Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Burlington, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	186,948	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	183,314	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	74,891	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	73,180	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,004.4	...	...	1,004.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	186.12	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	186,945	89,460	97,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	29,900	15,325	14,570	16.0	17.1	14.9
0 to 4 years	8,640	4,415	4,225	4.6	4.9	4.3
5 to 9 years	10,290	5,245	5,045	5.5	5.9	5.2
10 to 14 years	10,960	5,665	5,295	5.9	6.3	5.4
15 to 64 years	117,870	57,390	60,480	63.1	64.2	62.0
15 to 19 years	11,075	5,730	5,345	5.9	6.4	5.5
20 to 24 years	9,735	4,975	4,760	5.2	5.6	4.9
25 to 29 years	9,250	4,720	4,525	4.9	5.3	4.6
30 to 34 years	10,650	5,065	5,585	5.7	5.7	5.7
35 to 39 years	12,290	5,800	6,490	6.6	6.5	6.7
40 to 44 years	12,665	6,050	6,620	6.8	6.8	6.8
45 to 49 years	13,230	6,340	6,890	7.1	7.1	7.1
50 to 54 years	13,215	6,365	6,855	7.1	7.1	7.0
55 to 59 years	13,615	6,555	7,060	7.3	7.3	7.2
60 to 64 years	12,140	5,795	6,345	6.5	6.5	6.5
65 years and over	39,180	16,745	22,435	21.0	18.7	23.0
65 to 69 years	10,075	4,570	5,500	5.4	5.1	5.6
70 to 74 years	9,770	4,265	5,505	5.2	4.8	5.6
75 to 79 years	7,630	3,330	4,300	4.1	3.7	4.4
80 to 84 years	5,565	2,355	3,210	3.0	2.6	3.3
85 years and over	6,135	2,225	3,910	3.3	2.5	4.0
85 to 89 years	3,765	1,450	2,315	2.0	1.6	2.4
90 to 94 years	1,780	615	1,165	1.0	0.7	1.2
95 to 99 years	530	155	380	0.3	0.2	0.4
100 years and over	60	5	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.0	17.1	14.9	16.0	17.1	14.9
15 to 64 years	63.1	64.2	62.0	63.1	64.2	62.0
65 years and over	21.0	18.7	23.0	21.0	18.7	23.0
85 years and over	3.3	2.5	4.0	3.3	2.5	4.0
Average age of the population	43.3	41.9	44.7	43.3	41.9	44.7
Median age of the population	44.4	42.8	45.6	44.4	42.8	45.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	73,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	36,795	...	...	50.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,090	...	...	4.2	...	...
Row house	13,725	...	...	18.8	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	705	...	...	1.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	5,910	...	...	8.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	12,830	...	...	17.5	...	...
Other single-attached house	105	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	73,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	18,430	...	...	25.2	...	...
2 persons	24,680	...	...	33.7	...	...
3 persons	11,865	...	...	16.2	...	...
4 persons	12,670	...	...	17.3	...	...
5 or more persons	5,535	...	...	7.6	...	...
Number of persons in private households	183,955	88,510	95,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	157,050	74,140	82,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	94,735	47,165	47,570	60.3	63.6	57.4
Married	82,260	40,960	41,295	52.4	55.2	49.8
Living common-law	12,475	6,200	6,270	7.9	8.4	7.6
Living common law - Never married	8,140	4,060	4,085	5.2	5.5	4.9
Living common law - Separated	710	375	340	0.5	0.5	0.4
Living common law - Divorced	3,245	1,600	1,645	2.1	2.2	2.0
Living common law - Widowed	375	170	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	62,315	26,970	35,345	39.7	36.4	42.6
Not married and not living common law - Never married	38,925	20,445	18,485	24.8	27.6	22.3
Not married and not living common law - Separated	4,180	1,665	2,510	2.7	2.2	3.0
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	9,545	2,955	6,590	6.1	4.0	7.9
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	9,660	1,905	7,755	6.2	2.6	9.4
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	54,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	25,935	...	...	47.7	...	...
3 persons	11,925	...	...	21.9	...	...
4 persons	12,575	...	...	23.1	...	...
5 or more persons	3,965	...	...	7.3	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	54,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	46,400	...	...	85.3	...	...
Married couples	40,165	...	...	73.8	...	...
With children⁶	23,190	...	...	42.6	...	...
Without children	16,980	...	...	31.2	...	...
Common-law couples	6,235	...	...	11.5	...	...
With children⁶	2,145	...	...	3.9	...	...
Without children	4,090	...	...	7.5	...	...
Total one-parent families	8,005	...	...	14.7	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	6,350	...	...	11.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,650	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	183,955	88,510	95,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	158,705	78,575	80,135	86.3	88.8	84.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	92,800	46,325	46,480	50.4	52.3	48.7
Parents in one-parent families	8,000	1,650	6,350	4.3	1.9	6.7
Children⁶	57,900	30,600	27,305	31.5	34.6	28.6
In a two-parent family	45,915	24,220	21,700	25.0	27.4	22.7
In a one-parent family	11,980	6,375	5,605	6.5	7.2	5.9
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	25,250	9,935	15,320	13.7	11.2	16.1
Living alone	18,435	6,775	11,655	10.0	7.7	12.2
Living with other relatives⁷	3,375	1,265	2,110	1.8	1.4	2.2
Living with non-relatives only	3,445	1,890	1,550	1.9	2.1	1.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	73,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	49,160	...	...	67.2	...	...
Couple-family households	42,560	...	...	58.2	...	...
With children⁶	23,275	...	...	31.8	...	...
Without children	19,290	...	...	26.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	6,600	...	...	9.0	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,015	...	...	2.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	360	...	...	0.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,500	...	...	2.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,715	...	...	2.3	...	...
One-person households	18,430	...	...	25.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	154,080	73,190	80,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	148,915	70,545	78,370	96.6	96.4	96.9
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,600	58,800	43,200	49,600	58,800	43,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	149,005	70,595	78,410	96.7	96.5	96.9
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,600	50,800	38,800	43,600	50,800	38,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	138,525	66,565	71,955	89.9	90.9	89.0
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	55,200	35,600	44,000	55,200	35,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	110,865	56,000	54,860	72.0	76.5	67.8
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,400	56,000	39,200	46,400	56,000	39,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	131,795	61,180	70,610	85.5	83.6	87.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,700	5,440	9,400	7,700	5,440	9,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,770	4,735	7,035	7.6	6.5	8.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,320	5,600	5,480	5,320	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	37,630	17,545	20,085	24.4	24.0	24.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	154,080	73,190	80,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	148,865	70,440	78,420	96.6	96.2	96.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	68,900	83,100	56,200	68,900	83,100	56,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	148,950	70,485	78,460	96.7	96.3	97.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,750	64,100	46,320	54,750	64,100	46,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	138,650	66,540	72,110	90.0	90.9	89.1
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	64,700	80,100	50,520	64,700	80,100	50,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	110,865	55,945	54,915	72.0	76.4	67.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	64,500	77,300	51,400	64,500	77,300	51,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	131,850	61,140	70,700	85.6	83.5	87.4
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,760	8,550	10,810	9,760	8,550	10,810
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,735	4,525	7,220	7.6	6.2	8.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,740	5,670	7,410	6,740	5,670	7,410
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	37,635	17,520	20,115	24.4	23.9	24.9
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,780	8,450	9,070	8,780	8,450	9,070
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	154,080	73,190	80,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	56,715	31,140	25,570	36.8	42.5	31.6
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	81,000	90,000	71,500	81,000	90,000	71,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	99,600	113,400	82,900	99,600	113,400	82,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	40,305	17,885	22,425	26.2	24.4	27.7
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,400	19,200	16,000	17,400	19,200	16,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,040	36,560	26,640	31,040	36,560	26,640
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	87.4	91.0	82.6	87.4	91.0	82.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.6	73.8	64.0	69.6	73.8	64.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	12.5	8.9	17.3	12.5	8.9	17.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.4	1.2	0.8	0.4	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	3.7	2.8	4.9	3.7	2.8	4.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.2	2.5	4.1	3.2	2.5	4.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	154,080	73,190	80,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	5,165	2,650	2,520	3.4	3.6	3.1
With total income	148,910	70,540	78,365	96.6	96.4	96.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	11,950	4,880	7,070	8.0	6.9	9.0
$10,000 to $19,999	15,060	6,040	9,020	10.1	8.6	11.5
$20,000 to $29,999	18,610	7,380	11,225	12.5	10.5	14.3
$30,000 to $39,999	15,560	6,340	9,220	10.4	9.0	11.8
$40,000 to $49,999	13,785	5,865	7,920	9.3	8.3	10.1
$50,000 to $59,999	12,280	5,350	6,930	8.2	7.6	8.8
$60,000 to $69,999	10,520	4,920	5,600	7.1	7.0	7.1
$70,000 to $79,999	8,880	4,370	4,510	6.0	6.2	5.8
$80,000 to $89,999	7,575	3,950	3,625	5.1	5.6	4.6
$90,000 to $99,999	6,530	3,455	3,075	4.4	4.9	3.9
$100,000 and over	28,160	17,990	10,175	18.9	25.5	13.0
$100,000 to $149,999	16,860	9,940	6,915	11.3	14.1	8.8
$150,000 and over	11,300	8,045	3,255	7.6	11.4	4.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	154,080	73,190	80,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	5,075	2,595	2,480	3.3	3.5	3.1
With after-tax income	149,000	70,600	78,405	96.7	96.5	96.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	12,815	5,150	7,665	8.6	7.3	9.8
$10,000 to $19,999	15,850	6,375	9,470	10.6	9.0	12.1
$20,000 to $29,999	20,900	8,305	12,595	14.0	11.8	16.1
$30,000 to $39,999	18,470	7,750	10,715	12.4	11.0	13.7
$40,000 to $49,999	16,660	7,220	9,445	11.2	10.2	12.0
$50,000 to $59,999	14,125	6,560	7,560	9.5	9.3	9.6
$60,000 to $69,999	11,530	5,795	5,735	7.7	8.2	7.3
$70,000 to $79,999	9,190	4,975	4,220	6.2	7.0	5.4
$80,000 to $89,999	8,100	4,235	3,865	5.4	6.0	4.9
$90,000 to $99,999	5,260	3,125	2,135	3.5	4.4	2.7
$100,000 and over	16,095	11,105	4,995	10.8	15.7	6.4
$100,000 to $124,999	7,395	4,795	2,605	5.0	6.8	3.3
$125,000 and over	8,700	6,310	2,390	5.8	8.9	3.0
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	154,080	73,190	80,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	43,210	17,190	26,025	28.0	23.5	32.2
With employment income	110,865	56,005	54,865	72.0	76.5	67.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	16,415	7,940	8,480	14.8	14.2	15.5
$5,000 to $9,999	8,115	3,485	4,630	7.3	6.2	8.4
$10,000 to $19,999	10,900	4,730	6,170	9.8	8.4	11.2
$20,000 to $29,999	7,805	3,470	4,335	7.0	6.2	7.9
$30,000 to $39,999	7,235	3,105	4,130	6.5	5.5	7.5
$40,000 to $49,999	7,455	3,240	4,220	6.7	5.8	7.7
$50,000 to $59,999	7,215	3,255	3,960	6.5	5.8	7.2
$60,000 to $69,999	6,795	3,350	3,450	6.1	6.0	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	5,870	2,970	2,900	5.3	5.3	5.3
$80,000 to $89,999	5,515	2,975	2,545	5.0	5.3	4.6
$90,000 to $99,999	5,430	2,770	2,660	4.9	4.9	4.8
$100,000 and over	22,115	14,725	7,390	19.9	26.3	13.5
$100,000 to $124,999	8,910	5,285	3,630	8.0	9.4	6.6
$125,000 and over	13,200	9,440	3,760	11.9	16.9	6.9
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	154,080	73,190	80,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	146,330	69,245	77,085	95.0	94.6	95.3
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,400	58,800	41,600	48,400	58,800	41,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	146,375	69,245	77,125	95.0	94.6	95.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	50,400	37,200	42,800	50,400	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	137,295	65,955	71,340	89.1	90.1	88.2
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,200	56,400	37,600	45,200	56,400	37,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	111,510	56,220	55,295	72.4	76.8	68.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,200	56,800	40,400	47,200	56,800	40,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	123,505	57,395	66,105	80.2	78.4	81.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,780	780	4,320	1,780	780	4,320
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,680	2,630	5,050	5.0	3.6	6.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,920	5,120	6,450	5,920	5,120	6,450
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	154,080	73,190	80,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	146,370	69,265	77,105	95.0	94.6	95.3
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	67,200	82,600	53,400	67,200	82,600	53,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	146,390	69,265	77,125	95.0	94.6	95.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,950	62,950	44,000	52,950	62,950	44,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	137,265	65,990	71,280	89.1	90.2	88.1
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	65,500	81,700	50,480	65,500	81,700	50,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	111,470	56,220	55,255	72.3	76.8	68.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	65,200	78,800	51,500	65,200	78,800	51,500
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	123,830	57,565	66,265	80.4	78.7	81.9
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,860	5,705	7,860	6,860	5,705	7,860
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,610	2,505	5,105	4.9	3.4	6.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,870	6,160	8,710	7,870	6,160	8,710
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	154,080	73,190	80,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	56,310	30,975	25,340	36.5	42.3	31.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	77,000	86,000	67,500	77,000	86,000	67,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	95,600	110,200	77,900	95,600	110,200	77,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	38,175	16,910	21,265	24.8	23.1	26.3
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	25,800	22,400	23,600	25,800	22,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	39,120	46,880	33,000	39,120	46,880	33,000
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.4	94.2	87.4	91.4	94.2	87.4
Employment income (%)	74.0	77.4	69.0	74.0	77.4	69.0
Government transfers (%)	8.6	5.7	12.6	8.6	5.7	12.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.3	1.1	0.6	0.3	1.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	73,180	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	18,430	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,000	...	...	54,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,800	...	...	46,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	54,745	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...	134,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	73,180	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	140,200	...	...	140,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	111,400	...	...	111,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	18,435	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	67,800	...	...	67,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,800	...	...	54,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	54,745	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	164,600	...	...	164,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	130,400	...	...	130,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	73,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	510	...	...	0.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	235	...	...	0.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	480	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	650	...	...	0.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,520	...	...	2.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,765	...	...	2.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,570	...	...	2.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,805	...	...	2.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,930	...	...	2.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,955	...	...	2.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,225	...	...	5.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,190	...	...	5.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,170	...	...	5.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,110	...	...	5.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,925	...	...	5.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	40,145	...	...	54.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,665	...	...	11.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	7,150	...	...	9.8	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	10,170	...	...	13.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	14,170	...	...	19.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	73,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	645	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	255	...	...	0.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	500	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	725	...	...	1.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,615	...	...	2.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,005	...	...	2.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,910	...	...	2.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,125	...	...	2.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,405	...	...	3.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,465	...	...	3.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,120	...	...	7.0	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,195	...	...	7.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	5,000	...	...	6.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,970	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,480	...	...	6.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	33,770	...	...	46.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	9,725	...	...	13.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	7,410	...	...	10.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	16,635	...	...	22.7	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	53,660	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...	134,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	19,480	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	25,495	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	172,000	...	...	172,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	142,000	...	...	142,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	7,470	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	21,880	8,665	13,205	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,200	55,600	48,400	51,200	55,600	48,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,800	48,000	43,200	44,800	48,000	43,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	53,615	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	164,800	...	...	164,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	130,600	...	...	130,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	19,440	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	141,000	...	...	141,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,400	...	...	112,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	25,480	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	202,400	...	...	202,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	157,600	...	...	157,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,490	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	102,300	...	...	102,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	86,400	...	...	86,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	21,955	8,580	13,380	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	64,700	73,000	59,450	64,700	73,000	59,450
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	52,600	58,250	49,000	52,600	58,250	49,000
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	183,955	88,505	95,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	36,670	18,870	17,795	19.9	21.3	18.6
0 to 5 years	10,585	5,390	5,205	5.8	6.1	5.5
18 to 64 years	110,640	53,570	57,070	60.1	60.5	59.8
65 years and over	36,650	16,070	20,580	19.9	18.2	21.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	10,845	4,645	6,195	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,245	1,100	1,145	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	640	310	330	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,755	2,615	3,135	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,845	935	1,910	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	5.9	5.3	6.5	5.9	5.3	6.5
0 to 17 years (%)	6.1	5.8	6.4	6.1	5.8	6.4
0 to 5 years (%)	6.1	5.7	6.4	6.1	5.7	6.4
18 to 64 years (%)	5.2	4.9	5.5	5.2	4.9	5.5
65 years and over (%)	7.8	5.8	9.3	7.8	5.8	9.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	183,955	88,510	95,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	36,670	18,875	17,800	19.9	21.3	18.6
0 to 5 years	10,590	5,385	5,200	5.8	6.1	5.4
18 to 64 years	110,635	53,570	57,070	60.1	60.5	59.8
65 years and over	36,645	16,065	20,580	19.9	18.2	21.6
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,095	2,845	3,250	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,190	585	605	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	320	150	165	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,965	1,925	2,045	...	...	...
65 years and over	940	340	600	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.3	3.2	3.4	3.3	3.2	3.4
0 to 17 years (%)	3.2	3.1	3.4	3.2	3.1	3.4
0 to 5 years (%)	3.0	2.8	3.2	3.0	2.8	3.2
18 to 64 years (%)	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6
65 years and over (%)	2.6	2.1	2.9	2.6	2.1	2.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	183,955	88,510	95,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	59,670	27,035	32,635	32.4	30.5	34.2
In bottom decile	9,205	4,095	5,115	5.0	4.6	5.4
In second decile	10,690	4,515	6,175	5.8	5.1	6.5
In third decile	11,635	5,185	6,450	6.3	5.9	6.8
In fourth decile	13,285	6,190	7,095	7.2	7.0	7.4
In fifth decile	14,855	7,050	7,800	8.1	8.0	8.2
In top half of the distribution	124,285	61,470	62,815	67.6	69.4	65.8
In sixth decile	17,115	8,190	8,925	9.3	9.3	9.4
In seventh decile	19,600	9,455	10,145	10.7	10.7	10.6
In eighth decile	23,220	11,490	11,730	12.6	13.0	12.3
In ninth decile	27,960	13,885	14,070	15.2	15.7	14.7
In top decile	36,385	18,440	17,945	19.8	20.8	18.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	183,955	...	...	183,955	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.352	...	...	0.352	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.432	...	...	0.432	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.301	...	...	0.301	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	184,555	88,740	95,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	166,915	81,495	85,420	90.4	91.8	89.2
French only	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
English and French	15,780	6,520	9,260	8.6	7.3	9.7
Neither English nor French	1,770	695	1,075	1.0	0.8	1.1
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	184,555	88,740	95,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	179,390	86,590	92,800	97.2	97.6	96.9
French	2,585	1,085	1,500	1.4	1.2	1.6
English and French	875	395	475	0.5	0.4	0.5
Neither English nor French	1,705	665	1,040	0.9	0.7	1.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	184,555	88,740	95,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	178,115	85,745	92,365	96.5	96.6	96.4
Official languages	142,730	69,395	73,335	77.3	78.2	76.5
English	140,200	68,335	71,860	76.0	77.0	75.0
French	2,530	1,055	1,475	1.4	1.2	1.5
Non-official languages	35,380	16,350	19,025	19.2	18.4	19.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	35,380	16,350	19,025	19.2	18.4	19.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,390	1,690	1,700	1.8	1.9	1.8
Berber languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,300	1,645	1,655	1.8	1.9	1.7
Amharic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,060	1,530	1,535	1.7	1.7	1.6
Aramaic languages	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	395	160	235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	370	155	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,585	615	970	0.9	0.7	1.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,280	500	780	0.7	0.6	0.8
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	745	390	365	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	215	115	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	280	140	140	0.2	0.2	0.1
Telugu	180	95	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	23,765	11,075	12,690	12.9	12.5	13.2
Albanian	205	100	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	6,855	3,035	3,820	3.7	3.4	4.0
Baltic languages	165	55	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	120	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages	6,685	2,975	3,715	3.6	3.4	3.9
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	140	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	230	95	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	2,275	1,000	1,275	1.2	1.1	1.3
Russian	1,035	440	600	0.6	0.5	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,970	950	1,020	1.1	1.1	1.1
Bosnian	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	825	395	430	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbian	980	475	510	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	185	70	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	565	225	345	0.3	0.3	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,420	1,055	1,370	1.3	1.2	1.4
Frisian	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,235	510	730	0.7	0.6	0.8
German	1,200	490	705	0.7	0.6	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	985	450	530	0.5	0.5	0.6
Afrikaans	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	820	375	450	0.4	0.4	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	180	80	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	410	210	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	6,495	3,195	3,305	3.5	3.6	3.4
Indo-Aryan languages	5,270	2,595	2,680	2.9	2.9	2.8
Assamese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	235	120	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	580	290	290	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	975	480	495	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kacchi	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,835	875	960	1.0	1.0	1.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,255	635	615	0.7	0.7	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,225	595	625	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	1,075	520	555	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dari	225	105	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	780	380	395	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,280	3,445	3,835	3.9	3.9	4.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,730	870	865	0.9	1.0	0.9
Portuguese	1,685	795	885	0.9	0.9	0.9
Romanian	635	275	360	0.3	0.3	0.4
Spanish	3,220	1,495	1,725	1.7	1.7	1.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	135	45	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	895	385	510	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	235	115	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,005	1,320	1,685	1.6	1.5	1.8
Chinese languages	2,975	1,315	1,665	1.6	1.5	1.7
Hakka	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,095	930	1,170	1.1	1.0	1.2
Min Dong	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	760	330	430	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	415	205	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	390	195	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	655	305	350	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	80	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	515	250	265	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,440	2,995	3,445	3.5	3.4	3.6
English and French	870	380	490	0.5	0.4	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	4,835	2,300	2,540	2.6	2.6	2.7
French and non-official language(s)	125	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	455	195	260	0.2	0.2	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	184,555	88,740	95,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	147,085	71,330	75,750	79.7	80.4	79.1
French	515	235	285	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	7,310	3,390	3,920	4.0	3.8	4.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	7,310	3,390	3,920	4.0	3.8	4.1
English and French	2,090	870	1,220	1.1	1.0	1.3
English and non-official language(s)	25,900	12,210	13,690	14.0	13.8	14.3
French and non-official language(s)	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,065	440	625	0.6	0.5	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	525	240	290	0.3	0.3	0.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	184,555	88,740	95,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	178,375	85,845	92,530	96.7	96.7	96.6
Official languages	162,100	78,125	83,975	87.8	88.0	87.6
English	161,335	77,780	83,555	87.4	87.6	87.2
French	765	350	415	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official languages	16,280	7,720	8,555	8.8	8.7	8.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	16,275	7,720	8,555	8.8	8.7	8.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,800	870	935	1.0	1.0	1.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,765	860	910	1.0	1.0	0.9
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,680	815	870	0.9	0.9	0.9
Aramaic languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	180	80	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	170	75	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	785	350	430	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	625	275	350	0.3	0.3	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	425	220	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	135	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	145	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,895	4,715	5,185	5.4	5.3	5.4
Albanian	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,495	1,160	1,340	1.4	1.3	1.4
Baltic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,455	1,135	1,315	1.3	1.3	1.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	745	335	405	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	640	285	355	0.3	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	680	330	350	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	220	95	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	405	200	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	140	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	200	95	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	90	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
German	85	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Afrikaans	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	3,895	1,885	2,005	2.1	2.1	2.1
Indo-Aryan languages	3,095	1,510	1,590	1.7	1.7	1.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	320	155	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	540	260	275	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,200	575	625	0.7	0.6	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	720	355	355	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	795	380	415	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	690	330	360	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	510	240	265	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,045	1,440	1,605	1.6	1.6	1.7
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	190	80	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	715	335	375	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	275	130	150	0.1	0.1	0.2
Spanish	1,865	900	965	1.0	1.0	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	615	285	330	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,920	900	1,020	1.0	1.0	1.1
Chinese languages	1,905	895	1,010	1.0	1.0	1.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,495	695	795	0.8	0.8	0.8
Min Dong	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	365	170	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	260	125	145	0.1	0.1	0.2
Azerbaijani	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	255	120	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	150	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,175	2,895	3,285	3.3	3.3	3.4
English and French	360	150	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	5,630	2,665	2,965	3.1	3.0	3.1
French and non-official language(s)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	184,555	88,740	95,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	159,985	77,335	82,655	86.7	87.1	86.3
English	7,640	3,690	3,950	4.1	4.2	4.1
French	1,785	735	1,045	1.0	0.8	1.1
Non-official language	12,205	5,640	6,565	6.6	6.4	6.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,205	5,640	6,565	6.6	6.4	6.9
English and French	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	955	470	480	0.5	0.5	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	565	225	345	0.3	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,265	575	690	0.7	0.6	0.7
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	183,955	88,505	95,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	182,190	87,780	94,415	99.0	99.2	98.9
English	182,135	87,765	94,375	99.0	99.2	98.9
French	15,695	6,490	9,205	8.5	7.3	9.6
Non-official languages	47,970	22,515	25,455	26.1	25.4	26.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	47,960	22,510	25,450	26.1	25.4	26.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,030	2,505	2,525	2.7	2.8	2.6
Berber languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,930	2,450	2,480	2.7	2.8	2.6
Amharic	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,605	2,300	2,310	2.5	2.6	2.4
Aramaic languages	135	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	75	45	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	150	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tigrigna	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	515	225	285	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	470	205	265	0.3	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,150	815	1,330	1.2	0.9	1.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	80	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,970	745	1,230	1.1	0.8	1.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	150	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,155	620	535	0.6	0.7	0.6
Kannada	170	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	290	160	130	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamil	555	300	255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	245	135	110	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	33,275	15,730	17,550	18.1	17.8	18.4
Albanian	200	105	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	100	30	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	8,920	4,105	4,815	4.8	4.6	5.0
Baltic languages	195	75	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	150	55	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages	8,760	4,050	4,710	4.8	4.6	4.9
Belarusian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	220	110	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	325	145	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	290	140	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	3,010	1,335	1,675	1.6	1.5	1.8
Russian	1,560	725	835	0.8	0.8	0.9
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	2,820	1,410	1,410	1.5	1.6	1.5
Bosnian	275	150	120	0.1	0.2	0.1
Croatian	1,565	820	745	0.9	0.9	0.8
Serbian	1,395	675	720	0.8	0.8	0.8
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	245	105	145	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slovene (Slovenian)	160	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	940	385	555	0.5	0.4	0.6
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	95	30	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Irish	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,785	1,730	2,060	2.1	2.0	2.2
Frisian	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,310	1,055	1,255	1.3	1.2	1.3
German	2,285	1,050	1,240	1.2	1.2	1.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,350	645	705	0.7	0.7	0.7
Afrikaans	320	160	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	1,010	475	530	0.5	0.5	0.6
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	285	125	155	0.2	0.1	0.2
Danish	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	605	290	315	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	9,500	4,775	4,725	5.2	5.4	5.0
Indo-Aryan languages	8,195	4,145	4,050	4.5	4.7	4.2
Assamese	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	350	200	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	895	435	455	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hindi	3,625	1,820	1,805	2.0	2.1	1.9
Kacchi	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	335	175	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,885	1,465	1,425	1.6	1.7	1.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	85	50	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	305	160	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Urdu	2,310	1,185	1,125	1.3	1.3	1.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,420	685	735	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	1,215	590	625	0.7	0.7	0.7
Dari	355	165	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	790	385	410	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	11,060	5,115	5,945	6.0	5.8	6.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,120	1,485	1,635	1.7	1.7	1.7
Portuguese	2,195	1,060	1,135	1.2	1.2	1.2
Romanian	700	300	400	0.4	0.3	0.4
Spanish	5,635	2,530	3,100	3.1	2.9	3.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	310	150	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	1,145	525	620	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mongolian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	775	370	400	0.4	0.4	0.4
Akan (Twi)	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	90	45	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	210	110	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	180	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	250	95	150	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	240	95	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,465	1,530	1,935	1.9	1.7	2.0
Chinese languages	3,420	1,515	1,905	1.9	1.7	2.0
Hakka	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,585	1,110	1,470	1.4	1.3	1.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	100	35	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,100	490	610	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	100	35	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	675	330	345	0.4	0.4	0.4
Azerbaijani	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	655	325	330	0.4	0.4	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	740	380	360	0.4	0.4	0.4
Estonian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	625	320	295	0.3	0.4	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	183,955	88,505	95,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,385	1,060	1,330	1.3	1.2	1.4
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	2,270	1,005	1,270	1.2	1.1	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,425	665	755	0.8	0.8	0.8
Métis	840	330	505	0.5	0.4	0.5
Inuk (Inuit)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	85	50	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	181,570	87,450	94,125	98.7	98.8	98.6
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	183,955	88,505	95,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	665	345	325	0.4	0.4	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	183,290	88,165	95,125	99.6	99.6	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	73,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	54,955	...	...	75.1	...	...
Renter	18,220	...	...	24.9	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	73,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	17,630	...	...	24.1	...	...
Not condominium	55,555	...	...	75.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	73,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	130	...	...	0.2	...	...
1 bedroom	8,125	...	...	11.1	...	...
2 bedrooms	16,115	...	...	22.0	...	...
3 bedrooms	27,395	...	...	37.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	21,410	...	...	29.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	73,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	16,820	...	...	23.0	...	...
5 rooms	10,175	...	...	13.9	...	...
6 rooms	10,385	...	...	14.2	...	...
7 rooms	9,795	...	...	13.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	26,010	...	...	35.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.7	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	73,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	72,360	...	...	98.9	...	...
More than one person per room	820	...	...	1.1	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	73,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	70,640	...	...	96.5	...	...
Not suitable	2,535	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	73,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	10,220	...	...	14.0	...	...
1961 to 1980	24,485	...	...	33.5	...	...
1981 to 1990	10,035	...	...	13.7	...	...
1991 to 2000	10,595	...	...	14.5	...	...
2001 to 2005	6,475	...	...	8.8	...	...
2006 to 2010	5,105	...	...	7.0	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,420	...	...	4.7	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,855	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	73,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	70,195	...	...	95.9	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,980	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	73,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	34,490	...	...	47.1	...	...
Two-maintainer household	36,525	...	...	49.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,165	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	73,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	475	...	...	0.6	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,110	...	...	9.7	...	...
35 to 44 years	12,735	...	...	17.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	14,630	...	...	20.0	...	...
55 to 64 years	15,080	...	...	20.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	11,640	...	...	15.9	...	...
75 to 84 years	8,300	...	...	11.3	...	...
85 years and over	3,210	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	72,995	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	56,120	...	...	76.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	16,875	...	...	23.1	...	...
30% to less than 100%	15,220	...	...	20.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	73,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	20,680	...	...	28.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	15,365	...	...	21.0	...	...
Not suitable only	1,820	...	...	2.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,815	...	...	2.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	515	...	...	0.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	970	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	175	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	30	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	52,500	...	...	71.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	71,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	5,650	...	...	7.9	...	...
Not in core need	65,690	...	...	92.1	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	54,935	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.0	...	...	60.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	15.9	...	...	15.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,720	...	...	1,720	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,918	...	...	1,918	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000	...	...	900,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,024,000	...	...	1,024,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	18,225	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.7	...	...	10.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	44.9	...	...	44.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	19.9	...	...	19.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,660	...	...	1,660	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,706	...	...	1,706	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	183,955	88,510	95,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	510	240	275	0.3	0.3	0.3
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	510	240	275	0.3	0.3	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	420	205	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Métis single ancestry	95	35	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,955	1,390	1,570	1.6	1.6	1.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,915	1,365	1,545	1.6	1.5	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,090	1,000	1,085	1.1	1.1	1.1
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	795	355	445	0.4	0.4	0.5
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	180,485	86,880	93,605	98.1	98.2	98.1
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	183,960	88,510	95,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	172,010	82,920	89,090	93.5	93.7	93.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	34,830	17,960	16,870	18.9	20.3	17.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	137,175	64,955	72,215	74.6	73.4	75.7
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	11,950	5,590	6,365	6.5	6.3	6.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	183,960	88,510	95,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	135,070	65,770	69,305	73.4	74.3	72.6
Immigrants⁸¹	47,210	21,865	25,345	25.7	24.7	26.6
Before 1980	13,985	6,250	7,735	7.6	7.1	8.1
1980 to 1990	5,330	2,470	2,865	2.9	2.8	3.0
1991 to 2000	7,400	3,465	3,935	4.0	3.9	4.1
2001 to 2010	9,470	4,500	4,970	5.1	5.1	5.2
2011 to 2021⁸²	11,020	5,180	5,840	6.0	5.9	6.1
2011 to 2015	5,060	2,415	2,645	2.8	2.7	2.8
2016 to 2021	5,960	2,765	3,200	3.2	3.1	3.4
Non-permanent residents⁸³	1,675	875	800	0.9	1.0	0.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	47,210	21,865	25,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	5,450	2,665	2,785	11.5	12.2	11.0
5 to 14 years	8,990	4,425	4,560	19.0	20.2	18.0
15 to 24 years	8,825	3,790	5,035	18.7	17.3	19.9
25 to 44 years	20,225	9,210	11,020	42.8	42.1	43.5
45 years and over	3,720	1,775	1,940	7.9	8.1	7.7
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	47,210	21,865	25,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	6,830	2,975	3,860	14.5	13.6	15.2
Brazil	375	175	200	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombia	835	360	480	1.8	1.6	1.9
El Salvador	105	40	65	0.2	0.2	0.3
Guyana	320	115	200	0.7	0.5	0.8
Haiti	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	740	320	420	1.6	1.5	1.7
Mexico	440	205	235	0.9	0.9	0.9
Peru	285	100	185	0.6	0.5	0.7
Trinidad and Tobago	550	240	310	1.2	1.1	1.2
United States of America	1,655	700	950	3.5	3.2	3.7
Other places of birth in Americas	1,520	710	810	3.2	3.2	3.2
Europe	19,610	9,100	10,510	41.5	41.6	41.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	460	230	225	1.0	1.1	0.9
Croatia	705	360	345	1.5	1.6	1.4
France	210	90	115	0.4	0.4	0.5
Germany	1,025	460	560	2.2	2.1	2.2
Greece	275	140	140	0.6	0.6	0.6
Hungary	295	130	160	0.6	0.6	0.6
Italy	1,005	555	445	2.1	2.5	1.8
Netherlands	700	355	345	1.5	1.6	1.4
Poland	1,870	785	1,090	4.0	3.6	4.3
Portugal	885	430	460	1.9	2.0	1.8
Romania	635	270	365	1.3	1.2	1.4
Russian Federation	445	175	265	0.9	0.8	1.0
Serbia⁸⁶	380	180	205	0.8	0.8	0.8
Ukraine	415	185	230	0.9	0.8	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	7,910	3,680	4,235	16.8	16.8	16.7
Other places of birth in Europe	2,385	1,060	1,320	5.1	4.8	5.2
Africa	3,200	1,520	1,680	6.8	7.0	6.6
Algeria	40	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	1,105	550	550	2.3	2.5	2.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	75	40	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Nigeria	285	120	165	0.6	0.5	0.7
Somalia	30	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	620	290	330	1.3	1.3	1.3
Other places of birth in Africa	965	460	505	2.0	2.1	2.0
Asia	17,360	8,170	9,190	36.8	37.4	36.3
Afghanistan	280	140	145	0.6	0.6	0.6
Iran⁸⁸	680	330	350	1.4	1.5	1.4
Iraq	885	435	450	1.9	2.0	1.8
Lebanon	390	240	155	0.8	1.1	0.6
Syria⁸⁹	355	190	170	0.8	0.9	0.7
Turkey	285	155	135	0.6	0.7	0.5
China⁹⁰	2,020	860	1,160	4.3	3.9	4.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	325	175	145	0.7	0.8	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	890	405	480	1.9	1.9	1.9
Taiwan	165	70	95	0.3	0.3	0.4
Philippines	2,165	870	1,290	4.6	4.0	5.1
Viet Nam	415	170	245	0.9	0.8	1.0
Bangladesh	155	85	70	0.3	0.4	0.3
India	4,575	2,245	2,330	9.7	10.3	9.2
Pakistan	1,390	755	635	2.9	3.5	2.5
Sri Lanka	405	180	220	0.9	0.8	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	1,985	870	1,110	4.2	4.0	4.4
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	205	105	105	0.4	0.5	0.4
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,965	2,765	3,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	785	355	435	13.2	12.8	13.6
Brazil	145	70	70	2.4	2.5	2.2
Colombia	75	25	45	1.3	0.9	1.4
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	45	25	15	0.8	0.9	0.5
Mexico	80	30	50	1.3	1.1	1.6
United States of America	225	105	120	3.8	3.8	3.8
Venezuela⁹⁵	90	35	55	1.5	1.3	1.7
Other places of birth in Americas	130	50	75	2.2	1.8	2.3
Europe	815	420	395	13.7	15.2	12.4
France	45	25	20	0.8	0.9	0.6
Germany	25	15	0	0.4	0.5	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Italy	30	25	10	0.5	0.9	0.3
Russian Federation	85	35	50	1.4	1.3	1.6
Ukraine	55	20	35	0.9	0.7	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	235	125	105	3.9	4.5	3.3
Other places of birth in Europe	335	165	175	5.6	6.0	5.5
Africa	710	325	380	11.9	11.8	11.9
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	320	155	165	5.4	5.6	5.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	15	10	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Morocco	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	145	60	90	2.4	2.2	2.8
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	70	35	35	1.2	1.3	1.1
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	120	55	65	2.0	2.0	2.0
Asia	3,630	1,650	1,980	60.9	59.7	62.0
Afghanistan	85	30	55	1.4	1.1	1.7
Bangladesh	25	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.3
China⁹⁰	320	130	190	5.4	4.7	5.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,465	710	760	24.6	25.7	23.8
Iran⁸⁸	95	40	50	1.6	1.4	1.6
Iraq	140	55	80	2.3	2.0	2.5
Israel	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.3
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	40	15	30	0.7	0.5	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	140	70	75	2.3	2.5	2.3
Lebanon	55	25	30	0.9	0.9	0.9
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	170	85	80	2.8	3.1	2.5
Philippines	405	145	265	6.8	5.2	8.3
Saudi Arabia	40	20	25	0.7	0.7	0.8
Sri Lanka	45	15	25	0.8	0.5	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	225	105	125	3.8	3.8	3.9
Turkey	90	55	40	1.5	2.0	1.3
United Arab Emirates	90	45	45	1.5	1.6	1.4
Viet Nam	30	20	15	0.5	0.7	0.5
Other places of birth in Asia	145	65	80	2.4	2.4	2.5
Oceania and other⁹³	25	15	10	0.4	0.5	0.3
Australia	15	15	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	183,955	88,505	95,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	50,755	23,630	27,130	27.6	26.7	28.4
Second generation¹⁰¹	46,845	22,785	24,060	25.5	25.7	25.2
Third generation or more¹⁰²	86,355	42,095	44,260	46.9	47.6	46.4
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	33,225	15,615	17,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	19,610	9,735	9,875	59.0	62.3	56.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,565	4,780	2,785	22.8	30.6	15.8
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	12,040	4,950	7,090	36.2	31.7	40.3
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,725	3,465	5,260	26.3	22.2	29.9
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,650	2,295	2,350	14.0	14.7	13.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	240	125	115	0.7	0.8	0.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	33,225	15,615	17,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,950	975	980	5.9	6.2	5.6
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,320	1,510	1,810	10.0	9.7	10.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,015	525	495	3.1	3.4	2.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,655	770	890	5.0	4.9	5.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	165	75	90	0.5	0.5	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	25,105	11,760	13,340	75.6	75.3	75.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	183,955	88,505	95,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	38,390	18,285	20,110	20.9	20.7	21.1
South Asian	11,955	5,995	5,960	6.5	6.8	6.2
Chinese	4,380	1,975	2,405	2.4	2.2	2.5
Black	4,670	2,200	2,465	2.5	2.5	2.6
Filipino	3,010	1,280	1,725	1.6	1.4	1.8
Arab	4,100	2,075	2,025	2.2	2.3	2.1
Latin American	3,205	1,495	1,710	1.7	1.7	1.8
Southeast Asian	1,065	455	615	0.6	0.5	0.6
West Asian	1,410	670	740	0.8	0.8	0.8
Korean	1,385	630	765	0.8	0.7	0.8
Japanese	530	250	285	0.3	0.3	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	850	415	435	0.5	0.5	0.5
Multiple visible minorities	1,830	845	985	1.0	1.0	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	145,565	70,225	75,340	79.1	79.3	78.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	183,955	88,510	95,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	22,795	11,210	11,590	12.4	12.7	12.1
English	43,815	21,340	22,475	23.8	24.1	23.5
Irish	33,165	15,620	17,545	18.0	17.6	18.4
Scottish	34,785	16,570	18,205	18.9	18.7	19.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	11,970	5,615	6,355	6.5	6.3	6.7
German	16,380	7,725	8,650	8.9	8.7	9.1
Chinese	4,795	2,140	2,650	2.6	2.4	2.8
Italian	15,545	7,740	7,805	8.5	8.7	8.2
Indian (India)	7,110	3,485	3,620	3.9	3.9	3.8
Ukrainian	7,515	3,595	3,920	4.1	4.1	4.1
Dutch	7,670	3,765	3,905	4.2	4.3	4.1
Polish	10,145	4,750	5,395	5.5	5.4	5.7
Québécois	250	150	105	0.1	0.2	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	11,105	5,235	5,870	6.0	5.9	6.1
Filipino	3,105	1,305	1,800	1.7	1.5	1.9
French Canadian	2,735	1,320	1,410	1.5	1.5	1.5
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,410	1,245	1,165	1.3	1.4	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,165	585	575	0.6	0.7	0.6
Métis	920	405	515	0.5	0.5	0.5
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,455	1,210	1,245	1.3	1.4	1.3
Russian	2,400	1,140	1,255	1.3	1.3	1.3
Norwegian	1,055	460	590	0.6	0.5	0.6
Welsh	3,965	1,745	2,220	2.2	2.0	2.3
Portuguese	4,245	2,055	2,190	2.3	2.3	2.3
American	2,490	1,150	1,340	1.4	1.3	1.4
Spanish	2,350	1,050	1,300	1.3	1.2	1.4
Swedish	1,030	450	580	0.6	0.5	0.6
Hungarian	3,010	1,520	1,485	1.6	1.7	1.6
Acadian	510	220	290	0.3	0.2	0.3
Pakistani	2,010	1,020	985	1.1	1.2	1.0
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,110	520	590	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jewish	1,005	475	535	0.5	0.5	0.6
Punjabi	1,110	590	515	0.6	0.7	0.5
Vietnamese	790	350	435	0.4	0.4	0.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,570	835	735	0.9	0.9	0.8
Greek	1,725	810	910	0.9	0.9	1.0
Jamaican	1,625	790	840	0.9	0.9	0.9
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	790	430	355	0.4	0.5	0.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	135	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,350	615	735	0.7	0.7	0.8
Romanian	1,325	580	740	0.7	0.7	0.8
Lebanese	915	470	445	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iranian	765	350	415	0.4	0.4	0.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	675	360	315	0.4	0.4	0.3
Danish	1,070	570	495	0.6	0.6	0.5
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	310	130	180	0.2	0.1	0.2
Sikh	540	260	285	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austrian	1,450	680	765	0.8	0.8	0.8
Belgian	800	405	395	0.4	0.5	0.4
Haitian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	1,065	575	495	0.6	0.6	0.5
Mexican	725	375	345	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mennonite	195	80	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	740	350	390	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	780	400	375	0.4	0.5	0.4
Sri Lankan	340	160	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	2,720	1,365	1,355	1.5	1.5	1.4
Japanese	745	345	400	0.4	0.4	0.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	590	315	275	0.3	0.4	0.3
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	295	130	165	0.2	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	510	205	305	0.3	0.2	0.3
Muslim	530	285	250	0.3	0.3	0.3
Egyptian	1,520	745	775	0.8	0.8	0.8
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	665	320	345	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamil	235	110	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	280	135	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombian	965	455	505	0.5	0.5	0.5
Moroccan	90	45	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Czech	935	410	520	0.5	0.5	0.5
Syrian	560	265	295	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyanese	680	315	370	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afghan	480	225	260	0.3	0.3	0.3
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	325	155	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	1,505	725	775	0.8	0.8	0.8
Ojibway	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	235	100	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	695	345	350	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian	425	200	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	820	395	425	0.4	0.4	0.4
Turkish	695	345	355	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	175	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	485	235	250	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigerian	310	130	180	0.2	0.1	0.2
Armenian	375	190	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	770	370	395	0.4	0.4	0.4
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	465	225	240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	135	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	565	270	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Salvadorean	175	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	320	185	135	0.2	0.2	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	115	40	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	420	235	185	0.2	0.3	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	360	155	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquin	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	305	180	125	0.2	0.2	0.1
Lithuanian	580	265	320	0.3	0.3	0.3
South African	520	260	260	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australian	355	165	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Palestinian	455	230	220	0.2	0.3	0.2
Chilean	185	80	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	200	80	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	300	135	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	345	170	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	230	100	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	285	155	130	0.2	0.2	0.1
Maltese	690	350	335	0.4	0.4	0.4
Macedonian	600	260	340	0.3	0.3	0.4
Slovenian	630	330	300	0.3	0.4	0.3
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	225	105	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	100	40	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gujarati	220	110	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	150	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	310	120	190	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bulgarian	315	155	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	225	115	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	290	125	165	0.2	0.1	0.2
African American	70	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	410	170	240	0.2	0.2	0.3
Tunisian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	260	135	125	0.1	0.2	0.1
Cuban	180	70	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	340	170	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Venezuelan	325	165	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	295	140	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bengali	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	100	30	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	160	55	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	115	40	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Northern Irish	345	175	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	180	95	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	95	20	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Argentinian	205	100	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	385	185	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kurdish	95	40	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	120	35	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Coptic	260	130	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	75	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dominican	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	120	35	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Byelorussian	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	75	45	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
New Zealander	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	60	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	130	40	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Malaysian	80	45	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	95	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	155	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manitoban	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	70	45	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malayali	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	140	85	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhalese	165	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	95	40	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Flemish	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	185	100	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	85	45	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	85	45	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ugandan	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	183,955	88,505	95,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,065	420	645	0.6	0.5	0.7
Christian	107,330	49,265	58,075	58.3	55.7	60.8
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	12,770	6,055	6,710	6.9	6.8	7.0
Anabaptist	295	175	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
Anglican	10,755	4,750	6,005	5.8	5.4	6.3
Baptist	1,885	775	1,105	1.0	0.9	1.2
Catholic	54,045	25,420	28,625	29.4	28.7	30.0
Christian Orthodox	4,605	2,215	2,395	2.5	2.5	2.5
Jehovah's Witness	460	190	270	0.3	0.2	0.3
Latter Day Saints	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	1,415	575	840	0.8	0.6	0.9
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	310	115	200	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,610	665	950	0.9	0.8	1.0
Presbyterian	4,080	1,740	2,340	2.2	2.0	2.5
Reformed	860	420	440	0.5	0.5	0.5
United Church	9,625	3,995	5,625	5.2	4.5	5.9
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	4,475	2,105	2,370	2.4	2.4	2.5
Hindu	4,220	2,190	2,025	2.3	2.5	2.1
Jewish	780	380	400	0.4	0.4	0.4
Muslim	7,900	3,930	3,965	4.3	4.4	4.2
Sikh	2,155	1,050	1,105	1.2	1.2	1.2
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	920	310	610	0.5	0.4	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	59,570	30,955	28,615	32.4	35.0	30.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	182,410	87,710	94,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	164,330	78,990	85,340	90.1	90.1	90.1
Movers	18,080	8,720	9,365	9.9	9.9	9.9
Non-migrants	7,805	3,705	4,105	4.3	4.2	4.3
Migrants	10,275	5,015	5,260	5.6	5.7	5.6
Internal migrants	9,395	4,570	4,825	5.2	5.2	5.1
Intraprovincial migrants	8,840	4,305	4,540	4.8	4.9	4.8
Interprovincial migrants	560	270	290	0.3	0.3	0.3
External migrants	880	440	435	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	175,395	84,175	91,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	115,595	55,710	59,880	65.9	66.2	65.6
Movers	59,805	28,470	31,335	34.1	33.8	34.4
Non-migrants	21,800	10,235	11,570	12.4	12.2	12.7
Migrants	38,000	18,235	19,770	21.7	21.7	21.7
Internal migrants	32,000	15,330	16,670	18.2	18.2	18.3
Intraprovincial migrants	30,065	14,340	15,725	17.1	17.0	17.2
Interprovincial migrants	1,935	985	945	1.1	1.2	1.0
External migrants	6,005	2,905	3,100	3.4	3.5	3.4
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	154,080	73,190	80,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	18,190	9,390	8,800	11.8	12.8	10.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	135,890	63,800	72,090	88.2	87.2	89.1
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	96,660	46,395	50,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,785	2,700	2,085	5.0	5.8	4.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	91,875	43,695	48,180	95.0	94.2	95.9
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	154,075	73,190	80,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,595	8,395	8,200	10.8	11.5	10.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	38,855	18,350	20,505	25.2	25.1	25.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	98,630	46,445	52,185	64.0	63.5	64.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	43,745	21,170	22,575	28.4	28.9	27.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,550	4,585	1,960	4.3	6.3	2.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,235	1,930	1,305	2.1	2.6	1.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,315	2,660	655	2.2	3.6	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	33,495	14,860	18,635	21.7	20.3	23.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,705	1,725	1,980	2.4	2.4	2.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	54,880	25,275	29,610	35.6	34.5	36.6
Bachelor's degree	36,740	16,480	20,265	23.8	22.5	25.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,340	1,395	1,950	2.2	1.9	2.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,480	735	740	1.0	1.0	0.9
Master's degree	11,640	5,660	5,975	7.6	7.7	7.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,680	1,005	675	1.1	1.4	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	96,660	46,395	50,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,025	2,250	1,780	4.2	4.8	3.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	18,920	10,020	8,900	19.6	21.6	17.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	73,715	34,125	39,585	76.3	73.6	78.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	30,055	14,655	15,400	31.1	31.6	30.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,780	2,730	1,050	3.9	5.9	2.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,795	1,140	660	1.9	2.5	1.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,980	1,590	395	2.0	3.4	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	23,950	10,915	13,040	24.8	23.5	25.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,325	1,010	1,315	2.4	2.2	2.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	43,655	19,475	24,185	45.2	42.0	48.1
Bachelor's degree	28,995	12,760	16,235	30.0	27.5	32.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,655	1,095	1,565	2.7	2.4	3.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,125	470	655	1.2	1.0	1.3
Master's degree	9,660	4,475	5,185	10.0	9.6	10.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,220	670	550	1.3	1.4	1.1
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	154,080	73,195	80,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	55,450	26,745	28,705	36.0	36.5	35.5
Education	6,185	1,250	4,935	4.0	1.7	6.1
13. Education	6,185	1,250	4,935	4.0	1.7	6.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,890	1,625	2,260	2.5	2.2	2.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	365	290	80	0.2	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	3,525	1,340	2,185	2.3	1.8	2.7
Humanities	5,955	2,070	3,885	3.9	2.8	4.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	500	60	440	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	1,510	375	1,140	1.0	0.5	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,710	615	1,090	1.1	0.8	1.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	185	50	130	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	315	180	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	405	195	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
54. History	1,005	575	435	0.7	0.8	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	320	25	295	0.2	0.0	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	14,495	5,015	9,480	9.4	6.9	11.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	125	25	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,900	750	1,145	1.2	1.0	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,930	125	1,805	1.3	0.2	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	1,630	555	1,070	1.1	0.8	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	375	130	245	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	2,495	595	1,895	1.6	0.8	2.3
45. Social sciences	6,045	2,830	3,210	3.9	3.9	4.0
Business, management and public administration	24,270	11,345	12,925	15.8	15.5	16.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,350	220	1,135	0.9	0.3	1.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	22,885	11,125	11,760	14.9	15.2	14.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,465	2,135	2,325	2.9	2.9	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,835	760	1,070	1.2	1.0	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,080	420	665	0.7	0.6	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	85	30	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,285	855	430	0.8	1.2	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	175	65	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,705	3,085	1,620	3.1	4.2	2.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,430	2,485	950	2.2	3.4	1.2
25. Library science	295	40	260	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	855	480	380	0.6	0.7	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	115	80	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	16,320	14,310	2,010	10.6	19.6	2.5
04. Architecture and related services	945	595	350	0.6	0.8	0.4
14. Engineering	5,885	4,715	1,170	3.8	6.4	1.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,020	3,665	355	2.6	5.0	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,130	2,080	50	1.4	2.8	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,030	1,990	40	1.3	2.7	0.0
48. Precision production	1,305	1,270	35	0.8	1.7	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,475	795	685	1.0	1.1	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	845	410	440	0.5	0.6	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	635	380	245	0.4	0.5	0.3
Health and related fields	12,675	2,685	9,985	8.2	3.7	12.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,695	830	865	1.1	1.1	1.1
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,450	1,585	8,870	6.8	2.2	11.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	480	270	210	0.3	0.4	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,170	2,130	2,040	2.7	2.9	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,030	535	1,495	1.3	0.7	1.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,425	960	465	0.9	1.3	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	690	605	85	0.4	0.8	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	96,655	46,390	50,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	22,945	12,270	10,680	23.7	26.4	21.2
Education	4,260	810	3,455	4.4	1.7	6.9
13. Education	4,260	810	3,455	4.4	1.7	6.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,990	1,220	1,770	3.1	2.6	3.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	280	205	70	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,710	1,015	1,695	2.8	2.2	3.4
Humanities	4,360	1,520	2,840	4.5	3.3	5.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	350	35	305	0.4	0.1	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	1,120	280	835	1.2	0.6	1.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,270	465	805	1.3	1.0	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	140	40	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	240	115	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	275	160	115	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	740	405	335	0.8	0.9	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	230	20	210	0.2	0.0	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	11,410	3,800	7,610	11.8	8.2	15.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	85	10	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,635	625	1,010	1.7	1.3	2.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,470	70	1,400	1.5	0.2	2.8
22. Legal professions and studies	1,325	390	935	1.4	0.8	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	240	65	175	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	1,980	450	1,530	2.0	1.0	3.0
45. Social sciences	4,680	2,185	2,495	4.8	4.7	5.0
Business, management and public administration	18,845	8,665	10,180	19.5	18.7	20.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,125	170	955	1.2	0.4	1.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	17,695	8,500	9,200	18.3	18.3	18.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,245	1,495	1,750	3.4	3.2	3.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,405	590	815	1.5	1.3	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	830	300	525	0.9	0.6	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	855	540	305	0.9	1.2	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,870	2,620	1,245	4.0	5.6	2.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,970	2,170	800	3.1	4.7	1.6
25. Library science	165	30	135	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	655	360	290	0.7	0.8	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	75	55	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,440	9,770	1,665	11.8	21.1	3.3
04. Architecture and related services	775	495	280	0.8	1.1	0.6
14. Engineering	4,515	3,470	1,050	4.7	7.5	2.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,775	2,510	265	2.9	5.4	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,325	1,290	35	1.4	2.8	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,285	1,265	15	1.3	2.7	0.0
48. Precision production	760	740	15	0.8	1.6	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,065	565	500	1.1	1.2	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	575	275	300	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	490	290	200	0.5	0.6	0.4
Health and related fields	9,090	2,025	7,065	9.4	4.4	14.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,355	640	710	1.4	1.4	1.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,345	1,215	6,135	7.6	2.6	12.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	350	170	180	0.4	0.4	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,105	1,620	1,480	3.2	3.5	2.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,415	390	1,025	1.5	0.8	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,150	765	385	1.2	1.6	0.8
49. Transportation and materials moving	530	460	75	0.5	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	96,655	46,390	50,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	22,945	12,270	10,680	23.7	26.4	21.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	73,710	34,130	39,585	76.3	73.6	78.8
Location of study inside Canada	58,710	27,255	31,450	60.7	58.8	62.6
Same as province or territory of residence	54,740	25,275	29,470	56.6	54.5	58.6
Different than province or territory of residence	3,965	1,980	1,985	4.1	4.3	3.9
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	15,010	6,870	8,130	15.5	14.8	16.2
Americas	3,915	1,855	2,060	4.1	4.0	4.1
United States of America	2,470	1,230	1,240	2.6	2.7	2.5
Mexico	255	105	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
Cuba	45	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	215	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	325	130	195	0.3	0.3	0.4
Peru	70	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	225	95	130	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other locations of study in Americas	280	140	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Europe	3,790	1,925	1,865	3.9	4.1	3.7
Belgium	45	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
France	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	25	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	265	115	145	0.3	0.2	0.3
Romania	295	130	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian Federation	175	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	225	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	125	75	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,480	810	675	1.5	1.7	1.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	125	75	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	515	240	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Africa	975	470	510	1.0	1.0	1.0
Nigeria	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	505	220	285	0.5	0.5	0.6
South Africa, Republic of	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	120	70	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Asia	5,905	2,460	3,445	6.1	5.3	6.9
Iran⁸⁸	210	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraq	220	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Israel	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Lebanon	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	100	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	135	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	675	275	400	0.7	0.6	0.8
Taiwan	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	320	110	210	0.3	0.2	0.4
Philippines	895	300	595	0.9	0.6	1.2
Viet Nam	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	2,060	900	1,160	2.1	1.9	2.3
Pakistan	485	240	245	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other locations of study in Asia	420	180	245	0.4	0.4	0.5
Oceania	420	165	250	0.4	0.4	0.5
Australia	380	155	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
New Zealand	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	154,075	73,190	80,890	...	...	...
In the labour force	100,160	51,445	48,715	...	...	...
Employed	89,495	46,350	43,145	...	...	...
Unemployed	10,670	5,090	5,570	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	53,920	21,750	32,175	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.0	70.3	60.2	65.0	70.3	60.2
Employment rate	58.1	63.3	53.3	58.1	63.3	53.3
Unemployment rate	10.7	9.9	11.4	10.7	9.9	11.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	154,080	73,195	80,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	52,820	21,740	31,080	34.3	29.7	38.4
Worked	101,260	51,455	49,810	65.7	70.3	61.6
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	58,325	32,185	26,145	37.9	44.0	32.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	42,930	19,270	23,665	27.9	26.3	29.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.9	43.0	40.7	41.9	43.0	40.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	100,160	51,445	48,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,980	970	1,010	2.0	1.9	2.1
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	98,180	50,470	47,710	98.0	98.1	97.9
Employee	83,370	41,730	41,640	83.2	81.1	85.5
Permanent position	72,395	36,635	35,755	72.3	71.2	73.4
Temporary position	10,970	5,095	5,880	11.0	9.9	12.1
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,345	1,435	1,905	3.3	2.8	3.9
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	7,625	3,655	3,975	7.6	7.1	8.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	14,815	8,740	6,075	14.8	17.0	12.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	100,160	51,445	48,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,980	970	1,010	2.0	1.9	2.1
All occupations¹⁹¹	98,180	50,470	47,710	98.0	98.1	97.9
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,480	1,845	635	2.5	3.6	1.3
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	20,930	7,495	13,435	20.9	14.6	27.6
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	9,970	7,685	2,290	10.0	14.9	4.7
3 Health occupations	7,270	1,535	5,735	7.3	3.0	11.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	12,345	3,855	8,490	12.3	7.5	17.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,465	1,515	1,955	3.5	2.9	4.0
6 Sales and service occupations	24,630	11,985	12,645	24.6	23.3	26.0
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	12,230	10,935	1,295	12.2	21.3	2.7
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,265	915	345	1.3	1.8	0.7
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,595	2,705	890	3.6	5.3	1.8
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	100,160	51,445	48,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,980	970	1,010	2.0	1.9	2.1
All industries¹⁹¹	98,180	50,470	47,710	98.0	98.1	97.9
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	490	205	290	0.5	0.4	0.6
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	260	170	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
22 Utilities	755	565	190	0.8	1.1	0.4
23 Construction	6,020	5,065	960	6.0	9.8	2.0
31-33 Manufacturing	8,850	6,380	2,470	8.8	12.4	5.1
41 Wholesale trade	5,195	3,320	1,870	5.2	6.5	3.8
44-45 Retail trade	11,755	5,820	5,930	11.7	11.3	12.2
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,295	3,015	1,280	4.3	5.9	2.6
51 Information and cultural industries	2,575	1,575	1,000	2.6	3.1	2.1
52 Finance and insurance	6,830	3,575	3,255	6.8	6.9	6.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,215	1,040	1,175	2.2	2.0	2.4
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	11,210	6,305	4,905	11.2	12.3	10.1
55 Management of companies and enterprises	625	335	280	0.6	0.7	0.6
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,745	2,215	1,535	3.7	4.3	3.2
61 Educational services	8,395	2,225	6,165	8.4	4.3	12.7
62 Health care and social assistance	10,925	2,180	8,745	10.9	4.2	18.0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,645	835	810	1.6	1.6	1.7
72 Accommodation and food services	4,625	2,065	2,560	4.6	4.0	5.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,465	1,450	2,015	3.5	2.8	4.1
91 Public administration	4,310	2,120	2,190	4.3	4.1	4.5
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	106,985	54,265	52,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	102,580	52,280	50,300	95.9	96.3	95.4
French	200	40	155	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official language	245	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	245	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and French	1,840	700	1,135	1.7	1.3	2.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,025	1,075	950	1.9	2.0	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	106,985	54,265	52,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	106,405	54,035	52,375	99.5	99.6	99.3
Official languages	105,835	53,745	52,085	98.9	99.0	98.8
English	105,340	53,655	51,690	98.5	98.9	98.0
French	490	90	400	0.5	0.2	0.8
Non-official languages	575	290	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	575	290	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	295	140	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	55	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	55	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	100	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	95	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	50	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	100	70	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	100	70	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	75	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	575	230	350	0.5	0.4	0.7
English and French	205	50	150	0.2	0.1	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	370	175	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	106,985	54,265	52,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	103,560	52,655	50,905	96.8	97.0	96.6
English	590	210	385	0.6	0.4	0.7
French	1,360	605	755	1.3	1.1	1.4
Non-official language	1,190	630	565	1.1	1.2	1.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,190	630	565	1.1	1.2	1.1
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	175	120	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	89,495	46,350	43,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	33,075	15,665	17,410	37.0	33.8	40.4
Worked outside Canada	240	160	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
No fixed workplace address	7,615	5,570	2,050	8.5	12.0	4.8
Usual place of work	48,560	24,960	23,605	54.3	53.9	54.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	48,560	24,960	23,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	24,515	11,595	12,920	50.5	46.5	54.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	8,045	3,945	4,095	16.6	15.8	17.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	15,920	9,370	6,550	32.8	37.5	27.7
Commute to a different province or territory	75	40	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	56,180	30,530	25,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	49,885	27,575	22,315	88.8	90.3	87.0
Car, truck or van - as a driver	45,675	25,725	19,950	81.3	84.3	77.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	4,215	1,850	2,365	7.5	6.1	9.2
Public transit	2,415	1,045	1,375	4.3	3.4	5.4
Walked	2,145	1,000	1,145	3.8	3.3	4.5
Bicycle	395	295	105	0.7	1.0	0.4
Other method	1,330	620	710	2.4	2.0	2.8
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	56,180	30,530	25,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	18,265	8,835	9,430	32.5	28.9	36.8
15 to 29 minutes	19,215	9,820	9,395	34.2	32.2	36.6
30 to 44 minutes	10,040	6,245	3,800	17.9	20.5	14.8
45 to 59 minutes	4,455	2,875	1,585	7.9	9.4	6.2
60 minutes and over	4,205	2,760	1,445	7.5	9.0	5.6
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	56,180	30,530	25,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,675	2,845	835	6.5	9.3	3.3
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	8,735	5,620	3,115	15.5	18.4	12.1
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	14,050	7,470	6,585	25.0	24.5	25.7
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	13,620	6,245	7,375	24.2	20.5	28.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	8,220	4,000	4,220	14.6	13.1	16.5
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,875	4,350	3,525	14.0	14.2	13.7
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	37,460	19,265	18,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,030	1,520	1,510	8.1	7.9	8.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	34,435	17,745	16,690	91.9	92.1	91.7
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	28,110	14,490	13,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,385	1,200	1,190	8.5	8.3	8.7
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,235	610	625	4.4	4.2	4.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,150	590	565	4.1	4.1	4.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	25,720	13,295	12,430	91.5	91.8	91.3

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed March 23, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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