Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Cambridge, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	138,479	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	129,920	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.6	...	...	6.6	...	...
Total private dwellings²	53,013	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	51,269	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,225.5	...	...	1,225.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	112.99	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	138,480	68,615	69,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	24,475	12,580	11,895	17.7	18.3	17.0
0 to 4 years	7,575	3,870	3,695	5.5	5.6	5.3
5 to 9 years	8,240	4,245	3,990	6.0	6.2	5.7
10 to 14 years	8,665	4,460	4,200	6.3	6.5	6.0
15 to 64 years	91,845	46,165	45,680	66.3	67.3	65.4
15 to 19 years	8,455	4,335	4,125	6.1	6.3	5.9
20 to 24 years	8,325	4,420	3,900	6.0	6.4	5.6
25 to 29 years	9,620	5,065	4,555	6.9	7.4	6.5
30 to 34 years	9,965	4,915	5,050	7.2	7.2	7.2
35 to 39 years	9,680	4,880	4,800	7.0	7.1	6.9
40 to 44 years	8,965	4,370	4,600	6.5	6.4	6.6
45 to 49 years	9,280	4,560	4,720	6.7	6.6	6.8
50 to 54 years	9,195	4,545	4,650	6.6	6.6	6.7
55 to 59 years	9,905	4,935	4,970	7.2	7.2	7.1
60 to 64 years	8,470	4,150	4,320	6.1	6.0	6.2
65 years and over	22,160	9,875	12,285	16.0	14.4	17.6
65 to 69 years	6,980	3,315	3,665	5.0	4.8	5.2
70 to 74 years	5,790	2,685	3,100	4.2	3.9	4.4
75 to 79 years	3,910	1,770	2,145	2.8	2.6	3.1
80 to 84 years	2,630	1,165	1,460	1.9	1.7	2.1
85 years and over	2,855	935	1,915	2.1	1.4	2.7
85 to 89 years	1,735	655	1,075	1.3	1.0	1.5
90 to 94 years	830	225	600	0.6	0.3	0.9
95 to 99 years	265	55	210	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.7	18.3	17.0	17.7	18.3	17.0
15 to 64 years	66.3	67.3	65.4	66.3	67.3	65.4
65 years and over	16.0	14.4	17.6	16.0	14.4	17.6
85 years and over	2.1	1.4	2.7	2.1	1.4	2.7
Average age of the population	40.0	38.9	41.1	40.0	38.9	41.1
Median age of the population	39.2	38.0	40.8	39.2	38.0	40.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	51,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	29,110	...	...	56.8	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,730	...	...	7.3	...	...
Row house	6,325	...	...	12.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,735	...	...	3.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	7,160	...	...	14.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	3,020	...	...	5.9	...	...
Other single-attached house	165	...	...	0.3	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	30	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	51,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	11,870	...	...	23.2	...	...
2 persons	16,295	...	...	31.8	...	...
3 persons	8,860	...	...	17.3	...	...
4 persons	8,605	...	...	16.8	...	...
5 or more persons	5,630	...	...	11.0	...	...
Number of persons in private households	137,120	68,125	69,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	114,005	56,035	57,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	65,270	32,625	32,640	57.3	58.2	56.3
Married	54,180	27,100	27,080	47.5	48.4	46.7
Living common-law	11,090	5,530	5,560	9.7	9.9	9.6
Living common law - Never married	7,740	3,885	3,855	6.8	6.9	6.7
Living common law - Separated	740	385	355	0.6	0.7	0.6
Living common law - Divorced	2,370	1,175	1,195	2.1	2.1	2.1
Living common law - Widowed	235	85	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	48,740	23,410	25,330	42.8	41.8	43.7
Not married and not living common law - Never married	32,115	17,865	14,255	28.2	31.9	24.6
Not married and not living common law - Separated	3,720	1,590	2,125	3.3	2.8	3.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,725	2,635	4,090	5.9	4.7	7.1
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,180	1,320	4,860	5.4	2.4	8.4
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	39,235	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	18,220	...	...	46.4	...	...
3 persons	8,970	...	...	22.9	...	...
4 persons	8,360	...	...	21.3	...	...
5 or more persons	3,685	...	...	9.4	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	39,240	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	32,015	...	...	81.6	...	...
Married couples	26,475	...	...	67.5	...	...
With children⁶	15,610	...	...	39.8	...	...
Without children	10,860	...	...	27.7	...	...
Common-law couples	5,540	...	...	14.1	...	...
With children⁶	2,430	...	...	6.2	...	...
Without children	3,110	...	...	7.9	...	...
Total one-parent families	7,225	...	...	18.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,650	...	...	14.4	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,575	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	137,120	68,125	68,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	116,530	57,765	58,765	85.0	84.8	85.2
Married spouses or common-law partners	64,030	31,965	32,065	46.7	46.9	46.5
Parents in one-parent families	7,225	1,580	5,645	5.3	2.3	8.2
Children⁶	45,280	24,225	21,055	33.0	35.6	30.5
In a two-parent family	33,955	17,995	15,955	24.8	26.4	23.1
In a one-parent family	11,325	6,225	5,100	8.3	9.1	7.4
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	20,590	10,360	10,230	15.0	15.2	14.8
Living alone	11,870	5,620	6,250	8.7	8.2	9.1
Living with other relatives⁷	3,715	1,560	2,155	2.7	2.3	3.1
Living with non-relatives only	5,005	3,180	1,825	3.7	4.7	2.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	51,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	32,840	...	...	64.1	...	...
Couple-family households	27,415	...	...	53.5	...	...
With children⁶	15,590	...	...	30.4	...	...
Without children	11,830	...	...	23.1	...	...
One-parent-family households	5,420	...	...	10.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,305	...	...	4.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	440	...	...	0.9	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,930	...	...	3.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,885	...	...	3.7	...	...
One-person households	11,870	...	...	23.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	112,655	55,550	57,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	107,855	53,110	54,745	95.7	95.6	95.9
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	48,800	36,800	42,000	48,800	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	107,940	53,160	54,780	95.8	95.7	95.9
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	43,200	33,600	38,000	43,200	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	95,580	48,580	47,005	84.8	87.5	82.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	46,000	29,400	37,200	46,000	29,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,150	42,045	38,105	71.1	75.7	66.7
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	49,200	34,000	41,200	49,200	34,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,555	47,220	50,335	86.6	85.0	88.1
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	6,160	10,600	8,500	6,160	10,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,220	4,975	6,240	10.0	9.0	10.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	32,770	16,185	16,585	29.1	29.1	29.0
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,000	8,000	8,000	7,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	112,655	55,575	57,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	107,770	53,080	54,690	95.7	95.5	95.8
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,450	58,850	44,320	51,450	58,850	44,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	107,870	53,135	54,735	95.8	95.6	95.9
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,480	48,640	38,440	43,480	48,640	38,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	95,425	48,540	46,885	84.7	87.3	82.1
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,360	55,550	38,880	47,360	55,550	38,880
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,150	42,105	38,045	71.1	75.8	66.6
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,120	56,100	41,360	49,120	56,100	41,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,535	47,205	50,335	86.6	84.9	88.2
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,530	9,050	11,920	10,530	9,050	11,920
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,090	4,965	6,125	9.8	8.9	10.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,470	5,970	6,880	6,470	5,970	6,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	32,710	16,390	16,330	29.0	29.5	28.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,490	8,140	8,840	8,490	8,140	8,840
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	112,655	55,575	57,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	40,120	22,850	17,275	35.6	41.1	30.3
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,800	69,500	56,000	62,800	69,500	56,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,100	78,800	63,250	72,100	78,800	63,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	31,040	14,730	16,310	27.6	26.5	28.6
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,600	23,000	17,000	19,600	23,000	17,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,160	31,840	24,860	28,160	31,840	24,860
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.4	86.4	75.2	81.4	86.4	75.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	71.0	75.6	65.0	71.0	75.6	65.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.5	13.7	24.8	18.5	13.7	24.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.0	1.7	1.3	1.0	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.7	4.7	7.1	5.7	4.7	7.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.0	4.3	6.0	5.0	4.3	6.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	112,655	55,550	57,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	4,800	2,440	2,360	4.3	4.4	4.1
With total income	107,855	53,110	54,745	95.7	95.6	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,275	3,475	4,805	7.7	6.5	8.8
$10,000 to $19,999	12,400	4,940	7,465	11.5	9.3	13.6
$20,000 to $29,999	16,810	7,030	9,780	15.6	13.2	17.9
$30,000 to $39,999	13,860	6,035	7,830	12.9	11.4	14.3
$40,000 to $49,999	12,460	5,720	6,740	11.6	10.8	12.3
$50,000 to $59,999	10,915	5,325	5,590	10.1	10.0	10.2
$60,000 to $69,999	8,600	4,665	3,930	8.0	8.8	7.2
$70,000 to $79,999	6,310	3,815	2,495	5.9	7.2	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	4,700	2,955	1,745	4.4	5.6	3.2
$90,000 to $99,999	3,635	2,365	1,270	3.4	4.5	2.3
$100,000 and over	9,890	6,790	3,095	9.2	12.8	5.7
$100,000 to $149,999	7,315	4,865	2,450	6.8	9.2	4.5
$150,000 and over	2,575	1,920	650	2.4	3.6	1.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	112,655	55,550	57,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	4,720	2,395	2,325	4.2	4.3	4.1
With after-tax income	107,935	53,160	54,780	95.8	95.7	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,650	3,625	5,025	8.0	6.8	9.2
$10,000 to $19,999	12,890	5,150	7,735	11.9	9.7	14.1
$20,000 to $29,999	19,035	7,985	11,055	17.6	15.0	20.2
$30,000 to $39,999	16,675	7,525	9,145	15.4	14.2	16.7
$40,000 to $49,999	15,065	7,320	7,745	14.0	13.8	14.1
$50,000 to $59,999	11,770	6,335	5,435	10.9	11.9	9.9
$60,000 to $69,999	7,965	4,730	3,235	7.4	8.9	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	5,450	3,490	1,955	5.0	6.6	3.6
$80,000 to $89,999	3,915	2,375	1,540	3.6	4.5	2.8
$90,000 to $99,999	2,270	1,550	720	2.1	2.9	1.3
$100,000 and over	4,250	3,075	1,175	3.9	5.8	2.1
$100,000 to $124,999	2,395	1,700	700	2.2	3.2	1.3
$125,000 and over	1,855	1,380	475	1.7	2.6	0.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	112,655	55,550	57,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	32,500	13,505	19,000	28.8	24.3	33.3
With employment income	80,155	42,045	38,105	71.2	75.7	66.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,360	4,345	5,020	11.7	10.3	13.2
$5,000 to $9,999	5,870	2,425	3,445	7.3	5.8	9.0
$10,000 to $19,999	8,940	3,940	4,995	11.2	9.4	13.1
$20,000 to $29,999	7,410	3,415	3,995	9.2	8.1	10.5
$30,000 to $39,999	7,580	3,470	4,115	9.5	8.3	10.8
$40,000 to $49,999	7,995	3,830	4,165	10.0	9.1	10.9
$50,000 to $59,999	7,455	3,950	3,510	9.3	9.4	9.2
$60,000 to $69,999	6,145	3,600	2,545	7.7	8.6	6.7
$70,000 to $79,999	4,595	2,920	1,675	5.7	6.9	4.4
$80,000 to $89,999	3,715	2,440	1,280	4.6	5.8	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	3,115	2,035	1,085	3.9	4.8	2.8
$100,000 and over	7,960	5,680	2,280	9.9	13.5	6.0
$100,000 to $124,999	4,320	2,930	1,395	5.4	7.0	3.7
$125,000 and over	3,635	2,750	885	4.5	6.5	2.3
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	112,655	55,550	57,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	106,000	52,140	53,865	94.1	93.9	94.3
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	48,000	33,600	40,000	48,000	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	106,035	52,145	53,890	94.1	93.9	94.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	42,000	31,200	36,000	42,000	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	94,960	48,200	46,755	84.3	86.8	81.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	47,600	31,200	38,400	47,600	31,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,690	42,255	38,430	71.6	76.1	67.3
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	50,000	34,800	41,600	50,000	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,405	43,860	47,545	81.1	79.0	83.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,560	900	5,880	2,560	900	5,880
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	8,505	3,535	4,970	7.5	6.4	8.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,440	5,080	5,680	5,440	5,080	5,680
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	112,655	55,575	57,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	105,900	52,210	53,690	94.0	93.9	94.1
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,960	56,900	41,240	48,960	56,900	41,240
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	105,945	52,210	53,730	94.0	93.9	94.1
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,280	46,920	35,800	41,280	46,920	35,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	94,580	48,070	46,520	84.0	86.5	81.5
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,760	56,450	38,760	47,760	56,450	38,760
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,415	42,185	38,225	71.4	75.9	67.0
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,400	57,250	40,760	49,400	57,250	40,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,310	43,955	47,360	81.1	79.1	83.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,320	5,870	8,670	7,320	5,870	8,670
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	8,490	3,445	5,045	7.5	6.2	8.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,260	6,265	7,940	7,260	6,265	7,940
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	112,655	55,575	57,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	39,890	22,755	17,130	35.4	40.9	30.0
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,000	67,500	52,000	60,000	67,500	52,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,400	75,900	58,550	68,400	75,900	58,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	29,310	13,925	15,385	26.0	25.1	27.0
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,600	31,400	22,800	26,600	31,400	22,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,800	39,560	28,600	33,800	39,560	28,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	87.2	91.4	81.4	87.2	91.4	81.4
Employment income (%)	76.6	81.2	70.4	76.6	81.2	70.4
Government transfers (%)	12.9	8.7	18.6	12.9	8.7	18.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.7	1.8	1.2	0.7	1.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	51,270	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	11,870	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,800	...	...	42,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,400	...	...	38,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	39,395	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	51,270	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	108,200	...	...	108,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	91,500	...	...	91,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	11,880	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,800	...	...	52,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,880	...	...	44,880	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	39,390	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	124,900	...	...	124,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,500	...	...	105,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	51,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	290	...	...	0.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	155	...	...	0.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	435	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	740	...	...	1.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,475	...	...	2.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,675	...	...	3.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,345	...	...	2.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,605	...	...	3.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,700	...	...	3.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,775	...	...	3.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,460	...	...	6.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,445	...	...	6.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,385	...	...	6.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,210	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,190	...	...	6.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	23,375	...	...	45.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,950	...	...	13.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,375	...	...	10.5	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,230	...	...	12.2	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,820	...	...	9.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	51,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	330	...	...	0.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	175	...	...	0.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	435	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	775	...	...	1.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,575	...	...	3.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,900	...	...	3.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,585	...	...	3.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,855	...	...	3.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,015	...	...	3.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,115	...	...	4.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,145	...	...	8.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,160	...	...	8.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,950	...	...	7.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,850	...	...	7.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,655	...	...	7.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	18,745	...	...	36.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,295	...	...	14.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,765	...	...	9.3	...	...
$150,000 and over	6,690	...	...	13.0	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	38,145	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	12,160	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	18,150	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,000	...	...	136,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	6,530	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...	72,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500	...	...	66,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	16,875	8,805	8,075	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	44,000	35,600	39,600	44,000	35,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,000	38,800	33,200	36,000	38,800	33,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	38,165	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,800	...	...	123,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,400	...	...	104,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,255	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,900	...	...	105,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,600	...	...	88,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	18,255	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,400	...	...	150,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,800	...	...	125,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,455	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,200	...	...	82,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,900	...	...	72,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	16,895	8,730	8,170	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,640	52,000	45,000	48,640	52,000	45,000
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,720	43,880	39,400	41,720	43,880	39,400
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	137,120	68,120	68,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	29,600	15,175	14,430	21.6	22.3	20.9
0 to 5 years	9,185	4,670	4,520	6.7	6.9	6.6
18 to 64 years	86,415	43,375	43,040	63.0	63.7	62.4
65 years and over	21,105	9,580	11,525	15.4	14.1	16.7
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	11,275	5,075	6,200	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,045	1,530	1,515	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,055	530	520	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,825	2,715	3,110	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,400	820	1,580	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.2	7.5	9.0	8.2	7.5	9.0
0 to 17 years (%)	10.3	10.1	10.5	10.3	10.1	10.5
0 to 5 years (%)	11.5	11.3	11.6	11.5	11.3	11.6
18 to 64 years (%)	6.7	6.3	7.2	6.7	6.3	7.2
65 years and over (%)	11.4	8.6	13.7	11.4	8.6	13.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	137,120	68,125	68,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	29,600	15,170	14,430	21.6	22.3	20.9
0 to 5 years	9,185	4,665	4,515	6.7	6.8	6.5
18 to 64 years	86,410	43,370	43,040	63.0	63.7	62.4
65 years and over	21,105	9,580	11,525	15.4	14.1	16.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,405	3,240	3,165	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,425	695	735	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	465	225	240	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,355	2,315	2,040	...	...	...
65 years and over	625	235	395	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.7	4.8	4.6	4.7	4.8	4.6
0 to 17 years (%)	4.8	4.6	5.1	4.8	4.6	5.1
0 to 5 years (%)	5.1	4.9	5.3	5.1	4.9	5.3
18 to 64 years (%)	5.0	5.3	4.7	5.0	5.3	4.7
65 years and over (%)	3.0	2.4	3.4	3.0	2.4	3.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	137,120	68,120	69,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	64,995	31,505	33,485	47.4	46.2	48.5
In bottom decile	10,190	4,900	5,295	7.4	7.2	7.7
In second decile	12,745	5,820	6,920	9.3	8.5	10.0
In third decile	13,320	6,400	6,925	9.7	9.4	10.0
In fourth decile	13,895	6,950	6,950	10.1	10.2	10.1
In fifth decile	14,840	7,440	7,395	10.8	10.9	10.7
In top half of the distribution	72,125	36,615	35,510	52.6	53.8	51.5
In sixth decile	15,250	7,735	7,515	11.1	11.4	10.9
In seventh decile	15,595	7,790	7,810	11.4	11.4	11.3
In eighth decile	15,480	7,895	7,585	11.3	11.6	11.0
In ninth decile	15,095	7,700	7,395	11.0	11.3	10.7
In top decile	10,700	5,495	5,210	7.8	8.1	7.6
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	137,120	...	...	137,120	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.295	...	...	0.295	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.408	...	...	0.408	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.259	...	...	0.259	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	137,490	68,280	69,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	127,465	64,060	63,410	92.7	93.8	91.6
French only	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	7,450	3,235	4,215	5.4	4.7	6.1
Neither English nor French	2,490	940	1,550	1.8	1.4	2.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	137,490	68,280	69,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	133,105	66,450	66,660	96.8	97.3	96.3
French	1,520	720	805	1.1	1.1	1.2
English and French	425	195	235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Neither English nor French	2,430	910	1,520	1.8	1.3	2.2
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	137,490	68,280	69,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	132,625	65,900	66,720	96.5	96.5	96.4
Official languages	104,105	51,870	52,240	75.7	76.0	75.5
English	102,570	51,135	51,435	74.6	74.9	74.3
French	1,540	735	805	1.1	1.1	1.2
Non-official languages	28,515	14,035	14,485	20.7	20.6	20.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	28,510	14,030	14,480	20.7	20.5	20.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,625	815	810	1.2	1.2	1.2
Berber languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	135	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	125	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,490	755	730	1.1	1.1	1.1
Amharic	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,265	655	610	0.9	1.0	0.9
Aramaic languages	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	740	350	390	0.5	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	725	345	380	0.5	0.5	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	945	395	555	0.7	0.6	0.8
Bikol	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	780	330	455	0.6	0.5	0.7
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Haitian Creole	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	855	490	360	0.6	0.7	0.5
Kannada	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	425	260	170	0.3	0.4	0.2
Tamil	270	135	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	130	85	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	22,045	10,900	11,145	16.0	16.0	16.1
Albanian	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	275	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	2,340	1,110	1,225	1.7	1.6	1.8
Baltic languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,300	1,090	1,210	1.7	1.6	1.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	965	460	505	0.7	0.7	0.7
Russian	245	110	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	530	265	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	275	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	195	100	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	235	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,160	525	635	0.8	0.8	0.9
Frisian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	700	310	390	0.5	0.5	0.6
German	680	300	380	0.5	0.4	0.5
Pennsylvania German	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	410	185	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	355	155	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	10,035	5,265	4,765	7.3	7.7	6.9
Indo-Aryan languages	8,915	4,695	4,220	6.5	6.9	6.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	2,000	1,065	930	1.5	1.6	1.3
Hindi	735	405	325	0.5	0.6	0.5
Kacchi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,325	1,780	1,550	2.4	2.6	2.2
Rohingya	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	2,480	1,250	1,230	1.8	1.8	1.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,115	570	550	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baluchi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	735	380	355	0.5	0.6	0.5
Persian languages	340	165	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	190	95	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,970	3,735	4,235	5.8	5.5	6.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	645	345	295	0.5	0.5	0.4
Portuguese	5,220	2,360	2,855	3.8	3.5	4.1
Romanian	350	170	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Spanish	1,755	860	895	1.3	1.3	1.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	85	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	235	105	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	210	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	870	405	470	0.6	0.6	0.7
Chinese languages	865	400	460	0.6	0.6	0.7
Hakka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	470	210	260	0.3	0.3	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	325	155	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	205	95	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	185	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	395	185	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	340	165	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,865	2,375	2,490	3.5	3.5	3.6
English and French	515	240	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	3,865	1,915	1,945	2.8	2.8	2.8
French and non-official language(s)	70	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	340	155	185	0.2	0.2	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	137,490	68,280	69,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	106,695	53,190	53,510	77.6	77.9	77.3
French	275	120	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	7,870	3,820	4,055	5.7	5.6	5.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	7,870	3,820	4,055	5.7	5.6	5.9
English and French	1,230	520	705	0.9	0.8	1.0
English and non-official language(s)	20,220	10,055	10,165	14.7	14.7	14.7
French and non-official language(s)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	525	240	285	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	630	320	320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	137,490	68,280	69,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	132,385	65,810	66,575	96.3	96.4	96.2
Official languages	116,655	58,000	58,650	84.8	84.9	84.7
English	116,240	57,815	58,420	84.5	84.7	84.4
French	415	185	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official languages	15,730	7,800	7,930	11.4	11.4	11.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	15,730	7,805	7,925	11.4	11.4	11.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	960	465	500	0.7	0.7	0.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	75	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	875	430	450	0.6	0.6	0.7
Amharic	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	745	360	380	0.5	0.5	0.5
Aramaic languages	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	515	240	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	510	240	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	415	190	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	350	155	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	545	300	240	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kannada	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	295	175	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tamil	135	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	95	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	12,070	6,020	6,050	8.8	8.8	8.7
Albanian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	180	85	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,040	510	530	0.8	0.7	0.8
Baltic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,035	505	525	0.8	0.7	0.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	410	195	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	210	100	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bosnian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	170	100	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	7,130	3,730	3,395	5.2	5.5	4.9
Indo-Aryan languages	6,415	3,380	3,035	4.7	5.0	4.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	1,475	780	695	1.1	1.1	1.0
Hindi	525	300	225	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kacchi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	60	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,575	1,380	1,195	1.9	2.0	1.7
Rohingya	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,640	815	825	1.2	1.2	1.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	710	350	360	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	520	265	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian languages	175	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,555	1,610	1,950	2.6	2.4	2.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	165	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	2,285	1,000	1,285	1.7	1.5	1.9
Romanian	165	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	945	455	490	0.7	0.7	0.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	65	40	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	535	265	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese languages	530	265	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	330	155	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	175	90	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	65	35	35	0.0	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	115	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,105	2,470	2,635	3.7	3.6	3.8
English and French	235	100	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	4,710	2,300	2,410	3.4	3.4	3.5
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	137,490	68,280	69,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	118,995	59,115	59,880	86.5	86.6	86.5
English	6,215	3,130	3,090	4.5	4.6	4.5
French	995	415	575	0.7	0.6	0.8
Non-official language	8,910	4,400	4,510	6.5	6.4	6.5
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	8,905	4,400	4,500	6.5	6.4	6.5
English and French	70	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,145	600	540	0.8	0.9	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	265	120	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	885	460	430	0.6	0.7	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	137,120	68,125	68,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	134,665	67,250	67,420	98.2	98.7	97.7
English	134,625	67,235	67,385	98.2	98.7	97.7
French	7,475	3,120	4,355	5.5	4.6	6.3
Non-official languages	38,160	18,870	19,290	27.8	27.7	28.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	38,140	18,860	19,280	27.8	27.7	27.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,325	1,165	1,155	1.7	1.7	1.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	165	70	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,195	1,125	1,070	1.6	1.7	1.6
Amharic	95	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,920	990	930	1.4	1.5	1.3
Aramaic languages	190	90	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	150	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,130	515	615	0.8	0.8	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,095	495	600	0.8	0.7	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,215	460	750	0.9	0.7	1.1
Bikol	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	145	45	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	70	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,055	390	660	0.8	0.6	1.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	240	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	80	20	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,230	685	545	0.9	1.0	0.8
Kannada	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	650	390	260	0.5	0.6	0.4
Tamil	495	265	230	0.4	0.4	0.3
Telugu	235	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	29,855	14,970	14,885	21.8	22.0	21.6
Albanian	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	335	140	195	0.2	0.2	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	2,840	1,350	1,490	2.1	2.0	2.2
Baltic languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,810	1,330	1,480	2.0	2.0	2.1
Belarusian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	175	70	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Macedonian	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	1,040	500	545	0.8	0.7	0.8
Russian	440	220	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	765	390	375	0.6	0.6	0.5
Bosnian	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Croatian	460	240	215	0.3	0.4	0.3
Serbian	325	165	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	355	165	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,700	855	845	1.2	1.3	1.2
Frisian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,115	570	540	0.8	0.8	0.8
German	1,105	560	540	0.8	0.8	0.8
Pennsylvania German	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	570	285	290	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afrikaans	115	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	445	215	235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Danish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	265	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	13,715	7,295	6,425	10.0	10.7	9.3
Indo-Aryan languages	12,780	6,840	5,935	9.3	10.0	8.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	175	90	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	2,905	1,575	1,330	2.1	2.3	1.9
Hindi	4,320	2,340	1,970	3.2	3.4	2.9
Kacchi	35	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	60	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nepali	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,195	2,935	2,260	3.8	4.3	3.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	4,570	2,325	2,245	3.3	3.4	3.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,425	685	740	1.0	1.0	1.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	895	420	475	0.7	0.6	0.7
Persian languages	510	255	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	285	155	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	225	100	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	11,275	5,335	5,940	8.2	7.8	8.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,190	615	570	0.9	0.9	0.8
Portuguese	6,790	3,195	3,595	5.0	4.7	5.2
Romanian	440	200	235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	3,195	1,495	1,695	2.3	2.2	2.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	285	115	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	570	270	300	0.4	0.4	0.4
Akan (Twi)	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	125	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	140	45	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	115	40	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	345	150	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	335	150	180	0.2	0.2	0.3
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,085	500	580	0.8	0.7	0.8
Chinese languages	1,070	495	575	0.8	0.7	0.8
Hakka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	685	325	360	0.5	0.5	0.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	420	185	235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	220	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	195	95	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	280	125	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	250	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	515	245	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Estonian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	485	225	260	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	137,120	68,125	68,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,575	1,125	1,440	1.9	1.7	2.1
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	2,420	1,080	1,340	1.8	1.6	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,575	700	870	1.1	1.0	1.3
Métis	775	345	430	0.6	0.5	0.6
Inuk (Inuit)	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	90	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	134,550	66,995	67,555	98.1	98.3	97.9
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	137,120	68,125	68,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	680	295	385	0.5	0.4	0.6
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	136,435	67,830	68,605	99.5	99.6	99.4
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	51,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	35,315	...	...	68.9	...	...
Renter	15,955	...	...	31.1	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	51,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	4,895	...	...	9.5	...	...
Not condominium	46,375	...	...	90.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	51,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	205	...	...	0.4	...	...
1 bedroom	5,210	...	...	10.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	10,540	...	...	20.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	22,370	...	...	43.6	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	12,945	...	...	25.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	51,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	11,375	...	...	22.2	...	...
5 rooms	7,580	...	...	14.8	...	...
6 rooms	8,845	...	...	17.3	...	...
7 rooms	7,585	...	...	14.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	15,895	...	...	31.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	51,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	49,980	...	...	97.5	...	...
More than one person per room	1,285	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	51,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	48,270	...	...	94.1	...	...
Not suitable	2,995	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	51,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	11,650	...	...	22.7	...	...
1961 to 1980	13,155	...	...	25.7	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,730	...	...	13.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,500	...	...	14.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	4,170	...	...	8.1	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,090	...	...	6.0	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,140	...	...	4.2	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,825	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	51,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	48,615	...	...	94.8	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,660	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	51,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	23,795	...	...	46.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	24,730	...	...	48.2	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,745	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	51,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	815	...	...	1.6	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,045	...	...	13.7	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,650	...	...	18.8	...	...
45 to 54 years	10,340	...	...	20.2	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,620	...	...	20.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,420	...	...	14.5	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,045	...	...	7.9	...	...
85 years and over	1,335	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	51,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	40,325	...	...	78.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,845	...	...	21.2	...	...
30% to less than 100%	10,105	...	...	19.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	51,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	15,195	...	...	29.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,735	...	...	19.0	...	...
Not suitable only	2,365	...	...	4.6	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,830	...	...	3.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	445	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	640	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	150	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	35	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	36,075	...	...	70.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	50,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	4,700	...	...	9.3	...	...
Not in core need	45,725	...	...	90.7	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	35,310	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	67.3	...	...	67.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	14.8	...	...	14.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,620	...	...	1,620	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,636	...	...	1,636	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	650,000	...	...	650,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	690,000	...	...	690,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	15,955	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	14.3	...	...	14.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.3	...	...	35.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	21.1	...	...	21.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,220	...	...	1,220	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,310	...	...	1,310	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	137,120	68,120	69,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	760	345	420	0.6	0.5	0.6
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	745	340	410	0.5	0.5	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	580	265	315	0.4	0.4	0.5
Métis single ancestry	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,120	1,320	1,800	2.3	1.9	2.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,070	1,295	1,780	2.2	1.9	2.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,370	995	1,375	1.7	1.5	2.0
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	580	245	340	0.4	0.4	0.5
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	125	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	133,240	66,465	66,775	97.2	97.6	96.8
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	137,120	68,125	68,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	126,540	62,620	63,920	92.3	91.9	92.6
Canadian citizens aged under 18	28,475	14,560	13,920	20.8	21.4	20.2
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	98,065	48,060	50,000	71.5	70.5	72.5
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	10,580	5,505	5,080	7.7	8.1	7.4
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	137,120	68,125	68,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	102,725	51,055	51,670	74.9	74.9	74.9
Immigrants⁸¹	31,830	15,400	16,425	23.2	22.6	23.8
Before 1980	8,865	4,280	4,590	6.5	6.3	6.7
1980 to 1990	4,320	2,135	2,185	3.2	3.1	3.2
1991 to 2000	4,965	2,420	2,550	3.6	3.6	3.7
2001 to 2010	6,260	2,935	3,325	4.6	4.3	4.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	7,420	3,640	3,785	5.4	5.3	5.5
2011 to 2015	3,160	1,470	1,690	2.3	2.2	2.4
2016 to 2021	4,255	2,170	2,095	3.1	3.2	3.0
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,565	1,670	895	1.9	2.5	1.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	31,830	15,400	16,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,440	1,725	1,720	10.8	11.2	10.5
5 to 14 years	5,925	3,035	2,890	18.6	19.7	17.6
15 to 24 years	6,875	3,000	3,875	21.6	19.5	23.6
25 to 44 years	13,330	6,650	6,685	41.9	43.2	40.7
45 years and over	2,260	990	1,265	7.1	6.4	7.7
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	31,830	15,400	16,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,595	2,170	2,420	14.4	14.1	14.7
Brazil	235	100	140	0.7	0.6	0.9
Colombia	405	165	235	1.3	1.1	1.4
El Salvador	460	235	225	1.4	1.5	1.4
Guyana	645	295	345	2.0	1.9	2.1
Haiti	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	710	380	330	2.2	2.5	2.0
Mexico	175	85	90	0.5	0.6	0.5
Peru	30	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidad and Tobago	270	130	145	0.8	0.8	0.9
United States of America	790	295	490	2.5	1.9	3.0
Other places of birth in Americas	855	470	385	2.7	3.1	2.3
Europe	12,010	5,825	6,185	37.7	37.8	37.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	120	60	65	0.4	0.4	0.4
Croatia	195	105	85	0.6	0.7	0.5
France	90	30	55	0.3	0.2	0.3
Germany	510	260	250	1.6	1.7	1.5
Greece	135	65	70	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hungary	135	60	75	0.4	0.4	0.5
Italy	455	260	190	1.4	1.7	1.2
Netherlands	335	160	175	1.1	1.0	1.1
Poland	690	320	365	2.2	2.1	2.2
Portugal	4,020	1,905	2,115	12.6	12.4	12.9
Romania	385	185	200	1.2	1.2	1.2
Russian Federation	105	40	65	0.3	0.3	0.4
Serbia⁸⁶	245	115	130	0.8	0.7	0.8
Ukraine	145	65	75	0.5	0.4	0.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,620	1,770	1,850	11.4	11.5	11.3
Other places of birth in Europe	835	420	415	2.6	2.7	2.5
Africa	1,650	805	845	5.2	5.2	5.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	55	30	25	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egypt	230	120	105	0.7	0.8	0.6
Eritrea	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	80	15	60	0.3	0.1	0.4
Morocco	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nigeria	245	135	110	0.8	0.9	0.7
Somalia	70	20	50	0.2	0.1	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	265	140	130	0.8	0.9	0.8
Other places of birth in Africa	650	320	335	2.0	2.1	2.0
Asia	13,485	6,545	6,935	42.4	42.5	42.2
Afghanistan	250	130	125	0.8	0.8	0.8
Iran⁸⁸	180	75	105	0.6	0.5	0.6
Iraq	460	225	240	1.4	1.5	1.5
Lebanon	200	90	110	0.6	0.6	0.7
Syria⁸⁹	330	185	150	1.0	1.2	0.9
Turkey	110	55	55	0.3	0.4	0.3
China⁹⁰	465	205	255	1.5	1.3	1.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	100	60	40	0.3	0.4	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	215	90	125	0.7	0.6	0.8
Taiwan	60	40	20	0.2	0.3	0.1
Philippines	1,240	475	760	3.9	3.1	4.6
Viet Nam	805	355	450	2.5	2.3	2.7
Bangladesh	80	45	35	0.3	0.3	0.2
India	5,200	2,580	2,620	16.3	16.8	15.9
Pakistan	2,490	1,280	1,210	7.8	8.3	7.4
Sri Lanka	185	90	95	0.6	0.6	0.6
Other places of birth in Asia	1,115	570	540	3.5	3.7	3.3
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	95	55	45	0.3	0.4	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,255	2,165	2,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	445	215	230	10.5	9.9	11.0
Brazil	90	30	60	2.1	1.4	2.9
Colombia	50	25	25	1.2	1.2	1.2
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	95	45	45	2.2	2.1	2.2
Mexico	25	0	20	0.6	0.0	1.0
United States of America	95	55	40	2.2	2.5	1.9
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	95	55	40	2.2	2.5	1.9
Europe	310	155	155	7.3	7.2	7.4
France	15	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.7
Germany	20	10	10	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	10	10	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Ukraine	55	25	30	1.3	1.2	1.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	65	40	25	1.5	1.8	1.2
Other places of birth in Europe	125	55	70	2.9	2.5	3.3
Africa	405	195	205	9.5	9.0	9.8
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	30	15	15	0.7	0.7	0.7
Eritrea	15	10	10	0.4	0.5	0.5
Ethiopia	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.5
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	135	70	60	3.2	3.2	2.9
Somalia	15	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.5
South Africa, Republic of	100	50	45	2.4	2.3	2.2
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	75	30	40	1.8	1.4	1.9
Asia	3,085	1,590	1,500	72.5	73.4	71.8
Afghanistan	40	25	15	0.9	1.2	0.7
Bangladesh	10	10	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
China⁹⁰	45	25	15	1.1	1.2	0.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,545	820	725	36.3	37.9	34.7
Iran⁸⁸	15	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.7
Iraq	230	120	110	5.4	5.5	5.3
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	35	0	25	0.8	0.0	1.2
Jordan	30	15	10	0.7	0.7	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	60	25	35	1.4	1.2	1.7
Lebanon	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.5
Nepal	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.5
Pakistan	310	150	155	7.3	6.9	7.4
Philippines	225	95	130	5.3	4.4	6.2
Saudi Arabia	45	30	15	1.1	1.4	0.7
Sri Lanka	15	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.5
Syria⁸⁹	215	120	100	5.1	5.5	4.8
Turkey	65	35	30	1.5	1.6	1.4
United Arab Emirates	60	40	15	1.4	1.8	0.7
Viet Nam	50	15	35	1.2	0.7	1.7
Other places of birth in Asia	65	35	30	1.5	1.6	1.4
Oceania and other⁹³	15	10	0	0.4	0.5	0.0
Australia	10	10	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	137,120	68,125	68,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	35,445	17,555	17,890	25.8	25.8	25.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	30,670	15,465	15,210	22.4	22.7	22.0
Third generation or more¹⁰²	71,005	35,110	35,900	51.8	51.5	52.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	22,965	11,125	11,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	10,685	5,500	5,185	46.5	49.4	43.8
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	4,275	2,905	1,370	18.6	26.1	11.6
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	6,410	2,595	3,815	27.9	23.3	32.2
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,390	3,560	4,830	36.5	32.0	40.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,680	1,960	1,720	16.0	17.6	14.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	210	105	105	0.9	0.9	0.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	22,965	11,125	11,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,145	650	500	5.0	5.8	4.2
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,880	905	975	8.2	8.1	8.2
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	485	225	260	2.1	2.0	2.2
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,080	675	410	4.7	6.1	3.5
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	140	55	85	0.6	0.5	0.7
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	18,230	8,615	9,615	79.4	77.4	81.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	137,120	68,125	68,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	32,730	16,725	16,005	23.9	24.6	23.2
South Asian	16,095	8,555	7,540	11.7	12.6	10.9
Chinese	1,300	595	700	0.9	0.9	1.0
Black	4,880	2,490	2,390	3.6	3.7	3.5
Filipino	1,815	755	1,060	1.3	1.1	1.5
Arab	1,445	775	670	1.1	1.1	1.0
Latin American	2,360	1,165	1,195	1.7	1.7	1.7
Southeast Asian	1,700	790	910	1.2	1.2	1.3
West Asian	680	340	340	0.5	0.5	0.5
Korean	310	145	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	180	100	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	905	445	465	0.7	0.7	0.7
Multiple visible minorities	1,055	575	490	0.8	0.8	0.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	104,390	51,400	52,990	76.1	75.4	76.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	137,120	68,125	68,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	21,210	10,730	10,480	15.5	15.8	15.2
English	29,555	14,730	14,820	21.6	21.6	21.5
Irish	22,820	10,760	12,060	16.6	15.8	17.5
Scottish	23,215	11,115	12,095	16.9	16.3	17.5
French, n.o.s.¹²²	8,870	4,270	4,600	6.5	6.3	6.7
German	15,350	7,435	7,915	11.2	10.9	11.5
Chinese	1,670	795	870	1.2	1.2	1.3
Italian	5,870	2,845	3,020	4.3	4.2	4.4
Indian (India)	8,220	4,340	3,875	6.0	6.4	5.6
Ukrainian	2,785	1,300	1,485	2.0	1.9	2.2
Dutch	5,495	2,620	2,880	4.0	3.8	4.2
Polish	4,490	2,095	2,395	3.3	3.1	3.5
Québécois	275	120	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	5,350	2,470	2,875	3.9	3.6	4.2
Filipino	1,755	730	1,025	1.3	1.1	1.5
French Canadian	1,635	785	855	1.2	1.2	1.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,280	1,170	1,110	1.7	1.7	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,210	580	630	0.9	0.9	0.9
Métis	785	340	440	0.6	0.5	0.6
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,840	970	875	1.3	1.4	1.3
Russian	910	440	470	0.7	0.6	0.7
Norwegian	510	235	270	0.4	0.3	0.4
Welsh	2,215	1,060	1,155	1.6	1.6	1.7
Portuguese	10,935	5,415	5,520	8.0	7.9	8.0
American	1,245	620	625	0.9	0.9	0.9
Spanish	1,250	625	630	0.9	0.9	0.9
Swedish	445	210	240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hungarian	2,125	1,005	1,115	1.5	1.5	1.6
Acadian	420	195	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pakistani	3,480	1,765	1,715	2.5	2.6	2.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,255	695	565	0.9	1.0	0.8
Jewish	350	175	170	0.3	0.3	0.2
Punjabi	1,525	820	705	1.1	1.2	1.0
Vietnamese	1,180	570	610	0.9	0.8	0.9
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	495	245	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Greek	690	370	320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jamaican	1,450	740	710	1.1	1.1	1.0
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	730	370	370	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	50	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	330	155	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	860	435	420	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanese	450	225	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian	175	90	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	680	330	345	0.5	0.5	0.5
Danish	500	215	280	0.4	0.3	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	620	255	360	0.5	0.4	0.5
Sikh	860	460	395	0.6	0.7	0.6
Austrian	595	290	300	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belgian	560	315	235	0.4	0.5	0.3
Haitian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	810	450	360	0.6	0.7	0.5
Mexican	305	155	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mennonite	310	105	205	0.2	0.2	0.3
Swiss	580	260	315	0.4	0.4	0.5
Finnish	370	170	200	0.3	0.2	0.3
Sri Lankan	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	770	385	385	0.6	0.6	0.6
Japanese	240	140	100	0.2	0.2	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	690	350	345	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	430	140	285	0.3	0.2	0.4
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	265	100	165	0.2	0.1	0.2
Muslim	980	515	455	0.7	0.8	0.7
Egyptian	375	220	155	0.3	0.3	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	500	265	230	0.4	0.4	0.3
Tamil	115	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	445	190	255	0.3	0.3	0.4
Moroccan	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	475	165	310	0.3	0.2	0.4
Syrian	370	185	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyanese	650	320	330	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afghan	640	335	305	0.5	0.5	0.4
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	400	205	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	445	205	240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ojibway	275	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Newfoundlander	1,375	660	715	1.0	1.0	1.0
Hong Konger	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	910	455	460	0.7	0.7	0.7
Persian	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	400	215	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkish	295	165	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	165	60	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	415	195	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigerian	160	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	460	230	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slovak	285	120	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	205	105	100	0.1	0.2	0.1
Somali	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iraqi	260	120	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Salvadorean	445	230	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Caribbean	205	120	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	280	165	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	140	85	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	245	100	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Algonquin	85	30	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	365	175	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lithuanian	230	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	235	130	100	0.2	0.2	0.1
Australian	95	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	235	125	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chilean	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	125	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	130	40	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Yoruba	195	90	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	65	35	35	0.0	0.1	0.1
Berber	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	315	135	180	0.2	0.2	0.3
Macedonian	220	120	100	0.2	0.2	0.1
Slovenian	175	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	180	100	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	490	265	225	0.4	0.4	0.3
Eritrean	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Canadian	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	65	40	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mohawk	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	150	50	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	240	145	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
African American	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	190	125	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	60	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	140	85	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	170	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	265	140	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ilocano	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Northern Irish	215	120	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Franco Ontarian	35	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	145	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	145	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Thai	65	35	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dominican	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	65	40	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	290	85	200	0.2	0.1	0.3
Malaysian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	50	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	135	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kenyan	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jordanian	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manitoban	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Honduran	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	40	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Flemish	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	80	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Pashtun	260	130	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Burmese	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	355	160	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	65	45	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Basque	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	65	55	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	137,120	68,125	68,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	935	475	460	0.7	0.7	0.7
Christian	74,845	35,095	39,750	54.6	51.5	57.6
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	9,470	4,540	4,925	6.9	6.7	7.1
Anabaptist	345	150	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Anglican	5,870	2,675	3,200	4.3	3.9	4.6
Baptist	2,750	1,215	1,530	2.0	1.8	2.2
Catholic	39,645	19,025	20,620	28.9	27.9	29.9
Christian Orthodox	1,615	755	860	1.2	1.1	1.2
Jehovah's Witness	405	175	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latter Day Saints	295	185	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Lutheran	1,545	725	825	1.1	1.1	1.2
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	430	220	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,735	775	960	1.3	1.1	1.4
Presbyterian	2,850	1,205	1,645	2.1	1.8	2.4
Reformed	450	215	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
United Church	4,385	1,860	2,525	3.2	2.7	3.7
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,050	1,370	1,680	2.2	2.0	2.4
Hindu	4,005	2,185	1,825	2.9	3.2	2.6
Jewish	235	145	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Muslim	9,300	4,690	4,605	6.8	6.9	6.7
Sikh	4,040	2,220	1,820	2.9	3.3	2.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	685	245	440	0.5	0.4	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	43,065	23,065	20,000	31.4	33.9	29.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	135,680	67,415	68,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	119,715	59,200	60,515	88.2	87.8	88.6
Movers	15,965	8,225	7,745	11.8	12.2	11.3
Non-migrants	7,465	3,940	3,525	5.5	5.8	5.2
Migrants	8,500	4,280	4,220	6.3	6.3	6.2
Internal migrants	7,695	3,875	3,820	5.7	5.7	5.6
Intraprovincial migrants	7,350	3,715	3,635	5.4	5.5	5.3
Interprovincial migrants	345	160	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
External migrants	805	410	400	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	129,595	64,295	65,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	80,065	39,150	40,915	61.8	60.9	62.7
Movers	49,530	25,145	24,390	38.2	39.1	37.4
Non-migrants	19,615	9,840	9,775	15.1	15.3	15.0
Migrants	29,920	15,305	14,615	23.1	23.8	22.4
Internal migrants	24,510	12,300	12,215	18.9	19.1	18.7
Intraprovincial migrants	22,770	11,390	11,380	17.6	17.7	17.4
Interprovincial migrants	1,740	905	835	1.3	1.4	1.3
External migrants	5,410	3,010	2,395	4.2	4.7	3.7
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	112,655	55,575	57,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	22,975	11,455	11,525	20.4	20.6	20.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	89,680	44,120	45,555	79.6	79.4	79.8
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	74,855	37,250	37,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	9,505	5,125	4,375	12.7	13.8	11.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	65,355	32,130	33,230	87.3	86.3	88.4
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	112,655	55,575	57,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	21,115	10,325	10,790	18.7	18.6	18.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	35,125	17,715	17,415	31.2	31.9	30.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	56,420	27,540	28,875	50.1	49.6	50.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	33,850	17,180	16,670	30.0	30.9	29.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,555	4,775	1,770	5.8	8.6	3.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,085	1,880	1,205	2.7	3.4	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,470	2,900	565	3.1	5.2	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	25,140	11,345	13,795	22.3	20.4	24.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,155	1,060	1,095	1.9	1.9	1.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	22,570	10,360	12,210	20.0	18.6	21.4
Bachelor's degree	16,000	7,180	8,820	14.2	12.9	15.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,255	555	695	1.1	1.0	1.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	495	225	270	0.4	0.4	0.5
Master's degree	4,345	2,125	2,220	3.9	3.8	3.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	470	270	200	0.4	0.5	0.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	74,860	37,250	37,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,325	4,455	3,870	11.1	12.0	10.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	21,550	11,320	10,225	28.8	30.4	27.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	44,985	21,475	23,505	60.1	57.7	62.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	26,470	13,230	13,235	35.4	35.5	35.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,640	3,350	1,290	6.2	9.0	3.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,110	1,265	845	2.8	3.4	2.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,530	2,085	445	3.4	5.6	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	20,235	9,120	11,115	27.0	24.5	29.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,590	760	830	2.1	2.0	2.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	18,510	8,240	10,270	24.7	22.1	27.3
Bachelor's degree	12,900	5,655	7,245	17.2	15.2	19.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,005	420	580	1.3	1.1	1.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	435	180	255	0.6	0.5	0.7
Master's degree	3,800	1,805	2,000	5.1	4.8	5.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	375	185	190	0.5	0.5	0.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	112,655	55,575	57,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	56,240	28,030	28,210	49.9	50.4	49.4
Education	2,690	560	2,130	2.4	1.0	3.7
13. Education	2,690	560	2,130	2.4	1.0	3.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,960	785	1,175	1.7	1.4	2.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	155	115	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,800	665	1,140	1.6	1.2	2.0
Humanities	3,300	1,295	2,010	2.9	2.3	3.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	185	40	145	0.2	0.1	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	685	155	530	0.6	0.3	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,125	410	710	1.0	0.7	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	90	20	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	205	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	410	255	150	0.4	0.5	0.3
54. History	495	285	205	0.4	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	110	25	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,615	1,980	4,635	5.9	3.6	8.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	15	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	815	330	490	0.7	0.6	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,615	140	1,475	1.4	0.3	2.6
22. Legal professions and studies	845	215	630	0.8	0.4	1.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	925	255	670	0.8	0.5	1.2
45. Social sciences	2,185	955	1,230	1.9	1.7	2.2
Business, management and public administration	11,700	4,840	6,860	10.4	8.7	12.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	975	175	795	0.9	0.3	1.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,680	4,645	6,035	9.5	8.4	10.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,175	935	1,235	1.9	1.7	2.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	865	290	580	0.8	0.5	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	570	250	325	0.5	0.4	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	570	335	235	0.5	0.6	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	125	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,540	1,615	930	2.3	2.9	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,075	1,370	705	1.8	2.5	1.2
25. Library science	120	20	100	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	330	210	120	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	12,765	11,650	1,120	11.3	21.0	2.0
04. Architecture and related services	435	305	130	0.4	0.5	0.2
14. Engineering	2,795	2,375	425	2.5	4.3	0.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,330	2,920	410	3.0	5.3	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,775	1,740	40	1.6	3.1	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,310	2,285	25	2.1	4.1	0.0
48. Precision production	2,115	2,025	90	1.9	3.6	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,235	660	580	1.1	1.2	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	820	390	430	0.7	0.7	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	415	265	145	0.4	0.5	0.3
Health and related fields	7,530	1,265	6,260	6.7	2.3	11.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	775	365	410	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,670	870	5,800	5.9	1.6	10.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,895	1,970	1,925	3.5	3.5	3.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,775	395	1,380	1.6	0.7	2.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,415	925	485	1.3	1.7	0.8
49. Transportation and materials moving	690	635	60	0.6	1.1	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	74,860	37,250	37,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	29,875	15,780	14,100	39.9	42.4	37.5
Education	2,025	405	1,620	2.7	1.1	4.3
13. Education	2,025	405	1,620	2.7	1.1	4.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,645	655	990	2.2	1.8	2.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	120	95	25	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,525	555	965	2.0	1.5	2.6
Humanities	2,515	940	1,575	3.4	2.5	4.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	145	25	120	0.2	0.1	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	560	115	445	0.7	0.3	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	800	285	520	1.1	0.8	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	155	80	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	310	190	125	0.4	0.5	0.3
54. History	395	215	180	0.5	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	85	20	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,395	1,480	3,915	7.2	4.0	10.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	45	0	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	670	255	415	0.9	0.7	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,370	115	1,255	1.8	0.3	3.3
22. Legal professions and studies	710	165	545	0.9	0.4	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	115	50	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	720	170	550	1.0	0.5	1.5
45. Social sciences	1,765	720	1,040	2.4	1.9	2.8
Business, management and public administration	9,515	3,875	5,640	12.7	10.4	15.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	805	115	690	1.1	0.3	1.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,680	3,750	4,935	11.6	10.1	13.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,675	690	985	2.2	1.9	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	720	235	485	1.0	0.6	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	415	185	230	0.6	0.5	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	420	220	200	0.6	0.6	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,190	1,405	780	2.9	3.8	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,820	1,215	605	2.4	3.3	1.6
25. Library science	90	20	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	260	155	110	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,975	9,020	960	13.3	24.2	2.6
04. Architecture and related services	370	250	120	0.5	0.7	0.3
14. Engineering	2,330	1,940	385	3.1	5.2	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,740	2,410	330	3.7	6.5	0.9
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,285	1,255	30	1.7	3.4	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,710	1,690	20	2.3	4.5	0.1
48. Precision production	1,545	1,470	75	2.1	3.9	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,010	495	515	1.3	1.3	1.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	645	275	370	0.9	0.7	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	365	225	145	0.5	0.6	0.4
Health and related fields	5,890	960	4,935	7.9	2.6	13.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	575	265	305	0.8	0.7	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,250	675	4,575	7.0	1.8	12.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,130	1,545	1,580	4.2	4.1	4.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,415	320	1,090	1.9	0.9	2.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,225	790	435	1.6	2.1	1.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	485	435	50	0.6	1.2	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	74,860	37,250	37,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	29,875	15,780	14,100	39.9	42.4	37.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	44,980	21,470	23,510	60.1	57.6	62.5
Location of study inside Canada	36,895	17,410	19,485	49.3	46.7	51.8
Same as province or territory of residence	35,060	16,510	18,550	46.8	44.3	49.3
Different than province or territory of residence	1,835	900	935	2.5	2.4	2.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	8,085	4,060	4,025	10.8	10.9	10.7
Americas	1,445	765	680	1.9	2.1	1.8
United States of America	780	455	330	1.0	1.2	0.9
Mexico	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	35	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	140	60	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	125	55	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Peru	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	210	105	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Europe	1,460	750	715	2.0	2.0	1.9
Belgium	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	50	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Germany	65	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	110	30	75	0.1	0.1	0.2
Romania	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	120	65	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	675	365	305	0.9	1.0	0.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	190	95	90	0.3	0.3	0.2
Africa	410	200	205	0.5	0.5	0.5
Nigeria	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	120	60	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Asia	4,605	2,255	2,350	6.2	6.1	6.2
Iran⁸⁸	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iraq	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	175	80	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Taiwan	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	35	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	465	140	325	0.6	0.4	0.9
Viet Nam	45	0	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
India	2,525	1,355	1,175	3.4	3.6	3.1
Pakistan	785	400	385	1.0	1.1	1.0
Other locations of study in Asia	175	70	105	0.2	0.2	0.3
Oceania	160	95	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Australia	135	70	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	30	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	112,655	55,575	57,080	...	...	...
In the labour force	74,395	39,340	35,050	...	...	...
Employed	65,845	35,355	30,495	...	...	...
Unemployed	8,550	3,990	4,560	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	38,260	16,235	22,030	...	...	...
Participation rate	66.0	70.8	61.4	66.0	70.8	61.4
Employment rate	58.4	63.6	53.4	58.4	63.6	53.4
Unemployment rate	11.5	10.1	13.0	11.5	10.1	13.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	112,655	55,575	57,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	38,905	16,590	22,310	34.5	29.9	39.1
Worked	73,755	38,985	34,770	65.5	70.1	60.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	41,175	23,485	17,690	36.5	42.3	31.0
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	32,580	15,495	17,085	28.9	27.9	29.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.9	42.9	40.7	41.9	42.9	40.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	74,390	39,340	35,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,860	860	1,000	2.5	2.2	2.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	72,535	38,480	34,050	97.5	97.8	97.1
Employee	64,530	33,575	30,960	86.7	85.3	88.3
Permanent position	56,630	29,910	26,720	76.1	76.0	76.2
Temporary position	7,900	3,660	4,235	10.6	9.3	12.1
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,455	1,055	1,400	3.3	2.7	4.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,445	2,610	2,835	7.3	6.6	8.1
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,005	4,910	3,100	10.8	12.5	8.8
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	74,390	39,340	35,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,860	860	1,000	2.5	2.2	2.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	72,535	38,480	34,050	97.5	97.8	97.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	640	455	180	0.9	1.2	0.5
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,790	3,585	8,205	15.8	9.1	23.4
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,915	4,510	1,400	8.0	11.5	4.0
3 Health occupations	4,380	670	3,710	5.9	1.7	10.6
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,055	2,225	4,835	9.5	5.7	13.8
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,630	660	965	2.2	1.7	2.8
6 Sales and service occupations	17,740	7,300	10,440	23.8	18.6	29.8
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	14,580	13,025	1,560	19.6	33.1	4.5
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,105	790	310	1.5	2.0	0.9
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	7,710	5,260	2,445	10.4	13.4	7.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	74,390	39,340	35,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,860	860	1,000	2.5	2.2	2.9
All industries¹⁹¹	72,535	38,480	34,050	97.5	97.8	97.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	605	340	260	0.8	0.9	0.7
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	130	90	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	340	285	60	0.5	0.7	0.2
23 Construction	5,630	4,730	905	7.6	12.0	2.6
31-33 Manufacturing	13,820	9,665	4,160	18.6	24.6	11.9
41 Wholesale trade	3,620	2,315	1,300	4.9	5.9	3.7
44-45 Retail trade	8,565	4,015	4,550	11.5	10.2	13.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,600	3,405	1,200	6.2	8.7	3.4
51 Information and cultural industries	1,270	730	545	1.7	1.9	1.6
52 Finance and insurance	2,840	1,070	1,765	3.8	2.7	5.0
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,090	520	575	1.5	1.3	1.6
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,980	2,660	2,325	6.7	6.8	6.6
55 Management of companies and enterprises	165	55	115	0.2	0.1	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,055	1,695	1,360	4.1	4.3	3.9
61 Educational services	4,605	1,330	3,275	6.2	3.4	9.3
62 Health care and social assistance	7,435	1,050	6,390	10.0	2.7	18.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	940	490	450	1.3	1.2	1.3
72 Accommodation and food services	3,605	1,405	2,195	4.8	3.6	6.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,730	1,345	1,380	3.7	3.4	3.9
91 Public administration	2,495	1,300	1,190	3.4	3.3	3.4
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	78,910	41,465	37,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	75,895	40,055	35,840	96.2	96.6	95.7
French	145	15	130	0.2	0.0	0.3
Non-official language	185	135	50	0.2	0.3	0.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	185	135	50	0.2	0.3	0.1
English and French	870	275	600	1.1	0.7	1.6
English and non-official language(s)	1,750	975	785	2.2	2.4	2.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	0	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	78,910	41,465	37,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	78,520	41,330	37,185	99.5	99.7	99.3
Official languages	78,105	41,070	37,030	99.0	99.0	98.9
English	77,830	41,020	36,810	98.6	98.9	98.3
French	270	50	220	0.3	0.1	0.6
Non-official languages	415	260	155	0.5	0.6	0.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	415	260	155	0.5	0.6	0.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	40	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	275	185	90	0.3	0.4	0.2
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	65	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	65	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	50	40	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	80	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	80	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	55	40	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	120	85	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	55	35	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	395	135	260	0.5	0.3	0.7
English and French	140	15	120	0.2	0.0	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	255	115	135	0.3	0.3	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	78,910	41,465	37,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	76,575	40,320	36,255	97.0	97.2	96.8
English	335	145	185	0.4	0.3	0.5
French	615	225	390	0.8	0.5	1.0
Non-official language	1,130	635	490	1.4	1.5	1.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,130	635	490	1.4	1.5	1.3
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	40	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	200	120	85	0.3	0.3	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	65,845	35,350	30,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	14,100	6,200	7,900	21.4	17.5	25.9
Worked outside Canada	195	145	50	0.3	0.4	0.2
No fixed workplace address	7,235	5,630	1,605	11.0	15.9	5.3
Usual place of work	44,320	23,375	20,940	67.3	66.1	68.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	44,315	23,375	20,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	24,850	12,265	12,585	56.1	52.5	60.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	7,190	3,485	3,705	16.2	14.9	17.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	12,210	7,580	4,625	27.6	32.4	22.1
Commute to a different province or territory	70	40	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	51,550	29,005	22,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	47,590	27,045	20,540	92.3	93.2	91.1
Car, truck or van - as a driver	43,605	25,270	18,335	84.6	87.1	81.3
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,985	1,780	2,210	7.7	6.1	9.8
Public transit	1,695	840	855	3.3	2.9	3.8
Walked	1,250	575	670	2.4	2.0	3.0
Bicycle	200	165	30	0.4	0.6	0.1
Other method	815	375	440	1.6	1.3	2.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	51,550	29,005	22,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	16,690	8,310	8,380	32.4	28.7	37.2
15 to 29 minutes	18,540	10,240	8,305	36.0	35.3	36.8
30 to 44 minutes	8,900	5,245	3,650	17.3	18.1	16.2
45 to 59 minutes	3,480	2,250	1,230	6.8	7.8	5.5
60 minutes and over	3,935	2,960	975	7.6	10.2	4.3
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	51,550	29,005	22,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	6,165	4,410	1,750	12.0	15.2	7.8
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	10,355	6,885	3,470	20.1	23.7	15.4
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	11,130	5,855	5,280	21.6	20.2	23.4
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,810	3,605	5,210	17.1	12.4	23.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,390	2,340	3,050	10.5	8.1	13.5
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	9,700	5,910	3,785	18.8	20.4	16.8
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	30,180	15,475	14,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,000	995	1,010	6.6	6.4	6.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	28,180	14,480	13,700	93.4	93.6	93.1
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	22,035	11,330	10,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,500	755	740	6.8	6.7	6.9
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	890	435	455	4.0	3.8	4.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	605	320	285	2.7	2.8	2.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,540	10,570	9,960	93.2	93.3	93.0

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed January 16, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

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