Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Chatham-Kent--LeamingtonMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	113,654	...	...
Population, 2016¹	109,619	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	3.7	...	...
Total private dwellings²	49,547	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	46,226	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	55.7	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	2,039.68	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	113,655	56,155	57,495
0 to 14 years	18,390	9,495	8,895
0 to 4 years	5,645	2,935	2,710
5 to 9 years	6,230	3,200	3,030
10 to 14 years	6,515	3,365	3,150
15 to 64 years	69,425	34,825	34,605
15 to 19 years	6,550	3,405	3,140
20 to 24 years	6,330	3,230	3,105
25 to 29 years	6,415	3,335	3,080
30 to 34 years	6,415	3,285	3,125
35 to 39 years	6,605	3,300	3,305
40 to 44 years	6,305	3,210	3,095
45 to 49 years	6,355	3,130	3,230
50 to 54 years	6,945	3,390	3,555
55 to 59 years	8,645	4,220	4,420
60 to 64 years	8,865	4,315	4,550
65 years and over	25,840	11,840	14,000
65 to 69 years	7,840	3,820	4,025
70 to 74 years	6,840	3,265	3,575
75 to 79 years	4,675	2,190	2,490
80 to 84 years	3,150	1,385	1,760
85 years and over	3,330	1,180	2,155
85 to 89 years	1,940	750	1,190
90 to 94 years	1,045	365	685
95 to 99 years	295	65	235
100 years and over	50	5	40
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.2	16.9	15.5
15 to 64 years	61.1	62.0	60.2
65 years and over	22.7	21.1	24.3
85 years and over	2.9	2.1	3.7
Average age of the population	43.7	42.5	44.8
Median age of the population	44.8	43.2	46.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	46,225	...	...
Single-detached house	33,495	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,075	...	...
Row house	2,060	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	880	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	5,435	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,145	...	...
Other single-attached house	65	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	85	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	46,225	...	...
1 person	13,540	...	...
2 persons	17,180	...	...
3 persons	6,350	...	...
4 persons	5,215	...	...
5 or more persons	3,935	...	...
Number of persons in private households	110,430	54,645	55,785
Average household size	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	95,265	46,660	48,600
Married or living common-law	54,935	27,720	27,220
Married	46,190	23,345	22,845
Living common-law	8,745	4,370	4,375
Living common law - Never married	5,555	2,820	2,735
Living common law - Separated	660	335	320
Living common law - Divorced	2,195	1,090	1,105
Living common law - Widowed	335	125	210
Not married and not living common-law	40,325	18,945	21,385
Not married and not living common law - Never married	24,470	13,455	11,010
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,995	1,335	1,660
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,050	2,635	3,420
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,815	1,520	5,295
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	32,010	...	...
2 persons	17,745	...	...
3 persons	6,195	...	...
4 persons	4,890	...	...
5 or more persons	3,180	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	32,010	...	...
Total couple families	26,605	...	...
Married couples	22,235	...	...
With children⁶	10,190	...	...
Without children	12,045	...	...
Common-law couples	4,370	...	...
With children⁶	1,900	...	...
Without children	2,475	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,405	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,190	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,215	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	110,430	54,645	55,785
Total - Persons in census families	91,505	45,525	45,980
Married spouses or common-law partners	53,215	26,585	26,625
Parents in one-parent families	5,405	1,215	4,185
Children⁶	32,890	17,720	15,170
In a two-parent family	24,320	13,015	11,305
In a one-parent family	8,570	4,705	3,860
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	18,925	9,115	9,805
Living alone	13,540	6,120	7,420
Living with other relatives⁷	2,060	920	1,135
Living with non-relatives only	3,325	2,075	1,250
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	46,225	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	29,100	...	...
Couple-family households	24,770	...	...
With children⁶	11,225	...	...
Without children	13,550	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,330	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	935	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	185	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,065	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,400	...	...
One-person households	13,545	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	92,070	45,170	46,900
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,330	43,790	45,545
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	43,600	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,400	43,825	45,575
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	39,200	31,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,940	39,360	38,580
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,400	38,000	25,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	62,680	33,415	29,265
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,600	36,800	26,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	81,830	39,835	42,000
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,800	8,900	12,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,355	4,580	4,775
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	22,890	11,195	11,695
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,500	6,500	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	92,110	45,195	46,920
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,360	43,760	45,600
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,480	54,300	40,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,425	43,800	45,625
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,640	45,480	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,995	39,445	38,550
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,040	49,680	34,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	62,770	33,520	29,245
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,160	45,280	34,280
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	81,815	39,810	42,000
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,770	10,480	12,980
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,225	4,655	4,565
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,450	6,165	6,750
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	22,590	11,150	11,435
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,250	7,870	8,620
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	92,110	45,195	46,915
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	26,900	15,640	11,260
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,400	58,000	50,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	63,200	67,900	56,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,465	11,650	12,810
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,800	21,800	16,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,160	30,440	22,220
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	77.4	82.4	70.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	59.4	63.9	53.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	22.7	17.6	29.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.2	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.3	4.2	6.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.4	3.7	5.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	92,065	45,165	46,905
Without total income	2,735	1,380	1,355
With total income	89,335	43,785	45,545
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,100	3,025	4,075
$10,000 to $19,999	11,840	4,670	7,170
$20,000 to $29,999	14,490	6,000	8,495
$30,000 to $39,999	13,160	6,000	7,160
$40,000 to $49,999	11,690	5,870	5,815
$50,000 to $59,999	8,780	4,585	4,195
$60,000 to $69,999	6,400	3,600	2,795
$70,000 to $79,999	4,480	2,690	1,790
$80,000 to $89,999	3,005	1,890	1,115
$90,000 to $99,999	2,285	1,380	910
$100,000 and over	6,100	4,065	2,040
$100,000 to $149,999	4,405	2,815	1,590
$150,000 and over	1,700	1,250	450
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	92,065	45,165	46,905
Without after-tax income	2,670	1,340	1,330
With after-tax income	89,395	43,820	45,575
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,445	3,145	4,300
$10,000 to $19,999	12,295	4,860	7,435
$20,000 to $29,999	16,660	7,005	9,650
$30,000 to $39,999	15,580	7,520	8,055
$40,000 to $49,999	12,780	6,565	6,215
$50,000 to $59,999	8,910	4,985	3,925
$60,000 to $69,999	5,615	3,330	2,290
$70,000 to $79,999	3,430	2,065	1,370
$80,000 to $89,999	2,545	1,465	1,080
$90,000 to $99,999	1,330	880	455
$100,000 and over	2,810	2,000	805
$100,000 to $124,999	1,490	1,020	475
$125,000 and over	1,320	985	335
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	92,065	45,165	46,905
Without employment income	29,385	11,750	17,635
With employment income	62,685	33,420	29,265
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,800	5,710	5,095
$5,000 to $9,999	5,065	2,200	2,860
$10,000 to $19,999	7,795	3,445	4,345
$20,000 to $29,999	6,565	3,035	3,535
$30,000 to $39,999	6,980	3,510	3,470
$40,000 to $49,999	6,235	3,335	2,905
$50,000 to $59,999	4,865	2,820	2,045
$60,000 to $69,999	3,680	2,275	1,400
$70,000 to $79,999	2,760	1,800	965
$80,000 to $89,999	1,920	1,305	620
$90,000 to $99,999	1,805	1,025	780
$100,000 and over	4,210	2,960	1,250
$100,000 to $124,999	2,280	1,495	785
$125,000 and over	1,935	1,465	465
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	92,070	45,170	46,900
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	88,305	43,250	45,055
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	42,000	31,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	88,335	43,260	45,080
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	37,600	29,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	77,575	39,125	38,450
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	39,200	26,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,310	33,575	29,735
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	37,600	28,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	78,320	38,040	40,280
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,700	2,940	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,870	3,860	4,005
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,920	4,800	5,040
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	92,110	45,195	46,920
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	88,300	43,270	45,030
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,360	52,550	38,440
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	88,340	43,280	45,060
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,600	43,720	33,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,325	39,070	38,255
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,680	50,640	34,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,205	33,670	29,545
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,040	46,840	34,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	78,355	37,925	40,430
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,990	7,820	10,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	8,040	3,905	4,140
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,420	5,805	6,990
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	92,110	45,195	46,915
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	26,525	15,450	11,075
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	51,600	55,600	46,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	61,900	67,900	53,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,420	11,260	12,165
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,000	27,000	20,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,520	35,080	26,320
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	82.4	87.0	76.4
Employment income (%)	64.8	69.4	58.8
Government transfers (%)	17.6	13.0	23.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.0	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	46,225	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	66,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	13,545	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	32,685	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	46,230	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	91,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	78,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	13,525	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,360	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	32,705	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	46,225	...	...
Under $5,000	320	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	220	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	600	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,115	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,840	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,865	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,745	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,040	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,075	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,155	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,010	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,685	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,385	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,100	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,705	...	...
$100,000 and over	15,370	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,450	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,470	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,765	...	...
$200,000 and over	2,680	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	46,225	...	...
Under $5,000	365	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	235	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	610	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,150	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,950	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,180	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,035	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,350	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,450	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,360	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,520	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,240	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,830	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,350	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,860	...	...
$100,000 and over	11,735	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,030	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,870	...	...
$150,000 and over	3,835	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	31,720	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	13,710	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	12,215	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,000	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	59,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	16,865	8,195	8,670
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,400	38,000	34,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,600	34,800	32,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	31,685	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,675	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	98,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,265	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	139,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	118,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,995	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	16,930	8,195	8,735
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,160	45,480	42,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,360	38,960	37,760
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	110,430	54,640	55,790
0 to 17 years	22,305	11,495	10,810
0 to 5 years	6,915	3,575	3,340
18 to 64 years	64,230	31,985	32,250
65 years and over	23,890	11,170	12,720
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	12,580	5,865	6,715
0 to 17 years	2,900	1,545	1,355
0 to 5 years	1,050	565	485
18 to 64 years	6,705	3,195	3,510
65 years and over	2,975	1,125	1,855
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.4	10.7	12.0
0 to 17 years (%)	13.0	13.5	12.5
0 to 5 years (%)	15.2	15.9	14.6
18 to 64 years (%)	10.4	10.0	10.9
65 years and over (%)	12.5	10.0	14.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	110,105	54,500	55,605
0 to 17 years	22,230	11,455	10,770
0 to 5 years	6,890	3,565	3,330
18 to 64 years	64,045	31,895	32,145
65 years and over	23,830	11,145	12,685
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,885	2,100	1,790
0 to 17 years	595	315	285
0 to 5 years	200	105	95
18 to 64 years	2,980	1,655	1,330
65 years and over	305	130	180
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.5	3.9	3.2
0 to 17 years (%)	2.7	2.8	2.6
0 to 5 years (%)	2.9	3.0	2.8
18 to 64 years (%)	4.7	5.2	4.1
65 years and over (%)	1.3	1.1	1.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	110,430	54,640	55,790
In bottom half of the distribution	63,505	30,815	32,685
In bottom decile	10,660	5,190	5,470
In second decile	13,540	6,245	7,295
In third decile	14,135	6,895	7,240
In fourth decile	13,255	6,530	6,725
In fifth decile	11,905	5,955	5,955
In top half of the distribution	46,930	23,830	23,100
In sixth decile	10,950	5,530	5,425
In seventh decile	10,435	5,310	5,125
In eighth decile	10,085	5,100	4,980
In ninth decile	8,835	4,460	4,375
In top decile	6,630	3,435	3,190
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	110,430	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.312	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.449	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.275	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	112,345	55,695	56,650
English only	101,960	50,930	51,025
French only	60	25	35
English and French	8,140	3,585	4,555
Neither English nor French	2,195	1,160	1,035
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	112,345	55,695	56,650
English	107,795	53,445	54,350
French	2,190	1,015	1,175
English and French	215	95	115
Neither English nor French	2,150	1,135	1,010
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	112,345	55,695	56,650
Single responses	109,870	54,545	55,325
Official languages	93,005	46,160	46,845
English	90,555	45,005	45,550
French	2,450	1,150	1,295
Non-official languages	16,865	8,385	8,480
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	5	15
Algonquian languages	15	5	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	5	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	15	5	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	5
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	5
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	16,845	8,375	8,465
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,200	615	585
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	10	5	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,180	610	575
Amharic	10	0	5
Arabic	1,105	575	535
Aramaic languages	45	20	25
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	15	20
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	5	5
Maltese	10	0	10
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	380	175	205
Khmer (Cambodian)	70	25	40
Vietnamese	315	150	165
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	890	465	430
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Cebuano	15	5	10
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	5	10
Ilocano	25	10	15
Indonesian	40	20	25
Kankanaey	10	5	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	775	420	350
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Creole languages	20	15	5
Haitian Creole	5	5	5
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Dravidian languages	190	110	75
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	120	70	55
Tamil	40	25	15
Telugu	25	15	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	0	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	13,030	6,475	6,550
Albanian	25	15	15
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	860	375	480
Baltic languages	10	0	5
Latvian	5	5	0
Lithuanian	10	0	5
Slavic languages	845	370	475
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	5	0	5
Czech	80	35	45
Macedonian	15	5	10
Polish	400	180	220
Russian	60	25	30
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	90	55	35
Bosnian	5	5	0
Croatian	40	25	20
Serbian	40	25	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Slovak	90	35	55
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5
Ukrainian	100	35	65
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	5	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	7,265	3,520	3,740
Frisian	20	10	10
High German languages	4,040	1,950	2,090
German	4,025	1,945	2,080
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	5	10
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,170	1,545	1,625
Afrikaans	5	5	0
Dutch	770	370	405
Low German, n.o.s.	525	260	265
Low Saxon	40	20	25
Plautdietsch	1,765	875	895
Vlaams (Flemish)	60	20	40
Scandinavian languages	25	10	15
Danish	10	10	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	5	5
Swedish	5	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Greek	120	65	55
Indo-Iranian languages	810	425	380
Indo-Aryan languages	745	395	345
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	35	20	15
Gujarati	115	65	55
Hindi	80	45	40
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	10	5	5
Nepali	40	25	20
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	230	130	105
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	0
Urdu	215	100	115
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	70	30	35
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	5	0	5
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	10	5	5
Persian languages	50	25	30
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	45	25	25
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,940	2,055	1,880
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	790	395	395
Portuguese	1,230	610	620
Romanian	110	40	70
Spanish	1,805	1,010	795
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	10	0	15
Korean	75	35	40
Mongolian	5	0	5
Niger-Congo languages	65	30	35
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	5	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	5
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	20	10	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	5	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10
Dinka	0	5	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	35	20	10
American Sign Language	30	15	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	530	260	265
Chinese languages	305	155	155
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	165	90	75
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	110	50	60
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	205	105	100
Burmese	5	0	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	200	100	95
S'gaw Karen	180	95	85
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages	220	90	130
Lao	85	40	40
Thai	140	55	85
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	25	15	15
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	25	15	15
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	150	65	85
Estonian	5	0	5
Finnish	20	10	15
Hungarian	125	55	70
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,475	1,155	1,325
English and French	660	300	355
English and non-official language(s)	1,615	760	855
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	15	25
Multiple non-official languages	140	65	75
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	112,345	55,695	56,650
English	95,640	47,425	48,215
French	350	160	195
Non-official language	5,335	2,740	2,595
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	5,335	2,740	2,595
English and French	1,535	690	850
English and non-official language(s)	8,985	4,460	4,530
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	270	110	160
Multiple non-official languages	210	105	100
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	112,345	55,695	56,650
Single responses	110,415	54,755	55,660
Official languages	101,870	50,395	51,470
English	101,340	50,150	51,190
French	530	250	275
Non-official languages	8,545	4,355	4,190
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	5
Algonquian languages	5	5	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	8,540	4,355	4,190
Afro-Asiatic languages	685	355	330
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	675	345	325
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	645	335	310
Aramaic languages	25	15	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	260	120	140
Khmer (Cambodian)	35	15	20
Vietnamese	230	110	120
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	625	370	250
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	10	5	5
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	5	0	0
Ilocano	30	10	15
Indonesian	10	5	5
Kankanaey	15	10	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	555	340	210
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	15	10	10
Haitian Creole	5	5	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	145	90	60
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	95	60	40
Tamil	30	20	15
Telugu	15	5	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	6,105	3,050	3,055
Albanian	10	5	5
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	265	120	145
Baltic languages	5	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	255	120	140
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	5	5	5
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	155	70	80
Russian	35	15	20
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	25	15	15
Bosnian	5	0	0
Croatian	10	5	5
Serbian	10	5	5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	15	5	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	20	5	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,915	1,420	1,495
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,650	785	860
German	1,645	785	855
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	5	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,265	630	640
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	45	20	20
Low German, n.o.s.	335	160	175
Low Saxon	15	10	10
Plautdietsch	865	435	435
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	40	20	25
Indo-Iranian languages	685	335	350
Indo-Aryan languages	640	310	325
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	25	15	10
Gujarati	90	45	45
Hindi	50	25	25
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	0	5	0
Nepali	30	15	15
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	290	140	150
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	140	65	75
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	50	25	25
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	5	5	5
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	30	10	20
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	30	10	20
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,190	1,155	1,035
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	235	95	145
Portuguese	575	260	310
Romanian	35	15	15
Spanish	1,340	785	560
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	5	0	5
Korean	50	20	30
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	20	10	10
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	0	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	5	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	55	35	25
American Sign Language	40	20	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	15	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	360	190	170
Chinese languages	175	90	80
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	95	55	45
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5	5	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	55	25	30
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	180	90	90
Burmese	10	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	170	85	85
S'gaw Karen	160	80	75
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages	150	75	80
Lao	55	30	25
Thai	100	40	55
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	15	5	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	15	5	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	30	15	15
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	30	15	15
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,930	940	985
English and French	225	105	120
English and non-official language(s)	1,650	815	835
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	5	10
Multiple non-official languages	30	15	15
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	112,345	55,695	56,650
None	103,010	51,150	51,855
English	2,860	1,425	1,440
French	1,220	530	690
Non-official language	4,460	2,175	2,280
Indigenous³⁹	20	15	10
Non-Indigenous	4,435	2,165	2,270
English and French	25	10	20
English and non-official language(s)	310	170	135
French and non-official language(s)	145	60	80
English, French and non-official language(s)	5	5	0
Multiple non-official languages	310	175	140
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	110,535	54,705	55,830
Official languages	108,710	53,820	54,890
English	108,640	53,800	54,835
French	8,135	3,560	4,575
Non-official languages	20,185	9,925	10,260
Indigenous languages³⁹	65	25	40
Algonquian languages	65	25	40
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	35	15	20
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	35	15	20
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	20,125	9,900	10,225
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,665	810	850
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	10	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,655	810	845
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	1,605	785	815
Aramaic languages	25	0	20
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	0	15
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	25	10	10
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	500	280	215
Khmer (Cambodian)	55	30	30
Vietnamese	440	255	180
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	560	210	355
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	40	10	30
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	15	0	10
Ilocano	55	25	35
Indonesian	45	15	30
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	490	185	305
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	140	75	65
Haitian Creole	25	15	15
Jamaican English Creole	30	15	10
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	75	40	40
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	260	150	110
Kannada	10	10	0
Malayalam	125	75	55
Tamil	125	70	60
Telugu	35	25	10
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	16,090	7,995	8,100
Albanian	40	15	20
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,040	460	580
Baltic languages	20	0	20
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	10	0	10
Slavic languages	1,020	465	560
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	15	0	10
Czech	70	25	45
Macedonian	25	10	15
Polish	480	220	255
Russian	130	70	55
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	140	70	65
Bosnian	15	10	0
Croatian	70	35	35
Serbian	90	45	45
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	100	30	70
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	10
Ukrainian	110	45	70
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	15	0	10
Irish	10	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	8,405	4,115	4,290
Frisian	45	15	30
High German languages	4,995	2,410	2,590
German	4,980	2,405	2,575
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	10	15
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,780	1,900	1,875
Afrikaans	20	15	10
Dutch	910	440	460
Low German, n.o.s.	650	325	325
Low Saxon	95	50	45
Plautdietsch	2,060	1,040	1,020
Vlaams (Flemish)	100	55	40
Scandinavian languages	50	25	20
Danish	30	25	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	20	0	15
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Greek	205	115	90
Indo-Iranian languages	1,095	585	510
Indo-Aryan languages	1,005	540	455
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	60	25	30
Gujarati	120	55	65
Hindi	485	275	210
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	10	10	10
Nepali	75	40	35
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	360	195	165
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	0
Urdu	270	155	115
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	100	45	55
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	70	25	45
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	60	20	40
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	0	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,005	3,145	2,865
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,005	455	550
Portuguese	1,650	805	840
Romanian	90	30	70
Spanish	3,445	1,930	1,515
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	35	25	15
Korean	95	50	45
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	145	80	70
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	15	10	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	50	30	20
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	20	10	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	30	20	10
Dinka	20	15	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	165	75	95
American Sign Language	120	40	85
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	45	35	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	535	270	265
Chinese languages	365	185	180
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	210	115	95
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	10	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	150	70	75
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	20	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	170	90	85
Burmese	40	15	25
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	140	80	60
S'gaw Karen	105	60	45
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	225	100	130
Lao	145	60	80
Thai	90	50	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	65	30	35
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	65	30	35
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	145	55	90
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	135	55	90
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	110,530	54,700	55,835
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	3,760	1,835	1,930
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,650	1,760	1,880
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,900	870	1,025
Métis	1,735	875	850
Inuk (Inuit)	20	10	0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	40	30	15
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	70	40	35
Non-Indigenous identity	106,775	52,870	53,905
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	110,530	54,700	55,835
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,200	565	635
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	109,335	54,135	55,195
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	46,230	...	...
Owner	32,920	...	...
Renter	13,265	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	45	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	46,230	...	...
Condominium	1,660	...	...
Not condominium	44,570	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	46,230	...	...
No bedrooms	120	...	...
1 bedroom	4,390	...	...
2 bedrooms	11,585	...	...
3 bedrooms	19,845	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	10,295	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	46,230	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	8,135	...	...
5 rooms	6,535	...	...
6 rooms	7,370	...	...
7 rooms	7,350	...	...
8 or more rooms	16,835	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	46,230	...	...
One person or fewer per room	45,690	...	...
More than one person per room	535	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	46,230	...	...
Suitable	44,180	...	...
Not suitable	2,050	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	46,230	...	...
1960 or before	16,265	...	...
1961 to 1980	15,365	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,360	...	...
1991 to 2000	4,855	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,830	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,195	...	...
2011 to 2015	850	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,510	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	46,230	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	43,280	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,950	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	46,230	...	...
One-maintainer household	24,315	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,600	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,310	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	46,230	...	...
15 to 24 years	990	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,290	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,695	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,460	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,195	...	...
65 to 74 years	8,840	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,845	...	...
85 years and over	1,910	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	44,975	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	37,525	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	7,450	...	...
30% to less than 100%	6,870	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	46,230	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	11,405	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	6,630	...	...
Not suitable only	1,635	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,140	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	195	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	590	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	180	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	35	...	...
Acceptable housing	34,825	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	44,395	...	...
In core need	3,295	...	...
Not in core need	41,100	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	31,860	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	53.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	10.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	920	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,107	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	364,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	405,600	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	13,215	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	32.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	17.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	910	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	973	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	45	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	356	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	370	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	110,535	54,700	55,835
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,490	710	775
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,470	705	770
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,105	490	610
Métis single ancestry	350	195	150
Inuit single ancestry	20	20	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	15	10	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	15	10	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,740	1,885	1,860
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,700	1,850	1,845
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,645	1,370	1,275
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,035	475	565
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	10
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	45	30	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	30	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	105,305	52,105	53,200
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	110,535	54,705	55,830
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	105,755	52,170	53,585
Canadian citizens aged under 18	21,785	11,295	10,490
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	83,970	40,875	43,095
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	4,785	2,530	2,250
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	110,535	54,705	55,830
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	93,700	46,435	47,260
Immigrants⁸¹	15,100	7,110	7,990
Before 1980	5,335	2,445	2,890
1980 to 1990	2,205	1,055	1,150
1991 to 2000	2,030	1,010	1,015
2001 to 2010	2,400	1,105	1,300
2011 to 2021⁸²	3,140	1,500	1,635
2011 to 2015	1,145	540	600
2016 to 2021	1,995	960	1,035
Non-permanent residents⁸³	1,735	1,150	580
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	15,100	7,115	7,990
Under 5 years	1,915	955	965
5 to 14 years	3,685	1,830	1,860
15 to 24 years	3,705	1,545	2,165
25 to 44 years	4,925	2,370	2,555
45 years and over	870	425	445
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	15,100	7,115	7,990
Americas	6,135	2,925	3,210
Brazil	45	15	25
Colombia	90	40	50
El Salvador	260	120	145
Guyana	40	20	25
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	355	225	125
Mexico	3,295	1,575	1,720
Peru	10	0	10
Trinidad and Tobago	100	65	40
United States of America	1,070	370	700
Other places of birth in Americas	860	495	370
Europe	5,215	2,430	2,785
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	20	0
Croatia	90	35	55
France	50	30	15
Germany	225	95	130
Greece	75	35	35
Hungary	80	35	45
Italy	560	265	300
Netherlands	850	475	380
Poland	315	135	185
Portugal	1,065	525	545
Romania	105	30	80
Russian Federation	40	15	25
Serbia⁸⁶	90	45	45
Ukraine	75	25	50
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,165	510	650
Other places of birth in Europe	405	155	250
Africa	320	170	150
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Egypt	20	15	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	20	15	0
Nigeria	60	25	35
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	45	25	15
Other places of birth in Africa	155	85	70
Asia	3,395	1,570	1,830
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Iran⁸⁸	70	25	45
Iraq	95	45	55
Lebanon	520	250	270
Syria⁸⁹	410	175	235
Turkey	15	0	0
China⁹⁰	170	70	95
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	10	15
Korea, South⁹²	85	40	45
Taiwan	0	0	0
Philippines	410	130	280
Viet Nam	290	140	155
Bangladesh	30	20	10
India	455	240	215
Pakistan	130	80	55
Sri Lanka	55	30	25
Other places of birth in Asia	625	305	320
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	35	20	20
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	1,995	955	1,035
Americas	860	480	380
Brazil	15	10	10
Colombia	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	160	95	65
Mexico	265	150	115
United States of America	120	45	70
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	295	175	125
Europe	120	50	65
France	0	0	0
Germany	10	10	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	0	0	0
Ukraine	15	0	15
United Kingdom⁸⁷	60	30	35
Other places of birth in Europe	25	0	15
Africa	85	50	40
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	0	0	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	15	10	10
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	30	20	15
Asia	925	375	545
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	10	0	0
China⁹⁰	20	0	20
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	220	115	105
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	15	15	0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0
Lebanon	20	10	10
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	15	10	0
Philippines	100	30	75
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	405	170	230
Turkey	10	0	10
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0
Viet Nam	25	0	25
Other places of birth in Asia	55	15	45
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	110,535	54,700	55,830
First generation¹⁰⁰	18,150	8,885	9,265
Second generation¹⁰¹	20,825	10,400	10,425
Third generation or more¹⁰²	71,560	35,420	36,145
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	9,770	4,670	5,100
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	2,680	1,340	1,345
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	1,005	670	335
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	1,670	670	1,005
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	4,685	2,155	2,530
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,025	1,005	1,025
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	375	180	200
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	9,770	4,670	5,100
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	700	330	370
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,190	675	515
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	335	120	215
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	335	160	170
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	185	60	120
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	7,030	3,325	3,710
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	110,535	54,700	55,830
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	11,660	6,145	5,515
South Asian	1,420	755	675
Chinese	390	200	195
Black	3,075	1,710	1,365
Filipino	705	300	405
Arab	1,505	770	735
Latin American	2,520	1,375	1,145
Southeast Asian	1,065	510	560
West Asian	105	35	65
Korean	140	75	60
Japanese	115	55	65
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	195	115	80
Multiple visible minorities	410	240	165
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	98,880	48,560	50,320
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	110,535	54,705	55,830
Canadian	19,390	9,750	9,645
English	26,425	12,500	13,925
Irish	17,110	8,170	8,940
Scottish	16,760	8,015	8,745
French, n.o.s.¹²²	16,395	8,045	8,350
German	12,780	6,260	6,520
Chinese	610	310	295
Italian	3,855	1,840	2,025
Indian (India)	985	505	480
Ukrainian	2,315	1,135	1,180
Dutch	9,070	4,695	4,380
Polish	2,190	1,015	1,180
Québécois	155	70	85
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,865	1,350	1,515
Filipino	730	310	420
French Canadian	2,025	1,025	995
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,370	1,155	1,215
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,875	945	935
Métis	1,445	710	735
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,915	995	915
Russian	1,670	870	800
Norwegian	320	150	170
Welsh	1,695	730	965
Portuguese	2,535	1,275	1,265
American	1,290	585	705
Spanish	870	410	460
Swedish	355	155	205
Hungarian	1,580	720	860
Acadian	110	50	65
Pakistani	220	115	105
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	655	400	260
Jewish	120	55	65
Punjabi	70	35	30
Vietnamese	460	250	205
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	535	295	240
Greek	435	215	220
Jamaican	705	480	225
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	235	130	110
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	85	30	55
Korean	125	70	55
Romanian	565	235	335
Lebanese	1,650	855	800
Iranian	95	40	50
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	905	460	445
Danish	475	265	210
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	795	425	365
Sikh	70	35	40
Austrian	325	125	200
Belgian	3,455	1,720	1,735
Haitian	10	0	0
Hindu	65	45	20
Mexican	3,520	1,850	1,675
Mennonite	4,040	2,095	1,945
Swiss	315	180	135
Finnish	220	95	125
Sri Lankan	75	40	30
Croatian	180	70	110
Japanese	160	85	70
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	25	10	15
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	80	45	35
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	230	85	140
Muslim	0	0	0
Egyptian	35	0	25
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	590	370	215
Tamil	0	0	0
Icelandic	50	30	15
Colombian	90	45	45
Moroccan	10	10	0
Czech	1,035	475	560
Syrian	95	45	50
Guyanese	70	45	25
Afghan	0	0	0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	390	190	195
Serbian	270	140	125
Ojibway	240	95	145
Newfoundlander	90	30	60
Hong Konger	0	0	0
Ontarian	755	380	375
Persian	30	10	25
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	150	85	60
Turkish	50	15	35
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	35	30	10
Bangladeshi	30	15	20
Algerian	0	0	0
Brazilian	45	15	30
Nigerian	85	50	35
Armenian	50	30	15
Slovak	490	245	250
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	100	65	40
Somali	0	0	0
Taiwanese	0	0	0
Iraqi	95	45	55
Salvadorean	260	130	130
African Caribbean	100	45	55
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	50	25	30
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	365	165	200
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	65	40	25
Algonquin	90	40	55
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	60	30	30
Lithuanian	85	20	65
South African	50	25	25
Australian	50	25	25
Palestinian	0	0	0
Chilean	45	15	30
Congolese	0	0	0
Nova Scotian	20	10	15
Ethiopian	0	0	0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	105	55	50
Peruvian	0	0	0
Yoruba	30	15	15
Cambodian (Khmer)	75	25	45
Berber	10	10	0
Albanian	45	30	20
Maltese	155	65	90
Macedonian	75	40	35
Slovenian	80	25	50
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	120	55	70
New Brunswicker	0	0	0
Gujarati	30	15	15
Eritrean	0	0	0
African Canadian	355	165	190
Israeli	20	10	10
Mohawk	175	80	95
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	355	180	170
Bulgarian	40	20	20
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	15	10	10
Barbadian	30	15	15
African American	300	175	125
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	310	185	125
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	50	15	35
Cuban	80	35	45
Bosnian	10	10	0
Venezuelan	50	20	30
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	25	10	20
Bengali	0	0	0
Cameroonian	15	0	10
Guatemalan	95	55	45
Indonesian	95	40	50
Laotian	185	90	100
Ilocano	0	0	0
Northern Irish	15	10	10
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	35	15	20
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	20	0	15
Franco Ontarian	30	20	10
Argentinian	25	10	15
Estonian	20	10	10
Kurdish	45	30	15
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	35	15	15
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	20	10	15
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	135	65	70
Dominican	0	0	0
Nepali	20	10	10
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	10	0	0
Igbo	30	20	10
Byelorussian	10	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	125	65	60
Abenaki	15	10	10
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	45	10	30
New Zealander	15	10	0
Sudanese	0	0	0
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	115	55	60
Malaysian	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	15	0	10
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	0	0	0
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	20	0	15
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	35	25	10
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	10	0	10
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	15	0	10
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	30	10	20
Mauritian	0	0	0
Kenyan	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	30	15	15
Jordanian	0	0	0
Manitoban	25	10	15
Cape Bretoner	10	10	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	65	30	35
Malayali	25	10	20
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	0	0	0
Mayan	45	25	20
Honduran	160	90	70
Cherokee	55	45	10
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	60	25	35
United Empire Loyalist	35	25	10
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	45	10	40
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Goan	10	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0
Burmese	50	20	25
Mongolian	10	0	10
Azorean	35	20	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	0	0	0
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	30	30	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	15	15	10
Costa Rican	0	0	0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	180	95	85
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	20	10	10
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	110,535	54,700	55,835
Buddhist	450	225	225
Christian	74,895	35,595	39,300
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	13,050	6,525	6,525
Anabaptist	3,330	1,590	1,745
Anglican	4,425	1,965	2,455
Baptist	2,900	1,330	1,565
Catholic	32,545	15,590	16,955
Christian Orthodox	560	315	245
Jehovah's Witness	510	235	275
Latter Day Saints	240	100	140
Lutheran	735	330	405
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	185	85	100
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,935	945	995
Presbyterian	1,950	940	1,010
Reformed	1,020	505	515
United Church	7,905	3,515	4,385
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,610	1,630	1,980
Hindu	435	245	185
Jewish	100	55	45
Muslim	1,490	770	720
Sikh	245	110	130
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	125	60	65
Other religions and spiritual traditions	470	200	270
No religion and secular perspectives	32,325	17,440	14,885
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	109,400	54,055	55,345
Non-movers	98,955	48,735	50,220
Movers	10,450	5,325	5,125
Non-migrants	6,140	3,085	3,060
Migrants	4,310	2,240	2,070
Internal migrants	3,670	1,830	1,840
Intraprovincial migrants	3,375	1,660	1,720
Interprovincial migrants	290	170	120
External migrants	640	405	235
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	104,795	51,825	52,970
Non-movers	68,815	33,775	35,045
Movers	35,980	18,050	17,930
Non-migrants	19,235	9,530	9,700
Migrants	16,755	8,520	8,235
Internal migrants	14,060	7,040	7,020
Intraprovincial migrants	12,690	6,290	6,400
Interprovincial migrants	1,370	750	620
External migrants	2,690	1,480	1,215
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	92,110	45,195	46,915
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	24,365	13,215	11,150
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	67,750	31,980	35,770
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	55,555	27,350	28,210
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,945	6,295	4,650
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	44,615	21,050	23,565
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	92,110	45,190	46,915
No certificate, diploma or degree	22,665	12,200	10,465
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	28,990	14,700	14,290
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	40,455	18,300	22,160
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	28,550	13,345	15,205
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,360	4,015	1,355
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,460	1,585	875
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,905	2,425	475
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	21,865	8,785	13,080
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,320	550	770
Bachelor's degree or higher	11,905	4,955	6,955
Bachelor's degree	8,790	3,430	5,355
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	870	410	465
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	250	165	85
Master's degree	1,815	830	985
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	185	115	65
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	55,555	27,345	28,205
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,195	5,880	4,315
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	16,675	8,950	7,720
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	28,690	12,515	16,175
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,145	9,140	11,000
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,235	2,380	850
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,360	845	515
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,875	1,535	340
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,095	6,410	9,685
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	815	350	465
Bachelor's degree or higher	8,545	3,375	5,170
Bachelor's degree	6,330	2,345	3,980
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	650	305	345
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	165	95	65
Master's degree	1,265	545	720
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	140	85	50
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	92,110	45,195	46,915
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	51,650	26,895	24,755
Education	2,315	570	1,745
13. Education	2,315	570	1,745
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	835	365	475
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	95	80	15
50. Visual and performing arts	740	280	460
Humanities	1,550	585	965
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	75	15	65
23. English language and literature/letters	325	65	260
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	400	150	255
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	15	35
38. Philosophy and religious studies	80	35	45
39. Theology and religious vocations	290	175	110
54. History	260	125	140
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	65	0	65
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,275	1,405	3,875
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	35	0	35
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	375	200	170
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,040	205	1,830
22. Legal professions and studies	615	180	435
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	90	20	70
42. Psychology	920	215	700
45. Social sciences	1,210	580	630
Business, management and public administration	7,245	2,460	4,785
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	0	25
44. Public administration and social service professions	720	125	595
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	6,495	2,325	4,170
Physical and life sciences and technologies	915	430	485
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	420	170	250
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	180	80	100
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	20	0	20
40. Physical sciences	220	145	80
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	35	35
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,135	735	400
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	880	625	260
25. Library science	80	0	80
27. Mathematics and statistics	160	100	60
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	15	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,235	7,750	485
04. Architecture and related services	155	110	45
14. Engineering	895	740	155
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,915	1,705	210
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,700	1,680	20
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,155	2,135	20
48. Precision production	1,410	1,375	35
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,800	1,260	540
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,495	1,055	440
03. Natural resources and conservation	305	205	100
Health and related fields	7,840	1,220	6,620
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	545	300	250
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,210	860	6,345
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	65	55	10
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,295	1,515	1,780
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,685	290	1,390
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0
43. Security and protective services	1,125	760	365
49. Transportation and materials moving	480	455	25
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	55,555	27,345	28,210
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	26,865	14,830	12,035
Education	1,325	335	985
13. Education	1,325	335	985
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	605	240	370
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	60	45	15
50. Visual and performing arts	550	200	355
Humanities	1,020	365	655
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	45	15	35
23. English language and literature/letters	210	40	170
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	295	105	185
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	0	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	65	30	35
39. Theology and religious vocations	185	110	70
54. History	160	65	100
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	40	0	35
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,000	975	3,025
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	35	0	30
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	285	150	135
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,565	160	1,410
22. Legal professions and studies	505	130	370
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	70	15	55
42. Psychology	640	115	530
45. Social sciences	900	405	495
Business, management and public administration	5,310	1,685	3,625
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	575	95	485
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	4,720	1,590	3,130
Physical and life sciences and technologies	585	250	335
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	295	120	175
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	140	60	75
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	20	0	20
40. Physical sciences	100	55	40
41. Science technologies/technicians	35	20	15
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	850	540	310
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	700	500	205
25. Library science	60	0	60
27. Mathematics and statistics	75	30	45
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	15	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	5,640	5,240	400
04. Architecture and related services	110	70	40
14. Engineering	640	515	125
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,380	1,210	170
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,130	1,115	20
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,355	1,335	20
48. Precision production	1,025	990	35
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,270	865	410
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,060	715	345
03. Natural resources and conservation	215	145	60
Health and related fields	5,635	880	4,755
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	385	215	165
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,190	630	4,565
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	35	30	10
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,435	1,140	1,295
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,180	195	985
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	890	605	290
49. Transportation and materials moving	360	340	20
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	55,555	27,345	28,210
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	26,865	14,830	12,035
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	28,690	12,515	16,170
Location of study inside Canada	26,330	11,375	14,950
Same as province or territory of residence	25,440	10,970	14,465
Different than province or territory of residence	890	400	485
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	2,360	1,140	1,225
Americas	975	530	445
United States of America	635	355	290
Mexico	120	65	60
Cuba	15	0	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	75	55	20
Brazil	15	10	0
Colombia	15	0	10
Peru	0	0	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Americas	85	40	45
Europe	410	190	220
Belgium	10	0	10
France	10	10	0
Germany	30	15	10
Netherlands	40	25	20
Switzerland	10	0	0
Hungary	10	0	10
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	65	10	55
Romania	15	0	10
Russian Federation	35	15	20
Ukraine	15	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	125	60	60
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	15	0	0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	45	25	15
Africa	110	65	50
Nigeria	40	15	25
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	20	15	0
South Africa, Republic of	20	15	10
Other locations of study in Africa	30	20	10
Asia	810	345	465
Iran⁸⁸	40	20	20
Iraq	25	15	10
Israel	0	0	0
Lebanon	25	0	25
Syria⁸⁹	25	15	10
Turkey	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	45	25	20
Taiwan	0	0	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	50	20	30
Philippines	235	75	165
Viet Nam	15	0	10
Bangladesh	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	10	0	10
India	205	105	100
Pakistan	75	35	35
Other locations of study in Asia	45	25	20
Oceania	55	15	40
Australia	45	0	35
New Zealand	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	92,110	45,190	46,915
In the labour force	53,215	28,530	24,680
Employed	47,495	25,685	21,805
Unemployed	5,720	2,845	2,875
Not in the labour force	38,895	16,665	22,230
Participation rate	57.8	63.1	52.6
Employment rate	51.6	56.8	46.5
Unemployment rate	10.7	10.0	11.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	92,110	45,195	46,915
Did not work¹⁸⁶	38,655	16,715	21,940
Worked	53,455	28,475	24,975
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	27,620	16,110	11,510
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	25,830	12,370	13,465
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.5	42.2	40.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	53,215	28,535	24,685
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,015	515	500
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	52,200	28,015	24,180
Employee	45,100	23,485	21,620
Permanent position	39,160	20,315	18,850
Temporary position	5,940	3,165	2,770
Fixed term (1 year or more)	1,615	835	780
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,325	2,330	1,995
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,095	4,530	2,560
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	53,215	28,535	24,685
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,015	515	500
All occupations¹⁹¹	52,200	28,015	24,180
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	325	230	95
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	6,775	1,880	4,890
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	2,540	2,005	545
3 Health occupations	4,095	580	3,515
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	4,805	1,370	3,430
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	715	315	395
6 Sales and service occupations	13,090	5,140	7,950
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	11,190	10,205	990
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	3,720	2,880	835
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	4,945	3,415	1,530
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	53,215	28,535	24,685
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,015	515	500
All industries¹⁹¹	52,200	28,015	24,180
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	5,060	3,300	1,755
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	105	95	15
22 Utilities	825	590	240
23 Construction	4,385	3,870	515
31-33 Manufacturing	7,410	5,505	1,905
41 Wholesale trade	1,765	1,210	555
44-45 Retail trade	6,365	3,005	3,355
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,335	1,730	610
51 Information and cultural industries	720	400	320
52 Finance and insurance	1,150	425	725
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	540	290	255
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	1,820	960	860
55 Management of companies and enterprises	40	10	25
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,240	1,150	1,090
61 Educational services	2,920	845	2,075
62 Health care and social assistance	6,465	860	5,600
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	735	410	325
72 Accommodation and food services	3,075	1,170	1,905
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,205	1,215	990
91 Public administration	2,045	985	1,055
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	57,665	30,710	26,950
English	54,950	29,280	25,675
French	230	70	160
Non-official language	605	460	145
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	605	460	145
English and French	630	200	435
English and non-official language(s)	1,185	690	495
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	15	20
Multiple non-official languages	20	0	15
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	57,665	30,710	26,950
Single responses	57,295	30,525	26,770
Official languages	56,415	29,890	26,520
English	56,060	29,800	26,260
French	350	90	265
Non-official languages	880	630	245
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	880	630	245
Afro-Asiatic languages	30	20	10
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	30	20	10
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	30	20	10
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	15	0	15
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	15	0	15
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	805	590	215
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	10	0	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	10	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	250	150	100
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	105	65	40
German	105	65	40
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	150	85	60
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	10	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	20	10	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	115	70	45
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	535	435	105
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	30	20	10
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	505	410	90
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	10	10	0
Chinese languages	10	10	0
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	0	0	0
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	370	190	180
English and French	85	20	65
English and non-official language(s)	265	155	115
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	10	10	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	57,665	30,710	26,950
None	56,125	29,980	26,145
English	365	175	190
French	425	160	265
Non-official language	630	330	295
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10
Non-Indigenous	620	330	285
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	20	20	0
French and non-official language(s)	35	15	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	65	40	30
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	47,495	25,690	21,805
Worked at home	7,135	3,405	3,735
Worked outside Canada	200	110	90
No fixed workplace address	5,740	4,360	1,380
Usual place of work	34,420	17,820	16,600
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	34,420	17,820	16,600
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	26,135	12,900	13,235
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	3,410	2,110	1,300
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	4,845	2,795	2,050
Commute to a different province or territory	35	20	15
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	40,160	22,180	17,980
Car, truck or van	37,040	20,420	16,620
Car, truck or van - as a driver	33,660	18,730	14,925
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,380	1,690	1,695
Public transit	390	280	115
Walked	1,750	935	820
Bicycle	365	280	85
Other method	615	270	340
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	40,160	22,180	17,980
Less than 15 minutes	20,625	10,525	10,100
15 to 29 minutes	10,830	6,040	4,785
30 to 44 minutes	4,960	2,960	1,995
45 to 59 minutes	2,035	1,395	640
60 minutes and over	1,705	1,255	450
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	40,160	22,180	17,980
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	4,040	2,800	1,240
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	8,395	5,550	2,840
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,345	5,855	4,490
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,120	2,965	4,155
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	3,440	1,310	2,130
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,820	3,695	3,125
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,820	11,775	11,045
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,040	1,535	1,510
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,785	10,250	9,535
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,740	8,610	8,125
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,350	1,170	1,180
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,785	860	925
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	565	310	255
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,390	7,440	6,945

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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