Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Essex, County (CTY)More information: Ontario [Census division]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	422,860	...	...
Population, 2016¹	398,953	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	174,446	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	165,787	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	229.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,844.21	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	422,860	209,950	212,915
0 to 14 years	68,810	35,420	33,385
0 to 4 years	20,380	10,475	9,900
5 to 9 years	23,215	11,950	11,265
10 to 14 years	25,210	12,990	12,225
15 to 64 years	272,430	137,190	135,235
15 to 19 years	25,845	13,460	12,385
20 to 24 years	27,560	14,780	12,780
25 to 29 years	27,630	14,730	12,900
30 to 34 years	25,355	12,820	12,540
35 to 39 years	24,445	11,965	12,480
40 to 44 years	24,990	12,060	12,935
45 to 49 years	26,940	13,095	13,840
50 to 54 years	28,485	14,075	14,410
55 to 59 years	31,305	15,435	15,870
60 to 64 years	29,870	14,775	15,095
65 years and over	81,620	37,335	44,290
65 to 69 years	25,405	12,255	13,155
70 to 74 years	21,645	10,240	11,400
75 to 79 years	14,565	6,860	7,705
80 to 84 years	9,785	4,255	5,535
85 years and over	10,215	3,720	6,495
85 to 89 years	6,055	2,450	3,600
90 to 94 years	3,160	1,025	2,130
95 to 99 years	895	225	670
100 years and over	110	20	90
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.3	16.9	15.7
15 to 64 years	64.4	65.3	63.5
65 years and over	19.3	17.8	20.8
85 years and over	2.4	1.8	3.1
Average age of the population	42.0	40.9	43.1
Median age of the population	42.4	40.8	44.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	165,785	...	...
Single-detached house	115,480	...	...
Semi-detached house	7,495	...	...
Row house	9,235	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	4,665	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	13,905	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	14,110	...	...
Other single-attached house	155	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	750	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	165,785	...	...
1 person	46,500	...	...
2 persons	55,205	...	...
3 persons	24,630	...	...
4 persons	23,115	...	...
5 or more persons	16,345	...	...
Number of persons in private households	415,725	206,675	209,055
Average household size	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	354,050	174,525	179,525
Married or living common-law	195,930	98,245	97,690
Married	169,110	84,865	84,245
Living common-law	26,820	13,380	13,440
Living common law - Never married	17,610	8,810	8,805
Living common law - Separated	1,540	815	725
Living common law - Divorced	6,770	3,380	3,390
Living common law - Widowed	900	370	530
Not married and not living common-law	158,120	76,285	81,835
Not married and not living common law - Never married	104,210	58,245	45,965
Not married and not living common law - Separated	9,890	4,180	5,715
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	22,630	9,305	13,325
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	21,385	4,555	16,830
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	116,690	...	...
2 persons	57,775	...	...
3 persons	24,255	...	...
4 persons	22,320	...	...
5 or more persons	12,345	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	116,695	...	...
Total couple families	95,195	...	...
Married couples	81,790	...	...
With children⁶	44,725	...	...
Without children	37,070	...	...
Common-law couples	13,405	...	...
With children⁶	5,205	...	...
Without children	8,200	...	...
Total one-parent families	21,495	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	16,980	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	4,510	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	415,725	206,670	209,055
Total - Persons in census families	345,480	171,410	174,070
Married spouses or common-law partners	190,395	95,135	95,260
Parents in one-parent families	21,495	4,510	16,985
Children⁶	133,590	71,760	61,830
In a two-parent family	99,140	52,965	46,170
In a one-parent family	34,455	18,795	15,655
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	70,240	35,260	34,985
Living alone	46,500	22,100	24,395
Living with other relatives⁷	9,415	3,905	5,515
Living with non-relatives only	14,330	9,260	5,075
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	165,785	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	103,390	...	...
Couple-family households	86,355	...	...
With children⁶	45,200	...	...
Without children	41,155	...	...
One-parent-family households	17,030	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	4,955	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	770	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	4,160	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	6,015	...	...
One-person households	46,500	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	346,975	171,285	175,685
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	332,050	163,760	168,285
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	46,000	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	332,285	163,885	168,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	41,200	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	288,475	147,020	141,455
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	40,400	26,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	236,635	127,865	108,770
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	37,200	28,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	306,765	150,460	156,305
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,100	8,500	11,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	42,080	21,270	20,805
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	103,785	52,085	51,700
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	346,975	171,225	175,750
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	331,785	163,590	168,195
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,080	59,350	43,080
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	332,030	163,710	168,320
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,600	49,640	37,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	288,930	147,190	141,745
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,360	55,300	37,080
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	236,635	128,045	108,590
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,760	50,640	37,840
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	306,740	150,585	156,160
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,590	10,390	12,740
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	42,570	21,800	20,770
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,225	5,925	6,540
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	103,965	52,235	51,735
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,930	8,630	9,240
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	346,970	171,225	175,750
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	97,365	55,780	41,585
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,400	68,500	55,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,300	81,800	64,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	96,680	47,800	48,880
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,000	22,400	16,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,240	33,000	23,600
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.0	83.8	72.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	62.5	66.8	56.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	21.0	16.1	27.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	1.3	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.2	5.1	7.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.5	4.6	6.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	346,975	171,290	175,685
Without total income	14,930	7,525	7,400
With total income	332,050	163,765	168,285
Under $10,000 (including loss)	28,455	11,650	16,805
$10,000 to $19,999	41,320	17,140	24,180
$20,000 to $29,999	51,545	21,630	29,920
$30,000 to $39,999	44,555	19,270	25,285
$40,000 to $49,999	40,355	20,350	20,010
$50,000 to $59,999	31,870	16,465	15,410
$60,000 to $69,999	22,775	12,255	10,515
$70,000 to $79,999	17,035	10,120	6,910
$80,000 to $89,999	12,430	7,720	4,705
$90,000 to $99,999	10,220	6,005	4,220
$100,000 and over	31,490	21,155	10,340
$100,000 to $149,999	21,565	13,615	7,955
$150,000 and over	9,925	7,540	2,380
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	346,975	171,290	175,685
Without after-tax income	14,690	7,405	7,285
With after-tax income	332,285	163,890	168,400
Under $10,000 (including loss)	29,765	12,085	17,685
$10,000 to $19,999	43,010	17,810	25,195
$20,000 to $29,999	58,610	24,750	33,855
$30,000 to $39,999	52,765	24,325	28,435
$40,000 to $49,999	45,650	23,660	21,990
$50,000 to $59,999	31,885	17,170	14,710
$60,000 to $69,999	21,630	12,895	8,740
$70,000 to $79,999	14,230	8,630	5,605
$80,000 to $89,999	11,650	6,520	5,135
$90,000 to $99,999	6,425	4,060	2,365
$100,000 and over	16,670	11,985	4,685
$100,000 to $124,999	7,890	5,305	2,590
$125,000 and over	8,775	6,680	2,095
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	346,975	171,290	175,685
Without employment income	110,340	43,425	66,915
With employment income	236,635	127,865	108,770
Under $5,000 (including loss)	41,900	23,505	18,390
$5,000 to $9,999	19,595	8,615	10,985
$10,000 to $19,999	28,745	13,320	15,425
$20,000 to $29,999	22,160	10,495	11,665
$30,000 to $39,999	21,835	10,855	10,985
$40,000 to $49,999	20,155	10,155	10,000
$50,000 to $59,999	17,310	9,425	7,885
$60,000 to $69,999	13,400	7,745	5,655
$70,000 to $79,999	11,180	7,155	4,025
$80,000 to $89,999	8,415	5,380	3,040
$90,000 to $99,999	8,495	4,680	3,815
$100,000 and over	23,440	16,540	6,905
$100,000 to $124,999	11,170	7,145	4,025
$125,000 and over	12,275	9,395	2,875
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	346,975	171,285	175,685
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	324,640	159,680	164,955
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	45,200	32,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	324,775	159,695	165,080
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,400	29,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	283,625	144,095	139,525
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	42,400	29,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	234,965	126,240	108,730
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	40,800	31,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	289,695	141,495	148,200
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,960	1,700	6,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	30,840	16,265	14,580
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,400	3,960	4,920
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	346,975	171,225	175,750
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	324,420	159,760	164,660
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,600	57,200	40,240
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	324,580	159,765	164,815
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,400	47,760	35,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	284,075	144,490	139,590
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,360	56,500	37,880
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	234,965	126,530	108,430
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,080	52,400	38,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	289,520	141,580	147,930
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,990	6,860	9,070
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	31,305	16,480	14,825
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,975	5,210	6,830
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	346,970	171,225	175,750
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	96,320	55,115	41,200
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	59,200	66,500	52,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,200	79,100	60,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	90,800	44,810	45,990
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,800	31,200	22,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,320	40,040	28,760
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	85.4	89.4	79.8
Employment income (%)	68.6	72.6	63.4
Government transfers (%)	14.7	10.6	20.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	165,785	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	46,500	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	119,290	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	165,790	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	102,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	87,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	46,520	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,840	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,320	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	119,265	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	165,785	...	...
Under $5,000	1,530	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	915	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,040	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,385	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	5,805	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	5,410	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	5,420	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,055	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	6,350	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	6,625	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	13,435	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	12,320	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	11,500	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	10,625	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	9,545	...	...
$100,000 and over	64,815	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	19,540	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	13,775	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	16,660	...	...
$200,000 and over	14,840	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	165,785	...	...
Under $5,000	1,715	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	945	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,075	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,510	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	6,175	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,320	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,370	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,140	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	7,685	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,605	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	15,175	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	14,060	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	12,930	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	11,840	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	10,205	...	...
$100,000 and over	52,040	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	19,130	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	12,305	...	...
$150,000 and over	20,600	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	115,160	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	41,720	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	50,325	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	19,810	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,600	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	60,825	31,360	29,470
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,600	39,600	36,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,400	35,600	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	115,100	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	122,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	41,750	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	50,325	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	153,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	19,770	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	60,860	31,295	29,565
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,600	48,520	44,560
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,040	41,120	38,880
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	415,725	206,670	209,055
0 to 17 years	84,305	43,475	40,830
0 to 5 years	24,820	12,775	12,040
18 to 64 years	254,120	127,245	126,885
65 years and over	77,300	35,955	41,340
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	47,045	22,275	24,765
0 to 17 years	12,205	6,310	5,895
0 to 5 years	4,085	2,125	1,955
18 to 64 years	25,930	12,605	13,325
65 years and over	8,910	3,365	5,545
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.3	10.8	11.9
0 to 17 years (%)	14.5	14.5	14.4
0 to 5 years (%)	16.5	16.7	16.3
18 to 64 years (%)	10.2	9.9	10.5
65 years and over (%)	11.5	9.4	13.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	415,725	206,670	209,050
0 to 17 years	84,300	43,470	40,830
0 to 5 years	24,815	12,780	12,040
18 to 64 years	254,125	127,240	126,880
65 years and over	77,300	35,960	41,345
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	18,290	10,005	8,285
0 to 17 years	3,180	1,650	1,530
0 to 5 years	1,040	560	485
18 to 64 years	13,705	7,755	5,945
65 years and over	1,410	600	815
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.4	4.8	4.0
0 to 17 years (%)	3.8	3.8	3.8
0 to 5 years (%)	4.2	4.4	4.0
18 to 64 years (%)	5.4	6.1	4.7
65 years and over (%)	1.8	1.7	2.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	415,725	206,670	209,055
In bottom half of the distribution	212,490	103,235	109,255
In bottom decile	41,280	20,530	20,755
In second decile	43,995	20,375	23,620
In third decile	43,510	20,870	22,640
In fourth decile	42,380	20,975	21,405
In fifth decile	41,325	20,480	20,845
In top half of the distribution	203,235	103,440	99,795
In sixth decile	40,965	20,615	20,350
In seventh decile	40,240	20,490	19,750
In eighth decile	41,065	20,835	20,230
In ninth decile	40,745	20,740	20,005
In top decile	40,210	20,755	19,460
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	415,725	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.332	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.462	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.298	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	419,165	208,405	210,755
English only	369,765	186,290	183,480
French only	500	190	310
English and French	39,430	17,690	21,740
Neither English nor French	9,465	4,235	5,230
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	419,165	208,405	210,755
English	398,480	198,960	199,525
French	8,905	4,140	4,770
English and French	2,510	1,180	1,325
Neither English nor French	9,270	4,130	5,140
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	419,165	208,405	210,755
Single responses	402,580	200,290	202,290
Official languages	307,515	153,205	154,310
English	298,380	148,920	149,470
French	9,130	4,285	4,845
Non-official languages	95,070	47,090	47,980
Indigenous languages³⁹	45	25	20
Algonquian languages	30	15	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	10	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	25	10	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25	10	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	5
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	5
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	5
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	95,030	47,065	47,960
Afro-Asiatic languages	24,085	12,005	12,080
Berber languages	5	0	5
Kabyle	5	0	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	65	35	30
Hausa	60	35	30
Mina	5	5	5
Coptic	5	5	5
Cushitic languages	720	345	375
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	45	25	25
Somali	660	310	350
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Semitic languages	23,290	11,625	11,665
Amharic	105	50	60
Arabic	18,150	9,145	9,005
Aramaic languages	4,625	2,235	2,385
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	860	410	450
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	3,655	1,765	1,890
Aramaic, n.o.s.	105	55	50
Harari	5	0	5
Hebrew	35	15	20
Maltese	155	75	85
Tigrigna	220	105	115
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,325	1,065	1,260
Khmer (Cambodian)	395	170	225
Vietnamese	1,925	895	1,040
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,090	1,355	1,730
Bikol	10	5	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	10	20
Cebuano	70	20	50
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	50	15	35
Ilocano	100	40	60
Indonesian	85	40	45
Kankanaey	10	5	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	5	5	5
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Malay	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	5	15
Pangasinan	5	5	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,635	1,180	1,455
Waray-Waray	5	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	25	30
Creole languages	250	120	130
Haitian Creole	130	60	70
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	0
Krio	5	0	5
Morisyen	20	10	10
Sango	10	5	5
Creole, n.o.s.	70	35	30
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Dravidian languages	1,715	1,075	645
Kannada	60	40	15
Malayalam	515	335	180
Tamil	550	315	240
Telugu	575	380	195
Tulu	5	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	15	5	5
Indo-European languages	52,415	26,125	26,290
Albanian	980	495	485
Armenian	190	85	100
Balto-Slavic languages	10,560	4,920	5,640
Baltic languages	60	15	45
Latvian	10	5	10
Lithuanian	50	15	30
Slavic languages	10,500	4,905	5,595
Belarusian	5	0	5
Bulgarian	95	40	50
Czech	150	70	80
Macedonian	1,095	530	565
Polish	2,750	1,250	1,500
Russian	585	235	355
Rusyn	5	5	0
Serbo-Croatian	4,540	2,210	2,325
Bosnian	345	165	180
Croatian	1,510	705	800
Serbian	2,620	1,305	1,315
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	65	30	40
Slovak	715	335	380
Slovene (Slovenian)	120	40	75
Ukrainian	435	175	250
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Celtic languages	15	5	10
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	5	0
Welsh	5	5	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	8,220	3,960	4,260
Frisian	5	5	5
High German languages	5,310	2,505	2,800
German	5,270	2,490	2,775
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	15	5	10
Yiddish	20	10	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,820	1,405	1,415
Afrikaans	60	30	25
Dutch	585	300	285
Low German, n.o.s.	340	170	175
Low Saxon	55	20	35
Plautdietsch	1,730	855	870
Vlaams (Flemish)	60	30	30
Scandinavian languages	75	35	35
Danish	50	20	25
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	0	5
Swedish	15	15	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Greek	920	465	455
Indo-Iranian languages	13,735	7,450	6,285
Indo-Aryan languages	12,470	6,815	5,655
Assamese	5	5	5
Bengali	860	435	420
Gujarati	1,815	1,215	600
Hindi	1,165	695	470
Kacchi	5	5	0
Kashmiri	5	10	0
Konkani	10	5	10
Marathi	115	75	45
Nepali	995	485	510
Oriya languages	15	5	10
Odia	5	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,310	2,300	2,010
Rohingya	10	5	5
Sindhi	25	10	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	115	55	60
Urdu	2,985	1,505	1,485
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Iranian languages	1,265	640	630
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	290	155	140
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	100	50	50
Persian languages	870	435	440
Dari	120	50	75
Iranian Persian	640	325	310
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	105	55	50
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	17,790	8,740	9,045
Catalan	5	0	0
Italian	7,765	3,725	4,035
Portuguese	2,295	1,125	1,175
Romanian	2,185	1,035	1,150
Spanish	5,470	2,810	2,665
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	70	50	25
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5
Japanese	110	45	65
Korean	515	255	265
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,085	500	580
Akan (Twi)	50	30	25
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	5	5
Éwé	5	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	0
Ga	10	10	5
Ganda	30	15	10
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	55	25	30
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	100	45	50
Lingala	10	5	5
Luba-Kasai	5	0	5
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	0	5
Ndebele	10	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	115	50	70
Shona	35	20	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0
Swahili	305	135	165
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	0	5
Yoruba	215	95	115
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	110	55	50
Nilo-Saharan languages	175	85	95
Dinka	45	25	25
Nuer	30	15	15
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	95	50	45
African, n.o.s.	10	5	10
Sign languages	80	35	45
American Sign Language	70	30	40
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,970	3,350	3,620
Chinese languages	6,495	3,115	3,385
Hakka	30	10	10
Mandarin	4,345	2,060	2,285
Min Dong	5	5	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	40	35
Wu (Shanghainese)	55	25	30
Yue (Cantonese)	1,880	920	960
Chinese, n.o.s.	105	45	60
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	455	225	235
Burmese	85	45	40
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	355	175	180
S'gaw Karen	310	155	155
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages	375	175	205
Lao	205	110	100
Thai	170	65	105
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	560	285	275
Azerbaijani	20	10	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	485	250	235
Uyghur	25	10	15
Uzbek	10	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Uralic languages	1,240	580	655
Estonian	15	10	10
Finnish	100	45	55
Hungarian	1,130	535	600
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Multiple responses	16,580	8,115	8,470
English and French	3,005	1,340	1,665
English and non-official language(s)	11,355	5,730	5,625
French and non-official language(s)	415	180	235
English, French and non-official language(s)	480	230	250
Multiple non-official languages	1,330	635	695
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	419,165	208,405	210,755
English	314,900	157,115	157,790
French	1,665	775	895
Non-official language	27,885	13,660	14,225
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	27,885	13,660	14,225
English and French	6,485	2,885	3,595
English and non-official language(s)	62,065	31,195	30,870
French and non-official language(s)	250	100	145
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,145	1,365	1,780
Multiple non-official languages	2,775	1,320	1,455
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	419,165	208,405	210,755
Single responses	402,710	200,365	202,345
Official languages	350,085	174,255	175,830
English	347,575	173,080	174,495
French	2,510	1,170	1,330
Non-official languages	52,625	26,115	26,515
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	52,625	26,115	26,510
Afro-Asiatic languages	15,640	7,695	7,945
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	55	30	25
Hausa	55	30	25
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	5	0	0
Cushitic languages	485	230	255
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	15	5	10
Somali	460	215	245
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Semitic languages	15,095	7,430	7,660
Amharic	55	25	30
Arabic	11,295	5,615	5,675
Aramaic languages	3,580	1,715	1,865
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	680	320	360
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	2,815	1,345	1,470
Aramaic, n.o.s.	85	50	40
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	15	5	5
Maltese	15	5	5
Tigrigna	145	65	80
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,565	720	850
Khmer (Cambodian)	210	90	120
Vietnamese	1,360	630	725
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,685	840	840
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Cebuano	40	15	25
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	20	10	15
Ilocano	60	25	35
Indonesian	20	10	10
Kankanaey	15	10	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,475	745	725
Waray-Waray	5	5	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Creole languages	160	75	80
Haitian Creole	80	35	45
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	5	0	5
Morisyen	10	5	5
Sango	5	0	5
Creole, n.o.s.	50	30	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	1,075	640	435
Kannada	30	20	10
Malayalam	280	185	100
Tamil	370	200	170
Telugu	395	240	150
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	25,285	12,610	12,675
Albanian	475	235	235
Armenian	75	35	40
Balto-Slavic languages	4,395	2,075	2,315
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	4,400	2,075	2,320
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	30	15	15
Czech	30	15	20
Macedonian	435	210	225
Polish	1,230	580	645
Russian	275	130	145
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	2,060	985	1,085
Bosnian	175	90	85
Croatian	505	235	275
Serbian	1,365	655	710
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Slovak	235	105	130
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	10
Ukrainian	75	30	45
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,800	1,355	1,450
Frisian	5	5	0
High German languages	1,650	785	865
German	1,640	780	860
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	0	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,150	560	585
Afrikaans	25	15	10
Dutch	40	20	15
Low German, n.o.s.	230	110	115
Low Saxon	25	5	15
Plautdietsch	825	405	420
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5
Scandinavian languages	0	0	5
Danish	0	0	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	350	165	190
Indo-Iranian languages	9,635	5,080	4,555
Indo-Aryan languages	8,775	4,670	4,105
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	505	260	245
Gujarati	1,150	735	410
Hindi	745	410	340
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	50	30	20
Nepali	810	405	405
Oriya languages	10	5	5
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,365	1,775	1,590
Rohingya	10	5	5
Sindhi	10	0	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	30	30
Urdu	2,055	1,005	1,045
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Iranian languages	860	405	455
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	195	100	100
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	80	35	40
Persian languages	580	275	310
Dari	75	25	50
Iranian Persian	450	220	230
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	60	25	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,535	3,670	3,870
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	2,190	880	1,310
Portuguese	925	430	500
Romanian	1,060	510	550
Spanish	3,355	1,840	1,510
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	15	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	45	25	20
Korean	360	185	180
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	450	210	240
Akan (Twi)	20	5	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	5	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	10	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	20	10	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	45	20	25
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	5	5	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	25	25
Shona	5	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	170	85	90
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	85	40	50
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	115	60	55
Dinka	25	10	10
Nuer	25	10	20
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	60	30	25
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	160	90	70
American Sign Language	110	55	55
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	50	35	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,155	2,505	2,650
Chinese languages	4,775	2,315	2,455
Hakka	5	5	5
Mandarin	3,390	1,655	1,735
Min Dong	5	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	20	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	45	25	20
Yue (Cantonese)	1,220	580	635
Chinese, n.o.s.	75	30	40
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	360	180	185
Burmese	75	35	35
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	285	140	145
S'gaw Karen	250	125	125
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages	220	110	110
Lao	115	65	55
Thai	100	45	55
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	345	175	170
Azerbaijani	15	10	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	295	150	145
Uyghur	25	10	15
Uzbek	5	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Uralic languages	360	165	195
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	20	10	10
Hungarian	340	160	185
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Multiple responses	16,455	8,040	8,415
English and French	1,075	445	630
English and non-official language(s)	14,515	7,230	7,290
French and non-official language(s)	95	35	60
English, French and non-official language(s)	385	165	215
Multiple non-official languages	385	165	220
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	419,170	208,405	210,760
None	358,000	178,165	179,830
English	19,455	9,820	9,640
French	5,565	2,475	3,095
Non-official language	28,605	14,190	14,415
Indigenous³⁹	40	15	25
Non-Indigenous	28,560	14,170	14,390
English and French	430	185	245
English and non-official language(s)	3,075	1,575	1,505
French and non-official language(s)	1,395	585	810
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	50	25
Multiple non-official languages	2,570	1,365	1,200
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	415,725	206,675	209,050
Official languages	406,805	202,930	203,875
English	406,280	202,740	203,540
French	39,880	17,770	22,105
Non-official languages	122,700	61,310	61,395
Indigenous languages³⁹	155	85	75
Algonquian languages	130	65	65
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	20	0	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	20	0	15
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	10
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	110	60	50
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	110	60	50
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	10
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	0	0
Oneida	10	10	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Non-Indigenous languages	122,615	61,270	61,350
Afro-Asiatic languages	32,765	16,435	16,330
Berber languages	25	20	0
Kabyle	10	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Chadic languages	50	10	35
Hausa	35	10	35
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	30	20	10
Cushitic languages	1,110	540	565
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	70	30	45
Somali	1,010	500	505
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15
Semitic languages	31,795	15,970	15,825
Amharic	260	115	145
Arabic	28,605	14,355	14,255
Aramaic languages	6,705	3,340	3,365
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,375	660	715
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5,295	2,645	2,645
Aramaic, n.o.s.	130	80	55
Harari	15	10	10
Hebrew	130	65	70
Maltese	200	110	85
Tigrigna	325	165	160
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,125	1,520	1,610
Khmer (Cambodian)	500	225	270
Vietnamese	2,640	1,295	1,340
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,605	1,415	2,185
Bikol	10	0	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	10	20
Cebuano	150	50	105
Fijian	10	0	0
Hiligaynon	70	20	50
Ilocano	205	80	125
Indonesian	130	55	80
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	75	40	35
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	10	25
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,260	1,260	2,000
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	115	60	55
Creole languages	690	330	355
Haitian Creole	330	150	180
Jamaican English Creole	55	35	20
Krio	30	0	25
Morisyen	20	15	10
Sango	70	30	35
Creole, n.o.s.	190	100	90
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25
Dravidian languages	2,345	1,475	870
Kannada	175	115	60
Malayalam	550	340	210
Tamil	965	595	370
Telugu	970	620	345
Tulu	20	15	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	35	15	20
Indo-European languages	68,765	34,875	33,895
Albanian	1,300	635	660
Armenian	355	150	205
Balto-Slavic languages	13,130	6,365	6,770
Baltic languages	60	15	40
Latvian	10	0	10
Lithuanian	45	15	30
Slavic languages	13,080	6,350	6,730
Belarusian	15	0	15
Bulgarian	155	90	65
Czech	170	95	75
Macedonian	1,395	715	680
Polish	3,410	1,615	1,790
Russian	1,025	495	530
Rusyn	25	20	0
Serbo-Croatian	6,270	3,140	3,130
Bosnian	645	355	285
Croatian	2,610	1,280	1,325
Serbian	3,910	2,010	1,900
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	110	55	60
Slovak	905	385	520
Slovene (Slovenian)	115	40	75
Ukrainian	660	275	385
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Celtic languages	50	30	20
Irish	20	10	0
Scottish Gaelic	20	15	0
Welsh	15	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	10,455	5,185	5,275
Frisian	10	0	0
High German languages	7,075	3,415	3,660
German	7,035	3,395	3,640
Pennsylvania German	10	0	10
Swiss German	30	10	15
Yiddish	25	15	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,375	1,750	1,630
Afrikaans	180	115	65
Dutch	665	350	315
Low German, n.o.s.	340	170	170
Low Saxon	55	25	25
Plautdietsch	2,115	1,070	1,045
Vlaams (Flemish)	85	45	45
Scandinavian languages	230	110	115
Danish	95	45	50
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	45	15	25
Swedish	110	60	55
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Greek	1,410	795	615
Indo-Iranian languages	18,220	10,145	8,075
Indo-Aryan languages	16,425	9,215	7,205
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	1,030	565	465
Gujarati	2,270	1,565	705
Hindi	6,215	3,730	2,480
Kacchi	10	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	40	20	20
Marathi	225	125	95
Nepali	1,155	565	590
Oriya languages	25	20	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	10	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,095	3,320	2,780
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	60	40	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	190	95	95
Urdu	4,745	2,485	2,260
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	90	45	45
Iranian languages	1,935	990	940
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	610	325	285
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	190	105	85
Persian languages	1,195	605	585
Dari	80	45	40
Iranian Persian	950	505	445
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	190	75	115
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
Italic (Romance) languages	26,105	12,915	13,190
Catalan	15	0	10
Italian	11,420	5,605	5,820
Portuguese	3,320	1,640	1,680
Romanian	2,695	1,265	1,430
Spanish	9,470	4,770	4,695
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	195	120	75
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Japanese	300	170	130
Korean	610	295	310
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	2,220	1,055	1,165
Akan (Twi)	125	65	55
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	25	25	0
Éwé	10	0	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	0
Ga	35	15	15
Ganda	30	15	15
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	230	125	110
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	155	60	95
Lingala	145	75	70
Luba-Kasai	25	15	10
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	30	15	15
Ndebele	40	20	25
Rundi (Kirundi)	145	80	75
Shona	70	40	30
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	605	275	335
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	50	10	45
Yoruba	540	245	295
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	375	175	195
Nilo-Saharan languages	185	105	80
Dinka	60	35	20
Nuer	50	30	20
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	85	40	40
African, n.o.s.	80	50	25
Sign languages	560	205	355
American Sign Language	495	155	340
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	85	50	35
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,330	4,015	4,315
Chinese languages	7,740	3,730	4,010
Hakka	20	15	10
Mandarin	5,750	2,705	3,045
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	155	70	85
Wu (Shanghainese)	85	40	45
Yue (Cantonese)	2,635	1,325	1,310
Chinese, n.o.s.	135	65	75
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	560	265	300
Burmese	160	70	90
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	425	205	220
S'gaw Karen	350	165	185
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	140	75	65
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	0	30
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Tai-Kadai languages	480	205	270
Lao	310	145	165
Thai	215	85	140
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	1,240	675	560
Azerbaijani	30	15	15
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	1,200	650	550
Uyghur	25	0	20
Uzbek	20	15	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	10
Uralic languages	1,835	875	950
Estonian	15	10	0
Finnish	150	80	70
Hungarian	1,675	795	880
Other languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	415,725	206,670	209,050
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	12,055	5,620	6,430
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	11,490	5,400	6,090
First Nations (North American Indian)	5,310	2,435	2,865
Métis	6,115	2,925	3,190
Inuk (Inuit)	65	40	30
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	265	100	165
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	300	120	175
Non-Indigenous identity	403,675	201,050	202,620
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	415,725	206,670	209,050
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	2,855	1,345	1,510
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	412,870	205,325	207,540
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	165,785	...	...
Owner	120,155	...	...
Renter	45,630	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	165,785	...	...
Condominium	11,090	...	...
Not condominium	154,695	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	165,785	...	...
No bedrooms	945	...	...
1 bedroom	17,655	...	...
2 bedrooms	36,945	...	...
3 bedrooms	67,045	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	43,200	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	165,785	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	35,645	...	...
5 rooms	24,345	...	...
6 rooms	25,695	...	...
7 rooms	23,750	...	...
8 or more rooms	56,355	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	165,785	...	...
One person or fewer per room	162,315	...	...
More than one person per room	3,470	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	165,785	...	...
Suitable	157,305	...	...
Not suitable	8,480	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	165,785	...	...
1960 or before	53,140	...	...
1961 to 1980	44,930	...	...
1981 to 1990	14,555	...	...
1991 to 2000	23,230	...	...
2001 to 2005	11,555	...	...
2006 to 2010	5,465	...	...
2011 to 2015	5,240	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	7,665	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	165,785	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	155,765	...	...
Major repairs needed	10,020	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	165,785	...	...
One-maintainer household	87,250	...	...
Two-maintainer household	71,790	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	6,740	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	165,785	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,465	...	...
25 to 34 years	19,680	...	...
35 to 44 years	25,500	...	...
45 to 54 years	31,055	...	...
55 to 64 years	36,235	...	...
65 to 74 years	28,370	...	...
75 to 84 years	15,530	...	...
85 years and over	5,960	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	164,320	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	135,555	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	28,765	...	...
30% to less than 100%	26,230	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	165,785	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	43,010	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	25,190	...	...
Not suitable only	6,640	...	...
Major repairs needed only	7,065	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,160	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,280	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	545	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	135	...	...
Acceptable housing	122,775	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	161,785	...	...
In core need	12,965	...	...
Not in core need	148,820	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	119,225	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	57.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	10.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,070	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,261	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	420,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	478,800	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	45,605	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	16.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	980	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,069	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	415,720	206,670	209,055
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	3,020	1,500	1,525
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	2,965	1,465	1,500
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	2,015	980	1,035
Métis single ancestry	915	460	460
Inuit single ancestry	35	20	10
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	60	40	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	50	30	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	13,080	6,270	6,815
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	12,750	6,110	6,645
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	8,370	4,025	4,345
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,290	2,055	2,235
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90	25	65
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	330	165	165
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	320	165	155
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	399,620	198,905	200,715
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	415,725	206,670	209,055
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	383,055	189,845	193,205
Canadian citizens aged under 18	79,035	40,815	38,220
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	304,015	149,030	154,985
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	32,675	16,825	15,845
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	415,725	206,670	209,055
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	309,525	154,015	155,515
Immigrants⁸¹	96,940	46,745	50,200
Before 1980	23,245	11,085	12,165
1980 to 1990	10,365	5,185	5,180
1991 to 2000	17,870	8,685	9,185
2001 to 2010	18,360	8,560	9,800
2011 to 2021⁸²	27,100	13,230	13,870
2011 to 2015	11,265	5,360	5,910
2016 to 2021	15,835	7,870	7,965
Non-permanent residents⁸³	9,255	5,915	3,340
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	96,945	46,745	50,200
Under 5 years	10,135	5,290	4,845
5 to 14 years	18,520	9,300	9,225
15 to 24 years	20,690	9,455	11,235
25 to 44 years	38,525	18,525	19,995
45 years and over	9,075	4,170	4,900
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	96,945	46,745	50,200
Americas	16,360	7,220	9,140
Brazil	240	95	150
Colombia	390	200	195
El Salvador	915	455	465
Guyana	165	105	65
Haiti	230	85	145
Jamaica	1,030	530	500
Mexico	3,705	1,740	1,965
Peru	140	55	90
Trinidad and Tobago	310	140	170
United States of America	6,750	2,700	4,050
Other places of birth in Americas	2,485	1,130	1,355
Europe	28,795	14,080	14,715
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,385	700	685
Croatia	1,640	795	845
France	305	165	140
Germany	1,140	530	610
Greece	840	465	375
Hungary	590	280	305
Italy	5,600	2,760	2,835
Netherlands	650	410	245
Poland	2,515	1,185	1,330
Portugal	1,620	795	825
Romania	2,255	1,075	1,185
Russian Federation	200	80	125
Serbia⁸⁶	1,490	725	765
Ukraine	240	85	150
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,805	2,290	2,515
Other places of birth in Europe	3,525	1,735	1,790
Africa	5,940	2,940	2,995
Algeria	110	55	60
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	330	140	195
Egypt	530	300	225
Eritrea	225	105	120
Ethiopia	310	145	160
Morocco	75	45	30
Nigeria	840	415	420
Somalia	670	310	360
South Africa, Republic of	295	165	130
Other places of birth in Africa	2,550	1,255	1,290
Asia	45,680	22,425	23,255
Afghanistan	35	15	25
Iran⁸⁸	695	335	360
Iraq	9,325	4,725	4,605
Lebanon	4,910	2,415	2,495
Syria⁸⁹	3,955	1,885	2,075
Turkey	480	245	230
China⁹⁰	4,105	1,810	2,295
Hong Kong⁹¹	595	340	260
Korea, South⁹²	425	215	205
Taiwan	190	90	105
Philippines	3,150	1,215	1,935
Viet Nam	1,915	910	1,005
Bangladesh	645	340	305
India	6,330	3,420	2,910
Pakistan	2,710	1,350	1,355
Sri Lanka	290	145	140
Other places of birth in Asia	5,915	2,990	2,930
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	170	80	90
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	15,830	7,870	7,965
Americas	2,255	1,125	1,130
Brazil	55	20	35
Colombia	50	20	30
Haiti	25	15	15
Jamaica	240	145	95
Mexico	420	200	225
United States of America	965	465	495
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	0	20
Other places of birth in Americas	475	255	225
Europe	615	290	320
France	20	20	0
Germany	20	10	10
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0
Italy	35	15	20
Russian Federation	10	0	10
Ukraine	15	0	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	95	55	45
Other places of birth in Europe	400	175	225
Africa	1,850	945	905
Algeria	20	0	10
Burundi	80	40	45
Cameroon	55	20	35
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	105	35	70
Côte d'Ivoire	55	20	40
Egypt	75	50	30
Eritrea	120	70	50
Ethiopia	25	0	25
Morocco	20	20	0
Nigeria	390	205	185
Somalia	285	165	120
South Africa, Republic of	25	15	10
Sudan⁹⁷	55	30	25
Tunisia	10	0	10
Other places of birth in Africa	520	265	255
Asia	11,100	5,500	5,595
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	115	80	35
China⁹⁰	740	280	460
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	2,140	1,265	875
Iran⁸⁸	85	30	55
Iraq	2,665	1,360	1,305
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	165	80	85
Korea, South⁹²	75	40	30
Lebanon	425	185	235
Nepal	45	20	25
Pakistan	430	215	220
Philippines	435	140	295
Saudi Arabia	315	190	120
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	2,665	1,275	1,395
Turkey	105	55	50
United Arab Emirates	150	85	65
Viet Nam	105	35	70
Other places of birth in Asia	385	140	245
Oceania and other⁹³	10	0	10
Australia	10	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	415,725	206,670	209,050
First generation¹⁰⁰	111,415	55,350	56,065
Second generation¹⁰¹	88,605	44,435	44,165
Third generation or more¹⁰²	215,700	106,880	108,820
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	73,695	35,660	38,030
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	23,690	12,450	11,240
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,770	6,820	2,955
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	13,915	5,635	8,285
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	21,345	8,425	12,920
Refugees¹⁰⁸	26,935	14,005	12,930
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,725	780	945
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	73,695	35,660	38,030
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	6,945	3,600	3,345
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,665	2,375	2,290
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,575	820	755
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,715	1,595	1,115
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	760	315	445
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	57,040	26,960	30,085
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	415,725	206,670	209,050
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	98,220	50,390	47,825
South Asian	20,585	11,575	9,015
Chinese	8,790	4,295	4,495
Black	16,325	8,190	8,140
Filipino	4,610	1,985	2,625
Arab	25,885	13,345	12,540
Latin American	6,565	3,360	3,200
Southeast Asian	5,310	2,575	2,735
West Asian	4,575	2,220	2,355
Korean	690	390	300
Japanese	280	130	155
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,205	630	585
Multiple visible minorities	3,390	1,700	1,695
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	317,500	156,280	161,230
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	415,725	206,670	209,050
Canadian	53,745	26,755	26,985
English	72,680	34,845	37,835
Irish	59,105	27,955	31,150
Scottish	50,600	24,640	25,965
French, n.o.s.¹²²	75,535	36,995	38,540
German	39,150	19,055	20,095
Chinese	9,035	4,310	4,730
Italian	37,670	18,855	18,815
Indian (India)	10,120	5,845	4,275
Ukrainian	10,800	5,285	5,510
Dutch	10,620	5,180	5,440
Polish	14,810	6,990	7,820
Québécois	570	270	300
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	9,955	4,820	5,130
Filipino	4,730	2,020	2,705
French Canadian	11,210	5,475	5,735
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	6,680	3,285	3,395
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	4,850	2,250	2,595
Métis	5,575	2,710	2,865
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	4,330	2,140	2,190
Russian	4,515	2,110	2,405
Norwegian	1,435	725	705
Welsh	4,545	2,235	2,310
Portuguese	5,645	2,900	2,740
American	5,615	2,600	3,015
Spanish	3,115	1,480	1,640
Swedish	1,475	710	760
Hungarian	8,300	4,015	4,280
Acadian	690	295	395
Pakistani	3,645	1,920	1,725
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	3,325	1,690	1,640
Jewish	1,115	530	585
Punjabi	1,860	1,010	855
Vietnamese	3,170	1,570	1,600
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	7,865	4,070	3,795
Greek	3,110	1,645	1,460
Jamaican	2,415	1,280	1,135
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,990	1,080	910
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	300	160	140
Korean	680	365	305
Romanian	5,775	2,775	3,005
Lebanese	11,925	6,120	5,805
Iranian	975	515	460
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	2,990	1,450	1,540
Danish	1,045	450	595
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,670	1,340	1,330
Sikh	1,215	650	565
Austrian	1,955	880	1,075
Belgian	3,360	1,595	1,760
Haitian	395	175	220
Hindu	1,580	920	660
Mexican	4,280	2,115	2,165
Mennonite	4,240	2,160	2,080
Swiss	735	400	335
Finnish	1,175	575	600
Sri Lankan	380	215	165
Croatian	4,095	1,950	2,145
Japanese	355	165	190
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	890	485	410
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	320	165	150
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	805	435	370
Muslim	1,745	925	830
Egyptian	755	425	330
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,180	680	505
Tamil	285	160	125
Icelandic	190	105	85
Colombian	485	240	245
Moroccan	130	65	65
Czech	1,295	650	645
Syrian	3,230	1,620	1,615
Guyanese	285	150	135
Afghan	155	90	65
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,765	835	925
Serbian	4,765	2,460	2,305
Ojibway	545	250	295
Newfoundlander	420	195	225
Hong Konger	170	85	80
Ontarian	1,535	740	795
Persian	440	195	245
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	625	275	345
Turkish	1,170	640	525
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	145	50	95
Bangladeshi	700	350	350
Algerian	70	35	35
Brazilian	290	115	175
Nigerian	1,125	560	565
Armenian	790	345	445
Slovak	3,070	1,545	1,520
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	875	445	435
Somali	1,125	565	560
Taiwanese	170	85	80
Iraqi	6,085	3,080	3,005
Salvadorean	950	500	450
African Caribbean	315	160	150
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	450	235	215
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	2,820	1,395	1,430
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	260	120	140
Algonquin	160	100	60
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	220	115	110
Lithuanian	445	185	260
South African	445	215	230
Australian	190	95	95
Palestinian	1,790	935	855
Chilean	245	105	145
Congolese	465	205	260
Nova Scotian	215	110	100
Ethiopian	410	185	225
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	530	255	280
Peruvian	115	30	80
Yoruba	435	210	225
Cambodian (Khmer)	770	330	445
Berber	40	25	15
Albanian	1,490	755	735
Maltese	1,435	725	710
Macedonian	2,255	1,110	1,145
Slovenian	740	345	400
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	260	145	110
New Brunswicker	90	45	45
Gujarati	405	300	105
Eritrean	265	135	135
African Canadian	1,250	635	615
Israeli	110	50	65
Mohawk	490	225	265
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	730	295	435
Bulgarian	170	100	60
Albertan	15	10	10
Ghanaian	215	120	95
Barbadian	235	95	135
African American	1,380	760	630
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,280	605	675
Tunisian	95	65	25
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	565	295	270
Cuban	265	110	155
Bosnian	795	425	365
Venezuelan	230	85	145
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	25	0	15
Latvian	150	65	90
Bengali	145	75	70
Cameroonian	100	45	55
Guatemalan	485	310	170
Indonesian	175	90	85
Laotian	495	250	250
Ilocano	90	30	55
Northern Irish	245	125	120
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	255	140	125
British Columbian	25	0	25
Ecuadorian	75	25	50
Franco Ontarian	290	165	125
Argentinian	245	110	135
Estonian	65	50	15
Kurdish	525	315	210
Fijian	10	0	0
Jatt	160	80	80
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	210	100	110
Coptic	170	90	80
Thai	335	130	205
Dominican	110	50	60
Nepali	575	315	265
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	1,215	580	640
Igbo	250	130	120
Byelorussian	90	45	50
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	320	190	125
Abenaki	40	20	15
Moldovan	35	15	20
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	240	95	145
New Zealander	35	30	0
Sudanese	380	195	185
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	255	110	145
Malaysian	80	30	55
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	50	20	30
Huron (Wendat)	90	55	40
Saskatchewanian	30	10	15
Buddhist	140	75	70
Gaspesian	15	10	0
Norman	35	25	10
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	60	25	30
Ivorian	50	25	25
Saulteaux	30	10	15
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	80	40	35
Burundian	90	35	55
Tigrinya	85	30	55
Nicaraguan	140	75	65
Mauritian	65	50	20
Kenyan	25	20	10
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	80	30	55
Jordanian	505	290	220
Manitoban	75	45	30
Cape Bretoner	40	15	30
Rwandan	165	60	100
Grenadian	40	20	15
Malayali	125	70	60
Chaldean	3,995	2,040	1,955
Sinhalese	60	25	35
Mayan	220	130	90
Honduran	230	125	115
Cherokee	375	180	195
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	30	15	15
Indo-Caribbean	25	15	15
Flemish	195	80	115
United Empire Loyalist	50	15	25
Senegalese	60	15	40
Azerbaijani	15	0	15
Sicilian	505	270	235
Pashtun	85	45	35
Malay	65	30	35
Goan	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	85	20	75
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	95	50	50
Burmese	185	100	80
Mongolian	100	45	55
Azorean	90	45	45
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	70	25	40
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	70	25	40
Oromo	40	25	25
Tanzanian	30	0	30
Yemeni	360	195	160
Central African	90	40	50
Libyan	300	125	170
Basque	45	25	20
Uruguayan	30	25	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	60	25	35
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	55	25	30
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	85	40	40
St. Lucian	25	20	10
Prince Edward Islander	15	10	0
Maliseet	10	0	0
Beninese	35	30	0
Telugu	100	80	20
Roma	40	15	20
Costa Rican	90	30	60
African Nova Scotian	40	30	10
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	30	15	15
Singaporean	30	0	25
Karen	420	200	220
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	10	0	0
Amhara	25	10	15
Paraguayan	20	15	15
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	415,725	206,670	209,055
Buddhist	2,830	1,320	1,515
Christian	259,295	123,645	135,650
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	34,990	17,205	17,785
Anabaptist	3,720	1,765	1,955
Anglican	14,495	6,575	7,925
Baptist	6,315	2,895	3,420
Catholic	152,945	73,275	79,670
Christian Orthodox	11,040	5,560	5,480
Jehovah's Witness	1,315	600	715
Latter Day Saints	440	195	240
Lutheran	3,205	1,500	1,710
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	540	180	355
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	5,765	2,580	3,185
Presbyterian	3,935	1,780	2,155
Reformed	410	225	185
United Church	11,850	5,275	6,575
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	8,325	4,025	4,305
Hindu	7,375	4,550	2,825
Jewish	985	475	505
Muslim	30,145	15,365	14,780
Sikh	4,340	2,290	2,045
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	85	30	55
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,665	695	970
No religion and secular perspectives	109,000	58,300	50,700
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	411,895	204,730	207,165
Non-movers	368,925	182,630	186,290
Movers	42,970	22,095	20,875
Non-migrants	26,615	13,430	13,190
Migrants	16,350	8,670	7,680
Internal migrants	13,050	6,560	6,490
Intraprovincial migrants	11,885	5,935	5,955
Interprovincial migrants	1,160	630	530
External migrants	3,305	2,110	1,190
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	395,350	196,320	199,035
Non-movers	251,045	123,860	127,185
Movers	144,305	72,465	71,840
Non-migrants	64,230	31,880	32,350
Migrants	80,075	40,580	39,500
Internal migrants	60,245	29,700	30,545
Intraprovincial migrants	54,015	26,515	27,500
Interprovincial migrants	6,230	3,185	3,045
External migrants	19,830	10,885	8,955
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	346,970	171,225	175,750
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	65,500	33,395	32,100
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	281,475	137,830	143,645
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	216,690	107,370	109,320
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	25,370	13,725	11,645
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	191,320	93,645	97,680
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	346,975	171,230	175,745
No certificate, diploma or degree	60,955	30,600	30,360
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	109,620	54,640	54,980
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	176,395	85,985	90,405
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	98,925	49,165	49,760
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	19,745	14,595	5,150
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,455	5,230	3,220
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	11,290	9,365	1,930
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	73,200	31,870	41,335
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,985	2,710	3,275
Bachelor's degree or higher	77,465	36,815	40,645
Bachelor's degree	51,075	23,195	27,880
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,245	2,165	3,080
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,125	1,275	850
Master's degree	16,200	8,370	7,830
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,815	1,805	1,005
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	216,695	107,370	109,325
No certificate, diploma or degree	23,280	12,510	10,770
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	63,060	33,235	29,825
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	130,355	61,630	68,730
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	71,475	34,705	36,775
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	12,620	9,340	3,285
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,305	3,330	1,975
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	7,320	6,005	1,315
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	54,900	23,520	31,385
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,955	1,850	2,105
Bachelor's degree or higher	58,885	26,925	31,955
Bachelor's degree	38,155	16,795	21,365
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,800	1,435	2,370
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,625	890	735
Master's degree	13,030	6,425	6,600
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,265	1,375	890
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	346,975	171,225	175,745
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	170,580	85,240	85,340
Education	10,825	2,725	8,105
13. Education	10,825	2,725	8,105
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,390	1,770	2,620
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	325	225	100
50. Visual and performing arts	4,065	1,540	2,525
Humanities	7,335	2,835	4,505
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	795	150	640
23. English language and literature/letters	1,750	425	1,320
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,730	670	1,060
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	180	65	115
38. Philosophy and religious studies	495	275	220
39. Theology and religious vocations	710	455	260
54. History	1,140	670	470
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	535	120	410
Social and behavioural sciences and law	20,635	6,420	14,210
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	255	15	230
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,650	1,210	1,445
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,315	320	3,990
22. Legal professions and studies	2,835	895	1,940
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	295	80	215
42. Psychology	3,995	950	3,045
45. Social sciences	6,295	2,940	3,350
Business, management and public administration	32,380	13,450	18,935
30.16 Accounting and computer science	45	10	35
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,440	670	2,770
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	28,895	12,765	16,130
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,495	3,090	3,405
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,985	1,255	1,730
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,335	600	735
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	115	30	85
40. Physical sciences	1,615	1,070	540
41. Science technologies/technicians	445	135	310
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	7,270	4,920	2,350
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,860	4,200	1,660
25. Library science	255	45	210
27. Mathematics and statistics	985	580	410
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	165	95	75
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	41,455	37,745	3,705
04. Architecture and related services	1,205	855	350
14. Engineering	11,085	9,200	1,885
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	8,445	7,565	880
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10
46. Construction trades	6,350	6,215	135
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	6,470	6,335	130
48. Precision production	7,895	7,585	310
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,970	1,675	1,295
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,240	1,250	990
03. Natural resources and conservation	730	430	300
Health and related fields	31,005	6,040	24,965
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,180	1,075	1,105
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	28,160	4,565	23,590
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	125	30	95
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	540	360	175
Personal, protective and transportation services	11,570	5,285	6,290
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	6,490	1,395	5,095
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	20	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	3,675	2,600	1,070
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,370	1,255	120
Other¹⁷⁹	55	40	20
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	216,695	107,370	109,320
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	86,335	45,740	40,595
Education	7,335	1,655	5,685
13. Education	7,335	1,655	5,685
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,390	1,300	2,095
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	225	155	75
50. Visual and performing arts	3,165	1,150	2,015
Humanities	4,845	1,740	3,110
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	590	70	520
23. English language and literature/letters	1,135	280	855
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,215	450	765
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	90	35	60
38. Philosophy and religious studies	305	165	140
39. Theology and religious vocations	460	280	180
54. History	705	400	305
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	345	65	290
Social and behavioural sciences and law	15,655	4,535	11,120
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	205	15	195
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,180	945	1,235
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,295	220	3,070
22. Legal professions and studies	2,145	575	1,575
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	205	55	150
42. Psychology	3,075	700	2,375
45. Social sciences	4,555	2,030	2,525
Business, management and public administration	24,720	9,860	14,860
30.16 Accounting and computer science	35	10	25
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,740	485	2,250
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	21,950	9,365	12,580
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,660	2,170	2,490
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,140	925	1,215
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	970	425	550
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	100	20	80
40. Physical sciences	1,170	705	460
41. Science technologies/technicians	285	90	190
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,595	3,825	1,770
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,670	3,390	1,280
25. Library science	160	15	140
27. Mathematics and statistics	625	340	285
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	140	80	55
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	29,745	26,700	3,045
04. Architecture and related services	975	680	295
14. Engineering	8,465	6,895	1,560
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	6,245	5,520	725
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10
46. Construction trades	4,155	4,055	110
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	4,165	4,060	105
48. Precision production	5,730	5,490	240
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,225	1,185	1,040
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,635	850	790
03. Natural resources and conservation	585	335	250
Health and related fields	23,330	4,630	18,700
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,555	760	785
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	21,275	3,590	17,690
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	95	15	75
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	410	260	150
Personal, protective and transportation services	8,830	4,030	4,805
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,915	1,085	3,835
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	2,855	1,980	875
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,050	955	95
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	216,695	107,370	109,320
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	86,335	45,740	40,595
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	130,355	61,630	68,730
Location of study inside Canada	106,660	49,870	56,790
Same as province or territory of residence	103,285	48,135	55,145
Different than province or territory of residence	3,375	1,735	1,645
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	23,695	11,760	11,940
Americas	8,020	4,130	3,890
United States of America	6,795	3,575	3,215
Mexico	335	140	195
Cuba	35	10	25
Haiti	30	20	10
Jamaica	130	100	35
Brazil	95	40	50
Colombia	170	60	105
Peru	30	0	25
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	10	30
Other locations of study in Americas	360	165	195
Europe	3,810	2,025	1,790
Belgium	20	10	0
France	120	80	35
Germany	140	85	55
Netherlands	45	30	20
Switzerland	10	0	10
Hungary	70	45	35
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	0
Poland	445	190	250
Romania	715	350	365
Russian Federation	140	65	80
Ukraine	95	35	55
Ireland⁹⁶	40	30	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	760	455	300
Bosnia and Herzegovina	225	110	120
Italy	95	65	30
Serbia⁸⁶	205	110	90
Other locations of study in Europe	690	365	330
Africa	1,280	625	655
Nigeria	325	125	200
Algeria	30	15	20
Morocco	25	15	10
Tunisia	40	25	10
Egypt	260	130	130
South Africa, Republic of	135	80	50
Other locations of study in Africa	465	230	240
Asia	10,370	4,865	5,500
Iran⁸⁸	255	140	115
Iraq	1,415	795	625
Israel	25	10	20
Lebanon	500	215	290
Syria⁸⁹	425	205	220
Turkey	100	45	55
China⁹⁰	1,330	610	720
Taiwan	75	15	60
Hong Kong⁹¹	45	20	30
Japan	80	50	30
Korea, South⁹²	215	100	115
Philippines	1,185	405	780
Viet Nam	115	45	75
Bangladesh	190	100	95
Sri Lanka	20	10	10
India	2,830	1,420	1,415
Pakistan	860	365	495
Other locations of study in Asia	695	330	365
Oceania	210	115	95
Australia	175	90	80
New Zealand	40	20	15
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	346,975	171,230	175,745
In the labour force	203,695	109,385	94,310
Employed	171,710	92,605	79,100
Unemployed	31,985	16,775	15,210
Not in the labour force	143,280	61,845	81,440
Participation rate	58.7	63.9	53.7
Employment rate	49.5	54.1	45.0
Unemployment rate	15.7	15.3	16.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	346,975	171,225	175,745
Did not work¹⁸⁶	145,400	63,530	81,875
Worked	201,575	107,695	93,875
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	99,830	57,345	42,485
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	101,745	50,360	51,390
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.5	41.3	39.6
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	203,695	109,380	94,315
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,915	3,030	2,885
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	197,775	106,350	91,425
Employee	174,480	91,515	82,970
Permanent position	152,380	80,200	72,175
Temporary position	22,105	11,310	10,795
Fixed term (1 year or more)	7,405	3,530	3,880
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	14,700	7,780	6,915
Self-employed¹⁹²	23,295	14,845	8,455
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	203,695	109,380	94,315
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,915	3,030	2,885
All occupations¹⁹¹	197,775	106,350	91,425
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,715	1,155	555
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	26,235	7,835	18,400
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	15,330	12,400	2,925
3 Health occupations	17,875	3,495	14,375
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	20,505	6,740	13,765
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,680	1,735	1,950
6 Sales and service occupations	48,620	20,665	27,955
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	37,285	33,920	3,365
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,200	3,980	1,220
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	21,345	14,425	6,915
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	203,695	109,380	94,315
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,915	3,030	2,885
All industries¹⁹¹	197,775	106,350	91,425
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	6,345	3,810	2,535
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	575	540	35
22 Utilities	1,170	960	210
23 Construction	13,910	12,345	1,565
31-33 Manufacturing	38,555	28,515	10,045
41 Wholesale trade	4,895	3,350	1,550
44-45 Retail trade	21,235	9,835	11,405
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	9,500	6,980	2,515
51 Information and cultural industries	1,715	985	725
52 Finance and insurance	6,190	2,520	3,665
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,775	1,460	1,315
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	10,840	6,185	4,655
55 Management of companies and enterprises	250	100	155
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	8,055	4,645	3,405
61 Educational services	14,435	4,540	9,900
62 Health care and social assistance	25,740	4,670	21,065
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	4,060	2,100	1,965
72 Accommodation and food services	12,525	5,240	7,280
81 Other services (except public administration)	8,045	3,850	4,195
91 Public administration	6,970	3,715	3,250
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	217,945	116,100	101,840
English	207,045	110,955	96,090
French	1,350	380	970
Non-official language	1,405	965	450
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,405	965	450
English and French	3,025	1,030	1,995
English and non-official language(s)	4,805	2,625	2,180
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	225	105	120
Multiple non-official languages	65	30	35
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	217,945	116,100	101,840
Single responses	216,485	115,390	101,095
Official languages	214,085	113,880	100,205
English	212,055	113,390	98,670
French	2,030	500	1,535
Non-official languages	2,395	1,505	890
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,395	1,505	890
Afro-Asiatic languages	470	330	140
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	460	320	140
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	410	275	130
Aramaic languages	45	40	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	20	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	25	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	135	55	75
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	0	15
Vietnamese	110	55	55
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	15	10	10
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,325	885	440
Albanian	10	10	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	95	50	40
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	95	50	40
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	10	0	0
Polish	40	20	20
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	40	30	10
Bosnian	10	0	0
Croatian	10	10	0
Serbian	25	15	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	235	140	95
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	95	50	45
German	95	50	45
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	140	90	55
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	140	90	55
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	285	160	130
Indo-Aryan languages	265	150	115
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	15	10	10
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	15	10	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	195	110	80
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	30	20	10
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	20	10	10
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	20	10	10
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	705	525	175
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	15	10	0
Portuguese	45	25	10
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	640	485	155
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	25	10	15
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	20	0	20
American Sign Language	20	0	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	355	200	160
Chinese languages	335	180	155
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	195	95	100
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	125	80	45
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	25	15	0
S'gaw Karen	10	15	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	10	0	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	10	0	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	35	15	10
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	35	15	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,455	710	750
English and French	440	130	310
English and non-official language(s)	975	560	420
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	0	15
Multiple non-official languages	10	10	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	217,945	116,100	101,840
None	211,075	112,880	98,195
English	1,525	595	930
French	1,965	820	1,150
Non-official language	2,870	1,515	1,350
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,855	1,515	1,345
English and French	15	0	15
English and non-official language(s)	65	45	25
French and non-official language(s)	125	70	60
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	300	175	130
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	171,710	92,605	79,100
Worked at home	28,205	13,200	15,000
Worked outside Canada	5,305	3,100	2,210
No fixed workplace address	20,275	15,000	5,275
Usual place of work	117,925	61,305	56,620
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	117,925	61,305	56,625
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	62,150	30,310	31,840
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	52,290	28,965	23,325
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,290	1,895	1,390
Commute to a different province or territory	195	130	60
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	138,200	76,305	61,895
Car, truck or van	128,625	71,130	57,495
Car, truck or van - as a driver	118,115	66,285	51,830
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	10,510	4,845	5,660
Public transit	2,765	1,510	1,255
Walked	3,665	1,865	1,805
Bicycle	920	735	185
Other method	2,220	1,065	1,155
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	138,200	76,305	61,895
Less than 15 minutes	50,660	25,765	24,900
15 to 29 minutes	59,725	33,660	26,070
30 to 44 minutes	19,255	11,700	7,555
45 to 59 minutes	5,625	3,270	2,350
60 minutes and over	2,930	1,910	1,020
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	138,200	76,305	61,895
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	12,075	8,385	3,690
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	27,160	18,510	8,650
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	31,795	17,375	14,415
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	26,235	11,435	14,805
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	15,935	6,995	8,935
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	25,005	13,605	11,400
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	86,140	44,415	41,725
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,980	7,565	7,415
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	71,160	36,845	34,310
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	64,185	33,095	31,090
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,555	5,810	5,740
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	8,390	4,085	4,305
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,165	1,725	1,440
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	52,630	27,285	25,345

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 12, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

Language selection

Search and menus

Search

Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Symbol legend

Note(s):

Census Profile, 2021 Census of PopulationProfile table

Add a geography

Add or remove data

Symbol legend

Source

How to cite

Note(s):

Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table