.1	6.5	7.7
French and non-official language(s)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	755	370	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	1,140	600	545	0.3	0.3	0.3
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	419,270	212,565	206,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	412,635	209,390	203,250	98.4	98.5	98.3
Official languages	393,010	199,815	193,190	93.7	94.0	93.5
English	391,745	199,385	192,355	93.4	93.8	93.1
French	1,265	430	840	0.3	0.2	0.4
Non-official languages	19,630	9,580	10,055	4.7	4.5	4.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	19,610	9,570	10,040	4.7	4.5	4.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	750	260	495	0.2	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	745	260	485	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	225	145	80	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	155	105	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,225	1,215	1,010	0.5	0.6	0.5
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	175	60	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	170	55	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	125	35	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	915	580	335	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	570	385	185	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	535	355	175	0.1	0.2	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	350	195	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	350	195	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	330	185	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,030	535	500	0.2	0.3	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	200	110	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	780	390	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	870	360	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	800	425	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	14,500	7,065	7,430	3.5	3.3	3.6
Chinese languages	14,500	7,065	7,430	3.5	3.3	3.6
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	5,760	2,735	3,030	1.4	1.3	1.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	8,640	4,285	4,355	2.1	2.0	2.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,635	3,175	3,460	1.6	1.5	1.7
English and French	580	230	345	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	5,820	2,800	3,020	1.4	1.3	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	200	130	75	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	419,270	212,565	206,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	388,115	198,360	189,760	92.6	93.3	91.8
English	6,265	2,900	3,365	1.5	1.4	1.6
French	3,760	1,600	2,160	0.9	0.8	1.0
Non-official language	16,115	7,360	8,755	3.8	3.5	4.2
Indigenous³⁹	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	16,075	7,340	8,740	3.8	3.5	4.2
English and French	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,260	585	675	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	620	310	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	3,115	1,445	1,675	0.7	0.7	0.8
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	359,280	183,420	175,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	123,110	61,710	61,400	34.3	33.6	34.9
Worked outside Canada	2,210	1,355	855	0.6	0.7	0.5
No fixed workplace address	39,640	27,565	12,080	11.0	15.0	6.9
Usual place of work	194,315	92,785	101,530	54.1	50.6	57.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	194,315	92,785	101,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	130,595	57,420	73,175	67.2	61.9	72.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	61,420	34,055	27,365	31.6	36.7	27.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,605	930	680	0.8	1.0	0.7
Commute to a different province or territory	685	380	310	0.4	0.4	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	233,960	120,350	113,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	131,425	74,050	57,380	56.2	61.5	50.5
Car, truck or van - as a driver	118,815	70,135	48,685	50.8	58.3	42.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	12,610	3,915	8,695	5.4	3.3	7.7
Public transit	53,515	22,620	30,890	22.9	18.8	27.2
Walked	30,630	13,380	17,250	13.1	11.1	15.2
Bicycle	12,325	7,120	5,205	5.3	5.9	4.6
Other method	6,060	3,180	2,875	2.6	2.6	2.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	233,960	120,350	113,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	46,865	22,395	24,475	20.0	18.6	21.5
15 to 29 minutes	93,750	48,260	45,495	40.1	40.1	40.0
30 to 44 minutes	61,575	33,165	28,405	26.3	27.6	25.0
45 to 59 minutes	18,595	9,330	9,265	7.9	7.8	8.2
60 minutes and over	13,175	7,205	5,970	5.6	6.0	5.3
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	233,960	120,350	113,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	9,095	6,185	2,910	3.9	5.1	2.6
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	29,670	17,975	11,695	12.7	14.9	10.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	51,440	26,155	25,285	22.0	21.7	22.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	59,050	27,630	31,415	25.2	23.0	27.7
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	52,095	24,820	27,280	22.3	20.6	24.0
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	32,615	17,590	15,025	13.9	14.6	13.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	87,415	45,390	42,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,870	3,445	3,425	7.9	7.6	8.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	80,540	41,940	38,600	92.1	92.4	91.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	62,020	32,435	29,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,095	2,580	2,515	8.2	8.0	8.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,295	1,615	1,670	5.3	5.0	5.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,805	965	840	2.9	3.0	2.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	56,925	29,855	27,070	91.8	92.0	91.5

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed January 22, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

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