Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	CarletonMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	131,375	...	...
Population, 2016¹	102,918	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	27.7	...	...
Total private dwellings²	46,662	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	45,694	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	111.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,177.87	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	131,375	64,940	66,435
0 to 14 years	26,660	13,560	13,100
0 to 4 years	7,825	3,940	3,890
5 to 9 years	9,020	4,625	4,390
10 to 14 years	9,810	4,990	4,820
15 to 64 years	86,365	42,630	43,740
15 to 19 years	8,695	4,465	4,225
20 to 24 years	6,970	3,590	3,380
25 to 29 years	6,690	3,295	3,390
30 to 34 years	8,520	4,080	4,445
35 to 39 years	9,450	4,495	4,955
40 to 44 years	9,350	4,500	4,845
45 to 49 years	9,780	4,755	5,025
50 to 54 years	9,555	4,810	4,745
55 to 59 years	9,585	4,790	4,795
60 to 64 years	7,775	3,845	3,930
65 years and over	18,350	8,750	9,600
65 to 69 years	6,000	2,925	3,075
70 to 74 years	5,130	2,520	2,610
75 to 79 years	3,445	1,675	1,770
80 to 84 years	2,055	950	1,100
85 years and over	1,725	680	1,045
85 to 89 years	1,080	475	600
90 to 94 years	480	160	320
95 to 99 years	135	35	100
100 years and over	25	0	25
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	20.3	20.9	19.7
15 to 64 years	65.7	65.6	65.8
65 years and over	14.0	13.5	14.5
85 years and over	1.3	1.0	1.6
Average age of the population	38.8	38.4	39.3
Median age of the population	39.2	38.8	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	45,695	...	...
Single-detached house	33,835	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,120	...	...
Row house	7,370	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	215	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,495	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	195	...	...
Other single-attached house	45	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	420	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	45,695	...	...
1 person	7,090	...	...
2 persons	15,230	...	...
3 persons	8,335	...	...
4 persons	9,750	...	...
5 or more persons	5,295	...	...
Number of persons in private households	130,630	64,650	65,985
Average household size	2.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	104,715	51,380	53,340
Married or living common-law	69,850	34,855	34,990
Married	60,450	30,170	30,280
Living common-law	9,400	4,685	4,715
Living common law - Never married	6,390	3,180	3,210
Living common law - Separated	505	275	225
Living common law - Divorced	2,280	1,130	1,150
Living common law - Widowed	225	100	130
Not married and not living common-law	34,865	16,520	18,345
Not married and not living common law - Never married	24,505	13,125	11,380
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,380	1,005	1,375
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,225	1,595	2,635
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,760	805	2,955
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	38,610	...	...
2 persons	16,480	...	...
3 persons	8,420	...	...
4 persons	9,695	...	...
5 or more persons	4,015	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	38,615	...	...
Total couple families	34,415	...	...
Married couples	29,720	...	...
With children⁶	18,375	...	...
Without children	11,350	...	...
Common-law couples	4,695	...	...
With children⁶	1,805	...	...
Without children	2,890	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,195	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,070	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,125	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	130,635	64,645	65,985
Total - Persons in census families	118,450	59,110	59,345
Married spouses or common-law partners	68,835	34,380	34,450
Parents in one-parent families	4,195	1,125	3,065
Children⁶	45,425	23,605	21,825
In a two-parent family	38,560	19,940	18,620
In a one-parent family	6,870	3,665	3,205
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	12,180	5,535	6,645
Living alone	7,090	3,110	3,985
Living with other relatives⁷	2,540	965	1,580
Living with non-relatives only	2,545	1,465	1,080
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	45,695	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	34,330	...	...
Couple-family households	31,085	...	...
With children⁶	18,390	...	...
Without children	12,695	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,245	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,610	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	315	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,230	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,120	...	...
One-person households	7,095	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	103,990	51,095	52,895
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	99,760	48,925	50,835
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	58,400	68,000	50,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	99,820	48,960	50,860
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,400	58,000	44,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	93,660	46,685	46,980
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,200	66,000	45,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,115	39,895	38,225
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,600	67,000	48,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,895	41,045	44,855
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,320	2,540	7,050
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,870	2,545	4,325
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,000	5,480	6,360
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	22,390	10,610	11,775
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	104,175	51,205	52,965
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	99,860	48,935	50,920
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	72,300	85,300	59,700
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	99,905	48,960	50,950
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,850	66,700	49,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,760	46,670	47,090
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	69,200	83,100	55,450
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,235	39,995	38,240
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	68,800	80,800	56,350
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,055	40,985	45,070
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,420	7,240	9,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,620	2,455	4,165
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,550	5,810	8,580
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	22,530	10,660	11,870
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,690	8,580	8,790
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	104,175	51,205	52,970
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	44,710	24,820	19,885
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	86,000	93,000	77,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	97,000	107,800	83,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,875	11,485	14,385
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,600	18,400	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,200	41,040	28,720
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	90.0	92.8	86.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	74.6	77.4	70.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	10.0	7.1	14.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.3	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	3.1	2.4	4.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	2.7	2.2	3.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	103,985	51,100	52,890
Without total income	4,230	2,165	2,060
With total income	99,760	48,930	50,830
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,065	3,275	4,795
$10,000 to $19,999	8,920	3,700	5,215
$20,000 to $29,999	10,080	4,265	5,820
$30,000 to $39,999	8,410	3,490	4,925
$40,000 to $49,999	8,145	3,480	4,665
$50,000 to $59,999	7,625	3,360	4,260
$60,000 to $69,999	7,595	3,505	4,090
$70,000 to $79,999	6,830	3,360	3,465
$80,000 to $89,999	6,230	3,290	2,940
$90,000 to $99,999	5,610	3,010	2,595
$100,000 and over	22,255	14,185	8,070
$100,000 to $149,999	15,285	9,105	6,175
$150,000 and over	6,970	5,075	1,895
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	103,985	51,100	52,890
Without after-tax income	4,170	2,140	2,030
With after-tax income	99,820	48,960	50,865
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,660	3,430	5,230
$10,000 to $19,999	9,365	3,915	5,450
$20,000 to $29,999	11,480	4,870	6,610
$30,000 to $39,999	10,050	4,275	5,780
$40,000 to $49,999	10,070	4,375	5,700
$50,000 to $59,999	9,945	4,665	5,285
$60,000 to $69,999	8,750	4,395	4,355
$70,000 to $79,999	7,885	4,215	3,665
$80,000 to $89,999	7,075	3,775	3,300
$90,000 to $99,999	5,115	3,055	2,060
$100,000 and over	11,430	7,995	3,430
$100,000 to $124,999	6,190	4,145	2,045
$125,000 and over	5,235	3,850	1,385
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	103,985	51,100	52,890
Without employment income	25,875	11,205	14,665
With employment income	78,115	39,890	38,225
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,905	4,205	4,700
$5,000 to $9,999	5,305	2,310	2,995
$10,000 to $19,999	6,935	3,065	3,870
$20,000 to $29,999	5,045	2,255	2,790
$30,000 to $39,999	4,385	1,945	2,440
$40,000 to $49,999	4,765	2,085	2,680
$50,000 to $59,999	5,145	2,355	2,790
$60,000 to $69,999	5,395	2,500	2,900
$70,000 to $79,999	4,900	2,475	2,425
$80,000 to $89,999	4,855	2,575	2,280
$90,000 to $99,999	4,730	2,465	2,260
$100,000 and over	17,735	11,650	6,085
$100,000 to $124,999	8,435	4,985	3,455
$125,000 and over	9,305	6,665	2,635
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	103,990	51,095	52,895
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	97,535	47,840	49,695
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,800	67,500	48,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	97,600	47,850	49,750
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,800	57,200	42,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	92,040	45,870	46,175
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,800	66,000	45,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	77,560	39,655	37,900
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,400	66,000	48,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,325	38,660	41,660
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,230	632	3,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,920	2,155	3,765
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,400	5,080	7,700
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	104,175	51,205	52,965
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	97,615	47,815	49,800
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	69,300	81,700	57,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	97,665	47,825	49,840
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,400	63,850	47,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	92,250	45,910	46,335
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	68,200	81,100	55,500
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,955	39,750	38,210
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	67,000	77,800	55,700
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,505	38,610	41,900
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,835	4,716	6,870
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,920	2,190	3,730
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,250	5,770	9,700
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	104,175	51,205	52,970
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	44,475	24,675	19,795
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	81,000	89,000	72,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	91,200	101,500	78,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,150	10,630	13,515
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,800	25,000	23,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	38,360	43,520	34,320
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	93.0	95.4	90.0
Employment income (%)	77.2	79.2	74.4
Government transfers (%)	6.9	4.7	10.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.3	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	45,695	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	136,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	7,095	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	38,600	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	149,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	45,750	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	157,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	126,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	7,095	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	61,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	38,660	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	172,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	138,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	45,695	...	...
Under $5,000	240	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	120	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	155	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	235	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	485	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	485	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	515	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	590	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	690	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	730	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,615	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,905	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,090	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,205	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,390	...	...
$100,000 and over	31,255	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,940	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,680	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	8,790	...	...
$200,000 and over	10,850	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	45,695	...	...
Under $5,000	295	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	125	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	165	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	255	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	525	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	590	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	595	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	765	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	855	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	935	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,225	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,505	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,730	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,065	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,105	...	...
$100,000 and over	26,965	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,355	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,240	...	...
$150,000 and over	13,375	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	37,860	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	149,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	12,900	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	20,245	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	176,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	146,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,830	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	9,635	4,575	5,060
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	59,200	61,600	57,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,800	52,000	49,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	37,940	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	172,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	138,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,910	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	146,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	117,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	20,160	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	202,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	160,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,915	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	110,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	93,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	9,530	4,435	5,100
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	69,700	74,700	65,400
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	56,400	58,950	54,200
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	130,635	64,645	65,985
0 to 17 years	32,085	16,375	15,710
0 to 5 years	9,510	4,825	4,685
18 to 64 years	80,755	39,690	41,070
65 years and over	17,790	8,580	9,210
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	5,585	2,705	2,875
0 to 17 years	1,585	825	760
0 to 5 years	490	265	225
18 to 64 years	3,025	1,475	1,550
65 years and over	975	410	565
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	4.3	4.2	4.4
0 to 17 years (%)	4.9	5.0	4.8
0 to 5 years (%)	5.1	5.4	4.8
18 to 64 years (%)	3.8	3.7	3.8
65 years and over (%)	5.5	4.8	6.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	130,635	64,650	65,985
0 to 17 years	32,085	16,375	15,710
0 to 5 years	9,515	4,830	4,690
18 to 64 years	80,760	39,695	41,065
65 years and over	17,790	8,580	9,210
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	2,745	1,410	1,335
0 to 17 years	725	360	365
0 to 5 years	210	110	100
18 to 64 years	1,750	920	830
65 years and over	270	125	145
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	2.1	2.2	2.0
0 to 17 years (%)	2.3	2.2	2.3
0 to 5 years (%)	2.2	2.3	2.2
18 to 64 years (%)	2.2	2.3	2.0
65 years and over (%)	1.5	1.5	1.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	130,635	64,645	65,985
In bottom half of the distribution	33,450	16,215	17,230
In bottom decile	5,115	2,575	2,545
In second decile	4,995	2,355	2,640
In third decile	6,325	3,135	3,190
In fourth decile	7,525	3,590	3,930
In fifth decile	9,490	4,565	4,920
In top half of the distribution	97,185	48,430	48,760
In sixth decile	11,990	5,825	6,165
In seventh decile	14,670	7,225	7,450
In eighth decile	18,230	9,140	9,095
In ninth decile	24,655	12,315	12,340
In top decile	27,635	13,925	13,715
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	130,635	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.303	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.365	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.263	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	130,825	64,735	66,085
English only	89,060	45,840	43,225
French only	440	200	240
English and French	39,795	18,060	21,735
Neither English nor French	1,530	640	890
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	130,825	64,735	66,085
English	117,265	58,475	58,790
French	9,770	4,545	5,225
English and French	2,295	1,100	1,200
Neither English nor French	1,495	615	875
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	130,825	64,735	66,085
Single responses	124,080	61,505	62,580
Official languages	98,915	49,340	49,580
English	89,765	45,040	44,720
French	9,155	4,295	4,855
Non-official languages	25,165	12,165	13,005
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	15
Algonquian languages	10	0	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	10	5	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	25,150	12,155	12,990
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,650	2,885	2,765
Berber languages	35	20	15
Kabyle	30	15	15
Tamazight	5	0	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	0	5
Hausa	5	0	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	5	0	0
Cushitic languages	360	155	200
Bilen	5	0	0
Oromo	10	10	5
Somali	330	140	195
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	5,245	2,710	2,540
Amharic	130	55	75
Arabic	4,945	2,575	2,370
Aramaic languages	10	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	40	20	25
Maltese	5	0	0
Tigrigna	115	50	65
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	800	350	450
Khmer (Cambodian)	150	65	85
Vietnamese	655	285	365
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	535	195	340
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Cebuano	40	10	25
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	5	0	0
Ilocano	25	10	15
Indonesian	30	15	15
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	10	0	10
Merina	10	0	10
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	395	140	255
Waray-Waray	15	5	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	125	55	70
Haitian Creole	85	40	45
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Dravidian languages	860	435	425
Kannada	60	30	35
Malayalam	170	85	85
Tamil	435	225	210
Telugu	175	95	85
Tulu	10	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	12,040	5,840	6,205
Albanian	115	60	55
Armenian	60	25	30
Balto-Slavic languages	2,630	1,210	1,415
Baltic languages	50	25	25
Latvian	20	10	15
Lithuanian	25	15	15
Slavic languages	2,580	1,185	1,390
Belarusian	5	0	0
Bulgarian	80	40	40
Czech	65	30	40
Macedonian	15	10	10
Polish	635	275	365
Russian	1,050	490	560
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	410	205	205
Bosnian	75	35	40
Croatian	145	75	70
Serbian	185	90	90
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Slovak	70	25	45
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	15	20
Ukrainian	215	105	110
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	10	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,095	525	565
Frisian	10	5	0
High German languages	565	265	300
German	535	250	285
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	25	10	15
Yiddish	0	5	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	440	220	220
Afrikaans	55	30	25
Dutch	380	190	190
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	0
Scandinavian languages	75	35	35
Danish	40	15	20
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	5	5
Swedish	20	15	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Greek	215	105	115
Indo-Iranian languages	4,680	2,330	2,350
Indo-Aryan languages	3,555	1,785	1,775
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	470	235	240
Gujarati	415	210	210
Hindi	500	255	245
Kacchi	20	10	15
Kashmiri	0	0	5
Konkani	15	10	10
Marathi	60	30	30
Nepali	120	60	60
Oriya languages	15	5	5
Odia	10	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	940	480	465
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	20	10	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	120	55	65
Urdu	845	425	420
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Iranian languages	1,125	550	575
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	75	35	40
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	140	65	75
Persian languages	895	440	455
Dari	220	105	115
Iranian Persian	630	315	315
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	45	20	25
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,240	1,575	1,660
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	985	495	490
Portuguese	650	310	340
Romanian	295	135	155
Spanish	1,310	630	675
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	65	20	50
Korean	255	105	150
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	390	180	215
Akan (Twi)	50	25	25
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	0	0
Éwé	10	0	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	15	5	10
Ganda	20	10	10
Gikuyu	5	0	5
Igbo	20	10	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	10
Lingala	15	5	10
Luba-Kasai	5	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	5	5
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	35	20	20
Shona	5	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5
Swahili	65	30	35
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	60	30	30
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	15	30
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	40	25	15
American Sign Language	35	20	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,785	1,775	2,015
Chinese languages	3,750	1,760	1,995
Hakka	5	0	0
Mandarin	2,770	1,280	1,490
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	30	35
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	15	10
Yue (Cantonese)	875	425	450
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	30	15	15
Burmese	10	5	5
Kuki-Chin languages	10	5	5
Karenic languages	10	0	5
S'gaw Karen	10	0	5
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	85	25	55
Lao	35	15	15
Thai	45	10	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	325	170	160
Azerbaijani	10	5	5
Kazakh	10	5	5
Turkish	285	150	140
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	10	0	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Uralic languages	180	95	85
Estonian	10	10	5
Finnish	40	15	20
Hungarian	125	70	60
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	6,745	3,235	3,510
English and French	2,485	1,160	1,325
English and non-official language(s)	3,295	1,630	1,665
French and non-official language(s)	300	140	155
English, French and non-official language(s)	390	180	210
Multiple non-official languages	270	120	150
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	130,825	64,735	66,085
English	93,770	47,025	46,740
French	2,565	1,210	1,360
Non-official language	6,005	2,890	3,115
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	6,000	2,890	3,115
English and French	7,480	3,440	4,040
English and non-official language(s)	17,555	8,630	8,925
French and non-official language(s)	275	120	155
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,765	1,250	1,515
Multiple non-official languages	410	180	235
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	130,825	64,735	66,085
Single responses	124,245	61,580	62,665
Official languages	111,230	55,230	56,000
English	107,140	53,325	53,815
French	4,095	1,905	2,190
Non-official languages	13,015	6,355	6,665
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	13,015	6,355	6,660
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,880	1,425	1,460
Berber languages	15	10	5
Kabyle	15	10	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	130	50	80
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	5	5
Somali	115	45	75
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,740	1,365	1,375
Amharic	75	30	40
Arabic	2,600	1,305	1,300
Aramaic languages	5	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	25	10	15
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	30	10	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	410	180	225
Khmer (Cambodian)	60	30	30
Vietnamese	350	150	195
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	210	80	125
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	25	10	10
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	10	5	5
Indonesian	5	0	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	145	60	85
Waray-Waray	5	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	60	25	30
Haitian Creole	30	15	15
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	565	285	275
Kannada	35	15	20
Malayalam	110	55	50
Tamil	310	160	150
Telugu	110	60	55
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,685	2,800	2,880
Albanian	60	30	25
Armenian	25	10	15
Balto-Slavic languages	1,235	610	625
Baltic languages	5	0	0
Latvian	5	0	5
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	1,230	610	620
Belarusian	5	5	5
Bulgarian	30	15	15
Czech	10	5	0
Macedonian	5	0	0
Polish	235	115	120
Russian	670	330	335
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	160	80	80
Bosnian	30	15	20
Croatian	40	20	15
Serbian	90	45	45
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	20	10	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	5
Ukrainian	100	55	50
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	105	50	50
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	55	25	25
German	45	20	25
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	5	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	45	25	20
Afrikaans	25	15	15
Dutch	15	5	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	5
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	30	15	15
Indo-Iranian languages	2,965	1,465	1,500
Indo-Aryan languages	2,260	1,135	1,125
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	280	140	145
Gujarati	255	130	125
Hindi	305	145	155
Kacchi	5	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	25	10	10
Nepali	95	50	45
Oriya languages	10	5	5
Odia	10	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	715	370	350
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	60	30	30
Urdu	485	245	240
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Iranian languages	705	330	375
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	45	25	25
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	120	50	65
Persian languages	530	255	280
Dari	115	45	65
Iranian Persian	390	185	205
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	15	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,255	620	640
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	110	50	65
Portuguese	315	165	155
Romanian	135	60	75
Spanish	695	345	345
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	20	5	15
Korean	170	80	85
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	95	45	50
Akan (Twi)	10	5	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	5
Lingala	5	5	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	15	10
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	10	5	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	20	10	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	50	35	15
American Sign Language	35	25	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,585	1,235	1,345
Chinese languages	2,555	1,225	1,335
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	2,070	990	1,085
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	15	15
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	5
Yue (Cantonese)	440	215	225
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	10	5
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	5	5	5
Karenic languages	10	0	5
S'gaw Karen	10	0	5
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	15	20
Lao	25	10	15
Thai	10	5	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	230	120	110
Azerbaijani	5	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	215	110	105
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	10	5	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	35	15	15
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	5	5	5
Hungarian	25	20	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	6,575	3,155	3,425
English and French	1,565	710	860
English and non-official language(s)	4,470	2,205	2,265
French and non-official language(s)	145	55	85
English, French and non-official language(s)	325	150	170
Multiple non-official languages	75	30	40
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	130,825	64,735	66,085
None	107,660	53,685	53,975
English	6,725	3,290	3,440
French	5,370	2,475	2,895
Non-official language	7,860	3,770	4,095
Indigenous³⁹	15	10	5
Non-Indigenous	7,845	3,760	4,090
English and French	390	190	205
English and non-official language(s)	885	450	435
French and non-official language(s)	1,140	505	630
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	25	35
Multiple non-official languages	730	350	385
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	130,660	64,640	66,020
Official languages	129,055	63,950	65,110
English	128,650	63,770	64,880
French	40,110	18,155	21,955
Non-official languages	35,940	17,380	18,560
Indigenous languages³⁹	55	35	25
Algonquian languages	20	10	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	15	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	15	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	20	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	20	15	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	35,885	17,345	18,540
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,345	4,305	4,045
Berber languages	60	25	35
Kabyle	40	15	25
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	30	15	15
Hausa	30	15	15
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	60	30	30
Cushitic languages	425	200	225
Bilen	20	15	15
Oromo	20	20	0
Somali	385	170	210
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	7,925	4,110	3,815
Amharic	225	110	120
Arabic	7,335	3,835	3,505
Aramaic languages	10	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	205	100	105
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	245	110	135
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,180	520	665
Khmer (Cambodian)	220	95	125
Vietnamese	970	420	550
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	715	265	450
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	65	15	45
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	70	30	40
Indonesian	70	35	35
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	50	25	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	555	185	370
Waray-Waray	15	0	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Creole languages	395	165	225
Haitian Creole	235	95	140
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	20	0	15
Morisyen	70	35	40
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	35	25	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	10	30
Dravidian languages	1,185	615	580
Kannada	110	55	50
Malayalam	200	100	100
Tamil	660	355	310
Telugu	345	180	170
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	18,480	8,970	9,510
Albanian	160	95	65
Armenian	115	50	65
Balto-Slavic languages	3,665	1,740	1,925
Baltic languages	70	30	40
Latvian	25	10	10
Lithuanian	55	25	30
Slavic languages	3,600	1,715	1,880
Belarusian	25	15	10
Bulgarian	70	35	35
Czech	135	60	80
Macedonian	45	15	25
Polish	830	395	435
Russian	1,665	830	840
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	670	325	345
Bosnian	160	75	85
Croatian	295	150	145
Serbian	400	205	200
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Slovak	125	35	90
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	15	10
Ukrainian	485	215	275
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	30	10	20
Irish	20	10	10
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,170	1,015	1,155
Frisian	10	0	10
High German languages	1,465	705	760
German	1,450	705	740
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	50	25	25
Yiddish	10	0	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	620	260	365
Afrikaans	155	65	85
Dutch	470	195	270
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	15
Scandinavian languages	155	75	80
Danish	45	15	30
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	60	40	20
Swedish	50	20	25
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	305	175	130
Indo-Iranian languages	6,660	3,400	3,260
Indo-Aryan languages	5,335	2,725	2,610
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	710	360	350
Gujarati	565	280	280
Hindi	2,255	1,145	1,110
Kacchi	30	0	25
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	0	10
Marathi	185	105	80
Nepali	190	110	80
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,570	815	760
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	30	20	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	170	95	70
Urdu	1,445	740	705
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Iranian languages	1,405	705	700
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	110	50	50
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	180	70	105
Persian languages	1,195	635	560
Dari	390	220	170
Iranian Persian	815	430	385
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	0	25
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,075	2,810	3,260
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	2,005	980	1,025
Portuguese	895	435	460
Romanian	410	170	240
Spanish	3,100	1,380	1,720
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	265	115	140
Korean	395	165	225
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	935	445	485
Akan (Twi)	70	40	30
Bamanankan	10	0	0
Edo	25	10	15
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	25	10	15
Ganda	40	20	15
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	100	40	60
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	70	40	30
Lingala	130	50	80
Luba-Kasai	20	15	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	35	10	25
Rundi (Kirundi)	30	15	15
Shona	10	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	160	80	80
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	20	15	10
Yoruba	230	110	120
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	205	100	105
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
African, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Sign languages	265	105	160
American Sign Language	240	85	155
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,675	2,210	2,470
Chinese languages	4,675	2,200	2,470
Hakka	10	10	0
Mandarin	3,730	1,715	2,015
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	140	80	65
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	20
Yue (Cantonese)	1,330	660	670
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	160	50	110
Lao	90	40	45
Thai	105	30	80
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	575	255	320
Azerbaijani	10	0	0
Kazakh	45	15	30
Turkish	475	210	265
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	45	25	25
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	245	135	110
Estonian	35	20	15
Finnish	55	20	40
Hungarian	160	100	55
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	130,660	64,640	66,020
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	3,315	1,650	1,655
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,180	1,600	1,580
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,745	840	905
Métis	1,335	705	625
Inuk (Inuit)	100	50	50
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	65	35	25
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	70	20	45
Non-Indigenous identity	127,350	62,990	64,360
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	130,660	64,640	66,020
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	875	405	470
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	129,785	64,235	65,550
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	45,750	...	...
Owner	40,170	...	...
Renter	5,580	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	45,750	...	...
Condominium	1,945	...	...
Not condominium	43,805	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	45,750	...	...
No bedrooms	80	...	...
1 bedroom	1,060	...	...
2 bedrooms	5,250	...	...
3 bedrooms	20,210	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	19,150	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	45,750	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	4,260	...	...
5 rooms	5,780	...	...
6 rooms	6,920	...	...
7 rooms	7,285	...	...
8 or more rooms	21,505	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	7.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	45,750	...	...
One person or fewer per room	45,135	...	...
More than one person per room	620	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	45,750	...	...
Suitable	44,610	...	...
Not suitable	1,140	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	45,750	...	...
1960 or before	3,020	...	...
1961 to 1980	5,915	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,955	...	...
1991 to 2000	5,460	...	...
2001 to 2005	4,910	...	...
2006 to 2010	5,885	...	...
2011 to 2015	5,285	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	10,315	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	45,750	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	44,330	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,425	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	45,750	...	...
One-maintainer household	17,175	...	...
Two-maintainer household	26,785	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,795	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	45,750	...	...
15 to 24 years	370	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,720	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,410	...	...
45 to 54 years	10,625	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,605	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,950	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,155	...	...
85 years and over	925	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	45,370	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	38,960	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	6,410	...	...
30% to less than 100%	5,730	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	45,750	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	8,460	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	5,935	...	...
Not suitable only	920	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,095	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	185	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	295	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	35	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	0	...	...
Acceptable housing	37,290	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	44,685	...	...
In core need	2,460	...	...
Not in core need	42,230	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	39,880	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	67.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	10.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,820	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,846	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	700,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	750,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	5,560	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	4.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	38.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	18.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,000	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,912	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	130,660	64,645	66,015
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	855	395	455
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	805	385	415
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	555	265	290
Métis single ancestry	220	110	110
Inuit single ancestry	25	10	20
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	45	15	35
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	35	10	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	4,405	2,175	2,230
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	4,330	2,140	2,190
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,065	1,510	1,555
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,160	570	595
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	105	60	45
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	70	35	35
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	70	35	35
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	125,405	62,070	63,330
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	130,660	64,645	66,015
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	122,840	60,945	61,900
Canadian citizens aged under 18	30,550	15,715	14,835
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	92,295	45,235	47,060
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	7,815	3,695	4,120
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	130,660	64,645	66,015
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	101,630	50,595	51,040
Immigrants⁸¹	27,735	13,405	14,325
Before 1980	4,590	2,245	2,345
1980 to 1990	3,085	1,465	1,615
1991 to 2000	5,745	2,850	2,895
2001 to 2010	6,510	3,090	3,420
2011 to 2021⁸²	7,810	3,755	4,055
2011 to 2015	3,210	1,520	1,690
2016 to 2021	4,605	2,240	2,365
Non-permanent residents⁸³	1,295	640	655
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	27,735	13,405	14,325
Under 5 years	3,175	1,580	1,595
5 to 14 years	4,860	2,435	2,420
15 to 24 years	5,190	2,405	2,785
25 to 44 years	12,390	5,980	6,415
45 years and over	2,115	1,005	1,115
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	27,735	13,405	14,325
Americas	3,070	1,380	1,685
Brazil	270	145	120
Colombia	150	60	90
El Salvador	105	40	65
Guyana	110	50	60
Haiti	170	80	95
Jamaica	185	85	100
Mexico	230	100	130
Peru	90	30	60
Trinidad and Tobago	105	70	35
United States of America	1,030	430	600
Other places of birth in Americas	630	295	330
Europe	6,860	3,365	3,500
Bosnia and Herzegovina	220	115	105
Croatia	115	55	65
France	140	60	80
Germany	480	240	235
Greece	55	35	20
Hungary	50	35	20
Italy	535	280	255
Netherlands	335	135	200
Poland	475	195	280
Portugal	180	100	85
Romania	265	135	135
Russian Federation	425	190	230
Serbia⁸⁶	100	45	55
Ukraine	400	180	215
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,130	1,115	1,015
Other places of birth in Europe	970	450	515
Africa	3,035	1,480	1,550
Algeria	110	55	60
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	175	75	95
Egypt	405	230	180
Eritrea	130	65	65
Ethiopia	170	85	80
Morocco	135	80	55
Nigeria	470	235	230
Somalia	180	60	120
South Africa, Republic of	225	90	135
Other places of birth in Africa	1,030	500	525
Asia	14,690	7,145	7,545
Afghanistan	225	115	110
Iran⁸⁸	665	345	325
Iraq	555	300	255
Lebanon	1,455	800	655
Syria⁸⁹	395	220	170
Turkey	200	90	115
China⁹⁰	2,630	1,170	1,465
Hong Kong⁹¹	295	170	130
Korea, South⁹²	270	130	140
Taiwan	135	70	65
Philippines	550	180	365
Viet Nam	775	335	445
Bangladesh	450	220	230
India	2,475	1,270	1,205
Pakistan	820	410	410
Sri Lanka	355	175	175
Other places of birth in Asia	2,430	1,145	1,285
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	80	35	45
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,605	2,240	2,370
Americas	455	215	245
Brazil	65	35	25
Colombia	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	15	15	0
Mexico	30	15	15
United States of America	220	100	120
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	0	15
Other places of birth in Americas	90	35	60
Europe	460	230	235
France	15	10	0
Germany	25	15	10
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	60	20	35
Ukraine	140	70	75
United Kingdom⁸⁷	100	55	50
Other places of birth in Europe	110	50	60
Africa	595	295	305
Algeria	20	20	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	45	10	40
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	65	35	35
Eritrea	20	0	15
Ethiopia	20	15	10
Morocco	40	30	15
Nigeria	180	100	75
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	85	30	50
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	20	10	15
Other places of birth in Africa	105	45	55
Asia	3,085	1,500	1,585
Afghanistan	55	25	25
Bangladesh	75	30	40
China⁹⁰	570	265	305
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	895	495	400
Iran⁸⁸	80	50	30
Iraq	85	30	50
Israel	45	25	20
Japan	10	0	0
Jordan	25	0	15
Korea, South⁹²	45	25	25
Lebanon	145	80	65
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	165	75	90
Philippines	95	25	75
Saudi Arabia	50	25	25
Sri Lanka	35	15	20
Syria⁸⁹	190	100	85
Turkey	115	55	60
United Arab Emirates	95	45	50
Viet Nam	45	15	25
Other places of birth in Asia	265	110	150
Oceania and other⁹³	10	10	0
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	130,660	64,640	66,020
First generation¹⁰⁰	30,695	14,825	15,870
Second generation¹⁰¹	26,980	13,645	13,330
Third generation or more¹⁰²	72,985	36,170	36,815
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	23,145	11,165	11,985
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	12,795	6,710	6,085
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	5,115	3,555	1,560
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	7,690	3,155	4,535
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	6,185	2,390	3,800
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,010	2,010	2,000
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	155	55	100
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	23,145	11,165	11,985
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,810	895	915
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,890	960	930
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	675	335	340
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,970	1,080	895
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	105	35	70
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	16,695	7,860	8,835
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	130,660	64,640	66,020
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	32,155	15,715	16,435
South Asian	7,750	3,940	3,815
Chinese	5,390	2,560	2,830
Black	4,980	2,395	2,585
Filipino	915	370	545
Arab	6,665	3,465	3,205
Latin American	1,295	545	755
Southeast Asian	1,770	840	925
West Asian	1,300	645	655
Korean	450	220	225
Japanese	265	85	175
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	410	225	190
Multiple visible minorities	980	435	545
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	98,505	48,925	49,580
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	130,660	64,645	66,020
Canadian	17,255	8,980	8,285
English	24,450	11,965	12,490
Irish	31,065	15,005	16,060
Scottish	25,420	12,505	12,920
French, n.o.s.¹²²	17,090	8,205	8,890
German	11,250	5,490	5,760
Chinese	5,545	2,590	2,955
Italian	7,315	3,725	3,585
Indian (India)	4,040	2,035	2,005
Ukrainian	3,700	1,855	1,840
Dutch	4,770	2,370	2,400
Polish	4,440	2,130	2,310
Québécois	610	305	305
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	6,055	3,000	3,055
Filipino	850	340	510
French Canadian	3,970	1,865	2,110
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,490	1,255	1,240
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,475	665	810
Métis	1,495	725	775
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,965	920	1,045
Russian	1,675	780	900
Norwegian	1,025	530	500
Welsh	2,215	1,170	1,045
Portuguese	1,290	685	605
American	1,435	710	730
Spanish	1,195	590	605
Swedish	880	435	445
Hungarian	1,025	515	510
Acadian	755	335	420
Pakistani	1,090	550	545
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,045	505	540
Jewish	640	300	340
Punjabi	605	280	320
Vietnamese	1,235	595	650
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	2,315	1,165	1,155
Greek	925	500	425
Jamaican	540	265	280
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	590	290	300
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	180	110	75
Korean	440	225	215
Romanian	655	310	340
Lebanese	3,505	1,790	1,715
Iranian	700	365	335
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	605	260	345
Danish	535	220	320
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	405	205	195
Sikh	390	210	180
Austrian	715	325	385
Belgian	615	310	300
Haitian	370	145	230
Hindu	555	280	280
Mexican	395	205	190
Mennonite	150	65	80
Swiss	475	230	245
Finnish	630	315	325
Sri Lankan	455	230	225
Croatian	550	275	270
Japanese	405	150	260
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	420	205	215
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	455	255	195
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	500	270	230
Muslim	520	265	250
Egyptian	730	370	355
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	315	150	165
Tamil	335	190	140
Icelandic	220	115	105
Colombian	200	85	120
Moroccan	150	75	70
Czech	370	140	230
Syrian	505	275	240
Guyanese	170	85	90
Afghan	340	175	165
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	255	120	135
Serbian	340	190	155
Ojibway	165	85	80
Newfoundlander	440	205	235
Hong Konger	150	100	50
Ontarian	850	400	450
Persian	380	205	175
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	180	120	65
Turkish	450	215	230
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	145	70	75
Bangladeshi	495	250	250
Algerian	130	70	55
Brazilian	330	160	170
Nigerian	340	170	170
Armenian	200	95	105
Slovak	395	185	210
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	275	115	155
Somali	375	170	210
Taiwanese	155	90	70
Iraqi	470	245	220
Salvadorean	140	50	90
African Caribbean	160	75	85
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	235	110	120
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	715	370	345
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	130	70	65
Algonquin	555	260	295
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	135	80	55
Lithuanian	230	105	125
South African	245	90	155
Australian	130	65	65
Palestinian	810	410	395
Chilean	90	40	50
Congolese	220	100	120
Nova Scotian	200	75	125
Ethiopian	200	115	85
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	65	20	35
Peruvian	140	70	70
Yoruba	175	80	95
Cambodian (Khmer)	385	170	215
Berber	155	75	75
Albanian	165	95	75
Maltese	50	35	20
Macedonian	85	40	45
Slovenian	125	55	70
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	150	80	70
New Brunswicker	130	55	75
Gujarati	160	65	95
Eritrean	255	115	135
African Canadian	110	40	70
Israeli	90	45	45
Mohawk	140	80	60
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	105	35	70
Bulgarian	140	50	95
Albertan	20	10	0
Ghanaian	155	85	70
Barbadian	115	70	40
African American	50	30	20
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	130	55	75
Tunisian	75	40	35
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	215	120	100
Cuban	140	70	70
Bosnian	170	75	95
Venezuelan	145	70	75
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	25	15	10
Latvian	125	70	50
Bengali	130	65	65
Cameroonian	125	65	60
Guatemalan	20	10	10
Indonesian	90	60	35
Laotian	155	65	85
Ilocano	0	0	0
Northern Irish	145	65	80
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	215	120	95
British Columbian	20	10	15
Ecuadorian	25	10	15
Franco Ontarian	470	200	270
Argentinian	40	20	20
Estonian	140	65	70
Kurdish	125	65	65
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	50	30	20
Coptic	65	30	40
Thai	120	40	80
Dominican	50	15	35
Nepali	100	55	50
Kabyle	25	15	10
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	130	65	65
Byelorussian	85	50	35
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	20	10	10
Abenaki	15	10	10
Moldovan	110	40	70
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	35	20	15
New Zealander	25	20	10
Sudanese	25	10	10
Breton	10	0	10
Pennsylvania Dutch	30	10	25
Malaysian	30	15	10
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	55	25	30
Huron (Wendat)	40	30	0
Saskatchewanian	30	15	10
Buddhist	40	20	15
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	65	45	20
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	110	55	55
Ivorian	25	20	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	50	10	35
Burundian	50	30	15
Tigrinya	75	30	45
Nicaraguan	50	20	30
Mauritian	70	20	45
Kenyan	65	25	35
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	15	10	0
Jordanian	230	95	135
Manitoban	35	25	10
Cape Bretoner	45	20	30
Rwandan	85	50	30
Grenadian	35	15	20
Malayali	50	20	30
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	60	35	25
Mayan	25	0	20
Honduran	40	20	25
Cherokee	35	15	15
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	80	30	50
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	15	10	10
United Empire Loyalist	60	25	30
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	25	0	25
Sicilian	45	35	15
Pashtun	40	25	15
Malay	15	0	15
Goan	25	20	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	25	15	20
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	25	10	20
Burmese	30	20	10
Mongolian	25	10	20
Azorean	35	20	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	35	20	10
Ugandan	75	35	40
Oromo	75	40	30
Tanzanian	30	15	15
Yemeni	90	40	55
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	110	60	55
Basque	30	15	15
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	25	25	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	25	0	20
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	45	20	25
Prince Edward Islander	30	20	0
Maliseet	20	0	10
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	20	10	10
Roma	15	0	10
Costa Rican	35	20	20
African Nova Scotian	10	0	0
Malagasy	15	0	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	15	10	10
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	45	20	25
Tajik	45	25	20
Amhara	25	15	10
Paraguayan	20	10	10
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	130,660	64,640	66,015
Buddhist	1,280	560	720
Christian	74,695	35,585	39,110
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,340	3,955	4,390
Anabaptist	110	40	65
Anglican	7,235	3,235	4,000
Baptist	870	420	455
Catholic	40,945	19,770	21,175
Christian Orthodox	2,675	1,350	1,325
Jehovah's Witness	320	125	200
Latter Day Saints	90	45	50
Lutheran	935	445	495
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	280	140	145
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,340	645	695
Presbyterian	1,745	880	870
Reformed	255	130	125
United Church	6,620	3,070	3,550
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,920	1,350	1,570
Hindu	2,650	1,370	1,275
Jewish	505	280	225
Muslim	10,630	5,400	5,230
Sikh	1,200	605	595
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15	0	10
Other religions and spiritual traditions	675	320	355
No religion and secular perspectives	39,020	20,515	18,505
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	129,165	63,835	65,335
Non-movers	112,840	55,690	57,150
Movers	16,330	8,145	8,185
Non-migrants	12,360	6,250	6,110
Migrants	3,970	1,895	2,075
Internal migrants	2,975	1,425	1,550
Intraprovincial migrants	1,925	900	1,030
Interprovincial migrants	1,050	525	525
External migrants	995	470	525
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	122,890	60,730	62,160
Non-movers	71,015	35,280	35,735
Movers	51,880	25,450	26,425
Non-migrants	34,100	16,830	17,270
Migrants	17,780	8,620	9,160
Internal migrants	12,930	6,305	6,625
Intraprovincial migrants	8,315	3,995	4,325
Interprovincial migrants	4,615	2,310	2,300
External migrants	4,850	2,310	2,535
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	104,175	51,205	52,965
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	11,765	6,285	5,480
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	92,415	44,920	47,490
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	70,730	34,495	36,235
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,325	1,880	1,440
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	67,405	32,610	34,790
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	104,175	51,205	52,965
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,780	5,685	5,095
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	23,515	11,655	11,860
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	69,875	33,865	36,010
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	29,050	14,450	14,600
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,300	3,035	1,255
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,080	1,210	870
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,215	1,830	390
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	22,705	10,625	12,075
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,050	790	1,265
Bachelor's degree or higher	40,825	19,415	21,415
Bachelor's degree	26,825	12,250	14,580
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,140	955	1,185
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	835	380	460
Master's degree	9,255	4,735	4,515
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,765	1,095	670
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	70,725	34,490	36,235
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,835	1,630	1,205
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,035	6,285	5,750
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	55,855	26,575	29,275
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,055	10,990	11,065
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,940	2,035	910
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,430	820	610
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,510	1,215	295
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,655	8,365	9,290
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,460	590	870
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,795	15,585	18,210
Bachelor's degree	22,075	9,850	12,230
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,690	720	975
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	670	275	395
Master's degree	8,025	3,955	4,070
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,330	790	545
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	104,170	51,205	52,970
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	34,295	17,340	16,960
Education	3,720	790	2,930
13. Education	3,720	790	2,930
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,830	785	1,045
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	260	190	70
50. Visual and performing arts	1,565	590	970
Humanities	3,665	1,240	2,420
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	400	70	330
23. English language and literature/letters	920	210	710
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	915	295	620
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	105	55	50
38. Philosophy and religious studies	235	110	130
39. Theology and religious vocations	220	110	105
54. History	670	360	310
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	200	30	175
Social and behavioural sciences and law	11,525	3,990	7,535
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	100	35	65
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,275	390	885
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,225	70	1,160
22. Legal professions and studies	1,665	530	1,130
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	295	120	180
42. Psychology	2,015	470	1,550
45. Social sciences	4,950	2,375	2,575
Business, management and public administration	14,730	6,330	8,405
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	0	20
44. Public administration and social service professions	945	245	695
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,765	6,080	7,690
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,775	1,845	1,925
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,815	700	1,120
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	740	335	400
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	60	20	40
40. Physical sciences	1,060	760	305
41. Science technologies/technicians	100	35	60
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,145	3,525	1,615
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,215	3,040	1,180
25. Library science	190	25	165
27. Mathematics and statistics	560	330	230
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	180	135	40
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	12,600	11,005	1,595
04. Architecture and related services	550	355	195
14. Engineering	5,325	4,275	1,045
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,080	2,775	300
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,500	1,460	35
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,635	1,625	10
48. Precision production	520	510	10
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,340	740	600
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	885	485	400
03. Natural resources and conservation	460	255	200
Health and related fields	8,275	1,790	6,485
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	935	510	425
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,140	1,185	5,950
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	195	90	105
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,245	1,810	1,435
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,350	375	980
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	170	160	15
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	75	70	0
43. Security and protective services	1,255	870	385
49. Transportation and materials moving	395	335	60
Other¹⁷⁹	15	10	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	70,725	34,495	36,235
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	14,875	7,915	6,955
Education	2,690	530	2,155
13. Education	2,690	530	2,155
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,375	555	820
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	165	105	55
50. Visual and performing arts	1,210	440	770
Humanities	2,760	915	1,840
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	320	50	275
23. English language and literature/letters	705	150	555
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	680	220	455
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	70	40	30
38. Philosophy and religious studies	145	60	85
39. Theology and religious vocations	155	90	65
54. History	540	285	255
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	140	15	130
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,510	3,150	6,360
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	80	30	50
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,070	325	740
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	995	35	960
22. Legal professions and studies	1,405	415	995
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	225	95	135
42. Psychology	1,670	390	1,280
45. Social sciences	4,060	1,870	2,200
Business, management and public administration	12,265	5,135	7,130
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	790	190	600
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,465	4,935	6,530
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,970	1,370	1,595
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,525	575	950
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	585	260	320
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	45	15	30
40. Physical sciences	750	505	245
41. Science technologies/technicians	65	25	45
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,465	3,070	1,390
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,775	2,705	1,060
25. Library science	125	15	110
27. Mathematics and statistics	400	215	180
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	165	130	35
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,790	8,435	1,350
04. Architecture and related services	450	270	170
14. Engineering	4,280	3,400	880
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,425	2,180	245
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,090	1,050	35
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,180	1,170	10
48. Precision production	365	365	0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,115	605	510
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	720	390	325
03. Natural resources and conservation	395	210	180
Health and related fields	6,395	1,410	4,985
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	730	370	355
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,510	980	4,530
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	150	65	85
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,520	1,385	1,135
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,025	280	755
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	130	125	15
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	60	55	0
43. Security and protective services	1,020	700	320
49. Transportation and materials moving	285	230	50
Other¹⁷⁹	15	10	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	70,725	34,495	36,235
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	14,875	7,915	6,955
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	55,855	26,580	29,275
Location of study inside Canada	46,905	22,395	24,510
Same as province or territory of residence	39,420	18,915	20,505
Different than province or territory of residence	7,485	3,475	4,005
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	8,950	4,185	4,770
Americas	1,955	1,015	950
United States of America	1,395	775	620
Mexico	90	35	55
Cuba	60	30	25
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	30	10	15
Brazil	180	85	95
Colombia	60	20	40
Peru	10	0	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	10	25
Other locations of study in Americas	105	40	65
Europe	2,055	1,085	965
Belgium	0	0	0
France	90	65	25
Germany	85	55	35
Netherlands	40	25	15
Switzerland	25	15	15
Hungary	10	0	10
Moldova¹⁸³	65	30	35
Poland	100	45	55
Romania	80	50	30
Russian Federation	175	90	90
Ukraine	180	100	85
Ireland⁹⁶	55	20	40
United Kingdom⁸⁷	840	455	390
Bosnia and Herzegovina	35	0	30
Italy	25	20	10
Serbia⁸⁶	45	20	25
Other locations of study in Europe	175	90	80
Africa	580	280	305
Nigeria	75	25	40
Algeria	35	15	20
Morocco	50	15	30
Tunisia	10	0	10
Egypt	185	90	95
South Africa, Republic of	85	40	45
Other locations of study in Africa	145	85	60
Asia	4,185	1,725	2,460
Iran⁸⁸	140	60	80
Iraq	155	90	70
Israel	95	35	60
Lebanon	260	120	135
Syria⁸⁹	105	45	60
Turkey	100	50	55
China⁹⁰	740	330	415
Taiwan	35	15	20
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	0	10
Japan	80	25	55
Korea, South⁹²	90	25	65
Philippines	250	65	185
Viet Nam	45	15	35
Bangladesh	120	35	80
Sri Lanka	25	15	10
India	1,170	485	680
Pakistan	270	115	155
Other locations of study in Asia	485	190	295
Oceania	175	85	90
Australia	175	80	90
New Zealand	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	104,175	51,210	52,965
In the labour force	73,255	37,950	35,310
Employed	66,930	35,055	31,875
Unemployed	6,325	2,890	3,435
Not in the labour force	30,920	13,260	17,660
Participation rate	70.3	74.1	66.7
Employment rate	64.2	68.5	60.2
Unemployment rate	8.6	7.6	9.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	104,170	51,205	52,970
Did not work¹⁸⁶	30,505	13,060	17,445
Worked	73,670	38,145	35,525
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	45,855	25,620	20,235
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,810	12,525	15,285
Average weeks worked in reference year	43.2	44.2	42.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	73,260	37,945	35,310
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,485	680	805
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	71,770	37,265	34,505
Employee	61,750	31,135	30,615
Permanent position	52,770	26,980	25,790
Temporary position	8,980	4,155	4,825
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,720	1,215	1,500
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,260	2,935	3,320
Self-employed¹⁹²	10,025	6,135	3,895
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	73,260	37,945	35,310
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,485	680	805
All occupations¹⁹¹	71,770	37,265	34,505
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,485	985	500
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	15,080	4,905	10,180
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	11,580	8,775	2,800
3 Health occupations	5,035	1,070	3,965
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	11,355	4,240	7,115
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,140	865	1,275
6 Sales and service occupations	13,815	6,625	7,190
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	9,185	8,270	915
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,345	1,005	330
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	760	515	245
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	73,260	37,945	35,310
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,485	680	805
All industries¹⁹¹	71,770	37,265	34,505
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	790	480	310
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	110	85	25
22 Utilities	390	280	110
23 Construction	5,560	4,565	1,000
31-33 Manufacturing	2,660	1,805	855
41 Wholesale trade	1,885	1,365	525
44-45 Retail trade	6,875	3,630	3,240
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,515	1,825	685
51 Information and cultural industries	1,545	985	565
52 Finance and insurance	2,690	1,260	1,430
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,245	650	595
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	8,585	5,375	3,210
55 Management of companies and enterprises	160	80	80
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,520	1,635	885
61 Educational services	5,220	1,385	3,830
62 Health care and social assistance	7,590	1,515	6,080
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,335	675	665
72 Accommodation and food services	2,855	1,240	1,615
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,630	1,120	1,510
91 Public administration	14,600	7,320	7,280
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	77,465	39,850	37,615
English	64,590	34,435	30,155
French	630	180	450
Non-official language	295	150	140
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	295	150	140
English and French	10,320	4,290	6,035
English and non-official language(s)	1,375	650	720
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	245	135	110
Multiple non-official languages	10	10	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	77,465	39,850	37,615
Single responses	75,650	39,080	36,570
Official languages	75,085	38,815	36,270
English	73,650	38,400	35,250
French	1,430	410	1,020
Non-official languages	565	265	305
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	565	265	305
Afro-Asiatic languages	90	45	45
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	90	45	45
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	90	45	45
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	25	15	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	25	15	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	200	105	95
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	50	15	30
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	50	15	30
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	30	10	20
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	10	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	50	25	25
Indo-Aryan languages	50	25	25
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	30	20	10
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	10	0	10
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	90	55	35
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	15	10	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	75	45	30
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	10	0	10
Korean	25	0	25
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	0	0
American Sign Language	10	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	170	80	90
Chinese languages	170	80	90
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	150	65	85
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	25	15	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	30	10	20
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	30	10	20
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,815	775	1,040
English and French	1,525	650	870
English and non-official language(s)	275	110	160
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	77,465	39,850	37,615
None	67,270	35,505	31,760
English	1,035	320	715
French	8,040	3,425	4,615
Non-official language	800	420	380
Indigenous³⁹	15	0	10
Non-Indigenous	790	415	375
English and French	10	10	0
English and non-official language(s)	10	0	10
French and non-official language(s)	175	95	80
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	115	65	50
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	66,930	35,055	31,870
Worked at home	29,220	14,175	15,050
Worked outside Canada	235	180	50
No fixed workplace address	6,455	5,020	1,440
Usual place of work	31,020	15,685	15,335
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	31,015	15,685	15,340
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	28,715	14,425	14,290
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,825	965	865
Commute to a different province or territory	475	295	180
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	37,475	20,700	16,775
Car, truck or van	34,010	19,125	14,890
Car, truck or van - as a driver	31,365	18,035	13,325
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,650	1,085	1,565
Public transit	1,165	495	670
Walked	955	450	510
Bicycle	175	130	45
Other method	1,165	500	665
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	37,475	20,700	16,775
Less than 15 minutes	8,705	4,315	4,390
15 to 29 minutes	14,780	8,120	6,655
30 to 44 minutes	9,950	5,945	4,005
45 to 59 minutes	2,430	1,410	1,025
60 minutes and over	1,620	915	700
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	37,475	20,700	16,775
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,245	1,740	510
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	7,600	4,810	2,790
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,645	5,450	5,190
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,995	4,035	3,965
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	4,370	2,150	2,225
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,615	2,515	2,105
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	32,680	16,675	16,005
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,085	4,655	4,430
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	23,595	12,020	11,575
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	24,260	12,410	11,850
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,850	3,515	3,335
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,575	2,280	2,295
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,275	1,235	1,045
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,410	8,895	8,515

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 14, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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