Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	St. Catharines - NiagaraMore information: Ontario [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	433,604	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	406,074	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.8	...	...	6.8	...	...
Total private dwellings²	190,878	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	179,224	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	310.4	...	...	310.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,397.09	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	433,605	210,895	222,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	62,800	32,245	30,555	14.5	15.3	13.7
0 to 4 years	19,555	10,105	9,450	4.5	4.8	4.2
5 to 9 years	21,160	10,885	10,280	4.9	5.2	4.6
10 to 14 years	22,085	11,250	10,825	5.1	5.3	4.9
15 to 64 years	268,310	132,105	136,200	61.9	62.6	61.2
15 to 19 years	22,615	11,770	10,850	5.2	5.6	4.9
20 to 24 years	24,930	12,835	12,095	5.7	6.1	5.4
25 to 29 years	26,400	13,360	13,050	6.1	6.3	5.9
30 to 34 years	26,150	13,060	13,085	6.0	6.2	5.9
35 to 39 years	24,785	12,100	12,680	5.7	5.7	5.7
40 to 44 years	23,985	11,670	12,315	5.5	5.5	5.5
45 to 49 years	24,990	12,125	12,865	5.8	5.7	5.8
50 to 54 years	27,735	13,380	14,355	6.4	6.3	6.4
55 to 59 years	33,310	16,035	17,270	7.7	7.6	7.8
60 to 64 years	33,405	15,765	17,640	7.7	7.5	7.9
65 years and over	102,495	46,540	55,955	23.6	22.1	25.1
65 to 69 years	30,475	14,410	16,070	7.0	6.8	7.2
70 to 74 years	26,870	12,690	14,180	6.2	6.0	6.4
75 to 79 years	18,590	8,770	9,815	4.3	4.2	4.4
80 to 84 years	12,730	5,620	7,110	2.9	2.7	3.2
85 years and over	13,840	5,050	8,785	3.2	2.4	3.9
85 to 89 years	8,145	3,265	4,870	1.9	1.5	2.2
90 to 94 years	4,330	1,440	2,885	1.0	0.7	1.3
95 to 99 years	1,230	305	925	0.3	0.1	0.4
100 years and over	140	35	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.5	15.3	13.7	14.5	15.3	13.7
15 to 64 years	61.9	62.6	61.2	61.9	62.6	61.2
65 years and over	23.6	22.1	25.1	23.6	22.1	25.1
85 years and over	3.2	2.4	3.9	3.2	2.4	3.9
Average age of the population	44.6	43.4	45.8	44.6	43.4	45.8
Median age of the population	46.0	44.4	47.6	46.0	44.4	47.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	179,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	118,200	...	...	66.0	...	...
Semi-detached house	9,680	...	...	5.4	...	...
Row house	12,395	...	...	6.9	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,415	...	...	3.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	20,980	...	...	11.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	10,430	...	...	5.8	...	...
Other single-attached house	580	...	...	0.3	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	555	...	...	0.3	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	179,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	51,490	...	...	28.7	...	...
2 persons	65,495	...	...	36.5	...	...
3 persons	26,790	...	...	14.9	...	...
4 persons	22,145	...	...	12.4	...	...
5 or more persons	13,295	...	...	7.4	...	...
Number of persons in private households	425,480	207,455	218,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	370,805	178,650	192,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	208,055	104,015	104,040	56.1	58.2	54.1
Married	171,880	85,930	85,945	46.4	48.1	44.7
Living common-law	36,175	18,085	18,095	9.8	10.1	9.4
Living common law - Never married	23,410	11,725	11,680	6.3	6.6	6.1
Living common law - Separated	2,540	1,345	1,195	0.7	0.8	0.6
Living common law - Divorced	8,845	4,435	4,410	2.4	2.5	2.3
Living common law - Widowed	1,385	580	810	0.4	0.3	0.4
Not married and not living common-law	162,755	74,635	88,120	43.9	41.8	45.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	98,840	53,625	45,210	26.7	30.0	23.5
Not married and not living common law - Separated	12,690	5,465	7,225	3.4	3.1	3.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	25,165	9,890	15,280	6.8	5.5	8.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	26,060	5,660	20,405	7.0	3.2	10.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	124,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	68,895	...	...	55.5	...	...
3 persons	25,770	...	...	20.7	...	...
4 persons	20,525	...	...	16.5	...	...
5 or more persons	9,040	...	...	7.3	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	124,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	101,555	...	...	81.8	...	...
Married couples	83,505	...	...	67.2	...	...
With children⁶	39,785	...	...	32.0	...	...
Without children	43,720	...	...	35.2	...	...
Common-law couples	18,055	...	...	14.5	...	...
With children⁶	6,905	...	...	5.6	...	...
Without children	11,155	...	...	9.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	22,670	...	...	18.2	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	17,785	...	...	14.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	4,880	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	425,480	207,455	218,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	345,915	170,870	175,045	81.3	82.4	80.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	203,115	101,460	101,655	47.7	48.9	46.6
Parents in one-parent families	22,665	4,880	17,785	5.3	2.4	8.2
Children⁶	120,140	64,525	55,610	28.2	31.1	25.5
In a two-parent family	85,380	45,515	39,870	20.1	21.9	18.3
In a one-parent family	34,750	19,010	15,745	8.2	9.2	7.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	79,565	36,585	42,980	18.7	17.6	19.7
Living alone	51,495	22,435	29,055	12.1	10.8	13.3
Living with other relatives⁷	10,235	4,180	6,050	2.4	2.0	2.8
Living with non-relatives only	17,835	9,965	7,870	4.2	4.8	3.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	179,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	108,675	...	...	60.6	...	...
Couple-family households	91,325	...	...	51.0	...	...
With children⁶	41,880	...	...	23.4	...	...
Without children	49,440	...	...	27.6	...	...
One-parent-family households	17,350	...	...	9.7	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	5,180	...	...	2.9	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,080	...	...	0.6	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	5,585	...	...	3.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	7,215	...	...	4.0	...	...
One-person households	51,490	...	...	28.7	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	362,760	175,255	187,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	350,960	169,145	181,810	96.7	96.5	97.0
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	42,800	34,400	38,000	42,800	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	351,115	169,225	181,885	96.8	96.6	97.0
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	38,800	31,600	34,800	38,800	31,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	308,980	152,235	156,745	85.2	86.9	83.6
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,400	36,400	23,200	29,400	36,400	23,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	241,025	124,715	116,310	66.4	71.2	62.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,400	34,400	24,800	29,400	34,400	24,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	324,250	154,820	169,435	89.4	88.3	90.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,000	10,400	13,100	12,000	10,400	13,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	41,685	19,770	21,915	11.5	11.3	11.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,720	5,600	5,800	5,720	5,600	5,800
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	107,225	50,905	56,315	29.6	29.0	30.0
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,300	8,000	10,000	9,300	8,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	362,765	175,265	187,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	350,890	169,160	181,735	96.7	96.5	96.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,400	55,000	42,240	48,400	55,000	42,240
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	351,055	169,235	181,820	96.8	96.6	97.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,240	46,040	36,800	41,240	46,040	36,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	308,985	152,240	156,745	85.2	86.9	83.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,960	49,640	34,520	41,960	49,640	34,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	241,025	124,805	116,215	66.4	71.2	62.0
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,040	46,560	35,120	41,040	46,560	35,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	323,870	154,665	169,205	89.3	88.2	90.2
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,380	11,280	13,400	12,380	11,280	13,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	41,830	19,585	22,240	11.5	11.2	11.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,330	6,035	6,590	6,330	6,035	6,590
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	107,030	50,735	56,300	29.5	28.9	30.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,630	9,410	9,830	9,630	9,410	9,830
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	362,760	175,270	187,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	99,260	55,790	43,470	27.4	31.8	23.2
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,800	64,500	52,800	58,800	64,500	52,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,900	75,300	60,600	68,900	75,300	60,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	102,465	47,260	55,200	28.2	27.0	29.4
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,700	17,200	14,600	15,700	17,200	14,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,540	27,800	21,780	24,540	27,800	21,780
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	76.4	81.2	70.4	76.4	81.2	70.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	58.3	62.5	53.2	58.3	62.5	53.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	23.6	18.8	29.5	23.6	18.8	29.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	1.3	1.9	1.6	1.3	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.9	5.6	8.4	6.9	5.6	8.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.1	5.1	7.2	6.1	5.1	7.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	362,765	175,260	187,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	11,805	6,105	5,695	3.3	3.5	3.0
With total income	350,960	169,150	181,810	96.7	96.5	97.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	25,760	11,005	14,750	7.3	6.5	8.1
$10,000 to $19,999	45,315	18,155	27,155	12.9	10.7	14.9
$20,000 to $29,999	60,785	25,270	35,515	17.3	14.9	19.5
$30,000 to $39,999	53,525	23,775	29,750	15.3	14.1	16.4
$40,000 to $49,999	42,760	20,310	22,445	12.2	12.0	12.3
$50,000 to $59,999	32,500	15,990	16,515	9.3	9.5	9.1
$60,000 to $69,999	23,745	13,060	10,685	6.8	7.7	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	16,965	9,935	7,030	4.8	5.9	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	12,180	7,410	4,770	3.5	4.4	2.6
$90,000 to $99,999	9,960	5,960	3,995	2.8	3.5	2.2
$100,000 and over	27,475	18,275	9,195	7.8	10.8	5.1
$100,000 to $149,999	19,325	12,350	6,975	5.5	7.3	3.8
$150,000 and over	8,150	5,925	2,225	2.3	3.5	1.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	362,765	175,260	187,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	11,650	6,030	5,615	3.2	3.4	3.0
With after-tax income	351,115	169,230	181,890	96.8	96.6	97.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	27,335	11,460	15,880	7.8	6.8	8.7
$10,000 to $19,999	47,475	19,075	28,400	13.5	11.3	15.6
$20,000 to $29,999	69,490	29,205	40,290	19.8	17.3	22.2
$30,000 to $39,999	61,125	28,165	32,955	17.4	16.6	18.1
$40,000 to $49,999	47,000	22,915	24,080	13.4	13.5	13.2
$50,000 to $59,999	32,510	17,405	15,100	9.3	10.3	8.3
$60,000 to $69,999	21,550	12,625	8,925	6.1	7.5	4.9
$70,000 to $79,999	14,420	8,765	5,650	4.1	5.2	3.1
$80,000 to $89,999	11,060	6,345	4,715	3.1	3.7	2.6
$90,000 to $99,999	6,020	3,950	2,070	1.7	2.3	1.1
$100,000 and over	13,140	9,320	3,820	3.7	5.5	2.1
$100,000 to $124,999	6,870	4,750	2,125	2.0	2.8	1.2
$125,000 and over	6,265	4,570	1,695	1.8	2.7	0.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	362,765	175,260	187,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	121,740	50,545	71,200	33.6	28.8	38.0
With employment income	241,025	124,720	116,310	66.4	71.2	62.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	43,370	22,690	20,675	18.0	18.2	17.8
$5,000 to $9,999	22,775	9,915	12,860	9.4	7.9	11.1
$10,000 to $19,999	32,505	14,370	18,135	13.5	11.5	15.6
$20,000 to $29,999	23,190	10,635	12,550	9.6	8.5	10.8
$30,000 to $39,999	21,880	10,405	11,480	9.1	8.3	9.9
$40,000 to $49,999	20,475	9,715	10,765	8.5	7.8	9.3
$50,000 to $59,999	17,415	9,180	8,235	7.2	7.4	7.1
$60,000 to $69,999	13,845	8,145	5,700	5.7	6.5	4.9
$70,000 to $79,999	10,175	6,360	3,810	4.2	5.1	3.3
$80,000 to $89,999	8,125	5,205	2,920	3.4	4.2	2.5
$90,000 to $99,999	8,010	4,550	3,460	3.3	3.6	3.0
$100,000 and over	19,260	13,545	5,715	8.0	10.9	4.9
$100,000 to $124,999	9,900	6,580	3,315	4.1	5.3	2.9
$125,000 and over	9,365	6,965	2,400	3.9	5.6	2.1
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	362,760	175,255	187,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	345,900	166,515	179,385	95.4	95.0	95.7
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	42,400	31,400	36,400	42,400	31,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	346,035	166,525	179,510	95.4	95.0	95.7
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	38,000	29,400	33,200	38,000	29,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	307,665	151,340	156,325	84.8	86.4	83.4
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,400	39,200	27,000	32,400	39,200	27,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	244,345	126,005	118,340	67.4	71.9	63.1
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	38,000	29,000	32,800	38,000	29,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	307,840	146,470	161,370	84.9	83.6	86.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	2,200	7,850	5,640	2,200	7,850
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	26,425	12,005	14,420	7.3	6.9	7.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,080	5,000	5,160	5,080	5,000	5,160
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	362,765	175,265	187,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	345,830	166,380	179,450	95.3	94.9	95.7
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,400	53,650	39,680	46,400	53,650	39,680
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	345,940	166,395	179,545	95.4	94.9	95.8
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,240	44,280	34,560	39,240	44,280	34,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	307,760	151,320	156,435	84.8	86.3	83.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,600	51,650	35,800	43,600	51,650	35,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	244,085	125,860	118,220	67.3	71.8	63.1
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,720	48,640	36,440	42,720	48,640	36,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	307,795	146,240	161,555	84.8	83.4	86.2
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,560	7,600	9,430	8,560	7,600	9,430
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	26,375	11,915	14,460	7.3	6.8	7.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,660	6,095	7,130	6,660	6,095	7,130
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	362,760	175,270	187,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	98,505	55,335	43,170	27.2	31.6	23.0
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	55,600	62,000	49,200	55,600	62,000	49,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	65,900	72,900	56,850	65,900	72,900	56,850
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	98,120	44,995	53,125	27.0	25.7	28.3
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	26,200	21,800	23,600	26,200	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,600	36,120	27,720	31,600	36,120	27,720
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	83.6	87.6	78.6	83.6	87.6	78.6
Employment income (%)	65.0	68.6	60.5	65.0	68.6	60.5
Government transfers (%)	16.4	12.5	21.4	16.4	12.5	21.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.5	1.1	0.8	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	179,225	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...	77,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...	69,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	51,490	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,400	...	...	38,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	35,200	...	...	35,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	127,730	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	179,220	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	94,700	...	...	94,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,800	...	...	80,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	51,465	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,400	...	...	48,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,240	...	...	41,240	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	127,760	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	113,400	...	...	113,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,800	...	...	96,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	179,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,520	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	820	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,040	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,900	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,015	...	...	3.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,935	...	...	3.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,515	...	...	3.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,410	...	...	4.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	7,700	...	...	4.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,630	...	...	4.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	14,745	...	...	8.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	13,960	...	...	7.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	12,980	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	11,730	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	10,835	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	63,495	...	...	35.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	21,180	...	...	11.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	14,510	...	...	8.1	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	15,615	...	...	8.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	12,190	...	...	6.8	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	179,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,735	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	855	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,125	...	...	1.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,065	...	...	2.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,505	...	...	4.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	7,955	...	...	4.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	7,790	...	...	4.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	8,420	...	...	4.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	8,710	...	...	4.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	8,640	...	...	4.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	16,905	...	...	9.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	16,035	...	...	8.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	14,625	...	...	8.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	13,310	...	...	7.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	11,225	...	...	6.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	49,320	...	...	27.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	20,380	...	...	11.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	12,240	...	...	6.8	...	...
$150,000 and over	16,705	...	...	9.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	122,620	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	50,550	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...	75,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	47,295	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...	125,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	20,865	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...	65,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	61,200	...	...	61,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	69,330	32,405	36,925	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	37,200	34,400	35,600	37,200	34,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,800	33,600	32,000	32,800	33,600	32,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	122,475	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,400	...	...	113,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,600	...	...	96,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	50,400	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,900	...	...	101,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	85,800	...	...	85,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	47,535	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	142,000	...	...	142,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,200	...	...	120,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	20,665	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,100	...	...	68,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	69,250	32,230	37,025	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,520	46,720	42,640	44,520	46,720	42,640
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,320	39,560	37,240	38,320	39,560	37,240
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	425,480	207,455	218,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	76,075	39,130	36,945	17.9	18.9	16.9
0 to 5 years	23,685	12,240	11,445	5.6	5.9	5.2
18 to 64 years	252,630	123,610	129,015	59.4	59.6	59.2
65 years and over	96,775	44,715	52,060	22.7	21.6	23.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	46,685	21,165	25,520	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	10,225	5,230	4,995	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	3,480	1,770	1,710	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	25,695	12,015	13,675	...	...	...
65 years and over	10,760	3,915	6,845	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.0	10.2	11.7	11.0	10.2	11.7
0 to 17 years (%)	13.4	13.4	13.5	13.4	13.4	13.5
0 to 5 years (%)	14.7	14.5	15.0	14.7	14.5	15.0
18 to 64 years (%)	10.2	9.7	10.6	10.2	9.7	10.6
65 years and over (%)	11.1	8.8	13.1	11.1	8.8	13.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	425,480	207,455	218,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	76,075	39,130	36,945	17.9	18.9	16.9
0 to 5 years	23,685	12,235	11,450	5.6	5.9	5.3
18 to 64 years	252,625	123,610	129,020	59.4	59.6	59.2
65 years and over	96,775	44,715	52,065	22.7	21.6	23.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	17,660	9,035	8,620	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,715	1,400	1,315	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	830	420	415	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	13,430	7,015	6,420	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,505	615	890	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.2	4.4	4.0	4.2	4.4	4.0
0 to 17 years (%)	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6
0 to 5 years (%)	3.5	3.4	3.6	3.5	3.4	3.6
18 to 64 years (%)	5.3	5.7	5.0	5.3	5.7	5.0
65 years and over (%)	1.6	1.4	1.7	1.6	1.4	1.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	425,480	207,455	218,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	232,020	110,205	121,815	54.5	53.1	55.9
In bottom decile	42,250	19,970	22,280	9.9	9.6	10.2
In second decile	47,390	21,380	26,010	11.1	10.3	11.9
In third decile	48,940	23,285	25,655	11.5	11.2	11.8
In fourth decile	47,010	22,880	24,125	11.0	11.0	11.1
In fifth decile	46,430	22,695	23,740	10.9	10.9	10.9
In top half of the distribution	193,460	97,250	96,210	45.5	46.9	44.1
In sixth decile	44,395	21,975	22,425	10.4	10.6	10.3
In seventh decile	42,090	21,080	21,010	9.9	10.2	9.6
In eighth decile	39,105	19,700	19,400	9.2	9.5	8.9
In ninth decile	36,885	18,705	18,180	8.7	9.0	8.3
In top decile	30,985	15,795	15,195	7.3	7.6	7.0
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	425,480	...	...	425,480	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.318	...	...	0.318	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.460	...	...	0.460	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.280	...	...	0.280	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.5	...	...	3.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	428,670	208,990	219,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	393,480	193,715	199,765	91.8	92.7	90.9
French only	310	140	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	31,155	13,580	17,575	7.3	6.5	8.0
Neither English nor French	3,725	1,555	2,175	0.9	0.7	1.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	428,670	208,990	219,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	413,785	202,380	211,405	96.5	96.8	96.2
French	10,070	4,570	5,500	2.3	2.2	2.5
English and French	1,220	555	665	0.3	0.3	0.3
Neither English nor French	3,600	1,490	2,110	0.8	0.7	1.0
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	428,670	208,990	219,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	417,090	203,535	213,555	97.3	97.4	97.2
Official languages	354,660	174,030	180,630	82.7	83.3	82.2
English	344,120	169,235	174,890	80.3	81.0	79.6
French	10,535	4,790	5,745	2.5	2.3	2.6
Non-official languages	62,430	29,505	32,925	14.6	14.1	15.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	62,385	29,485	32,905	14.6	14.1	15.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,625	1,875	1,750	0.8	0.9	0.8
Berber languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	260	115	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	250	115	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,355	1,755	1,600	0.8	0.8	0.7
Amharic	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,015	1,590	1,425	0.7	0.8	0.6
Aramaic languages	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,260	540	715	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	150	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,110	475	630	0.3	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,380	1,305	2,075	0.8	0.6	0.9
Bikol	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	160	60	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,830	1,090	1,740	0.7	0.5	0.8
Waray-Waray	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	245	130	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	155	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	65	50	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,435	740	695	0.3	0.4	0.3
Kannada	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,050	540	510	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tamil	275	140	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	42,430	20,310	22,115	9.9	9.7	10.1
Albanian	210	105	105	0.0	0.1	0.0
Armenian	225	105	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	10,045	4,560	5,485	2.3	2.2	2.5
Baltic languages	205	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	9,845	4,470	5,375	2.3	2.1	2.4
Belarusian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	320	140	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	260	120	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	120	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	3,435	1,500	1,935	0.8	0.7	0.9
Russian	1,445	635	810	0.3	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	2,380	1,175	1,200	0.6	0.6	0.5
Bosnian	210	110	100	0.0	0.1	0.0
Croatian	815	395	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	1,320	665	660	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	320	140	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	260	100	160	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	1,300	580	715	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	7,515	3,400	4,110	1.8	1.6	1.9
Frisian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	4,190	1,860	2,330	1.0	0.9	1.1
German	4,150	1,840	2,315	1.0	0.9	1.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,060	1,440	1,620	0.7	0.7	0.7
Afrikaans	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	2,650	1,250	1,400	0.6	0.6	0.6
Low German, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	205	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	215	85	135	0.1	0.0	0.1
Danish	125	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	655	335	315	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	6,985	3,620	3,360	1.6	1.7	1.5
Indo-Aryan languages	6,090	3,170	2,920	1.4	1.5	1.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	290	155	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	985	555	435	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hindi	865	485	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,990	990	1,000	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	105	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,580	790	790	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	890	450	440	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	240	125	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	545	275	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	150	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	325	170	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	16,740	8,150	8,595	3.9	3.9	3.9
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	8,545	4,120	4,425	2.0	2.0	2.0
Portuguese	1,450	710	740	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	485	215	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	6,230	3,085	3,140	1.5	1.5	1.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	295	85	205	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	1,520	700	815	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	655	300	355	0.2	0.1	0.2
Akan (Twi)	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	110	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,905	2,245	2,655	1.1	1.1	1.2
Chinese languages	4,860	2,225	2,635	1.1	1.1	1.2
Hakka	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,430	1,585	1,850	0.8	0.8	0.8
Min Dong	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,225	550	680	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	340	140	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	225	105	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	100	30	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	555	310	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	485	270	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,610	710	895	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,405	620	780	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	11,585	5,455	6,130	2.7	2.6	2.8
English and French	2,630	1,215	1,420	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	7,785	3,715	4,070	1.8	1.8	1.9
French and non-official language(s)	230	115	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	225	100	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	710	310	400	0.2	0.1	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	428,670	208,990	219,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	364,105	178,805	185,300	84.9	85.6	84.3
French	1,965	875	1,090	0.5	0.4	0.5
Non-official language	14,190	6,580	7,615	3.3	3.1	3.5
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	14,190	6,575	7,615	3.3	3.1	3.5
English and French	5,805	2,460	3,345	1.4	1.2	1.5
English and non-official language(s)	40,035	19,100	20,935	9.3	9.1	9.5
French and non-official language(s)	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,510	665	845	0.4	0.3	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	950	460	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	428,670	208,990	219,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	419,085	204,465	214,615	97.8	97.8	97.7
Official languages	390,900	191,135	199,765	91.2	91.5	90.9
English	388,085	189,900	198,190	90.5	90.9	90.2
French	2,815	1,235	1,580	0.7	0.6	0.7
Non-official languages	28,185	13,330	14,850	6.6	6.4	6.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	28,175	13,325	14,845	6.6	6.4	6.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,040	985	1,050	0.5	0.5	0.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	205	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	200	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,835	895	940	0.4	0.4	0.4
Amharic	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,700	835	870	0.4	0.4	0.4
Aramaic languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	790	350	435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	715	320	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,710	775	940	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,470	665	810	0.3	0.3	0.4
Waray-Waray	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	110	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	930	475	455	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	735	370	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	150	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	16,405	7,745	8,660	3.8	3.7	3.9
Albanian	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,935	1,800	2,130	0.9	0.9	1.0
Baltic languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,910	1,790	2,115	0.9	0.9	1.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	150	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,360	610	750	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	835	380	455	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,020	490	530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	225	105	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	710	335	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	325	140	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	830	380	455	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	540	245	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	540	245	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	275	125	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	220	100	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	4,470	2,230	2,240	1.0	1.1	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages	3,960	1,995	1,965	0.9	1.0	0.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	630	340	285	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hindi	520	285	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,460	705	750	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,030	505	530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	510	235	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	295	135	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,755	3,145	3,615	1.6	1.5	1.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,110	825	1,285	0.5	0.4	0.6
Portuguese	640	310	335	0.1	0.1	0.2
Romanian	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	3,820	1,920	1,895	0.9	0.9	0.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	1,190	565	630	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	250	120	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	165	105	60	0.0	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	125	75	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,515	1,670	1,845	0.8	0.8	0.8
Chinese languages	3,490	1,655	1,840	0.8	0.8	0.8
Hakka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,595	1,250	1,345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Min Dong	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	790	355	430	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	190	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	130	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	310	155	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	270	140	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	435	185	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	415	175	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,590	4,520	5,065	2.2	2.2	2.3
English and French	1,045	425	615	0.2	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	8,255	3,965	4,290	1.9	1.9	2.0
French and non-official language(s)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	428,675	208,990	219,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	388,415	190,105	198,310	90.6	91.0	90.3
English	12,285	5,875	6,410	2.9	2.8	2.9
French	4,365	1,865	2,495	1.0	0.9	1.1
Non-official language	19,250	9,045	10,205	4.5	4.3	4.6
Indigenous³⁹	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	19,195	9,020	10,175	4.5	4.3	4.6
English and French	185	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,470	725	745	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	805	355	445	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,885	920	960	0.4	0.4	0.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	425,480	207,455	218,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	421,800	205,985	215,815	99.1	99.3	99.0
English	421,470	205,830	215,640	99.1	99.2	98.9
French	31,295	13,620	17,675	7.4	6.6	8.1
Non-official languages	83,565	39,260	44,310	19.6	18.9	20.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	160	45	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	90	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	83,420	39,220	44,200	19.6	18.9	20.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,705	2,890	2,815	1.3	1.4	1.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	55	0	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	50	0	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	480	235	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	465	235	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	5,255	2,680	2,575	1.2	1.3	1.2
Amharic	85	20	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,670	2,390	2,280	1.1	1.2	1.0
Aramaic languages	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	205	115	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	190	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,740	775	965	0.4	0.4	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	265	85	175	0.1	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	1,475	685	785	0.3	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,990	1,950	3,040	1.2	0.9	1.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	300	105	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	330	115	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,685	1,830	2,855	1.1	0.9	1.3
Waray-Waray	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	685	365	320	0.2	0.2	0.1
Haitian Creole	445	235	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	150	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,685	915	770	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,145	600	545	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tamil	505	305	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	160	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	57,440	27,290	30,150	13.5	13.2	13.8
Albanian	265	135	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	295	130	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	12,430	5,715	6,715	2.9	2.8	3.1
Baltic languages	255	130	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	120	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	12,225	5,610	6,615	2.9	2.7	3.0
Belarusian	35	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	355	175	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	440	175	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	225	135	90	0.1	0.1	0.0
Polish	4,305	1,775	2,530	1.0	0.9	1.2
Russian	2,500	1,160	1,340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	3,075	1,585	1,490	0.7	0.8	0.7
Bosnian	410	235	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,270	630	640	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	1,725	900	825	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	420	185	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	300	125	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	1,965	900	1,065	0.5	0.4	0.5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	120	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	60	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10,035	4,615	5,420	2.4	2.2	2.5
Frisian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	5,900	2,785	3,115	1.4	1.3	1.4
German	5,880	2,770	3,115	1.4	1.3	1.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,990	1,810	2,185	0.9	0.9	1.0
Afrikaans	335	150	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	3,400	1,550	1,850	0.8	0.7	0.8
Low German, n.o.s.	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	185	70	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vlaams (Flemish)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	320	145	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,115	565	550	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	10,140	5,235	4,905	2.4	2.5	2.2
Indo-Aryan languages	9,280	4,805	4,475	2.2	2.3	2.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	435	250	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	1,490	825	665	0.4	0.4	0.3
Hindi	4,290	2,265	2,025	1.0	1.1	0.9
Kacchi	85	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	55	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	265	125	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,285	1,580	1,700	0.8	0.8	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	250	150	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
Urdu	3,065	1,570	1,500	0.7	0.8	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	110	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,010	515	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	310	150	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	135	85	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	645	350	295	0.2	0.2	0.1
Dari	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	430	230	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	24,555	11,560	12,995	5.8	5.6	6.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	12,470	5,910	6,565	2.9	2.8	3.0
Portuguese	2,010	970	1,035	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	550	275	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	10,540	4,925	5,620	2.5	2.4	2.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	615	265	355	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	1,820	910	910	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,530	750	770	0.4	0.4	0.4
Akan (Twi)	210	135	75	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	115	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	190	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	360	185	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	325	135	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	160	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	545	195	345	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	470	165	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,695	2,605	3,080	1.3	1.3	1.4
Chinese languages	5,620	2,585	3,040	1.3	1.2	1.4
Hakka	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,465	2,065	2,410	1.0	1.0	1.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,565	715	850	0.4	0.3	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	590	265	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	375	180	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	285	120	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	985	575	405	0.2	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	870	515	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	2,020	865	1,155	0.5	0.4	0.5
Estonian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	140	45	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,820	790	1,030	0.4	0.4	0.5
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	425,480	207,455	218,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	13,080	6,145	6,935	3.1	3.0	3.2
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	12,490	5,845	6,640	2.9	2.8	3.0
First Nations (North American Indian)	7,250	3,370	3,880	1.7	1.6	1.8
Métis	5,095	2,390	2,710	1.2	1.2	1.2
Inuk (Inuit)	145	90	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	215	105	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	375	190	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	412,400	201,310	211,090	96.9	97.0	96.8
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	425,480	207,455	218,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,695	1,740	1,960	0.9	0.8	0.9
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	421,785	205,715	216,065	99.1	99.2	99.1
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	179,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	128,015	...	...	71.4	...	...
Renter	51,210	...	...	28.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	179,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	12,825	...	...	7.2	...	...
Not condominium	166,400	...	...	92.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	179,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	585	...	...	0.3	...	...
1 bedroom	18,125	...	...	10.1	...	...
2 bedrooms	41,320	...	...	23.1	...	...
3 bedrooms	75,680	...	...	42.2	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	43,520	...	...	24.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	179,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	37,050	...	...	20.7	...	...
5 rooms	26,590	...	...	14.8	...	...
6 rooms	29,840	...	...	16.6	...	...
7 rooms	27,345	...	...	15.3	...	...
8 or more rooms	58,390	...	...	32.6	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.6	...	...	6.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	179,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	177,345	...	...	99.0	...	...
More than one person per room	1,880	...	...	1.0	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	179,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	172,470	...	...	96.2	...	...
Not suitable	6,755	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	179,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	58,905	...	...	32.9	...	...
1961 to 1980	54,160	...	...	30.2	...	...
1981 to 1990	19,295	...	...	10.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	15,930	...	...	8.9	...	...
2001 to 2005	7,350	...	...	4.1	...	...
2006 to 2010	6,380	...	...	3.6	...	...
2011 to 2015	6,935	...	...	3.9	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	10,275	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	179,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	169,185	...	...	94.4	...	...
Major repairs needed	10,040	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	179,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	90,505	...	...	50.5	...	...
Two-maintainer household	81,200	...	...	45.3	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	7,515	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	179,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,750	...	...	2.1	...	...
25 to 34 years	20,080	...	...	11.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	25,335	...	...	14.1	...	...
45 to 54 years	29,500	...	...	16.5	...	...
55 to 64 years	38,570	...	...	21.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	34,380	...	...	19.2	...	...
75 to 84 years	19,790	...	...	11.0	...	...
85 years and over	7,825	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	177,800	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	139,185	...	...	78.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	38,620	...	...	21.7	...	...
30% to less than 100%	35,505	...	...	20.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	179,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	51,040	...	...	28.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	34,835	...	...	19.4	...	...
Not suitable only	5,165	...	...	2.9	...	...
Major repairs needed only	6,735	...	...	3.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	995	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,715	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	515	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	75	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	128,185	...	...	71.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	174,685	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	18,550	...	...	10.6	...	...
Not in core need	156,140	...	...	89.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	127,280	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.5	...	...	56.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	14.6	...	...	14.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.1	...	...	5.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,130	...	...	1,130	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,336	...	...	1,336	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	552,000	...	...	552,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	616,000	...	...	616,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	51,165	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	14.7	...	...	14.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.5	...	...	39.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.7	...	...	24.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,080	...	...	1,080	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,172	...	...	1,172	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	425,480	207,455	218,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	4,005	1,895	2,105	0.9	0.9	1.0
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	3,880	1,845	2,030	0.9	0.9	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	2,980	1,415	1,570	0.7	0.7	0.7
Métis single ancestry	865	410	455	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	125	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	120	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	13,180	6,260	6,920	3.1	3.0	3.2
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	12,865	6,105	6,765	3.0	2.9	3.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	9,165	4,345	4,820	2.2	2.1	2.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,590	1,690	1,905	0.8	0.8	0.9
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	110	70	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	310	160	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	265	140	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	408,300	199,300	209,000	96.0	96.1	95.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	425,480	207,455	218,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	401,340	195,940	205,405	94.3	94.4	94.2
Canadian citizens aged under 18	73,505	37,915	35,585	17.3	18.3	16.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	327,845	158,020	169,820	77.1	76.2	77.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	24,135	11,515	12,620	5.7	5.6	5.8
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	425,480	207,455	218,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	340,945	167,210	173,735	80.1	80.6	79.7
Immigrants⁸¹	76,300	35,985	40,320	17.9	17.3	18.5
Before 1980	30,160	14,285	15,880	7.1	6.9	7.3
1980 to 1990	8,680	4,080	4,605	2.0	2.0	2.1
1991 to 2000	10,590	4,895	5,700	2.5	2.4	2.6
2001 to 2010	12,470	5,770	6,700	2.9	2.8	3.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	14,400	6,960	7,445	3.4	3.4	3.4
2011 to 2015	6,175	2,965	3,220	1.5	1.4	1.5
2016 to 2021	8,220	3,995	4,230	1.9	1.9	1.9
Non-permanent residents⁸³	8,235	4,260	3,970	1.9	2.1	1.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	76,305	35,985	40,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	8,560	4,325	4,230	11.2	12.0	10.5
5 to 14 years	15,340	7,750	7,585	20.1	21.5	18.8
15 to 24 years	16,905	7,625	9,275	22.2	21.2	23.0
25 to 44 years	29,815	13,630	16,180	39.1	37.9	40.1
45 years and over	5,685	2,640	3,050	7.5	7.3	7.6
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	76,305	35,985	40,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	14,990	6,760	8,235	19.6	18.8	20.4
Brazil	360	160	195	0.5	0.4	0.5
Colombia	1,290	610	680	1.7	1.7	1.7
El Salvador	710	325	385	0.9	0.9	1.0
Guyana	415	180	230	0.5	0.5	0.6
Haiti	390	185	200	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jamaica	1,565	770	795	2.1	2.1	2.0
Mexico	690	305	380	0.9	0.8	0.9
Peru	215	95	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	860	465	395	1.1	1.3	1.0
United States of America	5,610	2,245	3,360	7.4	6.2	8.3
Other places of birth in Americas	2,885	1,400	1,485	3.8	3.9	3.7
Europe	35,700	17,195	18,505	46.8	47.8	45.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	470	260	210	0.6	0.7	0.5
Croatia	1,010	525	485	1.3	1.5	1.2
France	245	110	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Germany	2,355	1,115	1,245	3.1	3.1	3.1
Greece	490	295	195	0.6	0.8	0.5
Hungary	870	380	495	1.1	1.1	1.2
Italy	6,675	3,290	3,385	8.7	9.1	8.4
Netherlands	2,855	1,440	1,415	3.7	4.0	3.5
Poland	2,775	1,165	1,610	3.6	3.2	4.0
Portugal	690	335	355	0.9	0.9	0.9
Romania	585	300	290	0.8	0.8	0.7
Russian Federation	595	240	355	0.8	0.7	0.9
Serbia⁸⁶	580	310	270	0.8	0.9	0.7
Ukraine	915	380	535	1.2	1.1	1.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10,940	5,250	5,695	14.3	14.6	14.1
Other places of birth in Europe	3,635	1,800	1,835	4.8	5.0	4.6
Africa	4,090	2,020	2,075	5.4	5.6	5.1
Algeria	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	150	85	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egypt	470	225	245	0.6	0.6	0.6
Eritrea	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ethiopia	75	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	550	275	275	0.7	0.8	0.7
Somalia	315	150	160	0.4	0.4	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	520	235	290	0.7	0.7	0.7
Other places of birth in Africa	1,830	925	905	2.4	2.6	2.2
Asia	21,210	9,855	11,355	27.8	27.4	28.2
Afghanistan	85	55	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	370	200	170	0.5	0.6	0.4
Iraq	505	265	240	0.7	0.7	0.6
Lebanon	335	195	135	0.4	0.5	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	560	285	280	0.7	0.8	0.7
Turkey	440	260	175	0.6	0.7	0.4
China⁹⁰	3,050	1,310	1,740	4.0	3.6	4.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	305	170	135	0.4	0.5	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	1,175	550	625	1.5	1.5	1.6
Taiwan	110	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	4,310	1,660	2,655	5.6	4.6	6.6
Viet Nam	1,010	480	525	1.3	1.3	1.3
Bangladesh	200	110	90	0.3	0.3	0.2
India	3,940	2,035	1,900	5.2	5.7	4.7
Pakistan	1,755	900	860	2.3	2.5	2.1
Sri Lanka	285	140	145	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	2,765	1,215	1,550	3.6	3.4	3.8
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	310	160	150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	8,225	3,990	4,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,770	895	870	21.5	22.4	20.6
Brazil	75	30	40	0.9	0.8	0.9
Colombia	215	100	120	2.6	2.5	2.8
Haiti	65	20	45	0.8	0.5	1.1
Jamaica	220	140	80	2.7	3.5	1.9
Mexico	100	50	50	1.2	1.3	1.2
United States of America	545	290	260	6.6	7.3	6.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	115	60	55	1.4	1.5	1.3
Other places of birth in Americas	430	205	225	5.2	5.1	5.3
Europe	780	415	365	9.5	10.4	8.6
France	15	15	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Germany	20	15	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	20	10	15	0.2	0.3	0.4
Italy	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Russian Federation	80	20	55	1.0	0.5	1.3
Ukraine	95	45	45	1.2	1.1	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	175	125	55	2.1	3.1	1.3
Other places of birth in Europe	360	180	180	4.4	4.5	4.3
Africa	930	440	490	11.3	11.0	11.6
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	30	0	20	0.4	0.0	0.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	40	25	15	0.5	0.6	0.4
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	50	25	30	0.6	0.6	0.7
Eritrea	15	15	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Ethiopia	15	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.4
Morocco	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	305	150	155	3.7	3.8	3.7
Somalia	95	40	55	1.2	1.0	1.3
South Africa, Republic of	45	10	35	0.5	0.3	0.8
Sudan⁹⁷	85	40	40	1.0	1.0	0.9
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	235	120	115	2.9	3.0	2.7
Asia	4,690	2,200	2,485	57.0	55.1	58.7
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	45	30	20	0.5	0.8	0.5
China⁹⁰	815	315	505	9.9	7.9	11.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,255	685	570	15.3	17.2	13.5
Iran⁸⁸	45	30	15	0.5	0.8	0.4
Iraq	110	55	60	1.3	1.4	1.4
Israel	15	15	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Japan	25	10	15	0.3	0.3	0.4
Jordan	45	20	30	0.5	0.5	0.7
Korea, South⁹²	320	150	165	3.9	3.8	3.9
Lebanon	35	25	10	0.4	0.6	0.2
Nepal	30	10	15	0.4	0.3	0.4
Pakistan	255	115	140	3.1	2.9	3.3
Philippines	720	290	430	8.8	7.3	10.2
Saudi Arabia	85	50	40	1.0	1.3	0.9
Sri Lanka	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	350	180	175	4.3	4.5	4.1
Turkey	90	45	40	1.1	1.1	0.9
United Arab Emirates	85	45	45	1.0	1.1	1.1
Viet Nam	85	40	45	1.0	1.0	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	270	100	175	3.3	2.5	4.1
Oceania and other⁹³	50	35	10	0.6	0.9	0.2
Australia	45	30	10	0.5	0.8	0.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	425,480	207,455	218,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	88,670	42,150	46,520	20.8	20.3	21.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	91,475	44,860	46,615	21.5	21.6	21.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	245,335	120,450	124,885	57.7	58.1	57.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	46,140	21,700	24,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	19,725	9,845	9,885	42.8	45.4	40.4
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	8,725	5,180	3,540	18.9	23.9	14.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,000	4,660	6,340	23.8	21.5	25.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	15,570	6,355	9,215	33.7	29.3	37.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	9,760	5,005	4,765	21.2	23.1	19.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,075	500	585	2.3	2.3	2.4
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	46,140	21,700	24,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	5,535	2,770	2,765	12.0	12.8	11.3
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,100	2,420	2,685	11.1	11.2	11.0
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,205	600	610	2.6	2.8	2.5
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,565	1,175	1,390	5.6	5.4	5.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	500	135	365	1.1	0.6	1.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	31,230	14,600	16,630	67.7	67.3	68.0
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	425,480	207,455	218,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	59,020	29,125	29,900	13.9	14.0	13.7
South Asian	12,765	6,755	6,010	3.0	3.3	2.8
Chinese	6,380	2,885	3,505	1.5	1.4	1.6
Black	12,785	6,665	6,120	3.0	3.2	2.8
Filipino	6,250	2,675	3,570	1.5	1.3	1.6
Arab	3,445	1,795	1,650	0.8	0.9	0.8
Latin American	6,630	3,175	3,455	1.6	1.5	1.6
Southeast Asian	3,030	1,445	1,580	0.7	0.7	0.7
West Asian	900	510	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	1,865	925	935	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japanese	730	315	410	0.2	0.2	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,335	615	720	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	2,910	1,360	1,545	0.7	0.7	0.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	366,465	178,330	188,125	86.1	86.0	86.3
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	425,480	207,455	218,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	62,440	30,790	31,650	14.7	14.8	14.5
English	100,325	48,175	52,155	23.6	23.2	23.9
Irish	69,115	32,180	36,940	16.2	15.5	16.9
Scottish	74,135	35,665	38,465	17.4	17.2	17.6
French, n.o.s.¹²²	40,995	19,270	21,725	9.6	9.3	10.0
German	52,605	25,410	27,200	12.4	12.2	12.5
Chinese	6,890	3,105	3,785	1.6	1.5	1.7
Italian	50,210	25,165	25,050	11.8	12.1	11.5
Indian (India)	7,805	4,110	3,700	1.8	2.0	1.7
Ukrainian	19,275	9,450	9,825	4.5	4.6	4.5
Dutch	28,785	14,340	14,445	6.8	6.9	6.6
Polish	20,170	9,520	10,655	4.7	4.6	4.9
Québécois	1,065	420	645	0.3	0.2	0.3
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	18,725	8,880	9,845	4.4	4.3	4.5
Filipino	6,155	2,635	3,515	1.4	1.3	1.6
French Canadian	7,410	3,615	3,790	1.7	1.7	1.7
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	7,255	3,735	3,520	1.7	1.8	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,470	2,610	2,860	1.3	1.3	1.3
Métis	4,855	2,295	2,560	1.1	1.1	1.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	5,165	2,570	2,595	1.2	1.2	1.2
Russian	6,165	2,885	3,280	1.4	1.4	1.5
Norwegian	2,070	980	1,090	0.5	0.5	0.5
Welsh	8,360	3,775	4,590	2.0	1.8	2.1
Portuguese	3,230	1,630	1,605	0.8	0.8	0.7
American	6,365	2,985	3,375	1.5	1.4	1.5
Spanish	3,685	1,660	2,025	0.9	0.8	0.9
Swedish	2,220	885	1,335	0.5	0.4	0.6
Hungarian	11,650	5,580	6,070	2.7	2.7	2.8
Acadian	1,050	470	585	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pakistani	2,320	1,170	1,150	0.5	0.6	0.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,840	1,445	1,395	0.7	0.7	0.6
Jewish	1,425	780	645	0.3	0.4	0.3
Punjabi	880	385	500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	1,790	880	910	0.4	0.4	0.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,760	885	880	0.4	0.4	0.4
Greek	3,055	1,565	1,490	0.7	0.8	0.7
Jamaican	3,785	1,865	1,920	0.9	0.9	0.9
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,440	700	740	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	450	155	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,865	925	940	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	2,570	1,265	1,310	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanese	1,025	580	445	0.2	0.3	0.2
Iranian	430	210	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,810	880	930	0.4	0.4	0.4
Danish	2,060	985	1,075	0.5	0.5	0.5
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,365	1,075	1,290	0.6	0.5	0.6
Sikh	345	170	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	2,265	1,045	1,215	0.5	0.5	0.6
Belgian	1,285	650	630	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	535	290	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	745	400	345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexican	1,345	685	660	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mennonite	2,420	1,235	1,185	0.6	0.6	0.5
Swiss	1,570	795	775	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	1,645	735	910	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sri Lankan	320	170	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	3,390	1,665	1,730	0.8	0.8	0.8
Japanese	995	435	565	0.2	0.2	0.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	720	385	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,070	510	560	0.3	0.2	0.3
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,005	485	520	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	850	430	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	735	395	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,275	585	690	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	335	140	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	1,835	925	910	0.4	0.4	0.4
Moroccan	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	1,345	605	745	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syrian	525	210	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	750	345	405	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afghan	320	195	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	670	325	345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	2,605	1,325	1,280	0.6	0.6	0.6
Ojibway	760	390	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Newfoundlander	835	385	450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hong Konger	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	2,135	1,065	1,070	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian	310	155	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,150	635	515	0.3	0.3	0.2
Turkish	960	540	420	0.2	0.3	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	175	100	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	195	110	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algerian	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	705	355	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	565	270	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	950	475	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	1,960	950	1,000	0.5	0.5	0.5
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	810	415	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	540	255	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	195	65	135	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iraqi	330	175	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	835	420	415	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	440	225	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	305	125	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	545	305	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	435	250	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	490	210	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	540	265	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	955	480	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	610	305	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	445	245	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	420	195	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	280	130	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	180	120	60	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nova Scotian	335	165	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	805	420	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	235	105	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	285	165	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	365	145	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	335	155	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	1,180	630	550	0.3	0.3	0.3
Macedonian	685	335	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovenian	1,260	565	700	0.3	0.3	0.3
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	370	150	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	270	95	175	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gujarati	275	155	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	285	140	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	140	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	840	450	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	760	320	440	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bulgarian	685	375	310	0.2	0.2	0.1
Albertan	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	215	125	90	0.1	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	490	265	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	740	355	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	775	340	435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tunisian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	430	230	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	505	225	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	535	290	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	355	185	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	585	280	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	115	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	420	195	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	235	105	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	370	190	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	180	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	450	245	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	205	115	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
British Columbian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	120	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	340	155	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Argentinian	220	110	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	370	165	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	290	175	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	285	150	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	335	125	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	120	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	145	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	255	135	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	370	175	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	180	65	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sudanese	710	330	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Breton	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	970	420	550	0.2	0.2	0.3
Malaysian	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	80	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	150	105	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ivorian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	130	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	90	30	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	200	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	160	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	115	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	20	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	130	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	410	190	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	120	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	225	90	135	0.1	0.0	0.1
Burmese	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	75	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	85	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	165	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	145	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	35	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	425,480	207,455	218,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,235	990	1,245	0.5	0.5	0.6
Christian	259,080	120,825	138,255	60.9	58.2	63.4
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	36,895	17,690	19,210	8.7	8.5	8.8
Anabaptist	4,415	2,110	2,300	1.0	1.0	1.1
Anglican	24,610	10,970	13,635	5.8	5.3	6.3
Baptist	5,225	2,370	2,850	1.2	1.1	1.3
Catholic	123,830	58,830	65,005	29.1	28.4	29.8
Christian Orthodox	5,835	2,885	2,945	1.4	1.4	1.4
Jehovah's Witness	2,020	890	1,130	0.5	0.4	0.5
Latter Day Saints	755	340	415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lutheran	5,465	2,495	2,970	1.3	1.2	1.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,245	575	670	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	4,575	2,080	2,495	1.1	1.0	1.1
Presbyterian	8,280	3,725	4,565	1.9	1.8	2.1
Reformed	4,155	2,020	2,140	1.0	1.0	1.0
United Church	17,765	7,575	10,190	4.2	3.7	4.7
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	14,005	6,275	7,730	3.3	3.0	3.5
Hindu	3,540	1,970	1,565	0.8	0.9	0.7
Jewish	1,175	525	650	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	10,440	5,305	5,135	2.5	2.6	2.4
Sikh	2,170	985	1,190	0.5	0.5	0.5
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	205	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	2,435	965	1,475	0.6	0.5	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	144,205	75,795	68,405	33.9	36.5	31.4
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	421,785	205,605	216,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	372,060	181,335	190,725	88.2	88.2	88.2
Movers	49,730	24,270	25,460	11.8	11.8	11.8
Non-migrants	23,300	11,250	12,050	5.5	5.5	5.6
Migrants	26,425	13,020	13,410	6.3	6.3	6.2
Internal migrants	24,305	11,900	12,405	5.8	5.8	5.7
Intraprovincial migrants	23,270	11,385	11,880	5.5	5.5	5.5
Interprovincial migrants	1,035	520	520	0.2	0.3	0.2
External migrants	2,125	1,120	1,005	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	405,870	197,430	208,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	252,745	122,735	130,015	62.3	62.2	62.4
Movers	153,125	74,695	78,430	37.7	37.8	37.6
Non-migrants	56,400	27,345	29,060	13.9	13.9	13.9
Migrants	96,720	47,350	49,370	23.8	24.0	23.7
Internal migrants	83,855	40,990	42,870	20.7	20.8	20.6
Intraprovincial migrants	79,015	38,490	40,525	19.5	19.5	19.4
Interprovincial migrants	4,840	2,500	2,345	1.2	1.3	1.1
External migrants	12,865	6,365	6,500	3.2	3.2	3.1
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	362,760	175,265	187,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	62,680	32,440	30,235	17.3	18.5	16.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	300,085	142,830	157,255	82.7	81.5	83.9
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	218,690	105,960	112,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	21,005	11,845	9,160	9.6	11.2	8.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	197,695	94,120	103,575	90.4	88.8	91.9
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	362,765	175,270	187,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	56,295	28,445	27,850	15.5	16.2	14.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	116,720	57,350	59,375	32.2	32.7	31.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	189,745	89,470	100,275	52.3	51.0	53.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	116,975	57,295	59,675	32.2	32.7	31.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	24,645	17,795	6,850	6.8	10.2	3.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	11,450	7,040	4,415	3.2	4.0	2.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	13,190	10,755	2,435	3.6	6.1	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	85,740	36,575	49,170	23.6	20.9	26.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,590	2,925	3,660	1.8	1.7	2.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	72,775	32,180	40,595	20.1	18.4	21.7
Bachelor's degree	49,905	21,310	28,600	13.8	12.2	15.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,895	2,220	2,675	1.3	1.3	1.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,675	965	705	0.5	0.6	0.4
Master's degree	14,220	6,485	7,735	3.9	3.7	4.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,075	1,200	885	0.6	0.7	0.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	218,695	105,960	112,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	18,300	10,235	8,065	8.4	9.7	7.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	65,680	34,460	31,220	30.0	32.5	27.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	134,710	61,265	73,445	61.6	57.8	65.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	81,555	39,120	42,430	37.3	36.9	37.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	14,990	10,635	4,355	6.9	10.0	3.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	7,110	4,300	2,810	3.3	4.1	2.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	7,880	6,335	1,540	3.6	6.0	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	62,430	26,670	35,765	28.5	25.2	31.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,125	1,820	2,305	1.9	1.7	2.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	53,160	22,140	31,015	24.3	20.9	27.5
Bachelor's degree	36,505	15,080	21,430	16.7	14.2	19.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,580	1,460	2,120	1.6	1.4	1.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,185	605	580	0.5	0.6	0.5
Master's degree	10,455	4,240	6,215	4.8	4.0	5.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,430	755	675	0.7	0.7	0.6
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	362,765	175,270	187,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	173,020	85,795	87,220	47.7	49.0	46.5
Education	12,975	3,310	9,665	3.6	1.9	5.2
13. Education	12,975	3,310	9,665	3.6	1.9	5.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,790	3,005	3,785	1.9	1.7	2.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	580	425	155	0.2	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	6,205	2,575	3,630	1.7	1.5	1.9
Humanities	10,385	4,115	6,270	2.9	2.3	3.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,010	210	795	0.3	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	2,365	630	1,740	0.7	0.4	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,850	1,040	1,815	0.8	0.6	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	365	125	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	690	380	305	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,130	770	365	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	1,450	880	570	0.4	0.5	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	530	85	450	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	22,500	7,170	15,330	6.2	4.1	8.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	285	65	220	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,440	1,005	1,435	0.7	0.6	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,120	430	4,690	1.4	0.2	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	2,480	865	1,610	0.7	0.5	0.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	590	190	400	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	4,110	930	3,175	1.1	0.5	1.7
45. Social sciences	7,485	3,685	3,800	2.1	2.1	2.0
Business, management and public administration	36,260	14,580	21,680	10.0	8.3	11.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,665	730	2,930	1.0	0.4	1.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	32,535	13,820	18,715	9.0	7.9	10.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,115	3,070	3,045	1.7	1.8	1.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,505	1,000	1,505	0.7	0.6	0.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,510	670	840	0.4	0.4	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	1,695	1,255	445	0.5	0.7	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	315	105	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,900	3,760	2,140	1.6	2.1	1.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,340	3,015	1,325	1.2	1.7	0.7
25. Library science	395	25	370	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,015	620	400	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	145	95	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	36,240	34,040	2,205	10.0	19.4	1.2
04. Architecture and related services	960	715	245	0.3	0.4	0.1
14. Engineering	5,120	4,365	755	1.4	2.5	0.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	9,345	8,630	715	2.6	4.9	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	7,250	7,110	140	2.0	4.1	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,000	7,845	155	2.2	4.5	0.1
48. Precision production	5,560	5,370	195	1.5	3.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,250	2,415	1,840	1.2	1.4	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,120	1,760	1,365	0.9	1.0	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,130	655	475	0.3	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	32,860	6,155	26,700	9.1	3.5	14.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,350	1,615	1,735	0.9	0.9	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	28,975	4,255	24,720	8.0	2.4	13.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	100	30	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	440	255	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	15,420	7,835	7,590	4.3	4.5	4.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	8,155	2,460	5,695	2.2	1.4	3.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	50	45	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	5,210	3,545	1,665	1.4	2.0	0.9
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,985	1,765	220	0.5	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	218,695	105,965	112,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	83,985	44,700	39,285	38.4	42.2	34.8
Education	8,180	1,930	6,255	3.7	1.8	5.5
13. Education	8,180	1,930	6,255	3.7	1.8	5.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,895	2,080	2,815	2.2	2.0	2.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	335	215	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	4,560	1,865	2,695	2.1	1.8	2.4
Humanities	6,855	2,680	4,180	3.1	2.5	3.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	675	110	560	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	1,510	390	1,120	0.7	0.4	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,125	775	1,355	1.0	0.7	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	235	90	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	455	265	195	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	640	445	190	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	930	560	375	0.4	0.5	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	290	45	250	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	17,035	5,130	11,905	7.8	4.8	10.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	205	40	165	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,950	770	1,180	0.9	0.7	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,070	335	3,740	1.9	0.3	3.3
22. Legal professions and studies	1,910	585	1,325	0.9	0.6	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	385	145	245	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	2,885	645	2,240	1.3	0.6	2.0
45. Social sciences	5,630	2,615	3,015	2.6	2.5	2.7
Business, management and public administration	26,670	10,065	16,600	12.2	9.5	14.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,825	450	2,380	1.3	0.4	2.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	23,780	9,595	14,190	10.9	9.1	12.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,235	1,880	2,350	1.9	1.8	2.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,825	660	1,165	0.8	0.6	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,100	440	660	0.5	0.4	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	1,020	700	325	0.5	0.7	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	220	60	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,570	2,980	1,590	2.1	2.8	1.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,570	2,515	1,055	1.6	2.4	0.9
25. Library science	235	15	230	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	650	390	260	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	115	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	23,810	22,085	1,725	10.9	20.8	1.5
04. Architecture and related services	665	475	190	0.3	0.4	0.2
14. Engineering	3,510	2,855	655	1.6	2.7	0.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	6,495	5,940	555	3.0	5.6	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	4,685	4,595	85	2.1	4.3	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,165	5,075	95	2.4	4.8	0.1
48. Precision production	3,285	3,140	145	1.5	3.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,260	1,775	1,485	1.5	1.7	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,405	1,290	1,115	1.1	1.2	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	860	485	370	0.4	0.5	0.3
Health and related fields	23,625	4,620	19,005	10.8	4.4	16.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,545	1,235	1,305	1.2	1.2	1.2
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	20,715	3,225	17,485	9.5	3.0	15.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	70	10	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	300	150	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	11,565	6,030	5,535	5.3	5.7	4.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,915	1,880	4,035	2.7	1.8	3.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	4,195	2,845	1,355	1.9	2.7	1.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,420	1,270	150	0.6	1.2	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	218,695	105,965	112,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	83,985	44,700	39,285	38.4	42.2	34.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	134,710	61,265	73,445	61.6	57.8	65.2
Location of study inside Canada	113,695	51,930	61,760	52.0	49.0	54.8
Same as province or territory of residence	108,825	49,600	59,230	49.8	46.8	52.5
Different than province or territory of residence	4,870	2,335	2,535	2.2	2.2	2.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	21,015	9,330	11,685	9.6	8.8	10.4
Americas	8,055	3,580	4,480	3.7	3.4	4.0
United States of America	5,800	2,535	3,270	2.7	2.4	2.9
Mexico	235	100	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Haiti	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	145	100	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Brazil	330	130	205	0.2	0.1	0.2
Colombia	630	290	340	0.3	0.3	0.3
Peru	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	140	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	595	290	310	0.3	0.3	0.3
Europe	3,805	1,960	1,840	1.7	1.8	1.6
Belgium	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	100	65	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Germany	110	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	120	80	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	130	45	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	430	200	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	135	85	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Russian Federation	210	90	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	275	115	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,305	705	600	0.6	0.7	0.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	90	30	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Italy	125	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	450	215	230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	1,015	475	540	0.5	0.4	0.5
Nigeria	230	105	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	200	110	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	155	90	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	375	150	225	0.2	0.1	0.2
Asia	7,765	3,170	4,595	3.6	3.0	4.1
Iran⁸⁸	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	90	60	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Turkey	230	120	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,025	445	580	0.5	0.4	0.5
Taiwan	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	105	30	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	490	185	300	0.2	0.2	0.3
Philippines	1,890	615	1,270	0.9	0.6	1.1
Viet Nam	125	30	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	2,290	1,055	1,240	1.0	1.0	1.1
Pakistan	640	300	340	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other locations of study in Asia	445	150	295	0.2	0.1	0.3
Oceania	375	150	225	0.2	0.1	0.2
Australia	330	130	200	0.2	0.1	0.2
New Zealand	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	362,765	175,270	187,495	...	...	...
In the labour force	210,185	108,460	101,730	...	...	...
Employed	176,240	92,355	83,885	...	...	...
Unemployed	33,945	16,105	17,845	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	152,575	66,810	85,765	...	...	...
Participation rate	57.9	61.9	54.3	57.9	61.9	54.3
Employment rate	48.6	52.7	44.7	48.6	52.7	44.7
Unemployment rate	16.2	14.8	17.5	16.2	14.8	17.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	362,765	175,270	187,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	152,305	67,325	84,975	42.0	38.4	45.3
Worked	210,460	107,945	102,515	58.0	61.6	54.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	101,935	57,585	44,350	28.1	32.9	23.7
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	108,525	50,355	58,165	29.9	28.7	31.0
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.6	40.5	38.7	39.6	40.5	38.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	210,190	108,460	101,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,995	2,985	3,010	2.9	2.8	3.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	204,190	105,475	98,715	97.1	97.2	97.0
Employee	174,995	87,820	87,180	83.3	81.0	85.7
Permanent position	149,625	75,470	74,150	71.2	69.6	72.9
Temporary position	25,370	12,345	13,025	12.1	11.4	12.8
Fixed term (1 year or more)	7,160	3,190	3,970	3.4	2.9	3.9
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	18,210	9,155	9,055	8.7	8.4	8.9
Self-employed¹⁹²	29,195	17,660	11,535	13.9	16.3	11.3
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	210,190	108,460	101,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,995	2,985	3,010	2.9	2.8	3.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	204,190	105,475	98,715	97.1	97.2	97.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,990	1,445	545	0.9	1.3	0.5
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	29,580	8,780	20,795	14.1	8.1	20.4
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	11,160	8,945	2,215	5.3	8.2	2.2
3 Health occupations	17,410	3,140	14,265	8.3	2.9	14.0
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	22,975	7,935	15,040	10.9	7.3	14.8
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,340	2,480	2,860	2.5	2.3	2.8
6 Sales and service occupations	62,585	26,475	36,110	29.8	24.4	35.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	36,930	34,000	2,930	17.6	31.3	2.9
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	6,085	4,400	1,685	2.9	4.1	1.7
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	10,135	7,865	2,270	4.8	7.3	2.2
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	210,190	108,460	101,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,995	2,985	3,010	2.9	2.8	3.0
All industries¹⁹¹	204,190	105,475	98,715	97.1	97.2	97.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	4,950	3,025	1,930	2.4	2.8	1.9
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	420	340	80	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	1,495	1,215	280	0.7	1.1	0.3
23 Construction	17,225	15,085	2,135	8.2	13.9	2.1
31-33 Manufacturing	18,265	14,040	4,220	8.7	12.9	4.1
41 Wholesale trade	6,540	4,375	2,165	3.1	4.0	2.1
44-45 Retail trade	26,160	11,785	14,375	12.4	10.9	14.1
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	9,475	6,970	2,510	4.5	6.4	2.5
51 Information and cultural industries	2,410	1,520	890	1.1	1.4	0.9
52 Finance and insurance	6,920	2,785	4,130	3.3	2.6	4.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	3,485	1,835	1,650	1.7	1.7	1.6
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	11,520	6,075	5,445	5.5	5.6	5.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	325	150	175	0.2	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	10,090	5,905	4,185	4.8	5.4	4.1
61 Educational services	14,575	4,535	10,040	6.9	4.2	9.9
62 Health care and social assistance	27,140	4,645	22,490	12.9	4.3	22.1
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	6,495	3,520	2,975	3.1	3.2	2.9
72 Accommodation and food services	18,625	8,085	10,540	8.9	7.5	10.4
81 Other services (except public administration)	8,685	4,240	4,445	4.1	3.9	4.4
91 Public administration	9,390	5,345	4,045	4.5	4.9	4.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	227,020	116,200	110,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	218,425	112,550	105,870	96.2	96.9	95.5
French	865	215	650	0.4	0.2	0.6
Non-official language	735	390	345	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	735	390	345	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and French	3,355	1,205	2,150	1.5	1.0	1.9
English and non-official language(s)	3,360	1,695	1,670	1.5	1.5	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	260	135	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	227,020	116,200	110,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	225,810	115,670	110,140	99.5	99.5	99.4
Official languages	224,550	115,010	109,535	98.9	99.0	98.8
English	223,135	114,650	108,480	98.3	98.7	97.9
French	1,415	360	1,055	0.6	0.3	1.0
Non-official languages	1,260	655	605	0.6	0.6	0.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,260	655	605	0.6	0.6	0.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	35	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	35	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	615	345	270	0.3	0.3	0.2
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	130	55	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	130	55	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	110	85	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	100	75	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	345	195	150	0.2	0.2	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	290	180	115	0.1	0.2	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	335	170	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	335	170	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	280	145	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,215	530	680	0.5	0.5	0.6
English and French	500	155	350	0.2	0.1	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	700	375	325	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	227,020	116,200	110,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	221,160	113,650	107,510	97.4	97.8	97.0
English	1,035	380	650	0.5	0.3	0.6
French	2,345	930	1,420	1.0	0.8	1.3
Non-official language	2,045	1,010	1,030	0.9	0.9	0.9
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,035	1,010	1,030	0.9	0.9	0.9
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	210	105	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	205	105	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	176,240	92,355	83,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	35,300	15,365	19,935	20.0	16.6	23.8
Worked outside Canada	1,145	735	405	0.6	0.8	0.5
No fixed workplace address	22,845	17,030	5,820	13.0	18.4	6.9
Usual place of work	116,950	59,220	57,720	66.4	64.1	68.8
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	116,945	59,225	57,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	56,745	26,120	30,625	48.5	44.1	53.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	46,165	23,545	22,625	39.5	39.8	39.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	13,790	9,380	4,410	11.8	15.8	7.6
Commute to a different province or territory	245	185	60	0.2	0.3	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	139,790	76,255	63,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	128,590	70,985	57,605	92.0	93.1	90.7
Car, truck or van - as a driver	118,275	66,335	51,940	84.6	87.0	81.7
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	10,310	4,645	5,665	7.4	6.1	8.9
Public transit	2,595	1,000	1,590	1.9	1.3	2.5
Walked	4,795	2,260	2,535	3.4	3.0	4.0
Bicycle	945	735	210	0.7	1.0	0.3
Other method	2,875	1,275	1,600	2.1	1.7	2.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	139,790	76,255	63,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	53,295	25,610	27,685	38.1	33.6	43.6
15 to 29 minutes	51,090	27,625	23,465	36.5	36.2	36.9
30 to 44 minutes	20,670	12,540	8,130	14.8	16.4	12.8
45 to 59 minutes	6,155	4,195	1,965	4.4	5.5	3.1
60 minutes and over	8,590	6,285	2,305	6.1	8.2	3.6
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	139,790	76,255	63,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	11,505	8,145	3,355	8.2	10.7	5.3
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	25,200	16,785	8,415	18.0	22.0	13.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	32,960	18,535	14,420	23.6	24.3	22.7
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	29,065	12,500	16,575	20.8	16.4	26.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	18,660	7,900	10,760	13.3	10.4	16.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	22,410	12,390	10,020	16.0	16.2	15.8
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	77,655	39,920	37,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	7,715	3,920	3,800	9.9	9.8	10.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	69,935	36,000	33,930	90.1	90.2	89.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	56,650	29,100	27,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,935	3,050	2,880	10.5	10.5	10.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,775	1,885	1,895	6.7	6.5	6.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,160	1,165	995	3.8	4.0	3.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	50,715	26,050	24,665	89.5	89.5	89.5

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 23, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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