Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Hamilton, Census division (CDR)More information: Ontario [Census division] Remove Hamilton, Census division (CDR), Census division	CanadaMore information: [Country] Remove Canada, Country
	Counts	Counts
	Total	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	569,353	36,991,981
Population, 2016¹	536,917	35,151,728
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.0	5.2
Total private dwellings²	233,564	16,284,235
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	222,807	14,978,941
Population density per square kilometre	509.1	4.2
Land area in square kilometres	1,118.31	8,788,702.80
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	569,350	36,991,980
0 to 14 years	91,240	6,012,795
0 to 4 years	29,100	1,831,195
5 to 9 years	30,695	2,054,900
10 to 14 years	31,450	2,126,705
15 to 64 years	373,820	23,957,760
15 to 19 years	31,795	2,012,975
20 to 24 years	36,405	2,202,255
25 to 29 years	40,525	2,421,510
30 to 34 years	41,330	2,518,835
35 to 39 years	38,940	2,511,345
40 to 44 years	35,025	2,399,405
45 to 49 years	34,155	2,304,170
50 to 54 years	36,665	2,368,350
55 to 59 years	40,930	2,647,330
60 to 64 years	38,045	2,571,580
65 years and over	104,290	7,021,430
65 to 69 years	31,630	2,210,970
70 to 74 years	26,700	1,847,585
75 to 79 years	18,290	1,260,930
80 to 84 years	12,990	840,545
85 years and over	14,685	861,395
85 to 89 years	8,750	525,445
90 to 94 years	4,435	258,035
95 to 99 years	1,340	68,380
100 years and over	155	9,535
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.0	16.3
15 to 64 years	65.7	64.8
65 years and over	18.3	19.0
85 years and over	2.6	2.3
Average age of the population	41.5	41.9
Median age of the population	40.8	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	222,810	14,978,940
Single-detached house	125,130	7,872,310
Semi-detached house	6,770	746,560
Row house	27,455	980,110
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,380	821,490
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	19,045	2,738,020
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	36,465	1,596,155
Other single-attached house	415	34,880
Movable dwelling⁴	145	189,420
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	222,810	14,978,940
1 person	62,110	4,396,015
2 persons	71,460	5,124,800
3 persons	35,325	2,194,825
4 persons	32,690	2,002,455
5 or more persons	21,220	1,260,850
Number of persons in private households	560,920	36,328,475
Average household size	2.5	2.4
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	478,115	30,979,185
Married or living common-law	260,655	17,626,005
Married	216,485	13,725,625
Living common-law	44,165	3,900,375
Living common law - Never married	32,210	2,967,665
Living common law - Separated	2,405	123,830
Living common law - Divorced	8,540	721,715
Living common law - Widowed	1,010	87,165
Not married and not living common-law	217,455	13,353,180
Not married and not living common law - Never married	145,095	9,025,865
Not married and not living common law - Separated	14,455	741,135
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	29,890	1,921,880
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	28,015	1,664,295
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	157,120	10,262,925
2 persons	76,160	5,306,105
3 persons	34,980	2,147,825
4 persons	31,435	1,953,035
5 or more persons	14,550	855,960
Average size of census families	2.9	2.9
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	1.8
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	157,125	10,262,925
Total couple families	126,990	8,576,585
Married couples	104,920	6,627,310
With children⁶	60,475	3,481,775
Without children	44,445	3,145,535
Common-law couples	22,070	1,949,275
With children⁶	8,305	808,645
Without children	13,765	1,140,630
Total one-parent families	30,135	1,686,340
in which the parent is a woman+	23,985	1,302,670
in which the parent is a man+	6,150	383,670
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	560,920	36,328,475
Total - Persons in census families	461,625	29,478,475
Married spouses or common-law partners	253,975	17,153,165
Parents in one-parent families	30,135	1,686,340
Children⁶	177,515	10,638,965
In a two-parent family	130,105	8,024,590
In a one-parent family	47,405	2,614,375
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	99,290	6,850,005
Living alone	62,110	4,396,015
Living with other relatives⁷	14,895	927,345
Living with non-relatives only	22,285	1,526,645
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	222,805	14,978,945
One-census-family households without additional persons	134,420	8,932,695
Couple-family households	111,410	7,627,195
With children⁶	60,520	3,789,795
Without children	50,885	3,837,400
One-parent-family households	23,015	1,305,500
Multigenerational households⁸	8,140	441,745
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,570	94,235
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	7,030	450,415
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	9,535	663,835
One-person households	62,110	4,396,015
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	469,795	30,336,135
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	450,655	29,241,810
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	41,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	450,895	29,256,180
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	36,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	394,960	26,045,500
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	35,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	322,360	21,127,615
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	37,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	411,095	25,401,740
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,300	9,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	42,345	3,185,840
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	132,175	8,373,550
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	469,795	30,335,920
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	450,700	29,242,935
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,750	54,450
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	450,940	29,257,325
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,520	44,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	394,655	26,047,020
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,920	50,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	322,360	21,127,690
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,520	50,280
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	411,325	25,397,565
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,000	11,170
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	42,480	3,179,395
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,550	7,050
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	131,805	8,346,145
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,140	8,920
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	469,795	30,335,920
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	151,400	9,912,810
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,500	63,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,600	77,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	124,610	8,426,645
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,800	18,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,160	29,160
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.4	82.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.2	66.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.7	17.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.7	5.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.0	4.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	469,795	30,336,130
Without total income	19,135	1,094,320
With total income	450,655	29,241,815
Under $10,000 (including loss)	36,650	2,434,730
$10,000 to $19,999	55,620	3,448,185
$20,000 to $29,999	71,615	4,635,650
$30,000 to $39,999	58,470	3,723,680
$40,000 to $49,999	50,680	3,290,715
$50,000 to $59,999	40,980	2,677,465
$60,000 to $69,999	32,600	2,073,335
$70,000 to $79,999	25,035	1,592,465
$80,000 to $89,999	18,820	1,239,395
$90,000 to $99,999	14,970	965,950
$100,000 and over	45,215	3,160,245
$100,000 to $149,999	31,605	2,102,630
$150,000 and over	13,605	1,057,615
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	469,795	30,336,130
Without after-tax income	18,900	1,079,955
With after-tax income	450,900	29,256,180
Under $10,000 (including loss)	38,195	2,561,695
$10,000 to $19,999	58,005	3,608,250
$20,000 to $29,999	80,540	5,294,505
$30,000 to $39,999	68,950	4,442,970
$40,000 to $49,999	58,345	3,798,710
$50,000 to $59,999	44,640	2,833,120
$60,000 to $69,999	31,750	2,020,895
$70,000 to $79,999	22,330	1,428,520
$80,000 to $89,999	17,485	1,027,015
$90,000 to $99,999	9,580	643,700
$100,000 and over	21,090	1,596,790
$100,000 to $124,999	10,880	792,455
$125,000 and over	10,205	804,335
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	469,795	30,336,130
Without employment income	147,440	9,208,520
With employment income	322,360	21,127,615
Under $5,000 (including loss)	47,495	2,951,135
$5,000 to $9,999	26,825	1,739,570
$10,000 to $19,999	37,340	2,498,120
$20,000 to $29,999	28,625	1,960,665
$30,000 to $39,999	27,935	1,903,100
$40,000 to $49,999	27,935	1,859,845
$50,000 to $59,999	25,910	1,640,805
$60,000 to $69,999	21,735	1,367,510
$70,000 to $79,999	17,190	1,099,625
$80,000 to $89,999	14,150	929,490
$90,000 to $99,999	12,455	760,035
$100,000 and over	34,760	2,417,710
$100,000 to $124,999	17,970	1,129,445
$125,000 and over	16,795	1,288,265
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	469,795	30,336,135
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	442,190	28,598,395
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	442,320	28,617,610
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	35,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	391,120	25,708,470
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	36,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	323,610	21,241,445
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	388,485	23,196,815
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,640	4,240
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	29,535	2,428,800
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,720
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	469,795	30,335,920
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	442,310	28,599,665
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,360	52,350
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	442,450	28,618,280
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,400	42,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	391,100	25,709,140
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,280	51,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	323,710	21,242,575
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,200	50,560
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	388,665	23,191,860
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,570	7,950
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	29,280	2,430,165
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,250	7,560
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	469,795	30,335,920
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	150,100	9,831,805
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,800	60,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,700	73,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	117,350	7,934,985
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,200	24,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,800	35,200
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.6	87.6
Employment income (%)	71.4	71.8
Government transfers (%)	13.5	12.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	222,810	14,978,940
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	86,000	84,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	75,500	73,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	62,110	4,396,015
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400	41,600
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,800	37,200
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	160,695	10,582,930
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000	105,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,000	91,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	222,805	14,978,940
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	108,700	106,300
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	92,100	87,700
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	62,080	4,394,500
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,800	53,350
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,240	44,360
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	160,725	10,584,445
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	131,200	128,200
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,000	105,700
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	222,810	14,978,940
Under $5,000	2,495	165,175
$5,000 to $9,999	1,110	91,750
$10,000 to $14,999	2,580	178,475
$15,000 to $19,999	4,875	274,140
$20,000 to $24,999	8,145	637,695
$25,000 to $29,999	7,705	505,875
$30,000 to $34,999	7,205	488,735
$35,000 to $39,999	7,740	560,950
$40,000 to $44,999	8,290	572,650
$45,000 to $49,999	7,990	559,155
$50,000 to $59,999	15,980	1,093,185
$60,000 to $69,999	15,325	1,044,715
$70,000 to $79,999	14,495	986,460
$80,000 to $89,999	13,370	921,205
$90,000 to $99,999	12,530	844,835
$100,000 and over	92,975	6,053,945
$100,000 to $124,999	26,750	1,753,485
$125,000 to $149,999	19,745	1,283,445
$150,000 to $199,999	24,405	1,545,935
$200,000 and over	22,075	1,471,075
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	222,810	14,978,940
Under $5,000	2,695	186,735
$5,000 to $9,999	1,145	95,195
$10,000 to $14,999	2,675	183,430
$15,000 to $19,999	5,055	289,545
$20,000 to $24,999	8,680	681,900
$25,000 to $29,999	8,710	589,110
$30,000 to $34,999	8,400	582,275
$35,000 to $39,999	9,035	666,675
$40,000 to $44,999	9,505	676,995
$45,000 to $49,999	9,370	655,100
$50,000 to $59,999	18,615	1,285,425
$60,000 to $69,999	17,905	1,223,830
$70,000 to $79,999	16,515	1,137,840
$80,000 to $89,999	15,575	1,039,375
$90,000 to $99,999	13,795	911,515
$100,000 and over	75,130	4,773,995
$100,000 to $124,999	27,315	1,757,035
$125,000 to $149,999	18,455	1,152,855
$150,000 and over	29,365	1,864,100
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	154,140	10,117,305
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,000	105,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000	91,000
Average family size of economic families	3.1	3.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	52,205	3,929,500
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	91,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	79,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	69,200	4,311,315
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,000	136,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	116,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	4.1
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	27,405	1,547,920
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	70,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	64,000
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	2.7
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	84,400	5,922,660
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	38,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	34,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	153,995	10,113,100
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,300	128,600
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,900	105,600
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	51,910	3,926,040
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,600	112,500
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,100	92,000
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	69,325	4,318,755
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	155,400	160,600
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	129,200	130,600
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	27,225	1,539,580
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,300	82,300
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,700	71,800
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	84,250	5,916,895
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	56,650	49,440
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,000	41,560
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	560,915	36,328,475
0 to 17 years	109,880	7,196,545
0 to 5 years	35,170	2,225,085
18 to 64 years	352,465	22,545,065
65 years and over	98,575	6,586,865
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	60,275	4,016,065
0 to 17 years	14,275	854,565
0 to 5 years	4,815	282,315
18 to 64 years	34,200	2,175,755
65 years and over	11,805	985,745
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.8	11.1
0 to 17 years (%)	13.0	11.9
0 to 5 years (%)	13.7	12.7
18 to 64 years (%)	9.7	9.7
65 years and over (%)	12.0	15.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	560,920	35,837,970
0 to 17 years	109,875	7,043,545
0 to 5 years	35,170	2,175,935
18 to 64 years	352,465	22,262,940
65 years and over	98,575	6,531,490
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	34,935	1,863,335
0 to 17 years	6,555	319,545
0 to 5 years	2,260	99,435
18 to 64 years	25,185	1,344,640
65 years and over	3,200	199,155
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.2	5.2
0 to 17 years (%)	6.0	4.5
0 to 5 years (%)	6.4	4.6
18 to 64 years (%)	7.1	6.0
65 years and over (%)	3.3	3.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	560,915	36,328,475
In bottom half of the distribution	271,295	18,164,550
In bottom decile	54,340	3,632,735
In second decile	54,355	3,632,975
In third decile	54,115	3,632,895
In fourth decile	54,440	3,632,745
In fifth decile	54,050	3,633,205
In top half of the distribution	289,615	18,163,925
In sixth decile	56,765	3,632,910
In seventh decile	57,815	3,632,765
In eighth decile	59,610	3,632,555
In ninth decile	60,825	3,632,930
In top decile	54,610	3,632,765
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	560,920	36,328,475
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.332	0.347
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.453	0.462
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.292	0.302
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	3.8
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	563,820	36,620,955
English only	520,350	25,261,655
French only	410	4,087,895
English and French	32,630	6,581,680
Neither English nor French	10,435	689,725
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	563,820	36,620,955
English	545,085	27,643,140
French	6,410	7,828,545
English and French	2,195	476,175
Neither English nor French	10,130	673,100
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	563,820	36,620,955
Single responses	542,005	35,145,265
Official languages	408,935	27,296,445
English	402,740	20,107,200
French	6,195	7,189,245
Non-official languages	133,065	7,848,820
Indigenous languages³⁹	50	148,895
Algonquian languages	30	97,125
Blackfoot	0	2,520
Cree-Innu languages	5	67,665
Atikamekw	0	5,500
Cree languages	5	53,070
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	155
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	580
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	3,460
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	2,475
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	5,025
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	2,850
Cree, n.o.s.	5	38,535
Innu (Montagnais)	0	8,465
Naskapi	0	625
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	5,155
Mi'kmaq	0	4,910
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	245
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	21,775
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	865
Oji-Cree	0	9,310
Ojibway languages	15	11,605
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	470
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	65
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	1,880
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15	9,185
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	10
Athabaskan languages	0	12,885
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	12,785
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	625
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	120
Dene, n.o.s.	0	8,060
Gwich'in	0	175
Slavey-Hare languages	0	1,505
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	400
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	270
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	840
Tahltan languages	0	150
Kaska (Nahani)	0	65
Tahltan	0	80
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	1,390
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	35
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	465
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	25
Tutchone languages	0	120
Northern Tutchone	0	70
Southern Tutchone	0	25
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	25
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	120
Tlingit	0	50
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	45
Haida	0	45
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	33,790
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	560
Inuinnaqtun	0	335
Inuvialuktun	0	225
Inuktitut	0	33,200
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	30
Iroquoian languages	20	355
Cayuga	5	35
Mohawk	10	275
Oneida	0	45
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	10
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	30
Michif	0	485
Salish languages	0	1,095
Halkomelem	0	185
Lillooet	0	100
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	180
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	265
Squamish	0	25
Straits	0	95
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	185
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	55
Siouan languages	0	1,040
Assiniboine	0	70
Dakota	0	560
Stoney	0	365
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	45
Tsimshian languages	0	1,035
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	590
Nisga'a	0	325
Tsimshian	0	120
Wakashan languages	0	770
Haisla	0	85
Heiltsuk	0	300
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	150
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	220
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	20
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	60
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	180
Non-Indigenous languages	133,015	7,699,925
Afro-Asiatic languages	17,595	698,355
Berber languages	20	27,490
Kabyle	10	24,760
Tamazight	10	2,340
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	395
Chadic languages	30	1,985
Hausa	30	1,315
Mina	0	675
Coptic	10	1,015
Cushitic languages	1,260	49,410
Bilen	0	2,020
Oromo	50	5,905
Somali	1,215	40,730
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	755
Semitic languages	16,280	618,450
Amharic	245	25,685
Arabic	12,560	508,410
Aramaic languages	3,000	27,690
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,535	17,220
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	385	8,860
Aramaic, n.o.s.	80	1,600
Harari	5	1,220
Hebrew	165	19,495
Maltese	90	4,425
Tigrigna	210	31,075
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	450
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,370	192,985
Khmer (Cambodian)	795	19,525
Vietnamese	3,570	173,000
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	460
Austronesian languages	6,145	565,375
Bikol	20	2,115
Bisaya, n.o.s.	80	8,215
Cebuano	185	18,945
Fijian	5	605
Hiligaynon	75	9,690
Ilocano	385	33,520
Indonesian	105	11,910
Kankanaey	10	1,100
Kinaray-a	10	670
Malagasy languages	0	2,085
Merina	0	1,245
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	835
Malay	25	1,330
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	65	5,615
Pangasinan	20	2,050
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	5,095	461,150
Waray-Waray	25	1,625
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	4,740
Creole languages	345	78,235
Haitian Creole	150	52,435
Jamaican English Creole	25	600
Krio	10	795
Morisyen	25	6,125
Sango	10	580
Creole, n.o.s.	90	15,550
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	2,135
Dravidian languages	2,140	244,165
Kannada	60	6,240
Malayalam	1,115	54,050
Tamil	665	152,850
Telugu	285	30,045
Tulu	5	615
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	370
Georgian	15	2,180
Hmong-Mien languages	0	565
Indo-European languages	86,040	4,124,860
Albanian	1,310	29,265
Armenian	310	33,720
Balto-Slavic languages	22,790	648,810
Baltic languages	590	10,560
Latvian	235	4,430
Lithuanian	355	6,130
Slavic languages	22,195	638,250
Belarusian	5	720
Bulgarian	145	19,035
Czech	745	20,025
Macedonian	415	14,795
Polish	6,665	160,170
Russian	1,650	197,905
Rusyn	5	500
Serbo-Croatian	10,350	116,735
Bosnian	965	13,820
Croatian	4,085	43,500
Serbian	5,195	57,425
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	115	1,995
Slovak	375	15,255
Slovene (Slovenian)	440	7,965
Ukrainian	1,365	84,705
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	25	440
Celtic languages	35	2,150
Irish	5	665
Scottish Gaelic	15	425
Welsh	15	825
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	230
Germanic languages	5,390	463,400
Frisian	60	1,570
High German languages	2,855	301,570
German	2,790	272,865
Pennsylvania German	5	9,065
Swiss German	40	7,575
Yiddish	25	12,060
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,260	138,655
Afrikaans	180	12,270
Dutch	2,015	80,315
Low German, n.o.s.	0	8,670
Low Saxon	5	1,270
Plautdietsch	25	33,200
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	2,935
Scandinavian languages	205	20,275
Danish	120	9,945
Icelandic	5	905
Norwegian	20	3,535
Swedish	60	5,890
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	1,330
Greek	1,360	93,335
Indo-Iranian languages	23,320	1,659,505
Indo-Aryan languages	18,645	1,358,645
Assamese	5	545
Bengali	1,365	87,580
Gujarati	2,970	138,985
Hindi	1,830	152,825
Kacchi	35	6,930
Kashmiri	5	745
Konkani	55	3,425
Marathi	145	14,145
Nepali	325	23,425
Oriya languages	10	1,775
Odia	10	1,125
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	645
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,280	666,585
Rohingya	0	545
Sindhi	105	3,985
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	320	18,000
Urdu	5,150	235,290
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	50	3,865
Iranian languages	4,670	300,555
Baluchi	0	555
Kurdish	1,225	16,485
Parsi	5	555
Pashto	320	19,520
Persian languages	3,110	262,625
Dari	1,340	57,220
Iranian Persian	1,415	179,425
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	355	25,975
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	815
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	305
Italic (Romance) languages	31,530	1,194,290
Catalan	15	905
Italian	12,490	319,505
Portuguese	7,405	240,680
Romanian	1,605	93,160
Spanish	9,930	538,870
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	80	1,165
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	385
Japanese	255	43,850
Korean	1,665	170,400
Mongolian	5	1,850
Niger-Congo languages	1,870	108,295
Akan (Twi)	265	13,120
Bamanankan	0	1,855
Edo	35	1,685
Éwé	20	1,955
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	3,520
Ga	15	815
Ganda	45	1,890
Gikuyu	35	760
Igbo	105	5,175
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	120	7,380
Lingala	45	4,260
Luba-Kasai	0	520
Mòoré	0	515
Mwani	10	695
Ndebele	40	920
Rundi (Kirundi)	80	8,660
Shona	185	3,605
Soninke	0	505
Sotho-Tswana languages	20	520
Swahili	420	16,000
Wojenaka	0	1,030
Wolof	5	4,890
Yoruba	225	15,015
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	160	13,000
Nilo-Saharan languages	150	6,920
Dinka	10	1,865
Nuer	30	1,090
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	100	3,395
African, n.o.s.	10	575
Sign languages	110	6,955
American Sign Language	100	4,965
Quebec Sign Language	0	990
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	1,005
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,555	1,309,825
Chinese languages	8,145	1,292,640
Hakka	35	9,765
Mandarin	5,215	679,255
Min Dong	10	1,310
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	145	27,805
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	8,880
Yue (Cantonese)	2,565	553,380
Chinese, n.o.s.	150	11,610
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	630
Tibeto-Burman languages	405	16,600
Burmese	85	3,305
Kuki-Chin languages	0	870
Karenic languages	295	4,520
S'gaw Karen	230	3,900
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	60	615
Tibetan	10	7,025
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	20	890
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	585
Tai-Kadai languages	520	22,350
Lao	285	11,485
Thai	225	10,455
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	410
Turkic languages	990	53,520
Azerbaijani	70	4,490
Kazakh	10	540
Turkish	835	44,190
Uyghur	25	1,355
Uzbek	10	1,805
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	1,150
Uralic languages	2,220	68,180
Estonian	165	4,485
Finnish	60	12,200
Hungarian	1,995	51,500
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	1,060
Multiple responses	21,815	1,475,690
English and French	2,080	291,325
English and non-official language(s)	17,315	921,480
French and non-official language(s)	430	117,910
English, French and non-official language(s)	370	52,880
Multiple non-official languages	1,625	92,095
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	563,820	36,620,955
English	423,410	20,920,835
French	1,415	6,456,960
Non-official language	35,655	2,402,180
Indigenous³⁹	5	50,460
Non-Indigenous	35,650	2,351,720
English and French	4,660	953,760
English and non-official language(s)	92,975	4,835,815
French and non-official language(s)	270	395,320
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,735	455,760
Multiple non-official languages	2,695	200,320
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	563,820	36,620,955
Single responses	541,790	35,057,615
Official languages	471,455	30,421,050
English	469,285	23,376,200
French	2,170	7,044,855
Non-official languages	70,340	4,636,560
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	85,835
Algonquian languages	5	50,135
Blackfoot	0	980
Cree-Innu languages	0	38,255
Atikamekw	0	4,345
Cree languages	0	26,700
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	50
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	560
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	2,545
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	665
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	1,455
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	830
Cree, n.o.s.	0	20,585
Innu (Montagnais)	0	6,710
Naskapi	0	505
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	2,650
Mi'kmaq	0	2,595
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	55
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	8,250
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	230
Oji-Cree	0	4,540
Ojibway languages	5	3,480
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	145
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	25
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	390
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	2,925
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	7,260
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	7,230
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	220
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	30
Dene, n.o.s.	0	5,255
Gwich'in	0	35
Slavey-Hare languages	0	705
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	200
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	115
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	395
Tahltan languages	0	10
Kaska (Nahani)	0	5
Tahltan	0	5
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	755
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	165
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	10
Northern Tutchone	0	5
Southern Tutchone	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	40
Tlingit	0	10
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	15
Haida	0	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	27,295
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	145
Inuinnaqtun	0	95
Inuvialuktun	0	50
Inuktitut	0	27,140
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	10
Iroquoian languages	15	100
Cayuga	10	15
Mohawk	5	65
Oneida	0	15
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	5
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	5
Michif	0	150
Salish languages	0	260
Halkomelem	0	50
Lillooet	0	35
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	35
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	85
Squamish	0	5
Straits	0	30
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	15
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	5
Siouan languages	0	240
Assiniboine	0	10
Dakota	0	120
Stoney	0	90
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	15
Tsimshian languages	0	220
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	120
Nisga'a	0	85
Tsimshian	0	10
Wakashan languages	0	70
Haisla	0	10
Heiltsuk	0	5
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	20
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	25
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	5
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	15
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	85
Non-Indigenous languages	70,320	4,550,725
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,890	395,840
Berber languages	10	11,295
Kabyle	5	10,180
Tamazight	5	840
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	280
Chadic languages	20	835
Hausa	20	635
Mina	0	200
Coptic	5	545
Cushitic languages	885	30,375
Bilen	0	1,645
Oromo	25	3,890
Somali	860	24,410
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	425
Semitic languages	10,970	352,790
Amharic	100	14,030
Arabic	8,270	285,915
Aramaic languages	2,375	20,740
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,045	12,935
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	275	6,585
Aramaic, n.o.s.	55	1,220
Harari	0	680
Hebrew	75	8,515
Maltese	10	795
Tigrigna	135	21,860
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	250
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,895	127,730
Khmer (Cambodian)	460	10,650
Vietnamese	2,440	116,785
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	300
Austronesian languages	3,205	326,245
Bikol	20	760
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	4,125
Cebuano	100	10,195
Fijian	0	200
Hiligaynon	20	5,015
Ilocano	205	18,350
Indonesian	35	4,150
Kankanaey	10	585
Kinaray-a	0	320
Malagasy languages	0	725
Merina	0	330
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	390
Malay	0	280
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	50	3,030
Pangasinan	5	680
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,705	275,045
Waray-Waray	5	680
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	2,100
Creole languages	200	35,195
Haitian Creole	80	22,610
Jamaican English Creole	5	300
Krio	10	360
Morisyen	20	3,640
Sango	15	295
Creole, n.o.s.	45	7,120
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	870
Dravidian languages	1,345	169,705
Kannada	25	3,060
Malayalam	715	35,390
Tamil	420	112,335
Telugu	180	18,470
Tulu	0	240
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	205
Georgian	0	1,335
Hmong-Mien languages	0	215
Indo-European languages	40,985	2,264,155
Albanian	685	14,110
Armenian	125	21,970
Balto-Slavic languages	10,140	303,480
Baltic languages	115	2,495
Latvian	45	880
Lithuanian	65	1,615
Slavic languages	10,025	300,985
Belarusian	0	215
Bulgarian	55	10,315
Czech	375	5,680
Macedonian	160	6,105
Polish	2,815	65,140
Russian	950	125,780
Rusyn	0	290
Serbo-Croatian	5,095	53,150
Bosnian	545	6,480
Croatian	1,610	14,925
Serbian	2,900	31,110
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	640
Slovak	95	5,015
Slovene (Slovenian)	105	1,375
Ukrainian	355	27,825
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	95
Celtic languages	20	555
Irish	10	310
Scottish Gaelic	0	105
Welsh	5	100
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	40
Germanic languages	445	140,450
Frisian	0	270
High German languages	260	103,780
German	255	86,820
Pennsylvania German	0	7,270
Swiss German	0	1,750
Yiddish	0	7,950
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	170	33,710
Afrikaans	90	6,095
Dutch	80	8,100
Low German, n.o.s.	0	4,965
Low Saxon	0	490
Plautdietsch	0	13,845
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	220
Scandinavian languages	10	1,940
Danish	5	615
Icelandic	0	175
Norwegian	0	260
Swedish	10	890
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	740
Greek	535	38,300
Indo-Iranian languages	15,395	1,167,370
Indo-Aryan languages	12,545	962,820
Assamese	0	215
Bengali	830	56,750
Gujarati	2,165	92,005
Hindi	1,045	91,930
Kacchi	15	3,055
Kashmiri	0	270
Konkani	10	880
Marathi	65	7,460
Nepali	225	16,835
Oriya languages	10	795
Odia	5	525
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	270
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,500	520,390
Rohingya	0	410
Sindhi	65	2,110
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	175	9,665
Urdu	3,405	158,040
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	2,015
Iranian languages	2,850	204,420
Baluchi	0	330
Kurdish	720	10,380
Parsi	0	280
Pashto	195	13,215
Persian languages	1,935	179,745
Dari	805	36,190
Iranian Persian	875	125,840
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	255	17,715
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	475
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	125
Italic (Romance) languages	13,650	577,735
Catalan	10	370
Italian	3,810	92,755
Portuguese	3,275	118,730
Romanian	745	48,090
Spanish	5,795	317,365
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	425
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	190
Japanese	100	20,055
Korean	1,150	125,525
Mongolian	0	1,050
Niger-Congo languages	670	38,600
Akan (Twi)	105	6,000
Bamanankan	0	560
Edo	5	365
Éwé	5	470
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	1,315
Ga	0	260
Ganda	10	555
Gikuyu	5	105
Igbo	35	1,530
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	2,720
Lingala	10	1,520
Luba-Kasai	0	90
Mòoré	0	70
Mwani	0	160
Ndebele	15	295
Rundi (Kirundi)	30	3,780
Shona	65	1,035
Soninke	0	235
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	130
Swahili	205	7,055
Wojenaka	0	290
Wolof	0	1,945
Yoruba	70	5,395
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	2,720
Nilo-Saharan languages	75	3,155
Dinka	5	900
Nuer	15	645
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55	1,465
African, n.o.s.	0	140
Sign languages	235	12,160
American Sign Language	175	8,175
Quebec Sign Language	0	1,475
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60	2,520
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,930	967,965
Chinese languages	5,650	955,685
Hakka	10	3,625
Mandarin	3,840	530,945
Min Dong	0	775
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	80	13,945
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	5,750
Yue (Cantonese)	1,600	393,430
Chinese, n.o.s.	90	6,985
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	225
Tibeto-Burman languages	280	11,990
Burmese	60	2,075
Kuki-Chin languages	0	660
Karenic languages	210	3,400
S'gaw Karen	160	2,960
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	50	440
Tibetan	5	5,395
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	465
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	290
Tai-Kadai languages	340	10,120
Lao	170	5,955
Thai	160	3,955
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	210
Turkic languages	560	32,490
Azerbaijani	25	2,200
Kazakh	0	105
Turkish	510	27,970
Uyghur	10	850
Uzbek	0	950
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	410
Uralic languages	725	18,790
Estonian	15	615
Finnish	5	1,880
Hungarian	710	16,295
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	390
Multiple responses	22,030	1,563,345
English and French	880	230,955
English and non-official language(s)	20,345	1,123,355
French and non-official language(s)	120	125,525
English, French and non-official language(s)	280	56,805
Multiple non-official languages	400	26,705
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	563,820	36,620,955
None	479,115	31,053,450
English	28,655	1,956,965
French	3,895	571,040
Non-official language	42,545	2,248,130
Indigenous³⁹	75	63,565
Non-Indigenous	42,465	2,184,565
English and French	380	86,185
English and non-official language(s)	3,880	323,845
French and non-official language(s)	1,280	134,565
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	11,870
Multiple non-official languages	3,985	234,905
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	560,915	36,328,480
Official languages	550,630	35,644,660
English	550,185	31,628,570
French	32,885	10,563,235
Non-official languages	177,580	10,724,700
Indigenous languages³⁹	250	243,155
Algonquian languages	80	163,815
Blackfoot	0	6,680
Cree-Innu languages	0	105,850
Atikamekw	0	6,815
Cree languages	0	87,875
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	420
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	895
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	4,880
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	4,675
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	12,005
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	5,110
Cree, n.o.s.	0	61,000
Innu (Montagnais)	0	10,745
Naskapi	0	1,035
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	10,035
Mi'kmaq	0	9,245
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	820
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	65	42,865
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10	1,950
Oji-Cree	0	15,305
Ojibway languages	60	26,160
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	2,035
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	215
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	3,625
Ojibway, n.o.s.	60	20,720
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	165
Athabaskan languages	0	20,390
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	20,135
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	1,550
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	270
Dene, n.o.s.	0	11,560
Gwich'in	0	295
Slavey-Hare languages	0	2,330
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	775
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	415
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	1,210
Tahltan languages	0	480
Kaska (Nahani)	0	245
Tahltan	0	235
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	2,140
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	135
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	870
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	175
Tutchone languages	0	320
Northern Tutchone	0	135
Southern Tutchone	0	140
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	50
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	290
Tlingit	0	150
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	110
Haida	0	245
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	42,795
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	1,140
Inuinnaqtun	0	795
Inuvialuktun	0	350
Inuktitut	20	41,680
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	70
Iroquoian languages	130	2,055
Cayuga	45	230
Mohawk	95	1,605
Oneida	0	210
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	10	65
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	215
Michif	0	1,905
Salish languages	0	5,305
Halkomelem	0	1,415
Lillooet	0	600
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	510
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	1,090
Squamish	0	350
Straits	0	325
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	705
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	360
Siouan languages	0	2,965
Assiniboine	0	370
Dakota	0	1,530
Stoney	0	925
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	325
Tsimshian languages	0	2,665
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	1,135
Nisga'a	0	1,110
Tsimshian	0	465
Wakashan languages	0	2,205
Haisla	0	295
Heiltsuk	0	335
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	820
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	700
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	55
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	645
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	20	855
Non-Indigenous languages	177,370	10,485,595
Afro-Asiatic languages	24,420	1,100,035
Berber languages	70	42,835
Kabyle	50	37,415
Tamazight	10	4,735
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	1,330
Chadic languages	125	7,090
Hausa	125	5,080
Mina	0	2,010
Coptic	45	3,690
Cushitic languages	1,930	71,930
Bilen	0	2,745
Oromo	160	9,635
Somali	1,815	59,005
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	1,400
Semitic languages	22,525	1,015,485
Amharic	375	48,305
Arabic	19,205	838,045
Aramaic languages	3,975	39,655
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	3,295	23,865
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	555	13,285
Aramaic, n.o.s.	180	3,195
Harari	10	2,000
Hebrew	640	83,205
Maltese	145	6,535
Tigrigna	260	45,970
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	1,760
Austro-Asiatic languages	5,560	260,030
Khmer (Cambodian)	970	28,390
Vietnamese	4,635	232,800
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	910
Austronesian languages	8,810	793,275
Bikol	25	4,260
Bisaya, n.o.s.	75	10,990
Cebuano	365	33,045
Fijian	0	1,765
Hiligaynon	80	16,385
Ilocano	740	61,680
Indonesian	120	19,815
Kankanaey	20	1,950
Kinaray-a	0	860
Malagasy languages	0	3,885
Merina	0	2,355
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	1,565
Malay	85	10,770
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	120	10,555
Pangasinan	75	4,455
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	8,370	737,565
Waray-Waray	35	4,520
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	295	20,140
Creole languages	1,180	184,840
Haitian Creole	345	134,895
Jamaican English Creole	175	4,875
Krio	40	1,955
Morisyen	45	15,345
Sango	75	1,535
Creole, n.o.s.	350	31,220
Creole languages, n.i.e.	220	9,585
Dravidian languages	3,160	359,485
Kannada	210	18,420
Malayalam	1,365	77,910
Tamil	1,310	237,890
Telugu	640	54,685
Tulu	20	1,765
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	970
Georgian	0	3,015
Hmong-Mien languages	0	720
Indo-European languages	116,085	5,849,775
Albanian	1,775	38,345
Armenian	410	44,500
Balto-Slavic languages	28,630	820,305
Baltic languages	675	13,890
Latvian	265	6,020
Lithuanian	410	7,895
Slavic languages	28,010	809,985
Belarusian	50	2,825
Bulgarian	190	24,210
Czech	1,035	28,625
Macedonian	590	23,015
Polish	8,515	204,460
Russian	2,970	309,235
Rusyn	10	680
Serbo-Croatian	13,130	155,775
Bosnian	1,680	25,380
Croatian	6,050	73,845
Serbian	7,040	83,735
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	155	3,085
Slovak	515	20,905
Slovene (Slovenian)	630	10,650
Ukrainian	2,175	131,655
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	45	770
Celtic languages	150	10,485
Irish	80	5,360
Scottish Gaelic	10	2,170
Welsh	25	2,170
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	30	910
Germanic languages	9,005	658,705
Frisian	145	2,835
High German languages	5,570	453,995
German	5,500	419,195
Pennsylvania German	0	10,565
Swiss German	60	10,465
Yiddish	40	20,155
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,115	191,840
Afrikaans	430	29,670
Dutch	2,585	107,985
Low German, n.o.s.	0	10,555
Low Saxon	0	1,310
Plautdietsch	30	41,165
Vlaams (Flemish)	75	3,985
Scandinavian languages	410	37,500
Danish	205	14,700
Icelandic	0	1,475
Norwegian	90	8,860
Swedish	170	14,620
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	1,275
Greek	2,445	145,060
Indo-Iranian languages	31,905	2,263,825
Indo-Aryan languages	26,500	1,918,570
Assamese	15	1,155
Bengali	1,980	120,605
Gujarati	3,860	209,415
Hindi	9,930	761,425
Kacchi	130	15,085
Kashmiri	0	1,830
Konkani	75	8,950
Marathi	310	35,230
Nepali	395	30,660
Oriya languages	30	3,235
Odia	15	1,710
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	1,550
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10,420	942,170
Rohingya	0	765
Sindhi	190	8,385
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	455	33,050
Urdu	8,655	414,870
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	170	11,320
Iranian languages	5,890	370,520
Baluchi	0	985
Kurdish	1,715	24,035
Parsi	0	1,000
Pashto	495	31,695
Persian languages	3,950	326,285
Dari	1,810	78,220
Iranian Persian	1,885	222,160
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	350	30,345
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	1,830
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	2,135
Italic (Romance) languages	44,765	2,054,885
Catalan	30	2,855
Italian	18,250	547,655
Portuguese	9,945	336,865
Romanian	2,215	116,520
Spanish	15,850	1,171,450
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	155	4,890
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	40	1,965
Japanese	930	98,070
Korean	2,015	203,885
Mongolian	10	2,545
Niger-Congo languages	4,870	267,520
Akan (Twi)	530	26,240
Bamanankan	0	4,950
Edo	95	4,945
Éwé	45	4,645
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55	7,840
Ga	90	3,255
Ganda	145	4,650
Gikuyu	60	1,850
Igbo	415	18,365
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	200	13,515
Lingala	350	25,720
Luba-Kasai	30	2,695
Mòoré	0	2,085
Mwani	10	1,080
Ndebele	80	2,425
Rundi (Kirundi)	225	14,825
Shona	345	7,280
Soninke	0	1,010
Sotho-Tswana languages	40	1,305
Swahili	1,230	57,295
Wojenaka	0	2,820
Wolof	20	12,940
Yoruba	1,130	50,935
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	565	43,625
Nilo-Saharan languages	215	11,090
Dinka	0	2,815
Nuer	25	1,490
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	190	6,815
African, n.o.s.	45	2,760
Sign languages	855	49,535
American Sign Language	720	37,620
Quebec Sign Language	0	6,195
Sign languages, n.i.e.	170	7,450
Sino-Tibetan languages	10,240	1,550,930
Chinese languages	9,745	1,528,860
Hakka	70	14,830
Mandarin	6,825	987,300
Min Dong	0	1,825
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	215	51,755
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	13,660
Yue (Cantonese)	3,745	724,925
Chinese, n.o.s.	80	11,720
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	1,185
Tibeto-Burman languages	500	22,300
Burmese	105	5,935
Kuki-Chin languages	0	1,140
Karenic languages	350	5,705
S'gaw Karen	305	5,030
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	50	845
Tibetan	45	9,160
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	30	1,940
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	1,220
Tai-Kadai languages	745	33,705
Lao	485	17,630
Thai	315	18,575
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	800
Turkic languages	1,690	91,375
Azerbaijani	145	9,875
Kazakh	20	1,415
Turkish	1,485	78,500
Uyghur	65	1,660
Uzbek	30	3,290
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	45	2,150
Uralic languages	2,780	85,055
Estonian	155	5,315
Finnish	105	15,325
Hungarian	2,515	64,625
Other languages, n.i.e.	60	5,545
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	560,915	36,328,480
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	12,520	1,807,250
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	11,875	1,743,165
First Nations (North American Indian)	8,555	1,048,405
Métis	3,205	624,220
Inuk (Inuit)	120	70,540
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	185	28,855
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	460	35,225
Non-Indigenous identity	548,395	34,521,230
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	560,915	36,328,480
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	4,630	831,720
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	556,285	35,496,755
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	222,805	14,978,940
Owner	146,410	9,955,975
Renter	76,400	4,953,840
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	69,130
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	222,805	14,978,940
Condominium	24,715	2,248,280
Not condominium	198,090	12,730,660
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	222,805	14,978,940
No bedrooms	1,710	132,060
1 bedroom	32,400	2,124,485
2 bedrooms	46,450	3,829,965
3 bedrooms	87,970	4,982,900
4 or more bedrooms	54,285	3,909,525
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	222,805	14,978,940
1 to 4 rooms	59,720	4,662,125
5 rooms	32,115	2,323,910
6 rooms	33,885	2,037,185
7 rooms	29,990	1,796,855
8 or more rooms	67,090	4,158,855
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	6.1
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	222,805	14,978,940
One person or fewer per room	217,400	14,625,230
More than one person per room	5,410	353,715
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	222,805	14,978,940
Suitable	208,980	14,173,290
Not suitable	13,825	805,650
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	222,805	14,978,940
1960 or before	73,110	3,027,045
1961 to 1980	62,560	4,171,840
1981 to 1990	24,990	1,982,515
1991 to 2000	21,365	1,805,985
2001 to 2005	10,395	959,860
2006 to 2010	9,470	1,034,925
2011 to 2015	10,035	967,540
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	10,880	1,029,220
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	222,805	14,978,940
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	208,115	14,059,395
Major repairs needed	14,690	919,545
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	222,805	14,978,940
One-maintainer household	111,335	7,659,700
Two-maintainer household	100,050	6,631,755
Three-or-more-maintainer household	11,425	687,485
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	222,805	14,978,940
15 to 24 years	5,070	424,695
25 to 34 years	31,165	2,077,895
35 to 44 years	37,845	2,600,000
45 to 54 years	39,770	2,646,945
55 to 64 years	45,975	3,046,560
65 to 74 years	35,140	2,432,140
75 to 84 years	19,640	1,292,805
85 years and over	8,210	457,900
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	221,115	14,687,350
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	169,815	11,612,640
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	51,305	3,074,715
30% to less than 100%	46,570	2,742,920
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	222,805	14,978,940
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	72,120	4,379,420
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	44,970	2,728,995
Not suitable only	10,135	595,110
Major repairs needed only	9,570	645,465
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,330	135,770
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	3,755	199,355
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,115	64,095
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	250	10,630
Acceptable housing	150,685	10,599,520
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	216,390	14,355,555
In core need	28,055	1,451,025
Not in core need	188,335	12,904,530
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	145,955	9,807,720
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.4	60.0
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	15.8	14.8
% in core housing need⁶³	5.5	5.3
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,440	1,240
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,606	1,498
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	700,000	472,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	752,000	618,500
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	76,345	4,936,850
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.7	11.7
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	37.5	33.2
% in core housing need⁶³	27.6	20.0
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,120	1,070
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,233	1,209
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	69,130
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	5.9
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	284
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	327
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	560,915	36,328,475
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	4,280	985,200
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	4,205	963,705
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	3,650	763,230
Métis single ancestry	545	146,010
Inuit single ancestry	15	54,475
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	75	21,490
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	60	17,665
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	2,430
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10	1,070
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	320
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	12,685	1,219,285
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	12,305	1,183,350
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	9,965	801,630
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,285	362,130
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	19,595
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	380	35,930
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	345	31,815
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	2,785
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	1,005
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	330
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	543,950	34,124,000
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	560,920	36,328,475
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	515,585	33,143,225
Canadian citizens aged under 18	103,540	6,784,875
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	412,045	26,358,355
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	45,335	3,185,250
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	560,920	36,328,475
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	402,725	27,042,120
Immigrants⁸¹	145,550	8,361,505
Before 1980	40,080	1,540,610
1980 to 1990	17,010	924,320
1991 to 2000	25,760	1,511,475
2001 to 2010	28,030	1,930,525
2011 to 2021⁸²	34,665	2,454,570
2011 to 2015	14,520	1,126,330
2016 to 2021	20,145	1,328,240
Non-permanent residents⁸³	12,640	924,850
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	145,545	8,361,505
Under 5 years	15,455	748,265
5 to 14 years	29,435	1,438,440
15 to 24 years	31,895	1,594,290
25 to 44 years	57,530	3,783,335
45 years and over	11,230	797,180
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	145,545	8,361,505
Americas	19,750	1,203,180
Brazil	480	48,450
Colombia	1,935	80,570
El Salvador	1,810	49,450
Guyana	1,425	85,530
Haiti	285	99,945
Jamaica	3,355	145,360
Mexico	760	90,585
Peru	250	31,420
Trinidad and Tobago	1,345	65,035
United States of America	4,040	256,090
Other places of birth in Americas	4,075	250,760
Europe	56,750	1,967,620
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,575	35,925
Croatia	4,040	36,675
France	415	121,525
Germany	2,630	126,470
Greece	1,105	54,715
Hungary	1,150	31,050
Italy	8,900	204,065
Netherlands	2,080	75,830
Poland	5,395	135,030
Portugal	5,480	128,795
Romania	1,830	86,770
Russian Federation	735	81,840
Serbia⁸⁶	2,015	31,925
Ukraine	855	81,135
United Kingdom⁸⁷	12,200	464,135
Other places of birth in Europe	5,335	271,725
Africa	11,325	821,735
Algeria	150	79,660
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	715	33,110
Egypt	1,155	73,710
Eritrea	200	31,385
Ethiopia	500	41,715
Morocco	210	81,775
Nigeria	1,755	81,290
Somalia	960	32,500
South Africa, Republic of	895	51,590
Other places of birth in Africa	4,790	314,995
Asia	57,220	4,307,000
Afghanistan	1,320	62,450
Iran⁸⁸	1,445	182,940
Iraq	5,715	84,130
Lebanon	1,185	95,725
Syria⁸⁹	3,565	97,590
Turkey	655	35,270
China⁹⁰	4,100	715,835
Hong Kong⁹¹	750	213,855
Korea, South⁹²	1,245	138,355
Taiwan	275	65,365
Philippines	8,255	719,580
Viet Nam	3,375	182,095
Bangladesh	1,185	70,090
India	10,930	898,050
Pakistan	5,295	234,105
Sri Lanka	755	136,240
Other places of birth in Asia	7,160	375,340
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	505	61,965
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	20,145	1,328,240
Americas	2,560	154,490
Brazil	185	19,895
Colombia	325	11,455
Haiti	35	10,550
Jamaica	520	15,155
Mexico	120	17,150
United States of America	615	39,875
Venezuela⁹⁵	90	7,060
Other places of birth in Americas	675	33,350
Europe	1,815	134,425
France	90	27,175
Germany	50	5,365
Ireland⁹⁶	60	6,355
Italy	25	4,240
Russian Federation	75	10,905
Ukraine	110	14,515
United Kingdom⁸⁷	340	22,755
Other places of birth in Europe	1,060	43,120
Africa	3,175	206,965
Algeria	70	15,745
Burundi	120	4,935
Cameroon	70	11,795
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	260	8,915
Côte d'Ivoire	30	7,915
Egypt	250	12,120
Eritrea	75	16,330
Ethiopia	100	9,385
Morocco	45	12,835
Nigeria	915	40,360
Somalia	230	6,315
South Africa, Republic of	145	8,510
Sudan⁹⁷	285	4,690
Tunisia	30	8,155
Other places of birth in Africa	560	38,960
Asia	12,530	823,205
Afghanistan	220	12,730
Bangladesh	165	13,185
China⁹⁰	580	118,035
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	6,495
India	3,205	246,995
Iran⁸⁸	125	25,650
Iraq	905	17,715
Israel	25	4,850
Japan	15	4,445
Jordan	215	4,635
Korea, South⁹²	145	20,985
Lebanon	175	9,980
Nepal	70	4,890
Pakistan	665	36,255
Philippines	1,790	151,490
Saudi Arabia	250	9,560
Sri Lanka	55	8,480
Syria⁸⁹	2,645	63,130
Turkey	170	10,150
United Arab Emirates	225	8,405
Viet Nam	250	14,725
Other places of birth in Asia	615	30,410
Oceania and other⁹³	60	9,160
Australia	35	6,535
Other places of birth⁹⁸	30	2,625
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	560,915	36,328,480
First generation¹⁰⁰	162,645	9,606,595
Second generation¹⁰¹	139,670	6,393,310
Third generation or more¹⁰²	258,600	20,328,565
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	105,470	6,820,895
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	41,900	3,673,705
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	16,650	1,556,675
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	25,250	2,117,030
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	30,555	2,016,010
Refugees¹⁰⁸	31,240	1,039,275
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,775	91,900
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	105,470	6,820,895
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	9,635	416,105
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	8,575	705,405
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,420	183,250
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,795	377,130
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	755	39,540
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	79,290	5,099,470
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	560,915	36,328,480
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	140,950	9,639,205
South Asian	34,790	2,571,400
Chinese	10,945	1,715,770
Black	28,415	1,547,870
Filipino	11,730	957,355
Arab	15,490	694,015
Latin American	11,145	580,235
Southeast Asian	8,445	390,340
West Asian	7,365	360,495
Korean	2,365	218,140
Japanese	1,160	98,890
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,270	172,885
Multiple visible minorities	5,825	331,805
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	419,965	26,689,275
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	560,915	36,328,475
Canadian	70,105	5,677,205
English	111,305	5,322,830
Irish	84,385	4,413,120
Scottish	90,565	4,392,200
French, n.o.s.¹²²	31,355	3,985,945
German	44,145	2,955,695
Chinese	12,475	1,713,870
Italian	61,195	1,546,390
Indian (India)	19,105	1,347,715
Ukrainian	17,025	1,258,635
Dutch	25,080	988,585
Polish	27,100	982,820
Québécois	695	981,635
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	22,210	938,950
Filipino	11,500	925,490
French Canadian	7,095	906,315
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	7,645	691,260
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,990	632,340
Métis	3,245	560,335
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	7,105	551,910
Russian	5,575	548,140
Norwegian	2,475	466,500
Welsh	9,035	455,720
Portuguese	16,070	448,305
American	5,350	353,495
Spanish	5,930	342,040
Swedish	2,825	334,505
Hungarian	10,095	320,150
Acadian	1,410	305,170
Pakistani	6,770	303,260
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	5,380	301,955
Jewish	3,355	282,015
Punjabi	2,795	279,950
Vietnamese	5,640	275,530
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	5,855	263,710
Greek	5,190	262,140
Jamaican	7,750	249,070
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,475	226,220
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	420	219,855
Korean	2,325	217,650
Romanian	4,620	215,885
Lebanese	2,265	210,605
Iranian	1,790	200,465
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	3,090	200,340
Danish	2,020	196,945
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,840	194,840
Sikh	1,780	194,640
Austrian	3,095	189,535
Belgian	1,660	182,175
Haitian	440	178,990
Hindu	1,990	166,160
Mexican	1,725	155,495
Mennonite	580	155,095
Swiss	1,715	145,570
Finnish	1,910	144,055
Sri Lankan	1,005	132,410
Croatian	9,145	130,820
Japanese	1,560	129,425
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,530	120,125
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	825	111,605
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,380	110,735
Muslim	2,390	105,620
Egyptian	1,765	105,245
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,155	104,765
Tamil	440	102,170
Icelandic	530	101,990
Colombian	2,145	100,555
Moroccan	305	99,980
Czech	2,200	98,925
Syrian	2,775	98,250
Guyanese	2,170	97,210
Afghan	2,195	96,810
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,695	94,585
Serbian	7,990	93,360
Ojibway	990	92,220
Newfoundlander	1,005	91,670
Hong Konger	340	81,680
Ontarian	2,240	80,555
Persian	935	80,340
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,760	77,405
Turkish	1,470	76,745
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	125	76,675
Bangladeshi	1,215	75,425
Algerian	140	73,770
Brazilian	960	71,755
Nigerian	1,540	69,540
Armenian	1,030	68,850
Slovak	1,910	68,210
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,340	66,780
Somali	1,840	65,555
Taiwanese	300	64,020
Iraqi	3,230	59,300
Salvadorean	2,175	59,280
African Caribbean	970	59,050
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	655	58,870
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,970	58,840
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	900	57,195
Algonquin	325	56,070
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	815	52,085
Lithuanian	2,115	52,040
South African	920	49,840
Australian	670	46,765
Palestinian	1,835	45,905
Chilean	480	45,685
Congolese	710	45,260
Nova Scotian	535	44,720
Ethiopian	700	42,545
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,010	42,405
Peruvian	325	42,295
Yoruba	880	42,075
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,395	41,950
Berber	140	41,700
Albanian	1,430	41,620
Maltese	1,160	40,670
Macedonian	1,020	39,440
Slovenian	2,095	38,595
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	480	38,520
New Brunswicker	250	37,670
Gujarati	600	36,970
Eritrean	85	36,290
African Canadian	745	35,395
Israeli	310	35,345
Mohawk	1,330	33,330
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	615	33,135
Bulgarian	440	33,085
Albertan	50	32,575
Ghanaian	815	31,720
Barbadian	760	31,440
African American	925	31,430
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,060	30,565
Tunisian	115	30,465
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	610	30,220
Cuban	835	30,065
Bosnian	2,095	28,490
Venezuelan	405	28,395
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	10	28,225
Latvian	770	28,140
Bengali	420	26,675
Cameroonian	190	26,535
Guatemalan	565	26,460
Indonesian	230	26,330
Laotian	630	25,875
Ilocano	245	25,575
Northern Irish	670	25,200
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	390	24,420
British Columbian	10	24,325
Ecuadorian	345	24,255
Franco Ontarian	210	24,110
Argentinian	560	23,500
Estonian	775	23,455
Kurdish	1,640	23,130
Fijian	85	23,020
Jatt	170	22,785
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	215	22,785
Coptic	420	22,570
Thai	510	22,275
Dominican	420	22,125
Nepali	285	21,975
Kabyle	60	20,565
Assyrian	2,825	19,685
Igbo	510	19,305
Byelorussian	260	18,850
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	18,745
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	115	18,545
Abenaki	20	18,420
Moldovan	30	18,190
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	395	17,955
New Zealander	235	17,755
Sudanese	785	17,485
Breton	20	17,465
Pennsylvania Dutch	625	17,315
Malaysian	180	17,050
Plains Cree	20	16,570
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	165	16,315
Huron (Wendat)	20	15,910
Saskatchewanian	60	15,780
Buddhist	165	15,660
Gaspesian	30	15,650
Norman	70	15,340
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	345	15,055
Ivorian	60	15,010
Saulteaux	20	14,265
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	135	14,260
Burundian	165	14,110
Tigrinya	55	13,910
Nicaraguan	280	13,840
Mauritian	70	13,755
Kenyan	290	13,565
Oji-Cree	20	13,525
Vincentian	180	13,245
Jordanian	675	13,225
Manitoban	25	13,095
Cape Bretoner	145	13,065
Rwandan	115	12,890
Grenadian	300	12,890
Malayali	225	12,490
Chaldean	525	12,115
Sinhalese	200	12,080
Mayan	265	11,710
Honduran	335	10,920
Cherokee	225	10,825
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	55	10,750
Indo-Caribbean	150	10,490
Flemish	165	10,275
United Empire Loyalist	405	10,015
Senegalese	20	9,955
Azerbaijani	160	9,915
Sicilian	690	9,835
Pashtun	195	9,825
Malay	70	9,795
Goan	130	9,700
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	80	9,455
Tibetan	45	9,350
Zimbabwean	415	9,165
Burmese	310	9,150
Mongolian	70	9,090
Azorean	370	8,970
Atikamekw	0	8,400
Bamileke	35	8,315
Indo-Guyanese	75	8,310
Ugandan	220	8,285
Oromo	95	8,255
Tanzanian	155	8,140
Yemeni	300	8,115
Central African	220	8,080
Libyan	185	7,945
Basque	35	7,745
Uruguayan	115	7,660
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	175	7,640
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	105	7,635
Igorot	145	7,535
Fulani	20	7,480
Woodland Cree	0	7,415
Guinean	55	7,390
St. Lucian	120	7,285
Prince Edward Islander	105	7,225
Maliseet	65	7,220
Beninese	20	6,810
Telugu	50	6,670
Roma	350	6,545
Costa Rican	65	6,500
African Nova Scotian	40	6,480
Malagasy	0	6,255
Kashmiri	180	6,165
Singaporean	35	6,060
Karen	330	6,050
Edo	75	5,985
Tajik	150	5,980
Amhara	25	5,945
Paraguayan	10	5,925
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	560,915	36,328,480
Buddhist	4,765	356,975
Christian	309,780	19,373,325
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	41,245	2,760,760
Anabaptist	840	144,145
Anglican	21,295	1,134,315
Baptist	7,200	436,940
Catholic	162,525	10,880,360
Christian Orthodox	16,415	623,010
Jehovah's Witness	2,270	137,255
Latter Day Saints	710	87,725
Lutheran	3,160	328,045
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,010	100,655
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	6,480	399,025
Presbyterian	9,640	301,400
Reformed	4,760	79,870
United Church	19,525	1,214,185
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	12,700	745,650
Hindu	10,200	828,195
Jewish	3,045	335,295
Muslim	37,980	1,775,715
Sikh	7,270	771,790
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	375	80,685
Other religions and spiritual traditions	3,535	229,015
No religion and secular perspectives	183,965	12,577,475
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	555,450	35,986,480
Non-movers	495,370	31,600,930
Movers	60,080	4,385,555
Non-migrants	35,395	2,572,400
Migrants	24,685	1,813,155
Internal migrants	21,580	1,519,200
Intraprovincial migrants	20,000	1,250,235
Interprovincial migrants	1,580	268,965
External migrants	3,105	293,955
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	531,870	34,504,330
Non-movers	341,760	21,061,090
Movers	190,115	13,443,240
Non-migrants	96,295	5,773,890
Migrants	93,820	7,669,355
Internal migrants	69,700	5,976,960
Intraprovincial migrants	62,530	5,055,615
Interprovincial migrants	7,165	921,345
External migrants	24,125	1,692,390
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	469,795	30,335,920
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	88,770	5,474,175
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	381,025	24,861,745
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	303,410	19,568,265
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	35,835	2,271,360
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	267,570	17,296,905
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	469,795	30,335,915
No certificate, diploma or degree	80,780	4,899,580
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	131,010	8,097,295
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	258,000	17,339,045
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	139,515	9,252,800
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	26,335	2,641,555
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	12,585	1,458,160
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	13,745	1,183,395
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	103,665	5,714,490
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	9,515	896,755
Bachelor's degree or higher	118,490	8,086,245
Bachelor's degree	78,510	5,295,360
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,210	556,510
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,750	214,105
Master's degree	24,145	1,740,605
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,875	279,660
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	303,405	19,568,260
No certificate, diploma or degree	31,520	1,931,855
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	74,815	4,501,365
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	197,070	13,135,045
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	103,130	6,703,100
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	16,895	1,886,510
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,190	1,050,285
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,705	836,220
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	79,495	4,193,505
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,740	623,090
Bachelor's degree or higher	93,940	6,431,940
Bachelor's degree	61,395	4,177,455
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,690	430,875
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,970	167,730
Master's degree	20,065	1,446,435
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,820	209,445
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	469,795	30,335,920
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	211,795	12,996,870
Education	14,205	1,113,015
13. Education	14,205	1,113,015
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	9,910	631,255
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,055	74,785
50. Visual and performing arts	8,855	556,470
Humanities	15,570	926,560
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,250	106,345
23. English language and literature/letters	4,085	184,600
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,985	316,050
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	540	18,935
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,335	57,745
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,310	77,510
54. History	2,420	108,935
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	650	56,440
Social and behavioural sciences and law	34,295	2,016,125
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	420	29,430
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,285	233,400
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	6,010	344,150
22. Legal professions and studies	4,395	325,785
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,090	49,855
42. Psychology	4,755	327,965
45. Social sciences	13,335	705,540
Business, management and public administration	49,115	3,758,250
30.16 Accounting and computer science	75	5,335
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,240	272,240
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	43,800	3,480,675
Physical and life sciences and technologies	11,610	719,715
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,280	297,055
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,420	155,955
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	235	35,380
40. Physical sciences	3,060	196,620
41. Science technologies/technicians	615	34,710
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	10,070	804,230
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	7,700	643,145
25. Library science	610	43,085
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,540	99,360
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	220	18,640
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	51,030	3,506,120
04. Architecture and related services	2,415	135,020
14. Engineering	12,430	900,475
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	12,765	726,155
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	580
46. Construction trades	8,745	703,905
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,830	659,480
48. Precision production	5,845	380,505
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,980	407,545
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,740	262,580
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,235	144,960
Health and related fields	43,720	2,444,500
30.37 Design for human health	0	40
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,775	180,785
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	38,625	2,194,395
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	100	5,255
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,225	64,030
Personal, protective and transportation services	14,370	1,006,425
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,595	548,520
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35	3,965
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	50	6,900
43. Security and protective services	4,580	227,835
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,110	219,205
Other¹⁷⁹	120	5,305
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	303,405	19,568,260
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	106,335	6,433,215
Education	10,150	742,175
13. Education	10,150	742,175
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,810	490,455
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	770	54,645
50. Visual and performing arts	7,035	435,815
Humanities	11,580	649,695
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	960	79,235
23. English language and literature/letters	3,020	134,815
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,050	216,725
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	390	12,910
38. Philosophy and religious studies	965	41,640
39. Theology and religious vocations	905	48,920
54. History	1,825	78,415
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	455	37,045
Social and behavioural sciences and law	26,985	1,588,720
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	345	23,895
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,745	196,475
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,600	270,970
22. Legal professions and studies	3,540	261,265
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	835	37,830
42. Psychology	3,605	249,205
45. Social sciences	10,320	549,090
Business, management and public administration	38,790	2,941,315
30.16 Accounting and computer science	65	3,995
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,305	213,140
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	34,420	2,724,175
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,695	513,555
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,060	227,460
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,845	108,350
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	205	14,270
40. Physical sciences	2,175	140,510
41. Science technologies/technicians	405	22,960
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	8,040	667,305
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,415	554,185
25. Library science	380	27,610
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,050	70,940
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	190	14,565
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	36,860	2,611,205
04. Architecture and related services	1,920	105,845
14. Engineering	9,745	724,235
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	9,410	536,600
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	510
46. Construction trades	5,725	510,105
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	6,275	467,225
48. Precision production	3,780	266,690
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,020	314,120
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,045	199,335
03. Natural resources and conservation	975	114,780
Health and related fields	33,790	1,839,975
30.37 Design for human health	0	30
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,085	139,280
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	29,720	1,648,120
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	95	4,430
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	890	48,115
Personal, protective and transportation services	11,285	772,450
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,855	414,520
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	25	2,955
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45	3,850
43. Security and protective services	3,750	183,025
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,615	168,105
Other¹⁷⁹	70	4,075
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	303,405	19,568,260
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	106,335	6,433,215
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	197,070	13,135,040
Location of study inside Canada	161,210	10,490,520
Same as province or territory of residence	153,930	9,251,025
Different than province or territory of residence	7,280	1,239,495
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	35,865	2,644,520
Americas	8,210	483,810
United States of America	5,125	279,005
Mexico	375	36,400
Cuba	250	8,345
Haiti	40	10,620
Jamaica	325	12,780
Brazil	375	40,050
Colombia	740	31,165
Peru	85	7,780
Venezuela⁹⁵	130	12,655
Other locations of study in Americas	765	45,000
Europe	7,800	543,725
Belgium	45	7,795
France	200	97,770
Germany	265	22,450
Netherlands	120	10,825
Switzerland	65	8,470
Hungary	120	5,160
Moldova¹⁸³	15	9,055
Poland	935	25,215
Romania	545	32,250
Russian Federation	325	36,095
Ukraine	350	36,405
Ireland⁹⁶	185	16,040
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,580	151,900
Bosnia and Herzegovina	315	6,030
Italy	135	8,895
Serbia⁸⁶	380	8,745
Other locations of study in Europe	1,225	60,615
Africa	2,655	216,815
Nigeria	740	33,280
Algeria	65	33,230
Morocco	50	23,640
Tunisia	25	12,655
Egypt	605	30,255
South Africa, Republic of	290	19,060
Other locations of study in Africa	885	64,700
Asia	16,480	1,352,215
Iran⁸⁸	505	66,630
Iraq	1,010	16,515
Israel	100	11,355
Lebanon	255	19,565
Syria⁸⁹	445	16,405
Turkey	195	11,855
China⁹⁰	1,435	201,100
Taiwan	85	14,520
Hong Kong⁹¹	40	18,325
Japan	115	18,605
Korea, South⁹²	455	53,575
Philippines	3,280	305,795
Viet Nam	185	12,500
Bangladesh	305	25,000
Sri Lanka	125	15,085
India	5,065	405,850
Pakistan	1,615	75,155
Other locations of study in Asia	1,265	64,385
Oceania	710	47,960
Australia	615	38,525
New Zealand	75	7,785
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	1,655
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	469,795	30,335,915
In the labour force	290,990	19,310,345
Employed	255,075	17,321,695
Unemployed	35,915	1,988,645
Not in the labour force	178,805	11,025,575
Participation rate	61.9	63.7
Employment rate	54.3	57.1
Unemployment rate	12.3	10.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	469,795	30,335,920
Did not work¹⁸⁶	181,575	11,140,775
Worked	288,215	19,195,145
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	155,525	10,215,385
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	132,695	8,979,760
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.3	41.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	290,990	19,310,340
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	8,080	486,865
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	282,910	18,823,480
Employee	245,920	16,103,455
Permanent position	209,045	13,431,685
Temporary position	36,875	2,671,765
Fixed term (1 year or more)	13,005	867,740
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	23,870	1,804,030
Self-employed¹⁹²	36,990	2,720,025
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	290,990	19,310,340
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	8,080	486,865
All occupations¹⁹¹	282,910	18,823,480
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,910	254,760
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	45,445	3,303,180
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	21,440	1,587,980
3 Health occupations	26,740	1,504,100
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	34,650	2,322,345
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	8,770	596,785
6 Sales and service occupations	72,160	4,616,050
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	49,190	3,239,500
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	4,665	541,235
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	16,945	857,540
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	290,990	19,310,340
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	8,080	486,865
All industries¹⁹¹	282,910	18,823,480
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,875	434,800
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	420	239,030
22 Utilities	1,620	147,750
23 Construction	21,760	1,469,085
31-33 Manufacturing	31,280	1,540,490
41 Wholesale trade	10,205	610,295
44-45 Retail trade	32,750	2,149,640
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	13,910	981,030
51 Information and cultural industries	5,520	400,460
52 Finance and insurance	11,280	815,225
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	5,290	343,940
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	20,155	1,571,160
55 Management of companies and enterprises	660	45,455
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	13,730	792,600
61 Educational services	24,850	1,413,320
62 Health care and social assistance	41,515	2,446,370
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	5,060	350,710
72 Accommodation and food services	15,865	1,085,270
81 Other services (except public administration)	11,910	797,935
91 Public administration	12,245	1,188,915
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	310,145	20,630,520
English	297,295	14,942,170
French	675	3,164,890
Non-official language	1,315	169,205
Indigenous³⁹	0	6,935
Non-Indigenous	1,315	162,265
English and French	3,570	1,682,510
English and non-official language(s)	6,965	570,220
French and non-official language(s)	0	20,935
English, French and non-official language(s)	245	69,340
Multiple non-official languages	85	11,265
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	310,145	20,630,520
Single responses	308,370	20,176,640
Official languages	305,955	19,866,180
English	304,775	15,879,850
French	1,185	3,986,330
Non-official languages	2,410	310,455
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	19,435
Algonquian languages	0	11,600
Blackfoot	0	60
Cree-Innu languages	0	9,115
Atikamekw	0	1,015
Cree languages	0	5,985
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	110
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	765
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	80
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	190
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	140
Cree, n.o.s.	0	4,695
Innu (Montagnais)	0	1,955
Naskapi	0	155
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	835
Mi'kmaq	0	825
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	10
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	1,585
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	20
Oji-Cree	0	875
Ojibway languages	0	695
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	40
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	40
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	610
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	895
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	890
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	20
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	535
Gwich'in	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	155
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	35
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	25
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	100
Tahltan languages	0	10
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	130
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	30
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0
Tlingit	0	10
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Haida	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	6,630
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	20
Inuinnaqtun	0	15
Inuvialuktun	0	10
Inuktitut	0	6,605
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	30
Mohawk	0	30
Oneida	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	10
Michif	0	25
Salish languages	0	125
Halkomelem	0	35
Lillooet	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	30
Squamish	0	10
Straits	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	20
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	15
Siouan languages	0	30
Assiniboine	0	0
Dakota	0	10
Stoney	0	15
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	40
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	20
Nisga'a	0	10
Tsimshian	0	15
Wakashan languages	0	40
Haisla	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	10
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	15
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	15
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	10
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	10
Non-Indigenous languages	2,405	291,025
Afro-Asiatic languages	250	9,265
Berber languages	0	45
Kabyle	0	30
Tamazight	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Chadic languages	0	10
Coptic	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	415
Bilen	0	10
Oromo	0	40
Somali	0	365
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Semitic languages	250	8,785
Amharic	0	215
Arabic	180	7,190
Aramaic languages	55	460
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	55	330
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	90
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	40
Hebrew	0	585
Tigrigna	10	325
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	20
Austro-Asiatic languages	170	9,770
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	495
Vietnamese	160	9,260
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	15
Austronesian languages	50	4,760
Bikol	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	45
Cebuano	0	95
Hiligaynon	0	15
Ilocano	0	165
Indonesian	0	170
Kankanaey	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0
Malay	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	15
Pangasinan	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	40	4,205
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	50
Creole languages	0	390
Haitian Creole	0	375
Jamaican English Creole	0	0
Morisyen	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	10
Dravidian languages	25	3,010
Kannada	0	10
Malayalam	15	250
Tamil	15	2,685
Telugu	0	70
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Georgian	0	80
Indo-European languages	1,255	112,395
Albanian	25	315
Armenian	0	530
Balto-Slavic languages	245	10,085
Baltic languages	0	95
Latvian	0	50
Lithuanian	0	45
Slavic languages	245	9,995
Bulgarian	0	145
Czech	0	105
Macedonian	0	75
Polish	65	2,265
Russian	35	5,240
Serbo-Croatian	125	835
Bosnian	25	120
Croatian	30	155
Serbian	75	555
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0
Slovak	0	40
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	10
Ukrainian	25	1,265
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	15
Celtic languages	0	60
Scottish Gaelic	0	55
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Germanic languages	15	14,250
Frisian	0	15
High German languages	15	10,480
German	15	6,615
Pennsylvania German	0	2,560
Swiss German	0	255
Yiddish	0	1,050
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	3,540
Afrikaans	0	65
Dutch	0	965
Low German, n.o.s.	0	560
Low Saxon	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	1,940
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	10
Scandinavian languages	0	190
Danish	0	25
Icelandic	0	25
Norwegian	0	55
Swedish	0	90
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	25
Greek	0	875
Indo-Iranian languages	330	55,455
Indo-Aryan languages	250	48,020
Bengali	0	645
Gujarati	0	1,115
Hindi	10	2,235
Kacchi	0	15
Marathi	0	20
Nepali	20	275
Punjabi (Panjabi)	180	40,840
Sindhi	0	25
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	105
Urdu	30	2,725
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	20
Iranian languages	80	7,430
Kurdish	20	175
Pashto	0	130
Persian languages	60	7,110
Dari	25	800
Iranian Persian	35	5,715
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	595
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	10
Italic (Romance) languages	635	30,795
Catalan	0	15
Italian	25	1,625
Portuguese	140	6,970
Romanian	20	680
Spanish	450	21,455
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	45
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	35
Japanese	15	3,560
Korean	70	14,345
Mongolian	0	25
Niger-Congo languages	10	410
Akan (Twi)	0	30
Edo	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	25
Ga	0	0
Ganda	0	0
Igbo	0	30
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	20
Lingala	0	20
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	25
Shona	0	0
Swahili	10	150
Wolof	0	0
Yoruba	0	65
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	35
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	15
Dinka	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	15
Sign languages	30	2,010
American Sign Language	30	1,590
Quebec Sign Language	0	285
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	135
Sino-Tibetan languages	445	128,375
Chinese languages	430	128,045
Hakka	0	45
Mandarin	285	76,040
Min Dong	0	35
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	485
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	20
Yue (Cantonese)	150	50,950
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	460
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	295
Burmese	0	60
Karenic languages	15	135
S'gaw Karen	15	120
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	15
Tibetan	0	90
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	30
Tai-Kadai languages	40	765
Lao	0	80
Thai	40	670
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	15
Turkic languages	30	1,345
Azerbaijani	0	35
Turkish	15	1,270
Uyghur	0	30
Uzbek	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	10
Uralic languages	0	485
Estonian	0	70
Finnish	0	90
Hungarian	0	330
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	20
Multiple responses	1,785	453,880
English and French	515	321,975
English and non-official language(s)	1,230	115,955
French and non-official language(s)	0	6,280
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	7,405
Multiple non-official languages	15	2,265
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	310,145	20,630,520
None	300,900	18,696,980
English	1,435	902,625
French	2,595	589,755
Non-official language	4,285	331,375
Indigenous³⁹	25	18,190
Non-Indigenous	4,255	313,185
English and French	10	2,940
English and non-official language(s)	100	33,125
French and non-official language(s)	175	22,615
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	360
Multiple non-official languages	650	50,740
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	255,075	17,321,700
Worked at home	64,135	4,214,860
Worked outside Canada	670	58,335
No fixed workplace address	30,845	2,201,745
Usual place of work	159,435	10,846,770
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	159,435	10,846,770
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	111,255	6,397,120
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	2,343,640
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	47,935	2,007,950
Commute to a different province or territory	245	98,060
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	190,280	13,048,510
Car, truck or van	162,485	10,950,750
Car, truck or van - as a driver	147,235	10,106,595
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	15,240	844,155
Public transit	14,055	1,000,510
Walked	8,685	672,815
Bicycle	1,240	138,615
Other method	3,815	285,820
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	190,280	13,048,510
Less than 15 minutes	47,920	4,178,570
15 to 29 minutes	76,225	4,546,195
30 to 44 minutes	34,950	2,487,010
45 to 59 minutes	14,965	910,610
60 minutes and over	16,215	926,120
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	190,280	13,048,510
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	17,670	938,820
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	35,380	2,274,845
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	44,020	3,435,740
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	36,440	2,711,355
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	23,955	1,661,340
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	32,810	2,026,405
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	112,075	7,335,800
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,095	897,205
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	103,975	6,438,595
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	80,925	5,372,330
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,010	682,190
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,430	467,685
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,575	214,500
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	74,915	4,690,140

Symbol legend

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not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed January 21, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

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