Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Etobicoke CentreMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	118,483	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	118,022	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	0.4	...	...	0.4	...	...
Total private dwellings²	46,933	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	45,249	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3,198.3	...	...	3,198.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	37.05	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	118,485	56,475	62,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17,185	8,860	8,325	14.5	15.7	13.4
0 to 4 years	5,110	2,605	2,505	4.3	4.6	4.0
5 to 9 years	5,830	3,030	2,795	4.9	5.4	4.5
10 to 14 years	6,245	3,220	3,025	5.3	5.7	4.9
15 to 64 years	74,950	36,385	38,565	63.3	64.4	62.2
15 to 19 years	6,435	3,365	3,075	5.4	6.0	5.0
20 to 24 years	6,765	3,465	3,305	5.7	6.1	5.3
25 to 29 years	6,780	3,475	3,305	5.7	6.2	5.3
30 to 34 years	6,710	3,325	3,385	5.7	5.9	5.5
35 to 39 years	7,320	3,405	3,915	6.2	6.0	6.3
40 to 44 years	7,100	3,365	3,730	6.0	6.0	6.0
45 to 49 years	7,195	3,335	3,860	6.1	5.9	6.2
50 to 54 years	8,420	3,900	4,520	7.1	6.9	7.3
55 to 59 years	9,380	4,545	4,835	7.9	8.0	7.8
60 to 64 years	8,845	4,210	4,635	7.5	7.5	7.5
65 years and over	26,345	11,225	15,115	22.2	19.9	24.4
65 to 69 years	7,265	3,350	3,920	6.1	5.9	6.3
70 to 74 years	5,960	2,690	3,275	5.0	4.8	5.3
75 to 79 years	4,260	1,890	2,365	3.6	3.3	3.8
80 to 84 years	3,635	1,465	2,170	3.1	2.6	3.5
85 years and over	5,225	1,835	3,390	4.4	3.2	5.5
85 to 89 years	2,965	1,190	1,775	2.5	2.1	2.9
90 to 94 years	1,725	500	1,225	1.5	0.9	2.0
95 to 99 years	480	120	355	0.4	0.2	0.6
100 years and over	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.5	15.7	13.4	14.5	15.7	13.4
15 to 64 years	63.3	64.4	62.2	63.3	64.4	62.2
65 years and over	22.2	19.9	24.4	22.2	19.9	24.4
85 years and over	4.4	3.2	5.5	4.4	3.2	5.5
Average age of the population	44.5	42.8	46.1	44.5	42.8	46.1
Median age of the population	45.6	43.6	47.6	45.6	43.6	47.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	45,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	21,845	...	...	48.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	860	...	...	1.9	...	...
Row house	2,020	...	...	4.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	790	...	...	1.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,910	...	...	4.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	17,795	...	...	39.3	...	...
Other single-attached house	30	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	45,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	11,085	...	...	24.5	...	...
2 persons	14,325	...	...	31.7	...	...
3 persons	8,115	...	...	17.9	...	...
4 persons	7,720	...	...	17.1	...	...
5 or more persons	4,010	...	...	8.9	...	...
Number of persons in private households	116,970	56,035	60,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	101,295	47,615	53,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	55,790	27,880	27,910	55.1	58.6	52.0
Married	50,200	25,065	25,140	49.6	52.6	46.8
Living common-law	5,590	2,820	2,770	5.5	5.9	5.2
Living common law - Never married	3,730	1,850	1,880	3.7	3.9	3.5
Living common law - Separated	280	165	110	0.3	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	1,405	720	685	1.4	1.5	1.3
Living common law - Widowed	170	80	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	45,505	19,730	25,775	44.9	41.4	48.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	29,305	15,265	14,040	28.9	32.1	26.2
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,700	1,055	1,645	2.7	2.2	3.1
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,165	2,130	4,035	6.1	4.5	7.5
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	7,335	1,285	6,050	7.2	2.7	11.3
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	33,685	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,495	...	...	46.0	...	...
3 persons	8,115	...	...	24.1	...	...
4 persons	7,545	...	...	22.4	...	...
5 or more persons	2,530	...	...	7.5	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	33,680	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	27,175	...	...	80.7	...	...
Married couples	24,380	...	...	72.4	...	...
With children⁶	14,665	...	...	43.5	...	...
Without children	9,715	...	...	28.8	...	...
Common-law couples	2,790	...	...	8.3	...	...
With children⁶	1,085	...	...	3.2	...	...
Without children	1,700	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,505	...	...	19.3	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,360	...	...	15.9	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,150	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	116,970	56,035	60,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	98,925	48,595	50,330	84.6	86.7	82.6
Married spouses or common-law partners	54,345	27,190	27,160	46.5	48.5	44.6
Parents in one-parent families	6,510	1,150	5,355	5.6	2.1	8.8
Children⁶	38,070	20,260	17,815	32.5	36.2	29.2
In a two-parent family	28,210	14,970	13,240	24.1	26.7	21.7
In a one-parent family	9,860	5,285	4,575	8.4	9.4	7.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	18,045	7,440	10,605	15.4	13.3	17.4
Living alone	11,085	4,195	6,885	9.5	7.5	11.3
Living with other relatives⁷	3,570	1,325	2,250	3.1	2.4	3.7
Living with non-relatives only	3,395	1,920	1,470	2.9	3.4	2.4
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	45,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	28,975	...	...	64.0	...	...
Couple-family households	23,890	...	...	52.8	...	...
With children⁶	13,945	...	...	30.8	...	...
Without children	9,950	...	...	22.0	...	...
One-parent-family households	5,085	...	...	11.2	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,725	...	...	3.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	345	...	...	0.8	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,495	...	...	3.3	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,625	...	...	3.6	...	...
One-person households	11,085	...	...	24.5	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	99,785	47,175	52,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	95,850	45,155	50,695	96.1	95.7	96.4
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,400	48,800	41,600	44,400	48,800	41,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	95,885	45,180	50,710	96.1	95.8	96.4
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	43,200	37,600	40,000	43,200	37,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,540	41,470	45,065	86.7	87.9	85.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	45,600	34,400	39,600	45,600	34,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	67,910	33,910	34,000	68.1	71.9	64.6
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	46,800	37,600	41,600	46,800	37,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,395	40,255	46,140	86.6	85.3	87.7
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,200	7,000	10,900	9,200	7,000	10,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,135	3,255	4,880	8.2	6.9	9.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,680	5,520	5,800	5,680	5,520	5,800
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	27,960	13,650	14,310	28.0	28.9	27.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	8,500	9,500	9,000	8,500	9,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	99,905	47,235	52,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	96,115	45,220	50,895	96.2	95.7	96.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	69,200	82,300	57,500	69,200	82,300	57,500
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	96,155	45,230	50,925	96.2	95.8	96.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,650	62,050	46,200	53,650	62,050	46,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,675	41,470	45,205	86.8	87.8	85.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	65,900	80,400	52,550	65,900	80,400	52,550
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	67,930	33,810	34,120	68.0	71.6	64.8
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	64,800	77,300	52,450	64,800	77,300	52,450
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,705	40,390	46,315	86.8	85.5	87.9
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,800	9,550	11,890	10,800	9,550	11,890
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,110	3,265	4,845	8.1	6.9	9.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,480	5,845	6,900	6,480	5,845	6,900
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	28,145	13,525	14,620	28.2	28.6	27.8
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,570	9,440	9,690	9,570	9,440	9,690
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	99,905	47,235	52,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	32,655	17,755	14,900	32.7	37.6	28.3
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	75,000	81,000	70,000	75,000	81,000	70,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	103,200	116,100	87,700	103,200	116,100	87,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,075	11,320	13,750	25.1	24.0	26.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,200	18,600	16,400	17,200	18,600	16,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,600	38,920	27,360	32,600	38,920	27,360
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.0	89.6	81.2	86.0	89.6	81.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.2	70.2	61.2	66.2	70.2	61.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	14.1	10.4	18.8	14.1	10.4	18.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.5	1.1	0.8	0.5	1.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.5	3.7	5.6	4.5	3.7	5.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.1	3.4	4.8	4.1	3.4	4.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	99,785	47,175	52,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,940	2,020	1,920	3.9	4.3	3.6
With total income	95,850	45,155	50,690	96.1	95.7	96.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,935	3,535	4,400	8.3	7.8	8.7
$10,000 to $19,999	10,485	4,765	5,715	10.9	10.6	11.3
$20,000 to $29,999	14,430	6,160	8,265	15.1	13.6	16.3
$30,000 to $39,999	10,845	4,635	6,205	11.3	10.3	12.2
$40,000 to $49,999	9,075	3,910	5,160	9.5	8.7	10.2
$50,000 to $59,999	7,830	3,445	4,385	8.2	7.6	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	6,415	2,935	3,485	6.7	6.5	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	5,220	2,525	2,695	5.4	5.6	5.3
$80,000 to $89,999	4,225	2,140	2,085	4.4	4.7	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	3,595	1,820	1,770	3.8	4.0	3.5
$100,000 and over	15,790	9,275	6,515	16.5	20.5	12.9
$100,000 to $149,999	9,135	4,970	4,170	9.5	11.0	8.2
$150,000 and over	6,655	4,305	2,350	6.9	9.5	4.6
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	99,785	47,175	52,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,900	2,000	1,900	3.9	4.2	3.6
With after-tax income	95,885	45,175	50,715	96.1	95.8	96.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,410	3,730	4,685	8.8	8.3	9.2
$10,000 to $19,999	11,000	5,010	5,995	11.5	11.1	11.8
$20,000 to $29,999	16,135	6,935	9,195	16.8	15.4	18.1
$30,000 to $39,999	12,465	5,390	7,070	13.0	11.9	13.9
$40,000 to $49,999	10,935	4,755	6,180	11.4	10.5	12.2
$50,000 to $59,999	8,710	3,950	4,760	9.1	8.7	9.4
$60,000 to $69,999	6,665	3,265	3,400	7.0	7.2	6.7
$70,000 to $79,999	5,175	2,660	2,515	5.4	5.9	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	4,470	2,230	2,240	4.7	4.9	4.4
$90,000 to $99,999	2,775	1,525	1,250	2.9	3.4	2.5
$100,000 and over	9,145	5,730	3,415	9.5	12.7	6.7
$100,000 to $124,999	3,840	2,230	1,615	4.0	4.9	3.2
$125,000 and over	5,305	3,505	1,805	5.5	7.8	3.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	99,785	47,175	52,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	31,875	13,265	18,610	31.9	28.1	35.4
With employment income	67,910	33,910	34,005	68.1	71.9	64.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,365	5,000	5,360	15.3	14.7	15.8
$5,000 to $9,999	5,675	2,495	3,180	8.4	7.4	9.4
$10,000 to $19,999	7,060	3,205	3,860	10.4	9.5	11.4
$20,000 to $29,999	5,095	2,420	2,670	7.5	7.1	7.9
$30,000 to $39,999	4,835	2,280	2,550	7.1	6.7	7.5
$40,000 to $49,999	4,990	2,215	2,775	7.3	6.5	8.2
$50,000 to $59,999	4,780	2,220	2,565	7.0	6.5	7.5
$60,000 to $69,999	4,095	2,035	2,060	6.0	6.0	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	3,300	1,660	1,645	4.9	4.9	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	3,025	1,650	1,380	4.5	4.9	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	2,850	1,465	1,385	4.2	4.3	4.1
$100,000 and over	11,840	7,260	4,585	17.4	21.4	13.5
$100,000 to $124,999	4,710	2,585	2,120	6.9	7.6	6.2
$125,000 and over	7,135	4,675	2,460	10.5	13.8	7.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	99,785	47,175	52,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	93,760	44,070	49,690	94.0	93.4	94.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	48,400	39,600	43,200	48,400	39,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	93,775	44,070	49,705	94.0	93.4	94.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	42,400	36,000	38,800	42,400	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,405	40,825	44,580	85.6	86.5	84.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	47,600	36,800	41,600	47,600	36,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	68,255	33,995	34,255	68.4	72.1	65.1
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	48,000	39,200	43,200	48,000	39,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	81,300	37,995	43,310	81.5	80.5	82.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,880	910	4,520	1,880	910	4,520
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,785	1,750	3,040	4.8	3.7	5.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,200	5,600	6,700	6,200	5,600	6,700
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	99,905	47,235	52,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	93,890	44,080	49,815	94.0	93.3	94.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	71,400	90,700	54,350	71,400	90,700	54,350
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	93,910	44,085	49,825	94.0	93.3	94.6
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,050	69,200	44,400	56,050	69,200	44,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,395	40,845	44,550	85.5	86.5	84.6
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	71,600	92,300	52,550	71,600	92,300	52,550
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	67,985	33,830	34,160	68.0	71.6	64.9
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	69,800	87,000	52,750	69,800	87,000	52,750
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	81,690	38,245	43,445	81.8	81.0	82.5
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,240	5,935	8,390	7,240	5,935	8,390
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,895	1,750	3,145	4.9	3.7	6.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,770	6,185	8,660	7,770	6,185	8,660
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	99,905	47,235	52,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	32,320	17,545	14,775	32.4	37.1	28.1
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	71,000	77,000	65,500	71,000	77,000	65,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	107,100	128,400	81,700	107,100	128,400	81,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,530	10,665	12,860	23.6	22.6	24.4
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,200	25,200	23,600	24,200	25,200	23,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	40,520	48,520	33,920	40,520	48,520	33,920
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.2	94.4	86.6	91.2	94.4	86.6
Employment income (%)	70.8	73.6	66.6	70.8	73.6	66.6
Government transfers (%)	8.8	5.7	13.5	8.8	5.7	13.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.3	1.0	0.6	0.3	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	45,250	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	11,085	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,600	...	...	49,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,000	...	...	44,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	34,165	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...	124,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	45,345	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	146,600	...	...	146,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	113,800	...	...	113,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	11,105	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	64,600	...	...	64,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,850	...	...	52,850	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	34,235	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	173,200	...	...	173,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	133,600	...	...	133,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	45,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	330	...	...	0.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	170	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	305	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	480	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,165	...	...	2.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,195	...	...	2.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,160	...	...	2.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,280	...	...	2.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,415	...	...	3.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,410	...	...	3.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,855	...	...	6.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,945	...	...	6.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,640	...	...	5.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,580	...	...	5.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,470	...	...	5.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,850	...	...	50.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,130	...	...	11.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,930	...	...	8.7	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,520	...	...	12.2	...	...
$200,000 and over	8,270	...	...	18.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	45,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	440	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	185	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	310	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	535	...	...	1.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,240	...	...	2.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,395	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,280	...	...	2.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,530	...	...	3.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,705	...	...	3.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,725	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,495	...	...	7.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,340	...	...	7.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,170	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,965	...	...	6.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,655	...	...	5.9	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,290	...	...	42.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,370	...	...	11.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,060	...	...	9.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	9,855	...	...	21.8	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	33,285	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...	124,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,205	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	15,820	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	162,000	...	...	162,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,000	...	...	136,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	6,035	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...	74,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	14,475	6,120	8,355	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,200	45,600	44,800	45,200	45,600	44,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,400	40,400	40,400	40,400	40,400	40,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	33,250	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	173,600	...	...	173,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	133,400	...	...	133,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,115	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	148,000	...	...	148,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,900	...	...	112,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,790	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	221,400	...	...	221,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	167,800	...	...	167,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,070	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	98,900	...	...	98,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,900	...	...	81,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	14,645	6,125	8,515	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	59,900	61,250	58,900	59,900	61,250	58,900
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,400	50,280	48,800	49,400	50,280	48,800
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	116,970	56,035	60,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,060	10,875	10,190	18.0	19.4	16.7
0 to 5 years	6,240	3,220	3,015	5.3	5.7	4.9
18 to 64 years	70,980	34,320	36,665	60.7	61.2	60.2
65 years and over	24,930	10,845	14,085	21.3	19.4	23.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	9,210	4,175	5,035	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,070	1,080	990	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	660	315	345	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,810	2,245	2,560	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,325	845	1,485	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	7.9	7.5	8.3	7.9	7.5	8.3
0 to 17 years (%)	9.8	9.9	9.7	9.8	9.9	9.7
0 to 5 years (%)	10.5	9.8	11.3	10.5	9.8	11.3
18 to 64 years (%)	6.8	6.6	7.0	6.8	6.6	7.0
65 years and over (%)	9.3	7.8	10.5	9.3	7.8	10.5
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	116,970	56,035	60,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,065	10,870	10,190	18.0	19.4	16.7
0 to 5 years	6,240	3,220	3,020	5.3	5.7	5.0
18 to 64 years	70,980	34,320	36,660	60.7	61.2	60.2
65 years and over	24,925	10,845	14,085	21.3	19.4	23.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,260	2,570	2,690	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,070	560	510	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	310	140	170	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,440	1,730	1,710	...	...	...
65 years and over	755	280	470	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.5	4.6	4.4	4.5	4.6	4.4
0 to 17 years (%)	5.1	5.2	5.0	5.1	5.2	5.0
0 to 5 years (%)	5.0	4.4	5.6	5.0	4.4	5.6
18 to 64 years (%)	4.8	5.0	4.7	4.8	5.0	4.7
65 years and over (%)	3.0	2.6	3.4	3.0	2.6	3.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	116,970	56,035	60,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	45,670	21,110	24,560	39.0	37.7	40.3
In bottom decile	8,155	3,850	4,310	7.0	6.9	7.1
In second decile	9,325	4,160	5,160	8.0	7.4	8.5
In third decile	9,150	4,155	4,995	7.8	7.4	8.2
In fourth decile	9,220	4,290	4,930	7.9	7.7	8.1
In fifth decile	9,820	4,650	5,165	8.4	8.3	8.5
In top half of the distribution	71,305	34,930	36,375	61.0	62.3	59.7
In sixth decile	10,655	5,015	5,640	9.1	8.9	9.3
In seventh decile	10,840	5,175	5,665	9.3	9.2	9.3
In eighth decile	12,290	5,960	6,325	10.5	10.6	10.4
In ninth decile	14,525	7,205	7,315	12.4	12.9	12.0
In top decile	23,000	11,570	11,430	19.7	20.6	18.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	116,970	...	...	116,970	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.414	...	...	0.414	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.513	...	...	0.513	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.350	...	...	0.350	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.4	...	...	4.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	117,590	56,170	61,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	105,115	51,115	54,000	89.4	91.0	87.9
French only	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	9,505	3,945	5,555	8.1	7.0	9.0
Neither English nor French	2,900	1,075	1,825	2.5	1.9	3.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	117,590	56,170	61,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	112,395	54,085	58,310	95.6	96.3	94.9
French	1,200	510	690	1.0	0.9	1.1
English and French	1,150	515	630	1.0	0.9	1.0
Neither English nor French	2,850	1,055	1,795	2.4	1.9	2.9
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	117,590	56,170	61,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	111,150	53,150	58,000	94.5	94.6	94.4
Official languages	63,030	30,975	32,050	53.6	55.1	52.2
English	61,960	30,525	31,435	52.7	54.3	51.2
French	1,065	450	620	0.9	0.8	1.0
Non-official languages	48,120	22,180	25,945	40.9	39.5	42.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	48,115	22,175	25,940	40.9	39.5	42.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,570	1,175	1,395	2.2	2.1	2.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	860	345	515	0.7	0.6	0.8
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	835	335	500	0.7	0.6	0.8
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,700	820	880	1.4	1.5	1.4
Amharic	175	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Arabic	1,050	525	525	0.9	0.9	0.9
Aramaic languages	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	235	110	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tigrigna	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	670	295	380	0.6	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	665	290	375	0.6	0.5	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,945	740	1,210	1.7	1.3	2.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	95	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,630	620	1,015	1.4	1.1	1.7
Waray-Waray	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	655	335	315	0.6	0.6	0.5
Kannada	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	390	195	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	90	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	35,785	16,675	19,105	30.4	29.7	31.1
Albanian	1,660	830	835	1.4	1.5	1.4
Armenian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	15,370	6,980	8,390	13.1	12.4	13.7
Baltic languages	370	145	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Latvian	85	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	285	120	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages	15,000	6,835	8,165	12.8	12.2	13.3
Belarusian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	480	240	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Czech	175	80	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Macedonian	355	180	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Polish	3,105	1,345	1,755	2.6	2.4	2.9
Russian	1,700	750	950	1.4	1.3	1.5
Rusyn	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,390	2,085	2,305	3.7	3.7	3.8
Bosnian	345	165	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatian	1,010	445	565	0.9	0.8	0.9
Serbian	2,965	1,445	1,515	2.5	2.6	2.5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	235	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovene (Slovenian)	265	105	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ukrainian	4,255	1,920	2,330	3.6	3.4	3.8
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	985	405	580	0.8	0.7	0.9
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	810	330	475	0.7	0.6	0.8
German	780	320	460	0.7	0.6	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	125	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	805	390	415	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indo-Iranian languages	3,960	2,035	1,925	3.4	3.6	3.1
Indo-Aryan languages	3,020	1,570	1,450	2.6	2.8	2.4
Assamese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	285	145	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	415	220	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Hindi	575	300	275	0.5	0.5	0.4
Kacchi	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	465	235	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	180	100	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Urdu	880	455	425	0.7	0.8	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	940	465	470	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	835	410	425	0.7	0.7	0.7
Dari	245	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	530	265	265	0.5	0.5	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	12,900	5,985	6,910	11.0	10.7	11.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,975	2,315	2,660	4.2	4.1	4.3
Portuguese	3,240	1,500	1,740	2.8	2.7	2.8
Romanian	670	320	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Spanish	3,990	1,840	2,150	3.4	3.3	3.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	145	45	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	1,560	725	835	1.3	1.3	1.4
Mongolian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	400	185	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Akan (Twi)	140	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,875	1,280	1,595	2.4	2.3	2.6
Chinese languages	2,440	1,075	1,370	2.1	1.9	2.2
Hakka	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,350	590	755	1.1	1.1	1.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	920	405	515	0.8	0.7	0.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	430	200	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Burmese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	415	195	215	0.4	0.3	0.4
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	575	310	265	0.5	0.6	0.4
Azerbaijani	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	475	260	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
Uyghur	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	760	335	420	0.6	0.6	0.7
Estonian	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Finnish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	650	290	355	0.6	0.5	0.6
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,440	3,015	3,425	5.5	5.4	5.6
English and French	420	200	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	5,195	2,460	2,735	4.4	4.4	4.5
French and non-official language(s)	95	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	580	250	335	0.5	0.4	0.5
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	117,590	56,170	61,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	68,905	33,620	35,285	58.6	59.9	57.4
French	260	120	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	12,325	5,625	6,695	10.5	10.0	10.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,325	5,625	6,695	10.5	10.0	10.9
English and French	1,135	480	655	1.0	0.9	1.1
English and non-official language(s)	32,755	15,360	17,395	27.9	27.3	28.3
French and non-official language(s)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,205	510	700	1.0	0.9	1.1
Multiple non-official languages	965	435	535	0.8	0.8	0.9
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	117,590	56,170	61,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	110,075	52,655	57,420	93.6	93.7	93.5
Official languages	85,500	41,220	44,275	72.7	73.4	72.1
English	85,050	41,015	44,035	72.3	73.0	71.7
French	445	205	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official languages	24,575	11,430	13,145	20.9	20.3	21.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	24,575	11,430	13,145	20.9	20.3	21.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,295	560	730	1.1	1.0	1.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	455	175	285	0.4	0.3	0.5
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	445	170	275	0.4	0.3	0.4
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	830	385	450	0.7	0.7	0.7
Amharic	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Arabic	550	260	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Aramaic languages	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tigrigna	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	445	205	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	445	205	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,010	440	575	0.9	0.8	0.9
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	850	370	485	0.7	0.7	0.8
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	410	205	210	0.3	0.4	0.3
Kannada	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	295	140	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Telugu	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	17,380	8,140	9,245	14.8	14.5	15.1
Albanian	815	415	400	0.7	0.7	0.7
Armenian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	8,445	3,970	4,475	7.2	7.1	7.3
Baltic languages	105	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages	8,340	3,930	4,415	7.1	7.0	7.2
Belarusian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	320	160	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Czech	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	185	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Polish	1,485	670	815	1.3	1.2	1.3
Russian	1,140	535	605	1.0	1.0	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	2,600	1,260	1,335	2.2	2.2	2.2
Bosnian	200	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	425	190	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Serbian	1,940	965	980	1.6	1.7	1.6
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	2,405	1,110	1,295	2.0	2.0	2.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	295	130	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	2,330	1,160	1,170	2.0	2.1	1.9
Indo-Aryan languages	1,805	910	895	1.5	1.6	1.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	155	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	235	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	350	180	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	225	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	615	310	305	0.5	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	525	255	270	0.4	0.5	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	485	230	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	290	135	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,370	2,405	2,965	4.6	4.3	4.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,215	470	740	1.0	0.8	1.2
Portuguese	1,450	690	760	1.2	1.2	1.2
Romanian	305	140	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Spanish	2,395	1,095	1,295	2.0	1.9	2.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	1,195	565	630	1.0	1.0	1.0
Mongolian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	185	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,810	820	990	1.5	1.5	1.6
Chinese languages	1,465	660	805	1.2	1.2	1.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	940	440	500	0.8	0.8	0.8
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	455	190	260	0.4	0.3	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	345	160	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Burmese	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	325	155	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	370	190	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	305	160	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Uyghur	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	315	145	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	295	135	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,515	3,515	4,000	6.4	6.3	6.5
English and French	235	95	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	7,000	3,290	3,710	6.0	5.9	6.0
French and non-official language(s)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	117,590	56,170	61,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	87,770	42,320	45,450	74.6	75.3	74.0
English	10,060	4,805	5,255	8.6	8.6	8.6
French	1,010	435	575	0.9	0.8	0.9
Non-official language	15,175	7,015	8,160	12.9	12.5	13.3
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	15,170	7,010	8,160	12.9	12.5	13.3
English and French	165	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,350	630	720	1.1	1.1	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	615	240	375	0.5	0.4	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,410	630	775	1.2	1.1	1.3
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	117,200	56,145	61,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	114,290	55,040	59,245	97.5	98.0	97.0
English	114,215	55,015	59,200	97.5	98.0	97.0
French	9,455	3,895	5,560	8.1	6.9	9.1
Non-official languages	61,450	28,665	32,785	52.4	51.1	53.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	61,445	28,660	32,785	52.4	51.0	53.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,055	1,900	2,155	3.5	3.4	3.5
Berber languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,685	770	915	1.4	1.4	1.5
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	55	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,630	750	880	1.4	1.3	1.4
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,520	1,210	1,305	2.2	2.2	2.1
Amharic	425	205	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Arabic	1,645	810	835	1.4	1.4	1.4
Aramaic languages	125	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	265	105	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Tigrigna	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	835	355	485	0.7	0.6	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	815	350	470	0.7	0.6	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,655	1,050	1,605	2.3	1.9	2.6
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	90	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	75	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	120	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	150	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,520	1,005	1,510	2.2	1.8	2.5
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	100	30	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	240	125	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,060	545	520	0.9	1.0	0.9
Kannada	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	235	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	630	320	315	0.5	0.6	0.5
Telugu	160	105	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	46,315	21,835	24,480	39.5	38.9	40.1
Albanian	1,945	1,020	925	1.7	1.8	1.5
Armenian	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	18,205	8,415	9,790	15.5	15.0	16.0
Baltic languages	565	270	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Latvian	165	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	400	190	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages	17,705	8,175	9,530	15.1	14.6	15.6
Belarusian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	515	260	255	0.4	0.5	0.4
Czech	315	130	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Macedonian	545	270	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Polish	4,520	2,135	2,385	3.9	3.8	3.9
Russian	3,815	1,700	2,115	3.3	3.0	3.5
Rusyn	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	5,575	2,720	2,855	4.8	4.8	4.7
Bosnian	710	355	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Croatian	1,970	955	1,015	1.7	1.7	1.7
Serbian	4,120	2,030	2,090	3.5	3.6	3.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	250	100	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovene (Slovenian)	335	135	200	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ukrainian	5,540	2,465	3,075	4.7	4.4	5.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	25	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,910	875	1,030	1.6	1.6	1.7
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,565	710	855	1.3	1.3	1.4
German	1,530	695	835	1.3	1.2	1.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	260	130	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	175	85	90	0.1	0.2	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,220	605	615	1.0	1.1	1.0
Indo-Iranian languages	6,190	3,150	3,040	5.3	5.6	5.0
Indo-Aryan languages	5,045	2,590	2,455	4.3	4.6	4.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	500	245	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	660	370	290	0.6	0.7	0.5
Hindi	2,585	1,335	1,250	2.2	2.4	2.0
Kacchi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Marathi	215	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	235	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	930	455	475	0.8	0.8	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	145	90	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Urdu	1,600	785	815	1.4	1.4	1.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	1,230	585	645	1.0	1.0	1.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	1,035	485	545	0.9	0.9	0.9
Dari	355	160	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	635	315	330	0.5	0.6	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	18,675	8,615	10,065	15.9	15.3	16.5
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	7,965	3,660	4,300	6.8	6.5	7.0
Portuguese	4,400	2,035	2,360	3.8	3.6	3.9
Romanian	915	405	510	0.8	0.7	0.8
Spanish	6,410	3,005	3,405	5.5	5.4	5.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	270	115	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	1,755	835	920	1.5	1.5	1.5
Mongolian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,000	425	575	0.9	0.8	0.9
Akan (Twi)	265	105	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	185	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	275	130	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	105	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,405	1,530	1,875	2.9	2.7	3.1
Chinese languages	2,990	1,340	1,660	2.6	2.4	2.7
Hakka	30	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mandarin	1,975	890	1,095	1.7	1.6	1.8
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	180	60	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,185	545	640	1.0	1.0	1.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	60	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	415	195	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Burmese	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	365	175	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	815	425	390	0.7	0.8	0.6
Azerbaijani	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	680	355	320	0.6	0.6	0.5
Uyghur	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uzbek	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	840	380	465	0.7	0.7	0.8
Estonian	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Finnish	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	745	330	405	0.6	0.6	0.7
Other languages, n.i.e.	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	117,205	56,145	61,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	760	395	365	0.6	0.7	0.6
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	720	370	350	0.6	0.7	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian)	445	210	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Métis	270	160	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	116,445	55,750	60,695	99.4	99.3	99.4
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	117,205	56,145	61,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	210	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	116,995	56,040	60,950	99.8	99.8	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	45,345	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	30,565	...	...	67.4	...	...
Renter	14,780	...	...	32.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	45,345	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	9,710	...	...	21.4	...	...
Not condominium	35,635	...	...	78.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	45,345	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	200	...	...	0.4	...	...
1 bedroom	5,335	...	...	11.8	...	...
2 bedrooms	11,465	...	...	25.3	...	...
3 bedrooms	16,145	...	...	35.6	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	12,195	...	...	26.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	45,345	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	14,360	...	...	31.7	...	...
5 rooms	6,765	...	...	14.9	...	...
6 rooms	5,375	...	...	11.9	...	...
7 rooms	4,865	...	...	10.7	...	...
8 or more rooms	13,970	...	...	30.8	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	45,345	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	43,560	...	...	96.1	...	...
More than one person per room	1,780	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	45,345	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	41,305	...	...	91.1	...	...
Not suitable	4,040	...	...	8.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	45,345	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	13,460	...	...	29.7	...	...
1961 to 1980	21,760	...	...	48.0	...	...
1981 to 1990	3,030	...	...	6.7	...	...
1991 to 2000	1,795	...	...	4.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	915	...	...	2.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,025	...	...	2.3	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,910	...	...	4.2	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,455	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	45,345	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	42,760	...	...	94.3	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,580	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	45,345	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	21,785	...	...	48.0	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,770	...	...	45.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,785	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	45,345	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	305	...	...	0.7	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,530	...	...	7.8	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,880	...	...	15.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,340	...	...	18.4	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,335	...	...	22.8	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,875	...	...	17.4	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,990	...	...	11.0	...	...
85 years and over	3,075	...	...	6.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	45,255	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	33,735	...	...	74.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	11,520	...	...	25.5	...	...
30% to less than 100%	10,560	...	...	23.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	45,345	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	16,290	...	...	35.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,980	...	...	22.0	...	...
Not suitable only	2,930	...	...	6.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,570	...	...	3.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	790	...	...	1.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	695	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	270	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	50	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	29,055	...	...	64.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	44,290	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	7,010	...	...	15.8	...	...
Not in core need	37,285	...	...	84.2	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	30,560	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	48.3	...	...	48.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	18.8	...	...	18.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	8.0	...	...	8.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,390	...	...	1,390	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,930	...	...	1,930	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,000,000	...	...	1,000,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,223,000	...	...	1,223,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	14,785	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.0	...	...	8.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.2	...	...	39.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	32.4	...	...	32.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500	...	...	1,500	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,574	...	...	1,574	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	117,205	56,145	61,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	115	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	115	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Métis single ancestry	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	940	490	455	0.8	0.9	0.7
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	930	485	445	0.8	0.9	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	710	340	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	215	145	75	0.2	0.3	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	116,145	55,585	60,565	99.1	99.0	99.2
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	117,205	56,140	61,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	106,280	50,865	55,415	90.7	90.6	90.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,720	10,120	9,595	16.8	18.0	15.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	86,560	40,740	45,815	73.9	72.6	75.0
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	10,925	5,280	5,650	9.3	9.4	9.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	117,205	56,140	61,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	66,315	32,725	33,590	56.6	58.3	55.0
Immigrants⁸¹	48,485	22,215	26,275	41.4	39.6	43.0
Before 1980	12,890	5,770	7,120	11.0	10.3	11.7
1980 to 1990	5,730	2,615	3,115	4.9	4.7	5.1
1991 to 2000	11,020	5,015	6,000	9.4	8.9	9.8
2001 to 2010	10,055	4,710	5,345	8.6	8.4	8.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	8,795	4,105	4,690	7.5	7.3	7.7
2011 to 2015	4,000	1,800	2,195	3.4	3.2	3.6
2016 to 2021	4,800	2,300	2,490	4.1	4.1	4.1
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,405	1,205	1,200	2.1	2.1	2.0
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	48,480	22,210	26,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,980	2,000	1,975	8.2	9.0	7.5
5 to 14 years	8,680	4,270	4,410	17.9	19.2	16.8
15 to 24 years	9,620	4,070	5,545	19.8	18.3	21.1
25 to 44 years	21,930	9,975	11,960	45.2	44.9	45.5
45 years and over	4,275	1,895	2,375	8.8	8.5	9.0
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	48,480	22,210	26,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	7,465	3,315	4,155	15.4	14.9	15.8
Brazil	660	290	375	1.4	1.3	1.4
Colombia	655	290	365	1.4	1.3	1.4
El Salvador	310	150	165	0.6	0.7	0.6
Guyana	490	190	300	1.0	0.9	1.1
Haiti	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	1,130	470	660	2.3	2.1	2.5
Mexico	430	190	245	0.9	0.9	0.9
Peru	250	105	140	0.5	0.5	0.5
Trinidad and Tobago	595	230	370	1.2	1.0	1.4
United States of America	805	395	410	1.7	1.8	1.6
Other places of birth in Americas	2,085	985	1,105	4.3	4.4	4.2
Europe	23,510	10,925	12,585	48.5	49.2	47.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,265	650	615	2.6	2.9	2.3
Croatia	935	460	480	1.9	2.1	1.8
France	180	75	110	0.4	0.3	0.4
Germany	615	275	340	1.3	1.2	1.3
Greece	545	265	275	1.1	1.2	1.0
Hungary	435	185	245	0.9	0.8	0.9
Italy	3,195	1,600	1,595	6.6	7.2	6.1
Netherlands	145	65	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Poland	2,800	1,245	1,550	5.8	5.6	5.9
Portugal	1,845	850	995	3.8	3.8	3.8
Romania	745	320	425	1.5	1.4	1.6
Russian Federation	705	275	430	1.5	1.2	1.6
Serbia⁸⁶	1,550	710	840	3.2	3.2	3.2
Ukraine	2,860	1,295	1,570	5.9	5.8	6.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,710	780	930	3.5	3.5	3.5
Other places of birth in Europe	3,990	1,885	2,105	8.2	8.5	8.0
Africa	3,180	1,450	1,730	6.6	6.5	6.6
Algeria	50	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	255	115	135	0.5	0.5	0.5
Eritrea	70	35	40	0.1	0.2	0.2
Ethiopia	325	170	160	0.7	0.8	0.6
Morocco	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	325	145	180	0.7	0.7	0.7
Somalia	955	420	535	2.0	1.9	2.0
South Africa, Republic of	180	80	100	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Africa	920	415	500	1.9	1.9	1.9
Asia	14,175	6,435	7,740	29.2	29.0	29.5
Afghanistan	360	150	205	0.7	0.7	0.8
Iran⁸⁸	550	280	270	1.1	1.3	1.0
Iraq	240	140	105	0.5	0.6	0.4
Lebanon	190	105	85	0.4	0.5	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	200	95	105	0.4	0.4	0.4
Turkey	350	165	180	0.7	0.7	0.7
China⁹⁰	1,540	695	840	3.2	3.1	3.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	355	160	190	0.7	0.7	0.7
Korea, South⁹²	1,400	660	735	2.9	3.0	2.8
Taiwan	175	60	115	0.4	0.3	0.4
Philippines	2,445	965	1,475	5.0	4.3	5.6
Viet Nam	630	235	395	1.3	1.1	1.5
Bangladesh	265	140	125	0.5	0.6	0.5
India	2,575	1,300	1,275	5.3	5.9	4.9
Pakistan	910	450	465	1.9	2.0	1.8
Sri Lanka	465	205	255	1.0	0.9	1.0
Other places of birth in Asia	1,545	620	920	3.2	2.8	3.5
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	145	85	60	0.3	0.4	0.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,795	2,305	2,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	810	360	450	16.9	15.6	18.0
Brazil	145	65	80	3.0	2.8	3.2
Colombia	60	30	30	1.3	1.3	1.2
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	115	65	55	2.4	2.8	2.2
Mexico	130	50	80	2.7	2.2	3.2
United States of America	95	45	50	2.0	2.0	2.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	80	30	50	1.7	1.3	2.0
Other places of birth in Americas	180	80	100	3.8	3.5	4.0
Europe	1,120	545	575	23.4	23.6	23.0
France	35	15	20	0.7	0.7	0.8
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Italy	40	15	25	0.8	0.7	1.0
Russian Federation	45	15	30	0.9	0.7	1.2
Ukraine	380	165	215	7.9	7.2	8.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	50	35	15	1.0	1.5	0.6
Other places of birth in Europe	555	285	265	11.6	12.4	10.6
Africa	635	335	300	13.2	14.5	12.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	15	10	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	35	15	20	0.7	0.7	0.8
Eritrea	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
Ethiopia	100	60	40	2.1	2.6	1.6
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	150	75	70	3.1	3.3	2.8
Somalia	170	75	90	3.5	3.3	3.6
South Africa, Republic of	45	20	20	0.9	0.9	0.8
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	80	50	35	1.7	2.2	1.4
Asia	2,230	1,050	1,175	46.5	45.6	47.1
Afghanistan	85	35	50	1.8	1.5	2.0
Bangladesh	15	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.6
China⁹⁰	140	55	90	2.9	2.4	3.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	630	340	285	13.1	14.8	11.4
Iran⁸⁸	45	20	30	0.9	0.9	1.2
Iraq	40	25	15	0.8	1.1	0.6
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	15	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.6
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	55	15	45	1.1	0.7	1.8
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	45	30	20	0.9	1.3	0.8
Pakistan	85	50	30	1.8	2.2	1.2
Philippines	530	235	295	11.1	10.2	11.8
Saudi Arabia	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.4
Sri Lanka	35	25	10	0.7	1.1	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	60	30	35	1.3	1.3	1.4
Turkey	105	60	40	2.2	2.6	1.6
United Arab Emirates	45	25	20	0.9	1.1	0.8
Viet Nam	115	30	85	2.4	1.3	3.4
Other places of birth in Asia	165	65	100	3.4	2.8	4.0
Oceania and other⁹³	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	117,200	56,145	61,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	51,945	23,910	28,030	44.3	42.6	45.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	36,495	18,110	18,385	31.1	32.3	30.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	28,765	14,120	14,645	24.5	25.1	24.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	35,595	16,440	19,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	17,045	8,375	8,670	47.9	50.9	45.3
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,185	4,230	2,965	20.2	25.7	15.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,860	4,155	5,710	27.7	25.3	29.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	10,010	3,785	6,225	28.1	23.0	32.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	7,950	4,070	3,880	22.3	24.8	20.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	590	210	375	1.7	1.3	2.0
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	35,595	16,440	19,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	3,950	1,970	1,985	11.1	12.0	10.4
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,280	1,505	1,775	9.2	9.2	9.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	680	325	355	1.9	2.0	1.9
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,435	605	825	4.0	3.7	4.3
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	355	120	235	1.0	0.7	1.2
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	25,895	11,915	13,980	72.7	72.5	73.0
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	117,205	56,145	61,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	37,205	17,620	19,585	31.7	31.4	32.1
South Asian	7,885	4,010	3,870	6.7	7.1	6.3
Chinese	3,625	1,705	1,920	3.1	3.0	3.1
Black	8,275	3,860	4,420	7.1	6.9	7.2
Filipino	3,455	1,480	1,975	2.9	2.6	3.2
Arab	1,130	550	585	1.0	1.0	1.0
Latin American	4,630	2,190	2,435	4.0	3.9	4.0
Southeast Asian	1,360	610	750	1.2	1.1	1.2
West Asian	1,300	645	655	1.1	1.1	1.1
Korean	1,960	975	985	1.7	1.7	1.6
Japanese	475	225	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,330	630	700	1.1	1.1	1.1
Multiple visible minorities	1,775	745	1,035	1.5	1.3	1.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	79,995	38,525	41,475	68.3	68.6	67.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	117,205	56,140	61,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	8,350	4,125	4,220	7.1	7.3	6.9
English	11,670	5,455	6,210	10.0	9.7	10.2
Irish	10,655	4,995	5,660	9.1	8.9	9.3
Scottish	10,055	4,870	5,180	8.6	8.7	8.5
French, n.o.s.¹²²	3,265	1,565	1,700	2.8	2.8	2.8
German	5,125	2,470	2,655	4.4	4.4	4.3
Chinese	4,110	1,945	2,165	3.5	3.5	3.5
Italian	16,515	8,290	8,225	14.1	14.8	13.5
Indian (India)	4,325	2,150	2,170	3.7	3.8	3.6
Ukrainian	8,275	3,920	4,360	7.1	7.0	7.1
Dutch	1,390	625	765	1.2	1.1	1.3
Polish	6,720	3,195	3,525	5.7	5.7	5.8
Québécois	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,400	1,575	1,825	2.9	2.8	3.0
Filipino	3,255	1,390	1,870	2.8	2.5	3.1
French Canadian	640	295	345	0.5	0.5	0.6
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,260	600	655	1.1	1.1	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	445	230	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Métis	260	165	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,620	785	825	1.4	1.4	1.4
Russian	2,045	955	1,090	1.7	1.7	1.8
Norwegian	265	125	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Welsh	1,070	510	560	0.9	0.9	0.9
Portuguese	5,395	2,505	2,890	4.6	4.5	4.7
American	775	365	400	0.7	0.7	0.7
Spanish	1,860	820	1,040	1.6	1.5	1.7
Swedish	355	140	210	0.3	0.2	0.3
Hungarian	1,455	660	795	1.2	1.2	1.3
Acadian	125	35	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	1,395	690	705	1.2	1.2	1.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,315	585	730	1.1	1.0	1.2
Jewish	800	400	395	0.7	0.7	0.6
Punjabi	250	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	1,055	480	575	0.9	0.9	0.9
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	550	290	260	0.5	0.5	0.4
Greek	1,770	920	855	1.5	1.6	1.4
Jamaican	1,890	905	990	1.6	1.6	1.6
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	800	360	440	0.7	0.6	0.7
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	1,890	915	975	1.6	1.6	1.6
Romanian	1,125	495	630	1.0	0.9	1.0
Lebanese	485	235	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian	615	335	280	0.5	0.6	0.5
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	795	370	425	0.7	0.7	0.7
Danish	250	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	90	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	700	335	360	0.6	0.6	0.6
Belgian	220	85	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian	55	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hindu	520	265	255	0.4	0.5	0.4
Mexican	700	325	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mennonite	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	245	105	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	290	145	145	0.2	0.3	0.2
Sri Lankan	435	210	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Croatian	1,965	950	1,020	1.7	1.7	1.7
Japanese	585	260	320	0.5	0.5	0.5
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	665	405	265	0.6	0.7	0.4
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	395	200	190	0.3	0.4	0.3
Egyptian	305	150	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	920	440	480	0.8	0.8	0.8
Tamil	280	145	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Icelandic	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	655	325	330	0.6	0.6	0.5
Moroccan	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	445	195	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
Syrian	225	80	150	0.2	0.1	0.2
Guyanese	540	235	305	0.5	0.4	0.5
Afghan	575	225	345	0.5	0.4	0.6
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	625	235	390	0.5	0.4	0.6
Serbian	3,655	1,815	1,840	3.1	3.2	3.0
Ojibway	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Newfoundlander	115	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	230	125	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian	340	180	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	435	220	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Turkish	720	370	350	0.6	0.7	0.6
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	230	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algerian	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Brazilian	725	305	425	0.6	0.5	0.7
Nigerian	245	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	225	130	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	645	305	345	0.6	0.5	0.6
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	365	195	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	1,920	910	1,010	1.6	1.6	1.7
Taiwanese	215	85	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraqi	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	335	155	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Caribbean	365	155	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	315	155	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	275	115	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Algonquin	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	355	180	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lithuanian	695	320	370	0.6	0.6	0.6
South African	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	95	70	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Palestinian	125	40	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	430	205	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Congolese	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	290	130	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	345	175	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Peruvian	390	180	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Yoruba	170	95	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	2,165	1,115	1,045	1.8	2.0	1.7
Maltese	945	440	505	0.8	0.8	0.8
Macedonian	760	370	390	0.6	0.7	0.6
Slovenian	700	345	360	0.6	0.6	0.6
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	180	110	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Eritrean	135	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Canadian	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	100	30	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	505	260	245	0.4	0.5	0.4
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	355	180	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Barbadian	145	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	100	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	415	190	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Tunisian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	395	195	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cuban	240	110	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	625	300	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
Venezuelan	175	85	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	360	180	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bengali	170	85	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Cameroonian	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	180	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indonesian	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	440	185	260	0.4	0.3	0.4
Franco Ontarian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	205	115	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Estonian	175	90	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kurdish	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dominican	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	90	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	125	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	35	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kenyan	40	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jordanian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayali	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	70	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sinhalese	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	30	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	80	15	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Flemish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	75	20	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sicilian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	215	115	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	390	175	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Zimbabwean	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oromo	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tanzanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	95	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	115	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Singaporean	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amhara	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	117,205	56,145	61,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,380	635	750	1.2	1.1	1.2
Christian	79,495	36,915	42,580	67.8	65.7	69.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,025	3,740	4,285	6.8	6.7	7.0
Anabaptist	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	3,540	1,490	2,050	3.0	2.7	3.4
Baptist	1,070	485	590	0.9	0.9	1.0
Catholic	48,345	22,840	25,500	41.2	40.7	41.8
Christian Orthodox	8,850	4,230	4,615	7.6	7.5	7.6
Jehovah's Witness	485	200	290	0.4	0.4	0.5
Latter Day Saints	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	795	345	445	0.7	0.6	0.7
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	155	50	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	920	395	525	0.8	0.7	0.9
Presbyterian	1,690	735	955	1.4	1.3	1.6
Reformed	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Church	3,260	1,355	1,900	2.8	2.4	3.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,200	950	1,250	1.9	1.7	2.0
Hindu	2,900	1,495	1,405	2.5	2.7	2.3
Jewish	490	225	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Muslim	8,130	3,980	4,150	6.9	7.1	6.8
Sikh	420	205	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	570	230	340	0.5	0.4	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	23,815	12,465	11,345	20.3	22.2	18.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	116,265	55,660	60,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	107,510	51,220	56,290	92.5	92.0	92.9
Movers	8,755	4,445	4,315	7.5	8.0	7.1
Non-migrants	6,510	3,285	3,225	5.6	5.9	5.3
Migrants	2,245	1,155	1,085	1.9	2.1	1.8
Internal migrants	1,390	695	695	1.2	1.2	1.1
Intraprovincial migrants	1,235	620	610	1.1	1.1	1.0
Interprovincial migrants	160	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
External migrants	855	465	395	0.7	0.8	0.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	112,100	53,550	58,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	81,015	38,505	42,515	72.3	71.9	72.6
Movers	31,080	15,050	16,040	27.7	28.1	27.4
Non-migrants	19,020	9,180	9,840	17.0	17.1	16.8
Migrants	12,060	5,870	6,195	10.8	11.0	10.6
Internal migrants	7,100	3,435	3,665	6.3	6.4	6.3
Intraprovincial migrants	6,290	3,050	3,240	5.6	5.7	5.5
Interprovincial migrants	810	390	430	0.7	0.7	0.7
External migrants	4,960	2,430	2,530	4.4	4.5	4.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	99,905	47,235	52,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	14,170	6,970	7,205	14.2	14.8	13.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	85,730	40,265	45,465	85.8	85.2	86.3
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	61,735	29,435	32,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,530	2,540	1,990	7.3	8.6	6.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	57,210	26,890	30,315	92.7	91.4	93.8
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	99,900	47,230	52,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	12,955	6,225	6,730	13.0	13.2	12.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	25,030	11,815	13,215	25.1	25.0	25.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	61,920	29,190	32,730	62.0	61.8	62.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	24,385	11,625	12,760	24.4	24.6	24.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,560	2,970	1,585	4.6	6.3	3.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,545	1,470	1,080	2.5	3.1	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,010	1,505	510	2.0	3.2	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,915	7,325	9,595	16.9	15.5	18.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,910	1,335	1,575	2.9	2.8	3.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	37,540	17,565	19,970	37.6	37.2	37.9
Bachelor's degree	24,385	11,270	13,115	24.4	23.9	24.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,865	1,325	1,540	2.9	2.8	2.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,115	475	645	1.1	1.0	1.2
Master's degree	8,020	3,880	4,140	8.0	8.2	7.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,145	605	540	1.1	1.3	1.0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	61,735	29,430	32,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,050	2,275	1,770	6.6	7.7	5.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,405	6,360	6,045	20.1	21.6	18.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	45,285	20,800	24,490	73.4	70.7	75.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,825	7,880	8,945	27.3	26.8	27.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,615	1,645	975	4.2	5.6	3.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,435	790	645	2.3	2.7	2.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,180	855	325	1.9	2.9	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,240	5,315	6,925	19.8	18.1	21.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,965	920	1,045	3.2	3.1	3.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,465	12,920	15,545	46.1	43.9	48.1
Bachelor's degree	18,610	8,445	10,165	30.1	28.7	31.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,120	955	1,165	3.4	3.2	3.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	795	305	495	1.3	1.0	1.5
Master's degree	6,155	2,840	3,320	10.0	9.7	10.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	785	380	405	1.3	1.3	1.3
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	99,900	47,230	52,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	37,980	18,040	19,940	38.0	38.2	37.9
Education	3,950	855	3,095	4.0	1.8	5.9
13. Education	3,950	855	3,095	4.0	1.8	5.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,375	965	1,415	2.4	2.0	2.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	235	175	65	0.2	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,140	790	1,350	2.1	1.7	2.6
Humanities	4,055	1,360	2,705	4.1	2.9	5.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	580	95	485	0.6	0.2	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	1,025	245	780	1.0	0.5	1.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	965	310	660	1.0	0.7	1.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	190	120	75	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	290	170	120	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	675	365	310	0.7	0.8	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	235	15	220	0.2	0.0	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,715	3,525	6,190	9.7	7.5	11.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	110	10	105	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,155	435	715	1.2	0.9	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,185	105	1,080	1.2	0.2	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	1,745	625	1,120	1.7	1.3	2.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	155	70	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,310	380	930	1.3	0.8	1.8
45. Social sciences	4,050	1,895	2,155	4.1	4.0	4.1
Business, management and public administration	14,235	6,575	7,660	14.2	13.9	14.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	860	165	695	0.9	0.3	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,325	6,390	6,940	13.3	13.5	13.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,970	1,265	1,705	3.0	2.7	3.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,235	460	770	1.2	1.0	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	715	305	415	0.7	0.6	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	80	15	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	835	455	380	0.8	1.0	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	105	30	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,230	2,085	1,145	3.2	4.4	2.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,370	1,665	705	2.4	3.5	1.3
25. Library science	180	35	145	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	580	320	260	0.6	0.7	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	105	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,820	9,225	1,595	10.8	19.5	3.0
04. Architecture and related services	745	475	270	0.7	1.0	0.5
14. Engineering	4,730	3,775	960	4.7	8.0	1.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,960	1,690	275	2.0	3.6	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,520	1,490	25	1.5	3.2	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,190	1,170	20	1.2	2.5	0.0
48. Precision production	680	620	55	0.7	1.3	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	855	455	405	0.9	1.0	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	550	270	275	0.6	0.6	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	310	180	130	0.3	0.4	0.2
Health and related fields	7,205	1,715	5,490	7.2	3.6	10.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	735	410	330	0.7	0.9	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,130	1,165	4,960	6.1	2.5	9.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	325	145	185	0.3	0.3	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,490	1,175	1,315	2.5	2.5	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,505	440	1,075	1.5	0.9	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	620	420	195	0.6	0.9	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	330	290	45	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	61,735	29,430	32,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	16,445	8,635	7,815	26.6	29.3	24.2
Education	2,630	560	2,070	4.3	1.9	6.4
13. Education	2,630	560	2,070	4.3	1.9	6.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,760	675	1,080	2.9	2.3	3.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	170	115	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,585	555	1,030	2.6	1.9	3.2
Humanities	2,770	875	1,895	4.5	3.0	5.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	395	40	360	0.6	0.1	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	685	150	535	1.1	0.5	1.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	740	245	500	1.2	0.8	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	65	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	130	70	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	190	110	80	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	450	230	220	0.7	0.8	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	120	10	110	0.2	0.0	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,440	2,595	4,845	12.1	8.8	15.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	0	70	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	870	300	570	1.4	1.0	1.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	870	55	815	1.4	0.2	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	1,465	480	985	2.4	1.6	3.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	120	55	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
42. Psychology	960	295	665	1.6	1.0	2.1
45. Social sciences	3,080	1,415	1,665	5.0	4.8	5.2
Business, management and public administration	10,970	4,955	6,025	17.8	16.8	18.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	40	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
44. Public administration and social service professions	660	120	540	1.1	0.4	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,275	4,815	5,460	16.6	16.4	16.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,980	805	1,175	3.2	2.7	3.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	815	295	515	1.3	1.0	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	510	225	285	0.8	0.8	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	75	10	60	0.1	0.0	0.2
40. Physical sciences	535	260	270	0.9	0.9	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	50	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,670	1,745	925	4.3	5.9	2.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,070	1,445	625	3.4	4.9	1.9
25. Library science	95	25	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	420	225	195	0.7	0.8	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	80	45	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,555	6,245	1,305	12.2	21.2	4.0
04. Architecture and related services	535	345	190	0.9	1.2	0.6
14. Engineering	3,500	2,670	835	5.7	9.1	2.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,375	1,175	205	2.2	4.0	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,040	1,015	25	1.7	3.4	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	710	700	10	1.2	2.4	0.0
48. Precision production	390	340	45	0.6	1.2	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	655	340	310	1.1	1.2	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	400	200	200	0.6	0.7	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	250	145	110	0.4	0.5	0.3
Health and related fields	5,070	1,230	3,840	8.2	4.2	11.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	545	300	245	0.9	1.0	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,320	840	3,480	7.0	2.9	10.8
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	205	90	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,775	765	1,005	2.9	2.6	3.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,080	275	805	1.7	0.9	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	465	295	170	0.8	1.0	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	210	185	25	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	61,735	29,430	32,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	16,445	8,635	7,815	26.6	29.3	24.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	45,290	20,795	24,485	73.4	70.7	75.8
Location of study inside Canada	32,395	14,915	17,480	52.5	50.7	54.1
Same as province or territory of residence	30,815	14,205	16,615	49.9	48.3	51.4
Different than province or territory of residence	1,575	710	865	2.6	2.4	2.7
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	12,895	5,885	7,010	20.9	20.0	21.7
Americas	2,595	1,180	1,405	4.2	4.0	4.3
United States of America	1,360	665	695	2.2	2.3	2.2
Mexico	180	85	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cuba	105	35	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	260	95	165	0.4	0.3	0.5
Colombia	205	80	120	0.3	0.3	0.4
Peru	35	0	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	90	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	270	150	125	0.4	0.5	0.4
Europe	5,175	2,415	2,760	8.4	8.2	8.5
Belgium	25	15	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
France	105	40	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Germany	50	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungary	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	65	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	465	210	250	0.8	0.7	0.8
Romania	325	170	160	0.5	0.6	0.5
Russian Federation	355	155	200	0.6	0.5	0.6
Ukraine	1,190	520	675	1.9	1.8	2.1
Ireland⁹⁶	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	515	265	255	0.8	0.9	0.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	245	130	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italy	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	575	280	295	0.9	1.0	0.9
Other locations of study in Europe	1,070	485	590	1.7	1.6	1.8
Africa	605	305	300	1.0	1.0	0.9
Nigeria	130	55	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algeria	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	310	165	145	0.5	0.6	0.4
Asia	4,385	1,895	2,490	7.1	6.4	7.7
Iran⁸⁸	145	75	70	0.2	0.3	0.2
Iraq	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	145	70	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
China⁹⁰	540	250	290	0.9	0.8	0.9
Taiwan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	45	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	405	185	225	0.7	0.6	0.7
Philippines	960	295	660	1.6	1.0	2.0
Viet Nam	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	130	60	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lanka	40	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	1,230	585	645	2.0	2.0	2.0
Pakistan	220	110	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other locations of study in Asia	325	145	180	0.5	0.5	0.6
Oceania	140	90	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
Australia	125	70	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	99,900	47,235	52,670	...	...	...
In the labour force	61,275	31,250	30,025	...	...	...
Employed	53,450	27,645	25,805	...	...	...
Unemployed	7,830	3,605	4,225	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	38,625	15,985	22,645	...	...	...
Participation rate	61.3	66.2	57.0	61.3	66.2	57.0
Employment rate	53.5	58.5	49.0	53.5	58.5	49.0
Unemployment rate	12.8	11.5	14.1	12.8	11.5	14.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	99,900	47,230	52,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	39,210	16,440	22,770	39.2	34.8	43.2
Worked	60,695	30,795	29,900	60.8	65.2	56.8
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	33,730	18,485	15,245	33.8	39.1	28.9
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	26,965	12,310	14,655	27.0	26.1	27.8
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.8	41.8	39.7	40.8	41.8	39.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	61,275	31,250	30,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,950	935	1,020	3.2	3.0	3.4
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	59,325	30,320	29,010	96.8	97.0	96.6
Employee	48,530	23,320	25,210	79.2	74.6	84.0
Permanent position	41,460	20,155	21,310	67.7	64.5	71.0
Temporary position	7,070	3,170	3,900	11.5	10.1	13.0
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,295	1,000	1,295	3.7	3.2	4.3
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,775	2,175	2,605	7.8	7.0	8.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	10,795	6,995	3,805	17.6	22.4	12.7
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	61,275	31,250	30,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,950	935	1,020	3.2	3.0	3.4
All occupations¹⁹¹	59,325	30,320	29,010	96.8	97.0	96.6
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,370	970	395	2.2	3.1	1.3
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,955	4,635	8,325	21.1	14.8	27.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,060	4,470	1,590	9.9	14.3	5.3
3 Health occupations	3,995	890	3,100	6.5	2.8	10.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,475	2,345	5,130	12.2	7.5	17.1
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,235	1,025	1,215	3.6	3.3	4.0
6 Sales and service occupations	13,805	6,215	7,595	22.5	19.9	25.3
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	9,195	8,165	1,030	15.0	26.1	3.4
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	425	365	65	0.7	1.2	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,800	1,235	565	2.9	4.0	1.9
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	61,275	31,250	30,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,950	935	1,020	3.2	3.0	3.4
All industries¹⁹¹	59,325	30,320	29,010	96.8	97.0	96.6
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	110	70	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	75	55	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	280	195	85	0.5	0.6	0.3
23 Construction	5,135	4,355	785	8.4	13.9	2.6
31-33 Manufacturing	4,125	2,760	1,370	6.7	8.8	4.6
41 Wholesale trade	2,440	1,535	910	4.0	4.9	3.0
44-45 Retail trade	6,160	2,860	3,300	10.1	9.2	11.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,530	2,545	985	5.8	8.1	3.3
51 Information and cultural industries	1,700	1,065	640	2.8	3.4	2.1
52 Finance and insurance	4,315	2,050	2,265	7.0	6.6	7.5
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,950	1,005	940	3.2	3.2	3.1
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,995	3,800	3,190	11.4	12.2	10.6
55 Management of companies and enterprises	350	170	180	0.6	0.5	0.6
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,980	1,540	1,435	4.9	4.9	4.8
61 Educational services	4,880	1,395	3,480	8.0	4.5	11.6
62 Health care and social assistance	6,210	1,360	4,850	10.1	4.4	16.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,120	610	510	1.8	2.0	1.7
72 Accommodation and food services	2,260	935	1,325	3.7	3.0	4.4
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,180	905	1,270	3.6	2.9	4.2
91 Public administration	2,525	1,110	1,425	4.1	3.6	4.7
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	65,255	33,060	32,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	60,650	30,950	29,700	92.9	93.6	92.2
French	100	30	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	475	220	255	0.7	0.7	0.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	475	220	255	0.7	0.7	0.8
English and French	1,045	345	700	1.6	1.0	2.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,850	1,440	1,410	4.4	4.4	4.4
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	95	50	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	65,255	33,060	32,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	64,595	32,770	31,820	99.0	99.1	98.8
Official languages	63,605	32,335	31,265	97.5	97.8	97.1
English	63,375	32,270	31,105	97.1	97.6	96.6
French	230	60	165	0.4	0.2	0.5
Non-official languages	995	440	555	1.5	1.3	1.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	995	440	555	1.5	1.3	1.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	715	320	395	1.1	1.0	1.2
Albanian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	380	165	220	0.6	0.5	0.7
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	380	165	215	0.6	0.5	0.7
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Russian	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	155	65	90	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	265	120	140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	40	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Portuguese	120	35	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	105	55	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	95	50	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	85	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chinese languages	85	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	70	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	660	285	375	1.0	0.9	1.2
English and French	205	35	170	0.3	0.1	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	445	245	200	0.7	0.7	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	65,255	33,060	32,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	61,805	31,460	30,350	94.7	95.2	94.3
English	580	225	355	0.9	0.7	1.1
French	730	280	450	1.1	0.8	1.4
Non-official language	1,735	890	845	2.7	2.7	2.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,735	890	845	2.7	2.7	2.6
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	300	150	145	0.5	0.5	0.5
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	53,445	27,645	25,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	18,980	8,575	10,400	35.5	31.0	40.3
Worked outside Canada	285	185	100	0.5	0.7	0.4
No fixed workplace address	6,590	4,830	1,755	12.3	17.5	6.8
Usual place of work	27,595	14,045	13,540	51.6	50.8	52.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	27,590	14,045	13,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	19,355	8,960	10,395	70.2	63.8	76.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	8,185	5,055	3,130	29.7	36.0	23.1
Commute to a different province or territory	50	35	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	34,180	18,880	15,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	26,695	16,020	10,675	78.1	84.9	69.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	24,125	15,090	9,035	70.6	79.9	59.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,570	930	1,640	7.5	4.9	10.7
Public transit	5,260	1,890	3,375	15.4	10.0	22.1
Walked	1,035	420	615	3.0	2.2	4.0
Bicycle	160	110	45	0.5	0.6	0.3
Other method	1,035	435	595	3.0	2.3	3.9
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	34,180	18,880	15,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	6,630	3,255	3,370	19.4	17.2	22.0
15 to 29 minutes	12,480	7,185	5,295	36.5	38.1	34.6
30 to 44 minutes	8,490	5,020	3,465	24.8	26.6	22.6
45 to 59 minutes	3,100	1,665	1,435	9.1	8.8	9.4
60 minutes and over	3,485	1,755	1,730	10.2	9.3	11.3
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	34,180	18,880	15,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,920	1,450	470	5.6	7.7	3.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,040	3,310	1,735	14.7	17.5	11.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,170	4,450	3,720	23.9	23.6	24.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,485	4,140	4,345	24.8	21.9	28.4
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,535	2,595	2,945	16.2	13.7	19.2
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,030	2,940	2,090	14.7	15.6	13.7
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	21,520	11,130	10,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,800	920	880	8.4	8.3	8.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,725	10,205	9,515	91.7	91.7	91.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,010	8,280	7,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,390	705	685	8.7	8.5	8.9
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	850	415	435	5.3	5.0	5.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	540	290	250	3.4	3.5	3.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,620	7,580	7,045	91.3	91.5	91.1

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed March 8, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

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