Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Edmonton, City (CY)More information: Alberta [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,010,899
Population, 2016¹	933,088^r
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.3
Total private dwellings²	428,857
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	396,404
Population density per square kilometre	1,320.4
Land area in square kilometres	765.61
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,010,900
0 to 14 years	184,115
0 to 4 years	61,410
5 to 9 years	62,955
10 to 14 years	59,745
15 to 64 years	688,325
15 to 19 years	54,355
20 to 24 years	67,195
25 to 29 years	77,830
30 to 34 years	87,660
35 to 39 years	85,980
40 to 44 years	73,985
45 to 49 years	63,865
50 to 54 years	59,200
55 to 59 years	60,185
60 to 64 years	58,080
65 years and over	138,460
65 to 69 years	47,520
70 to 74 years	34,995
75 to 79 years	22,215
80 to 84 years	15,870
85 years and over	17,865
85 to 89 years	10,790
90 to 94 years	5,350
95 to 99 years	1,500
100 years and over	220
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.2
15 to 64 years	68.1
65 years and over	13.7
85 years and over	1.8
Average age of the population	38.4
Median age of the population	36.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	396,400
Single-detached house	196,535
Semi-detached house	28,150
Row house	38,860
Apartment or flat in a duplex	10,145
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	91,250
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	29,405
Other single-attached house	95
Movable dwelling⁴	1,970
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	396,405
1 person	115,525
2 persons	123,340
3 persons	61,175
4 persons	56,830
5 or more persons	39,530
Number of persons in private households	996,495
Average household size	2.5
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	826,785
Married or living common-law	453,440
Married	378,080
Living common-law	75,360
Living common law - Never married	58,580
Living common law - Separated	2,660
Living common law - Divorced	12,995
Living common law - Widowed	1,125
Not married and not living common-law	373,345
Not married and not living common law - Never married	263,065
Not married and not living common law - Separated	20,940
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	53,255
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	36,085
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	266,155
2 persons	125,210
3 persons	58,490
4 persons	56,055
5 or more persons	26,400
Average size of census families	3.0
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	266,155
Total couple families	219,615
Married couples	181,950
With children⁶	110,120
Without children	71,830
Common-law couples	37,660
With children⁶	12,150
Without children	25,510
Total one-parent families	46,545
in which the parent is a woman+	36,495
in which the parent is a man+	10,050
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	996,495
Total - Persons in census families	793,405
Married spouses or common-law partners	439,225
Parents in one-parent families	46,545
Children⁶	307,635
In a two-parent family	233,400
In a one-parent family	74,235
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	203,090
Living alone	115,525
Living with other relatives⁷	33,295
Living with non-relatives only	54,270
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	396,405
One-census-family households without additional persons	223,495
Couple-family households	188,930
With children⁶	105,140
Without children	83,790
One-parent-family households	34,560
Multigenerational households⁸	13,310
Multiple-census-family households⁹	2,730
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	16,320
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	25,020
One-person households	115,530
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	812,615
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	772,550
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	772,830
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	686,060
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	579,425
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	689,945
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	100,730
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,760
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	259,615
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	812,605
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	772,300
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	772,575
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	685,935
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,150
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	579,410
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,900
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	690,130
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	100,450
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,040
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	258,250
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,290
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	812,605
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	265,985
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	68,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	79,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	240,385
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,680
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	812,610
Without total income	40,065
With total income	772,550
Under $10,000 (including loss)	61,525
$10,000 to $19,999	72,240
$20,000 to $29,999	122,060
$30,000 to $39,999	96,785
$40,000 to $49,999	82,910
$50,000 to $59,999	70,470
$60,000 to $69,999	59,660
$70,000 to $79,999	46,895
$80,000 to $89,999	36,160
$90,000 to $99,999	29,970
$100,000 and over	93,865
$100,000 to $149,999	64,375
$150,000 and over	29,485
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	812,610
Without after-tax income	39,785
With after-tax income	772,825
Under $10,000 (including loss)	63,535
$10,000 to $19,999	75,385
$20,000 to $29,999	138,165
$30,000 to $39,999	113,515
$40,000 to $49,999	97,930
$50,000 to $59,999	80,470
$60,000 to $69,999	59,685
$70,000 to $79,999	43,145
$80,000 to $89,999	31,835
$90,000 to $99,999	20,565
$100,000 and over	48,600
$100,000 to $124,999	24,550
$125,000 and over	24,050
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	812,610
Without employment income	233,190
With employment income	579,420
Under $5,000 (including loss)	66,745
$5,000 to $9,999	45,250
$10,000 to $19,999	65,525
$20,000 to $29,999	51,220
$30,000 to $39,999	49,645
$40,000 to $49,999	48,895
$50,000 to $59,999	48,170
$60,000 to $69,999	42,600
$70,000 to $79,999	34,940
$80,000 to $89,999	27,905
$90,000 to $99,999	24,830
$100,000 and over	73,695
$100,000 to $124,999	36,630
$125,000 and over	37,070
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	812,615
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	757,220
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	757,435
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	680,725
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	583,910
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	656,040
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,470
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	63,280
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,280
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	812,605
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	757,650
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	757,850
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,480
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	681,465
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,700
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	584,580
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,450
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	656,190
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,610
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	62,855
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,890
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	812,605
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	264,360
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	228,400
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	40,960
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	89.8
Employment income (%)	76.6
Government transfers (%)	10.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	396,405
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	90,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,500
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	115,530
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,600
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	280,880
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	396,400
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	110,600
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	92,900
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	115,515
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	58,650
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,200
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	280,885
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	132,000
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,800
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	396,405
Under $5,000	4,575
$5,000 to $9,999	2,250
$10,000 to $14,999	3,425
$15,000 to $19,999	4,675
$20,000 to $24,999	13,185
$25,000 to $29,999	13,825
$30,000 to $34,999	10,865
$35,000 to $39,999	12,250
$40,000 to $44,999	13,200
$45,000 to $49,999	12,960
$50,000 to $59,999	27,005
$60,000 to $69,999	27,640
$70,000 to $79,999	26,470
$80,000 to $89,999	25,065
$90,000 to $99,999	23,195
$100,000 and over	175,820
$100,000 to $124,999	50,345
$125,000 to $149,999	37,255
$150,000 to $199,999	46,410
$200,000 and over	41,815
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	396,405
Under $5,000	4,960
$5,000 to $9,999	2,315
$10,000 to $14,999	3,515
$15,000 to $19,999	4,945
$20,000 to $24,999	14,115
$25,000 to $29,999	15,525
$30,000 to $34,999	12,660
$35,000 to $39,999	14,570
$40,000 to $44,999	15,645
$45,000 to $49,999	15,945
$50,000 to $59,999	32,750
$60,000 to $69,999	32,740
$70,000 to $79,999	30,780
$80,000 to $89,999	28,695
$90,000 to $99,999	25,875
$100,000 and over	141,375
$100,000 to $124,999	50,770
$125,000 to $149,999	34,675
$150,000 and over	55,935
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	263,290
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,000
Average family size of economic families	3.1
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	86,850
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	104,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	122,440
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	115,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	42,720
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	169,800
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	263,055
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	132,400
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,800
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	86,785
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	128,000
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,200
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	122,605
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	154,400
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,800
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	42,610
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,100
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,800
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	169,925
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	53,100
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	996,495
0 to 17 years	215,970
0 to 5 years	74,100
18 to 64 years	650,805
65 years and over	129,725
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	99,210
0 to 17 years	27,840
0 to 5 years	10,330
18 to 64 years	57,485
65 years and over	13,895
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.0
0 to 17 years (%)	12.9
0 to 5 years (%)	13.9
18 to 64 years (%)	8.8
65 years and over (%)	10.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	996,495
0 to 17 years	215,970
0 to 5 years	74,095
18 to 64 years	650,805
65 years and over	129,720
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	61,610
0 to 17 years	14,175
0 to 5 years	5,095
18 to 64 years	43,445
65 years and over	3,990
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.2
0 to 17 years (%)	6.6
0 to 5 years (%)	6.9
18 to 64 years (%)	6.7
65 years and over (%)	3.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	996,495
In bottom half of the distribution	477,580
In bottom decile	91,105
In second decile	98,810
In third decile	94,245
In fourth decile	95,515
In fifth decile	97,910
In top half of the distribution	518,915
In sixth decile	98,605
In seventh decile	101,460
In eighth decile	104,315
In ninth decile	107,260
In top decile	107,270
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	996,495
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.334
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.444
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.296
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,000,740
English only	910,635
French only	1,285
English and French	65,950
Neither English nor French	22,865
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,000,740
English	955,475
French	17,320
English and French	5,790
Neither English nor French	22,160
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,000,740
Single responses	945,620
Official languages	642,285
English	626,085
French	16,200
Non-official languages	303,340
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,850
Algonquian languages	1,565
Blackfoot	20
Cree-Innu languages	1,470
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	1,470
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	20
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	25
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	360
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	185
Cree, n.o.s.	875
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5
Mi'kmaq	5
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	70
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	10
Ojibway languages	60
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	30
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	160
Northern Athabaskan languages	160
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	115
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	25
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	10
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	10
Slavey, n.o.s.	15
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	20
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	45
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	15
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	10
Inuktitut	30
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	5
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	5
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	15
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	50
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	15
Stoney	30
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5
Tsimshian languages	5
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	301,485
Afro-Asiatic languages	37,825
Berber languages	145
Kabyle	90
Tamazight	55
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	80
Hausa	70
Mina	10
Coptic	20
Cushitic languages	9,625
Bilen	470
Oromo	1,540
Somali	7,580
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	45
Semitic languages	27,955
Amharic	2,900
Arabic	20,140
Aramaic languages	135
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	75
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35
Aramaic, n.o.s.	25
Harari	160
Hebrew	350
Maltese	15
Tigrigna	4,230
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20
Austro-Asiatic languages	9,465
Khmer (Cambodian)	680
Vietnamese	8,725
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	60
Austronesian languages	43,265
Bikol	155
Bisaya, n.o.s.	665
Cebuano	1,920
Fijian	40
Hiligaynon	785
Ilocano	2,280
Indonesian	425
Kankanaey	115
Kinaray-a	40
Malagasy languages	15
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15
Malay	105
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	440
Pangasinan	185
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35,655
Waray-Waray	90
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	350
Creole languages	905
Haitian Creole	220
Jamaican English Creole	20
Krio	200
Morisyen	165
Sango	5
Creole, n.o.s.	205
Creole languages, n.i.e.	80
Dravidian languages	8,110
Kannada	200
Malayalam	4,575
Tamil	2,155
Telugu	1,155
Tulu	15
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10
Georgian	50
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	138,335
Albanian	765
Armenian	145
Balto-Slavic languages	24,510
Baltic languages	230
Latvian	105
Lithuanian	130
Slavic languages	24,280
Belarusian	40
Bulgarian	370
Czech	545
Macedonian	175
Polish	6,960
Russian	4,800
Rusyn	20
Serbo-Croatian	3,940
Bosnian	700
Croatian	1,540
Serbian	1,605
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	90
Slovak	345
Slovene (Slovenian)	205
Ukrainian	6,870
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15
Celtic languages	55
Irish	15
Scottish Gaelic	10
Welsh	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15
Germanic languages	10,190
Frisian	40
High German languages	7,060
German	6,915
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	120
Yiddish	25
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,500
Afrikaans	350
Dutch	1,985
Low German, n.o.s.	15
Low Saxon	10
Plautdietsch	115
Vlaams (Flemish)	35
Scandinavian languages	585
Danish	330
Icelandic	25
Norwegian	80
Swedish	145
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10
Greek	780
Indo-Iranian languages	74,730
Indo-Aryan languages	68,225
Assamese	30
Bengali	2,675
Gujarati	6,425
Hindi	8,550
Kacchi	480
Kashmiri	35
Konkani	110
Marathi	685
Nepali	2,280
Oriya languages	75
Odia	60
Oriya, n.o.s.	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	36,705
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	325
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,180
Urdu	8,390
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	260
Iranian languages	6,480
Baluchi	15
Kurdish	735
Parsi	5
Pashto	685
Persian languages	5,010
Dari	1,570
Iranian Persian	2,875
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	565
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25
Italic (Romance) languages	27,155
Catalan	15
Italian	3,510
Portuguese	3,975
Romanian	2,005
Spanish	17,640
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5
Japanese	900
Korean	6,100
Mongolian	80
Niger-Congo languages	7,595
Akan (Twi)	740
Bamanankan	10
Edo	110
Éwé	120
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	100
Ga	75
Ganda	215
Gikuyu	65
Igbo	440
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	850
Lingala	120
Luba-Kasai	25
Mòoré	30
Mwani	55
Ndebele	205
Rundi (Kirundi)	440
Shona	505
Soninke	5
Sotho-Tswana languages	75
Swahili	1,255
Wojenaka	20
Wolof	150
Yoruba	980
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,010
Nilo-Saharan languages	725
Dinka	275
Nuer	200
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	205
African, n.o.s.	50
Sign languages	320
American Sign Language	275
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	45
Sino-Tibetan languages	43,580
Chinese languages	42,900
Hakka	545
Mandarin	19,585
Min Dong	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,045
Wu (Shanghainese)	160
Yue (Cantonese)	20,925
Chinese, n.o.s.	590
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30
Tibeto-Burman languages	640
Burmese	115
Kuki-Chin languages	35
Karenic languages	405
S'gaw Karen	335
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	70
Tibetan	25
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	65
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	45
Tai-Kadai languages	905
Lao	305
Thai	555
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	45
Turkic languages	2,080
Azerbaijani	170
Kazakh	15
Turkish	1,675
Uyghur	65
Uzbek	105
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	55
Uralic languages	1,150
Estonian	25
Finnish	140
Hungarian	990
Other languages, n.i.e.	80
Multiple responses	55,115
English and French	4,675
English and non-official language(s)	43,995
French and non-official language(s)	1,375
English, French and non-official language(s)	850
Multiple non-official languages	4,220
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,000,740
English	648,980
French	4,680
Non-official language	90,765
Indigenous³⁹	170
Non-Indigenous	90,595
English and French	10,825
English and non-official language(s)	228,985
French and non-official language(s)	755
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,735
Multiple non-official languages	9,020
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,000,740
Single responses	941,815
Official languages	753,490
English	746,435
French	7,055
Non-official languages	188,330
Indigenous languages³⁹	395
Algonquian languages	360
Blackfoot	5
Cree-Innu languages	335
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	335
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	75
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	30
Cree, n.o.s.	235
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	15
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	20
Northern Athabaskan languages	15
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	10
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	10
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	187,935
Afro-Asiatic languages	24,185
Berber languages	65
Kabyle	40
Tamazight	25
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	55
Hausa	50
Mina	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	6,430
Bilen	345
Oromo	1,145
Somali	4,915
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25
Semitic languages	17,625
Amharic	1,770
Arabic	12,325
Aramaic languages	100
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	40
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	25
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35
Harari	110
Hebrew	150
Maltese	0
Tigrigna	3,155
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20
Austro-Asiatic languages	6,245
Khmer (Cambodian)	380
Vietnamese	5,805
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	65
Austronesian languages	27,095
Bikol	50
Bisaya, n.o.s.	385
Cebuano	1,130
Fijian	10
Hiligaynon	425
Ilocano	1,350
Indonesian	170
Kankanaey	65
Kinaray-a	25
Malagasy languages	5
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5
Malay	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	295
Pangasinan	70
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	22,875
Waray-Waray	40
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	165
Creole languages	555
Haitian Creole	165
Jamaican English Creole	20
Krio	95
Morisyen	125
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	90
Creole languages, n.i.e.	50
Dravidian languages	5,850
Kannada	100
Malayalam	3,355
Tamil	1,605
Telugu	775
Tulu	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	30
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	82,580
Albanian	340
Armenian	60
Balto-Slavic languages	10,445
Baltic languages	90
Latvian	40
Lithuanian	45
Slavic languages	10,360
Belarusian	10
Bulgarian	180
Czech	165
Macedonian	100
Polish	3,005
Russian	2,985
Rusyn	5
Serbo-Croatian	1,845
Bosnian	295
Croatian	635
Serbian	895
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20
Slovak	65
Slovene (Slovenian)	55
Ukrainian	1,945
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5
Celtic languages	10
Irish	5
Scottish Gaelic	5
Welsh	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	1,310
Frisian	0
High German languages	960
German	945
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	15
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	295
Afrikaans	155
Dutch	135
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	50
Danish	20
Icelandic	5
Norwegian	10
Swedish	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5
Greek	285
Indo-Iranian languages	55,830
Indo-Aryan languages	51,670
Assamese	15
Bengali	1,745
Gujarati	4,620
Hindi	5,610
Kacchi	215
Kashmiri	15
Konkani	40
Marathi	445
Nepali	1,655
Oriya languages	35
Odia	25
Oriya, n.o.s.	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	30,595
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	205
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	685
Urdu	5,640
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	155
Iranian languages	4,150
Baluchi	10
Kurdish	435
Parsi	5
Pashto	480
Persian languages	3,200
Dari	920
Iranian Persian	1,910
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	375
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5
Italic (Romance) languages	14,295
Catalan	10
Italian	990
Portuguese	1,750
Romanian	1,005
Spanish	10,525
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5
Japanese	370
Korean	4,535
Mongolian	50
Niger-Congo languages	3,340
Akan (Twi)	325
Bamanankan	10
Edo	20
Éwé	20
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	90
Ga	15
Ganda	90
Gikuyu	5
Igbo	190
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	445
Lingala	85
Luba-Kasai	5
Mòoré	15
Mwani	30
Ndebele	70
Rundi (Kirundi)	240
Shona	165
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	35
Swahili	605
Wojenaka	5
Wolof	125
Yoruba	410
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	330
Nilo-Saharan languages	360
Dinka	120
Nuer	125
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	105
African, n.o.s.	10
Sign languages	485
American Sign Language	410
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	75
Sino-Tibetan languages	30,100
Chinese languages	29,600
Hakka	210
Mandarin	14,405
Min Dong	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	465
Wu (Shanghainese)	105
Yue (Cantonese)	14,030
Chinese, n.o.s.	370
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	475
Burmese	75
Kuki-Chin languages	35
Karenic languages	320
S'gaw Karen	265
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55
Tibetan	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	25
Tai-Kadai languages	400
Lao	140
Thai	235
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25
Turkic languages	1,360
Azerbaijani	100
Kazakh	0
Turkish	1,145
Uyghur	40
Uzbek	50
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15
Uralic languages	360
Estonian	5
Finnish	20
Hungarian	335
Other languages, n.i.e.	35
Multiple responses	58,930
English and French	2,445
English and non-official language(s)	54,020
French and non-official language(s)	400
English, French and non-official language(s)	775
Multiple non-official languages	1,290
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,000,745
None	792,140
English	77,010
French	8,150
Non-official language	94,890
Indigenous³⁹	1,555
Non-Indigenous	93,340
English and French	1,120
English and non-official language(s)	13,430
French and non-official language(s)	2,760
English, French and non-official language(s)	295
Multiple non-official languages	10,950
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	996,490
Official languages	973,345
English	971,925
French	67,175
Non-official languages	410,435
Indigenous languages³⁹	3,585
Algonquian languages	3,140
Blackfoot	45
Cree-Innu languages	2,970
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	2,955
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	35
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	60
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	1,045
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	320
Cree, n.o.s.	1,525
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	140
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10
Oji-Cree	20
Ojibway languages	120
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	35
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	35
Ojibway, n.o.s.	50
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	245
Northern Athabaskan languages	240
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	120
Gwich'in	15
Slavey-Hare languages	40
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	20
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	20
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	15
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	10
Tlicho (Dogrib)	55
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	55
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	15
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	15
Inuktitut	40
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	15
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	45
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	115
Assiniboine	25
Dakota	65
Stoney	30
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	15
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15
Non-Indigenous languages	407,055
Afro-Asiatic languages	55,510
Berber languages	200
Kabyle	160
Tamazight	35
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	395
Hausa	370
Mina	25
Coptic	45
Cushitic languages	13,440
Bilen	550
Oromo	2,605
Somali	10,405
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	90
Semitic languages	44,095
Amharic	5,920
Arabic	33,200
Aramaic languages	190
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	80
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	60
Aramaic, n.o.s.	55
Harari	275
Hebrew	1,305
Maltese	10
Tigrigna	6,425
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	215
Austro-Asiatic languages	13,220
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,015
Vietnamese	12,200
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	80
Austronesian languages	58,930
Bikol	305
Bisaya, n.o.s.	970
Cebuano	2,935
Fijian	110
Hiligaynon	1,300
Ilocano	4,370
Indonesian	755
Kankanaey	210
Kinaray-a	60
Malagasy languages	20
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20
Malay	690
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	885
Pangasinan	410
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	55,850
Waray-Waray	295
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,585
Creole languages	2,405
Haitian Creole	665
Jamaican English Creole	175
Krio	380
Morisyen	330
Sango	30
Creole, n.o.s.	565
Creole languages, n.i.e.	420
Dravidian languages	11,580
Kannada	535
Malayalam	6,130
Tamil	4,375
Telugu	2,030
Tulu	40
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	30
Georgian	80
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	191,820
Albanian	920
Armenian	205
Balto-Slavic languages	31,195
Baltic languages	265
Latvian	95
Lithuanian	170
Slavic languages	31,075
Belarusian	155
Bulgarian	495
Czech	775
Macedonian	250
Polish	9,140
Russian	9,120
Rusyn	35
Serbo-Croatian	5,195
Bosnian	1,280
Croatian	2,500
Serbian	2,565
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	125
Slovak	530
Slovene (Slovenian)	265
Ukrainian	9,900
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	30
Celtic languages	275
Irish	145
Scottish Gaelic	45
Welsh	50
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	35
Germanic languages	17,595
Frisian	60
High German languages	13,130
German	12,980
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	155
Yiddish	65
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,780
Afrikaans	855
Dutch	2,660
Low German, n.o.s.	70
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	215
Vlaams (Flemish)	50
Scandinavian languages	1,080
Danish	435
Icelandic	60
Norwegian	260
Swedish	370
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10
Greek	1,405
Indo-Iranian languages	100,910
Indo-Aryan languages	93,710
Assamese	105
Bengali	3,720
Gujarati	10,175
Hindi	39,515
Kacchi	1,040
Kashmiri	110
Konkani	285
Marathi	1,385
Nepali	2,435
Oriya languages	95
Odia	25
Oriya, n.o.s.	70
Punjabi (Panjabi)	49,965
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	590
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,735
Urdu	15,820
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	615
Iranian languages	8,250
Baluchi	25
Kurdish	905
Parsi	10
Pashto	1,120
Persian languages	6,445
Dari	2,150
Iranian Persian	3,620
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	760
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	120
Italic (Romance) languages	44,360
Catalan	30
Italian	6,730
Portuguese	5,550
Romanian	2,650
Spanish	31,095
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	155
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	90
Japanese	2,830
Korean	7,565
Mongolian	115
Niger-Congo languages	17,175
Akan (Twi)	1,565
Bamanankan	80
Edo	290
Éwé	270
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	245
Ga	185
Ganda	540
Gikuyu	160
Igbo	1,260
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,480
Lingala	855
Luba-Kasai	90
Mòoré	40
Mwani	30
Ndebele	480
Rundi (Kirundi)	990
Shona	1,025
Soninke	50
Sotho-Tswana languages	105
Swahili	4,715
Wojenaka	95
Wolof	450
Yoruba	3,005
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,755
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,185
Dinka	465
Nuer	275
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	435
African, n.o.s.	180
Sign languages	2,090
American Sign Language	1,830
Quebec Sign Language	10
Sign languages, n.i.e.	315
Sino-Tibetan languages	54,070
Chinese languages	53,025
Hakka	960
Mandarin	31,415
Min Dong	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,605
Wu (Shanghainese)	240
Yue (Cantonese)	28,425
Chinese, n.o.s.	680
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	50
Tibeto-Burman languages	990
Burmese	320
Kuki-Chin languages	35
Karenic languages	605
S'gaw Karen	555
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	80
Tibetan	25
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	135
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	100
Tai-Kadai languages	1,325
Lao	495
Thai	790
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	165
Turkic languages	3,285
Azerbaijani	350
Kazakh	30
Turkish	2,760
Uyghur	85
Uzbek	125
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	115
Uralic languages	1,610
Estonian	30
Finnish	195
Hungarian	1,385
Other languages, n.i.e.	460
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	996,485
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	58,165
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	56,235
First Nations (North American Indian)	27,840
Métis	27,570
Inuk (Inuit)	820
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,300
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	635
Non-Indigenous identity	938,320
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	996,485
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	23,320
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	973,165
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	396,400
Owner	252,150
Renter	144,245
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	396,400
Condominium	94,750
Not condominium	301,645
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	396,400
No bedrooms	3,860
1 bedroom	55,090
2 bedrooms	94,340
3 bedrooms	136,735
4 or more bedrooms	106,380
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	396,400
1 to 4 rooms	138,580
5 rooms	65,915
6 rooms	54,345
7 rooms	42,880
8 or more rooms	94,680
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.8
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	396,400
One person or fewer per room	381,040
More than one person per room	15,355
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	396,400
Suitable	370,185
Not suitable	26,210
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	396,400
1960 or before	50,230
1961 to 1980	110,385
1981 to 1990	43,560
1991 to 2000	39,315
2001 to 2005	32,950
2006 to 2010	34,225
2011 to 2015	42,510
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	43,230
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	396,400
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	375,390
Major repairs needed	21,010
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	396,400
One-maintainer household	200,305
Two-maintainer household	171,270
Three-or-more-maintainer household	24,820
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	396,400
15 to 24 years	15,715
25 to 34 years	72,840
35 to 44 years	85,785
45 to 54 years	70,715
55 to 64 years	70,130
65 to 74 years	48,765
75 to 84 years	22,995
85 years and over	9,455
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	394,485
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	298,595
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	95,885
30% to less than 100%	87,405
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	396,400
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	130,890
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	85,155
Not suitable only	20,340
Major repairs needed only	13,440
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,385
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	6,080
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,220
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	270
Acceptable housing	265,515
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	386,005
In core need	46,155
Not in core need	339,850
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	252,090
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.4
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.7
% in core housing need⁶³	5.5
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,680
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,720
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	384,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	419,600
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	144,250
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.1
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.9
% in core housing need⁶³	23.6
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,250
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,302
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	996,485
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	24,160
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	23,160
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	16,895
Métis single ancestry	5,930
Inuit single ancestry	335
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	995
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	920
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	55
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	15
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	41,540
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	39,910
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	23,575
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15,795
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	535
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,630
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,490
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	930,790
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	996,485
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	863,500
Canadian citizens aged under 18	197,490
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	666,005
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	132,985
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	996,485
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	648,190
Immigrants⁸¹	324,310
Before 1980	37,140
1980 to 1990	32,440
1991 to 2000	41,995
2001 to 2010	77,150
2011 to 2021⁸²	135,590
2011 to 2015	67,510
2016 to 2021	68,085
Non-permanent residents⁸³	23,985
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	324,315
Under 5 years	26,970
5 to 14 years	53,855
15 to 24 years	61,200
25 to 44 years	151,325
45 years and over	30,970
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	324,315
Americas	28,960
Brazil	995
Colombia	2,720
El Salvador	2,525
Guyana	1,145
Haiti	600
Jamaica	3,440
Mexico	2,820
Peru	485
Trinidad and Tobago	1,370
United States of America	6,290
Other places of birth in Americas	6,570
Europe	47,105
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,530
Croatia	1,315
France	715
Germany	4,025
Greece	560
Hungary	650
Italy	2,755
Netherlands	2,005
Poland	6,475
Portugal	2,085
Romania	1,915
Russian Federation	1,945
Serbia⁸⁶	830
Ukraine	3,615
United Kingdom⁸⁷	9,990
Other places of birth in Europe	6,690
Africa	47,395
Algeria	365
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,830
Egypt	2,670
Eritrea	4,090
Ethiopia	5,605
Morocco	890
Nigeria	5,675
Somalia	5,765
South Africa, Republic of	1,805
Other places of birth in Africa	18,700
Asia	196,955
Afghanistan	1,850
Iran⁸⁸	2,630
Iraq	1,780
Lebanon	4,550
Syria⁸⁹	4,370
Turkey	1,525
China⁹⁰	21,110
Hong Kong⁹¹	6,985
Korea, South⁹²	5,565
Taiwan	935
Philippines	54,855
Viet Nam	10,285
Bangladesh	2,055
India	50,440
Pakistan	8,900
Sri Lanka	2,150
Other places of birth in Asia	16,975
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	3,890
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	68,085
Americas	5,305
Brazil	295
Colombia	455
Haiti	85
Jamaica	950
Mexico	1,035
United States of America	1,120
Venezuela⁹⁵	170
Other places of birth in Americas	1,200
Europe	4,400
France	120
Germany	160
Ireland⁹⁶	280
Italy	150
Russian Federation	260
Ukraine	745
United Kingdom⁸⁷	785
Other places of birth in Europe	1,890
Africa	13,520
Algeria	45
Burundi	380
Cameroon	380
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	590
Côte d'Ivoire	190
Egypt	480
Eritrea	2,045
Ethiopia	1,580
Morocco	175
Nigeria	2,770
Somalia	1,275
South Africa, Republic of	295
Sudan⁹⁷	485
Tunisia	135
Other places of birth in Africa	2,705
Asia	44,495
Afghanistan	415
Bangladesh	440
China⁹⁰	3,540
Hong Kong⁹¹	345
India	14,005
Iran⁸⁸	510
Iraq	315
Israel	270
Japan	85
Jordan	240
Korea, South⁹²	1,195
Lebanon	420
Nepal	510
Pakistan	1,295
Philippines	14,200
Saudi Arabia	375
Sri Lanka	415
Syria⁸⁹	3,310
Turkey	415
United Arab Emirates	260
Viet Nam	670
Other places of birth in Asia	1,270
Oceania and other⁹³	365
Australia	185
Other places of birth⁹⁸	185
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	996,485
First generation¹⁰⁰	356,830
Second generation¹⁰¹	217,370
Third generation or more¹⁰²	422,280
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	287,175
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	153,380
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	64,270
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	89,110
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	81,980
Refugees¹⁰⁸	49,110
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	2,705
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	287,175
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	11,065
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	38,980
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	8,135
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	17,930
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,160
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	209,905
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	996,485
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	426,195
South Asian	114,985
Chinese	59,740
Black	75,525
Filipino	70,550
Arab	30,485
Latin American	19,455
Southeast Asian	19,205
West Asian	7,690
Korean	8,045
Japanese	2,180
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	4,240
Multiple visible minorities	14,090
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	570,295
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	996,490
Canadian	84,995
English	132,440
Irish	108,030
Scottish	116,785
French, n.o.s.¹²²	73,060
German	115,540
Chinese	64,525
Italian	22,640
Indian (India)	61,940
Ukrainian	92,615
Dutch	29,900
Polish	44,080
Québécois	1,270
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	23,035
Filipino	67,395
French Canadian	7,185
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	13,740
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	15,175
Métis	24,235
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	13,250
Russian	17,395
Norwegian	25,790
Welsh	14,425
Portuguese	8,175
American	10,515
Spanish	11,065
Swedish	16,210
Hungarian	8,750
Acadian	1,955
Pakistani	12,175
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	13,365
Jewish	4,210
Punjabi	15,425
Vietnamese	14,465
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	9,970
Greek	3,645
Jamaican	5,455
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	9,650
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	13,325
Korean	7,835
Romanian	7,430
Lebanese	12,085
Iranian	3,440
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	3,070
Danish	8,805
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	6,775
Sikh	10,965
Austrian	7,995
Belgian	4,090
Haitian	815
Hindu	9,145
Mexican	5,240
Mennonite	2,330
Swiss	3,485
Finnish	3,165
Sri Lankan	2,120
Croatian	3,960
Japanese	3,235
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	3,120
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,390
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	4,725
Muslim	5,170
Egyptian	3,775
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	3,190
Tamil	1,360
Icelandic	3,185
Colombian	2,875
Moroccan	1,140
Czech	3,530
Syrian	3,980
Guyanese	1,355
Afghan	2,805
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,810
Serbian	2,680
Ojibway	1,060
Newfoundlander	1,320
Hong Konger	2,385
Ontarian	470
Persian	1,420
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,960
Turkish	3,100
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	965
Bangladeshi	2,370
Algerian	410
Brazilian	1,340
Nigerian	3,995
Armenian	515
Slovak	1,985
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,710
Somali	11,460
Taiwanese	1,070
Iraqi	1,270
Salvadorean	2,900
African Caribbean	915
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,285
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	2,145
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,650
Algonquin	360
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	750
Lithuanian	1,460
South African	1,465
Australian	1,345
Palestinian	2,080
Chilean	2,790
Congolese	1,830
Nova Scotian	345
Ethiopian	5,165
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,515
Peruvian	735
Yoruba	2,350
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,740
Berber	370
Albanian	950
Maltese	220
Macedonian	290
Slovenian	1,035
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,005
New Brunswicker	315
Gujarati	1,920
Eritrean	4,580
African Canadian	1,000
Israeli	505
Mohawk	465
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,410
Bulgarian	615
Albertan	4,100
Ghanaian	1,845
Barbadian	540
African American	1,100
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,060
Tunisian	470
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,165
Cuban	650
Bosnian	1,435
Venezuelan	605
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	25
Latvian	705
Bengali	760
Cameroonian	860
Guatemalan	665
Indonesian	1,115
Laotian	740
Ilocano	1,935
Northern Irish	570
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	460
British Columbian	285
Ecuadorian	345
Franco Ontarian	45
Argentinian	450
Estonian	455
Kurdish	1,025
Fijian	2,335
Jatt	1,150
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	350
Coptic	720
Thai	1,130
Dominican	325
Nepali	1,860
Kabyle	110
Assyrian	195
Igbo	1,355
Byelorussian	875
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	1,050
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	560
Abenaki	35
Moldovan	570
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	290
New Zealander	610
Sudanese	1,700
Breton	120
Pennsylvania Dutch	315
Malaysian	1,150
Plains Cree	950
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	340
Huron (Wendat)	55
Saskatchewanian	500
Buddhist	925
Gaspesian	15
Norman	185
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,135
Ivorian	405
Saulteaux	385
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	175
Burundian	805
Tigrinya	2,465
Nicaraguan	510
Mauritian	355
Kenyan	1,035
Oji-Cree	65
Vincentian	105
Jordanian	595
Manitoban	210
Cape Bretoner	145
Rwandan	990
Grenadian	255
Malayali	755
Chaldean	50
Sinhalese	460
Mayan	330
Honduran	345
Cherokee	395
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	70
Indo-Caribbean	135
Flemish	280
United Empire Loyalist	85
Senegalese	205
Azerbaijani	265
Sicilian	65
Pashtun	370
Malay	570
Goan	130
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	340
Tibetan	30
Zimbabwean	1,345
Burmese	415
Mongolian	390
Azorean	90
Atikamekw	0
Bamileke	160
Indo-Guyanese	160
Ugandan	970
Oromo	1,885
Tanzanian	555
Yemeni	475
Central African	220
Libyan	440
Basque	125
Uruguayan	80
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	270
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	295
Igorot	675
Fulani	265
Woodland Cree	275
Guinean	150
St. Lucian	155
Prince Edward Islander	55
Maliseet	10
Beninese	145
Telugu	250
Roma	145
Costa Rican	225
African Nova Scotian	55
Malagasy	55
Kashmiri	315
Singaporean	270
Karen	560
Edo	405
Tajik	50
Amhara	800
Paraguayan	50
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	996,485
Buddhist	15,365
Christian	444,690
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	90,430
Anabaptist	1,070
Anglican	17,325
Baptist	10,845
Catholic	208,905
Christian Orthodox	23,445
Jehovah's Witness	3,770
Latter Day Saints	5,030
Lutheran	13,840
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,405
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	14,500
Presbyterian	3,915
Reformed	2,600
United Church	22,375
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	25,235
Hindu	33,905
Jewish	3,515
Muslim	83,015
Sikh	41,385
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,995
Other religions and spiritual traditions	9,965
No religion and secular perspectives	362,645
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	984,475
Non-movers	837,690
Movers	146,785
Non-migrants	112,710
Migrants	34,075
Internal migrants	25,540
Intraprovincial migrants	15,395
Interprovincial migrants	10,140
External migrants	8,540
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	935,115
Non-movers	515,210
Movers	419,905
Non-migrants	265,930
Migrants	153,980
Internal migrants	99,140
Intraprovincial migrants	62,145
Interprovincial migrants	36,995
External migrants	54,840
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	812,605
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	134,660
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	677,945
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	562,080
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	65,480
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	496,600
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	812,610
No certificate, diploma or degree	119,345
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	227,215
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	466,045
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	224,565
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	59,580
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	19,095
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	40,485
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	134,560
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	30,425
Bachelor's degree or higher	241,480
Bachelor's degree	163,340
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	12,350
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	7,790
Master's degree	47,840
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	10,155
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	562,080
No certificate, diploma or degree	55,060
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	132,900
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	374,120
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	173,745
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	44,965
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	13,875
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	31,085
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	105,310
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	23,480
Bachelor's degree or higher	200,380
Bachelor's degree	134,645
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	9,695
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	6,555
Master's degree	41,455
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	8,035
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	812,610
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	346,560
Education	30,710
13. Education	30,710
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	13,315
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,640
50. Visual and performing arts	11,675
Humanities	21,795
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,430
23. English language and literature/letters	4,615
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	7,445
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	330
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,500
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,570
54. History	2,405
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	500
Social and behavioural sciences and law	47,530
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	900
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	5,450
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	7,430
22. Legal professions and studies	8,385
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	745
42. Psychology	9,265
45. Social sciences	15,345
Business, management and public administration	98,255
30.16 Accounting and computer science	195
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,655
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	92,410
Physical and life sciences and technologies	23,445
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	9,365
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	6,100
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	215
40. Physical sciences	6,495
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,265
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	21,415
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	17,275
25. Library science	1,430
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,360
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	350
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	104,730
04. Architecture and related services	3,225
14. Engineering	31,235
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	24,095
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30
46. Construction trades	21,010
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	13,670
48. Precision production	11,465
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	7,965
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	4,985
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,985
Health and related fields	76,555
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,425
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	69,675
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	140
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,320
Personal, protective and transportation services	20,270
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	12,510
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	105
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	175
43. Security and protective services	3,955
49. Transportation and materials moving	3,520
Other¹⁷⁹	60
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	562,085
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	187,960
Education	21,810
13. Education	21,810
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	10,765
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,150
50. Visual and performing arts	9,615
Humanities	17,020
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,965
23. English language and literature/letters	3,575
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	6,040
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	270
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,190
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,815
54. History	1,820
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	340
Social and behavioural sciences and law	39,175
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	755
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,630
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,875
22. Legal professions and studies	6,990
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	650
42. Psychology	7,420
45. Social sciences	12,855
Business, management and public administration	81,015
30.16 Accounting and computer science	155
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,505
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	76,360
Physical and life sciences and technologies	18,045
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	7,380
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,575
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	150
40. Physical sciences	5,025
41. Science technologies/technicians	920
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	18,605
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	15,365
25. Library science	1,085
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,875
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	290
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	83,240
04. Architecture and related services	2,525
14. Engineering	26,095
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	19,290
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15
46. Construction trades	16,595
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	9,965
48. Precision production	8,765
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	6,465
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,925
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,540
Health and related fields	61,845
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,450
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	56,370
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	130
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,890
Personal, protective and transportation services	16,060
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	9,670
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	95
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	120
43. Security and protective services	3,330
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,855
Other¹⁷⁹	60
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	562,085
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	187,960
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	374,125
Location of study inside Canada	270,890
Same as province or territory of residence	220,310
Different than province or territory of residence	50,580
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	103,235
Americas	12,305
United States of America	7,125
Mexico	1,255
Cuba	200
Haiti	105
Jamaica	610
Brazil	540
Colombia	705
Peru	145
Venezuela⁹⁵	255
Other locations of study in Americas	1,365
Europe	13,955
Belgium	145
France	510
Germany	825
Netherlands	235
Switzerland	150
Hungary	130
Moldova¹⁸³	250
Poland	1,275
Romania	660
Russian Federation	830
Ukraine	1,665
Ireland⁹⁶	530
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,120
Bosnia and Herzegovina	290
Italy	210
Serbia⁸⁶	300
Other locations of study in Europe	1,835
Africa	9,535
Nigeria	2,095
Algeria	190
Morocco	450
Tunisia	245
Egypt	1,310
South Africa, Republic of	560
Other locations of study in Africa	4,685
Asia	65,865
Iran⁸⁸	1,180
Iraq	410
Israel	190
Lebanon	695
Syria⁸⁹	520
Turkey	460
China⁹⁰	5,330
Taiwan	260
Hong Kong⁹¹	385
Japan	430
Korea, South⁹²	1,985
Philippines	24,240
Viet Nam	530
Bangladesh	925
Sri Lanka	575
India	21,705
Pakistan	3,110
Other locations of study in Asia	2,955
Oceania	1,580
Australia	1,130
New Zealand	235
Other locations of study in Oceania	215
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	812,610
In the labour force	554,040
Employed	483,855
Unemployed	70,185
Not in the labour force	258,565
Participation rate	68.2
Employment rate	59.5
Unemployment rate	12.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	812,610
Did not work¹⁸⁶	280,650
Worked	531,960
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	274,975
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	256,990
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	554,040
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	19,885
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	534,160
Employee	467,470
Permanent position	382,595
Temporary position	84,870
Fixed term (1 year or more)	28,125
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	56,745
Self-employed¹⁹²	66,690
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	554,040
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	19,885
All occupations¹⁹¹	534,160
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	4,535
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	90,840
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	45,680
3 Health occupations	50,115
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	65,050
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	12,985
6 Sales and service occupations	137,280
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	102,620
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	7,815
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	17,230
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	554,040
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	19,885
All industries¹⁹¹	534,160
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,415
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	10,225
22 Utilities	5,075
23 Construction	50,765
31-33 Manufacturing	29,530
41 Wholesale trade	18,070
44-45 Retail trade	63,085
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	31,195
51 Information and cultural industries	7,440
52 Finance and insurance	18,335
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	9,980
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	41,125
55 Management of companies and enterprises	720
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	23,660
61 Educational services	39,035
62 Health care and social assistance	77,255
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	9,445
72 Accommodation and food services	35,390
81 Other services (except public administration)	25,285
91 Public administration	36,125
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	578,920
English	548,320
French	1,195
Non-official language	3,930
Indigenous³⁹	10
Non-Indigenous	3,920
English and French	5,490
English and non-official language(s)	19,270
French and non-official language(s)	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	450
Multiple non-official languages	255
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	578,920
Single responses	574,590
Official languages	567,195
English	565,135
French	2,065
Non-official languages	7,395
Indigenous languages³⁹	20
Algonquian languages	10
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	10
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,380
Afro-Asiatic languages	445
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	110
Bilen	0
Oromo	15
Somali	100
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	335
Amharic	50
Arabic	225
Aramaic languages	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Hebrew	10
Tigrigna	50
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	410
Khmer (Cambodian)	0
Vietnamese	405
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austronesian languages	320
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0
Cebuano	0
Hiligaynon	0
Ilocano	0
Indonesian	10
Kankanaey	0
Malagasy languages	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	300
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0
Creole languages	0
Haitian Creole	0
Jamaican English Creole	0
Morisyen	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	50
Kannada	0
Malayalam	20
Tamil	15
Telugu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Indo-European languages	3,195
Albanian	0
Armenian	0
Balto-Slavic languages	270
Baltic languages	0
Latvian	0
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	270
Bulgarian	10
Czech	0
Macedonian	0
Polish	80
Russian	100
Serbo-Croatian	25
Bosnian	0
Croatian	0
Serbian	20
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	60
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	55
Frisian	0
High German languages	40
German	40
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	0
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	10
Indo-Iranian languages	2,135
Indo-Aryan languages	2,050
Bengali	10
Gujarati	45
Hindi	145
Kacchi	0
Marathi	0
Nepali	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,780
Sindhi	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0
Urdu	45
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0
Iranian languages	85
Kurdish	0
Pashto	0
Persian languages	80
Dari	35
Iranian Persian	25
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	725
Catalan	0
Italian	10
Portuguese	30
Romanian	0
Spanish	675
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	40
Korean	380
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	15
Akan (Twi)	0
Edo	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Igbo	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Swahili	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0
Dinka	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0
Sign languages	100
American Sign Language	90
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,300
Chinese languages	2,280
Hakka	0
Mandarin	1,010
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,255
Chinese, n.o.s.	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0
Burmese	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	20
Lao	0
Thai	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	90
Azerbaijani	0
Turkish	90
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	0
Estonian	0
Finnish	0
Hungarian	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	4,325
English and French	730
English and non-official language(s)	3,490
French and non-official language(s)	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	40
Multiple non-official languages	50
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	578,920
None	557,280
English	3,750
French	3,945
Non-official language	11,560
Indigenous³⁹	220
Non-Indigenous	11,340
English and French	10
English and non-official language(s)	370
French and non-official language(s)	340
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	1,655
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	483,855
Worked at home	102,215
Worked outside Canada	1,335
No fixed workplace address	73,790
Usual place of work	306,525
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	306,525
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	257,805
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	40,125
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	6,670
Commute to a different province or territory	1,920
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	380,315
Car, truck or van	323,705
Car, truck or van - as a driver	298,320
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	25,380
Public transit	30,860
Walked	13,430
Bicycle	3,355
Other method	8,970
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	380,315
Less than 15 minutes	86,415
15 to 29 minutes	174,830
30 to 44 minutes	82,100
45 to 59 minutes	19,050
60 minutes and over	17,920
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	380,315
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	24,640
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	66,830
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	101,205
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	69,150
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	52,815
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	65,680
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	219,735
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,445
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	202,290
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	153,920
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,585
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	6,675
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	5,910
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	141,335

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed January 14, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

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