Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Halifax, Regional municipality (RGM)More information: Nova Scotia [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	439,819^E	...	...
Population, 2016¹	403,131	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	9.1^E	...	...
Total private dwellings²	200,473	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	190,512	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	80.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	5,475.57	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	439,820	214,300	225,520
0 to 14 years	65,025	33,300	31,730
0 to 4 years	19,795	10,050	9,745
5 to 9 years	22,630	11,595	11,035
10 to 14 years	22,600	11,655	10,945
15 to 64 years	298,640	146,980	151,655
15 to 19 years	21,880	11,270	10,615
20 to 24 years	32,125	16,535	15,585
25 to 29 years	34,775	17,420	17,355
30 to 34 years	33,180	16,390	16,790
35 to 39 years	30,795	15,045	15,755
40 to 44 years	28,300	13,640	14,655
45 to 49 years	27,735	13,355	14,380
50 to 54 years	28,120	13,405	14,715
55 to 59 years	32,055	15,630	16,425
60 to 64 years	29,665	14,290	15,380
65 years and over	76,150	34,020	42,135
65 to 69 years	24,835	11,520	13,320
70 to 74 years	21,030	9,710	11,320
75 to 79 years	13,835	6,335	7,500
80 to 84 years	8,565	3,635	4,930
85 years and over	7,885	2,820	5,065
85 to 89 years	5,125	2,040	3,085
90 to 94 years	2,065	660	1,410
95 to 99 years	605	105	500
100 years and over	85	15	70
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.8	15.5	14.1
15 to 64 years	67.9	68.6	67.2
65 years and over	17.3	15.9	18.7
85 years and over	1.8	1.3	2.2
Average age of the population	41.3	40.3	42.3
Median age of the population	40.4	39.2	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	190,510	...	...
Single-detached house	90,825	...	...
Semi-detached house	12,485	...	...
Row house	7,390	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,540	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	40,470	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	28,320	...	...
Other single-attached house	200	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	4,270	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	190,510	...	...
1 person	56,935	...	...
2 persons	71,090	...	...
3 persons	29,105	...	...
4 persons	22,770	...	...
5 or more persons	10,615	...	...
Number of persons in private households	435,290	212,255	223,035
Average household size	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	374,790	181,000	193,795
Married or living common-law	209,905	104,635	105,265
Married	163,010	81,210	81,800
Living common-law	46,895	23,430	23,460
Living common law - Never married	35,505	17,745	17,755
Living common law - Separated	2,100	1,060	1,040
Living common law - Divorced	8,380	4,250	4,125
Living common law - Widowed	910	370	535
Not married and not living common-law	164,890	76,365	88,525
Not married and not living common law - Never married	114,600	60,060	54,540
Not married and not living common law - Separated	10,230	4,345	5,885
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	21,895	8,005	13,890
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	18,160	3,950	14,215
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	122,865	...	...
2 persons	68,870	...	...
3 persons	25,960	...	...
4 persons	20,675	...	...
5 or more persons	7,360	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	122,865	...	...
Total couple families	103,045	...	...
Married couples	79,600	...	...
With children⁶	39,500	...	...
Without children	40,095	...	...
Common-law couples	23,445	...	...
With children⁶	7,140	...	...
Without children	16,305	...	...
Total one-parent families	19,820	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	15,805	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	4,015	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	435,290	212,255	223,035
Total - Persons in census families	337,625	166,095	171,530
Married spouses or common-law partners	206,085	102,850	103,235
Parents in one-parent families	19,820	4,020	15,800
Children⁶	111,715	59,225	52,490
In a two-parent family	82,010	43,280	38,725
In a one-parent family	29,710	15,945	13,765
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	97,665	46,160	51,505
Living alone	56,940	24,815	32,120
Living with other relatives⁷	9,900	4,120	5,780
Living with non-relatives only	30,825	17,225	13,600
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	190,510	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	110,240	...	...
Couple-family households	94,585	...	...
With children⁶	43,080	...	...
Without children	51,505	...	...
One-parent-family households	15,650	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,820	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	800	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	5,305	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	13,410	...	...
One-person households	56,940	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	370,355	179,015	191,345
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	357,435	172,620	184,810
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	47,200	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	357,645	172,735	184,915
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,800	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	324,120	159,105	165,015
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	44,000	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	265,115	133,810	131,305
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	43,200	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	275,110	121,685	153,430
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,800	9,400	10,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	36,780	17,645	19,135
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,975	45,870	49,100
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	370,355	179,020	191,330
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	357,325	172,445	184,875
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,900	59,950	46,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	357,560	172,565	184,995
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,800	47,440	38,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	324,265	158,875	165,385
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,120	57,050	41,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	265,120	133,770	131,350
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,200	54,700	41,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	274,955	121,420	153,535
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,830	10,490	11,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	37,010	17,615	19,395
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,620	6,280	6,930
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,895	45,895	48,995
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	8,980	9,010
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	370,350	179,025	191,330
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	134,115	71,855	62,260
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,400	67,500	56,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,800	78,200	64,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	100,890	46,655	54,235
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,400	18,200	15,100
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,000	29,920	22,620
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.2	87.6	80.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.6	70.8	63.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.8	12.3	19.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.1	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.1	4.4	6.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.5	4.0	5.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	370,355	179,010	191,340
Without total income	12,920	6,395	6,530
With total income	357,430	172,620	184,815
Under $10,000 (including loss)	28,820	12,940	15,880
$10,000 to $19,999	39,640	16,075	23,570
$20,000 to $29,999	54,510	23,085	31,425
$30,000 to $39,999	47,000	20,480	26,525
$40,000 to $49,999	41,710	18,400	23,310
$50,000 to $59,999	33,315	15,840	17,475
$60,000 to $69,999	26,330	14,115	12,215
$70,000 to $79,999	20,805	11,780	9,030
$80,000 to $89,999	17,685	9,965	7,715
$90,000 to $99,999	13,150	7,350	5,795
$100,000 and over	34,455	22,590	11,865
$100,000 to $149,999	23,760	15,040	8,720
$150,000 and over	10,700	7,555	3,145
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	370,355	179,010	191,340
Without after-tax income	12,705	6,280	6,430
With after-tax income	357,645	172,735	184,910
Under $10,000 (including loss)	31,065	13,485	17,580
$10,000 to $19,999	42,100	17,270	24,835
$20,000 to $29,999	64,860	28,165	36,695
$30,000 to $39,999	58,560	25,820	32,740
$40,000 to $49,999	48,365	22,685	25,680
$50,000 to $59,999	36,240	19,420	16,820
$60,000 to $69,999	26,920	15,155	11,765
$70,000 to $79,999	17,945	9,955	7,995
$80,000 to $89,999	10,570	6,475	4,095
$90,000 to $99,999	6,285	4,045	2,245
$100,000 and over	14,725	10,265	4,460
$100,000 to $124,999	7,480	5,110	2,365
$125,000 and over	7,245	5,155	2,095
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	370,355	179,010	191,340
Without employment income	105,240	45,205	60,035
With employment income	265,115	133,810	131,305
Under $5,000 (including loss)	34,470	16,110	18,360
$5,000 to $9,999	21,235	9,400	11,830
$10,000 to $19,999	31,435	14,145	17,290
$20,000 to $29,999	25,355	11,910	13,450
$30,000 to $39,999	24,730	11,600	13,125
$40,000 to $49,999	24,630	11,105	13,530
$50,000 to $59,999	20,780	10,405	10,370
$60,000 to $69,999	17,505	9,805	7,700
$70,000 to $79,999	15,095	8,555	6,535
$80,000 to $89,999	13,920	7,765	6,150
$90,000 to $99,999	10,420	5,925	4,495
$100,000 and over	25,540	17,075	8,465
$100,000 to $124,999	12,695	7,925	4,770
$125,000 and over	12,845	9,150	3,700
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	370,355	179,015	191,345
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	349,005	167,880	181,125
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	46,000	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	349,410	167,940	181,470
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	39,600	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	320,260	156,815	163,440
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	44,000	31,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	265,185	133,190	131,995
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	43,200	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	236,910	100,450	136,460
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	4,160	6,240
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	27,630	13,080	14,550
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,960	5,760	6,120
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	370,355	179,020	191,330
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	348,810	167,740	181,070
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,880	59,250	43,160
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	349,180	167,790	181,390
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,960	46,520	35,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	320,380	156,555	163,825
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,560	58,600	40,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	265,060	133,110	131,955
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,400	56,150	40,560
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	236,865	100,060	136,805
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,930	7,610	8,150
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	28,460	13,500	14,965
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,450	6,970	7,880
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	370,350	179,025	191,330
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	133,145	71,290	61,855
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,400	64,000	52,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,600	75,000	59,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	94,830	43,675	51,150
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,600	23,200	18,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,080	38,560	26,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.4	92.4	85.8
Employment income (%)	72.2	75.2	68.4
Government transfers (%)	10.6	7.7	14.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	1.0	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	190,510	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	56,940	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	133,575	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	190,505	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	99,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	56,965	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,920	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	133,540	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	190,510	...	...
Under $5,000	2,580	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,185	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,245	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,945	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,270	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,100	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,340	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,970	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	7,390	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,545	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	14,605	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	14,255	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	13,310	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	12,465	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	11,470	...	...
$100,000 and over	72,840	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	22,610	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	16,320	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	18,875	...	...
$200,000 and over	15,035	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	190,510	...	...
Under $5,000	2,905	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,230	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,310	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,190	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,995	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	7,535	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	8,060	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	8,965	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	9,000	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	8,940	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	17,935	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	17,340	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	15,615	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	13,830	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	11,780	...	...
$100,000 and over	52,870	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	21,875	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	13,745	...	...
$150,000 and over	17,255	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	122,615	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	52,730	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	47,180	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	135,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	18,475	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,400	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	87,765	42,040	45,725
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	37,600	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	33,200	33,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	122,470	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	121,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	52,555	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	47,290	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	151,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	18,400	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	87,870	42,110	45,760
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,600	46,280	44,920
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,920	38,160	37,720
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	435,290	212,255	223,035
0 to 17 years	77,805	39,865	37,940
0 to 5 years	24,195	12,300	11,895
18 to 64 years	284,175	139,255	144,920
65 years and over	73,310	33,135	40,175
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	52,355	24,455	27,900
0 to 17 years	11,420	5,920	5,500
0 to 5 years	3,940	2,025	1,915
18 to 64 years	31,255	14,885	16,370
65 years and over	9,680	3,645	6,030
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.0	11.5	12.5
0 to 17 years (%)	14.7	14.9	14.5
0 to 5 years (%)	16.3	16.4	16.1
18 to 64 years (%)	11.0	10.7	11.3
65 years and over (%)	13.2	11.0	15.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	435,290	212,255	223,040
0 to 17 years	77,805	39,865	37,940
0 to 5 years	24,195	12,305	11,890
18 to 64 years	284,175	139,255	144,920
65 years and over	73,310	33,135	40,170
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	24,455	12,445	12,010
0 to 17 years	4,075	2,095	1,980
0 to 5 years	1,270	680	595
18 to 64 years	19,055	9,800	9,250
65 years and over	1,325	550	775
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.6	5.9	5.4
0 to 17 years (%)	5.2	5.3	5.2
0 to 5 years (%)	5.3	5.5	5.0
18 to 64 years (%)	6.7	7.0	6.4
65 years and over (%)	1.8	1.7	1.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	435,290	212,255	223,035
In bottom half of the distribution	231,300	110,295	120,995
In bottom decile	50,885	24,535	26,345
In second decile	46,260	21,340	24,915
In third decile	44,835	21,195	23,635
In fourth decile	44,705	21,375	23,330
In fifth decile	44,620	21,850	22,775
In top half of the distribution	203,995	101,955	102,040
In sixth decile	44,075	21,800	22,270
In seventh decile	44,215	22,105	22,110
In eighth decile	43,270	21,615	21,660
In ninth decile	39,170	19,645	19,525
In top decile	33,270	16,790	16,475
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	435,290	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.330	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.426	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.286	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	436,510	212,925	223,585
English only	380,205	188,370	191,835
French only	295	125	170
English and French	53,460	23,275	30,185
Neither English nor French	2,555	1,155	1,400
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	436,510	212,925	223,585
English	422,550	206,215	216,335
French	9,925	4,870	5,055
English and French	1,635	760	875
Neither English nor French	2,400	1,075	1,330
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	436,510	212,925	223,585
Single responses	424,930	207,240	217,695
Official languages	379,110	183,765	195,350
English	369,130	178,885	190,240
French	9,985	4,880	5,105
Non-official languages	45,820	23,470	22,345
Indigenous languages³⁹	75	30	45
Algonquian languages	65	25	40
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	5	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	0	5
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	45	15	30
Mi'kmaq	45	15	30
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	45,745	23,440	22,305
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,030	4,295	3,735
Berber languages	15	10	5
Kabyle	10	5	5
Tamazight	0	5	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	245	130	120
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	80	45	35
Somali	165	85	85
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	7,765	4,160	3,605
Amharic	160	75	80
Arabic	7,135	3,835	3,305
Aramaic languages	25	15	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	10	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	210	120	100
Maltese	5	0	0
Tigrigna	230	115	115
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	755	360	390
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	0
Vietnamese	740	355	390
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	0
Austronesian languages	2,670	1,150	1,525
Bikol	5	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55	20	35
Cebuano	165	70	100
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	45	20	25
Ilocano	70	20	45
Indonesian	40	15	25
Kankanaey	5	5	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,210	965	1,245
Waray-Waray	5	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Creole languages	85	40	40
Haitian Creole	10	0	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	10	5	0
Morisyen	30	10	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Dravidian languages	2,435	1,380	1,055
Kannada	75	40	35
Malayalam	1,190	675	510
Tamil	480	255	225
Telugu	685	405	280
Tulu	5	0	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	20,175	10,615	9,560
Albanian	310	160	155
Armenian	25	15	10
Balto-Slavic languages	3,220	1,515	1,705
Baltic languages	45	15	35
Latvian	20	5	15
Lithuanian	20	5	20
Slavic languages	3,175	1,500	1,675
Belarusian	10	5	5
Bulgarian	45	20	25
Czech	115	55	60
Macedonian	25	10	15
Polish	625	295	325
Russian	1,525	715	810
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	515	250	260
Bosnian	120	60	65
Croatian	185	85	105
Serbian	180	95	85
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	5	15
Slovak	75	40	35
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	5
Ukrainian	225	100	120
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	40	20	20
Irish	5	5	5
Scottish Gaelic	20	5	10
Welsh	5	5	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Germanic languages	2,100	1,025	1,075
Frisian	5	0	0
High German languages	1,200	580	620
German	1,140	545	590
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	50	20	25
Yiddish	15	5	5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	640	305	330
Afrikaans	165	90	80
Dutch	450	205	240
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	5	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0
Scandinavian languages	250	130	115
Danish	85	50	35
Icelandic	25	15	10
Norwegian	65	30	35
Swedish	80	40	40
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Greek	610	300	310
Indo-Iranian languages	9,965	5,660	4,305
Indo-Aryan languages	8,320	4,805	3,515
Assamese	10	5	5
Bengali	810	465	345
Gujarati	1,000	645	350
Hindi	1,660	940	715
Kacchi	10	5	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	15	10	5
Marathi	165	90	70
Nepali	390	195	195
Oriya languages	10	5	5
Odia	10	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,160	1,870	1,290
Rohingya	5	5	5
Sindhi	30	15	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	185	90	95
Urdu	850	455	390
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Iranian languages	1,640	850	790
Baluchi	5	0	0
Kurdish	205	110	95
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	95	55	40
Persian languages	1,335	685	650
Dari	180	85	95
Iranian Persian	1,050	545	500
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	105	55	50
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,905	1,925	1,980
Catalan	5	0	5
Italian	555	295	255
Portuguese	1,095	535	555
Romanian	245	130	115
Spanish	2,005	955	1,050
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	300	80	225
Korean	2,005	860	1,150
Mongolian	5	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	895	455	440
Akan (Twi)	65	40	30
Bamanankan	10	5	0
Edo	20	5	15
Éwé	35	15	15
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0
Ga	15	10	5
Ganda	30	10	15
Gikuyu	15	5	10
Igbo	90	40	45
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	55	20	30
Lingala	5	0	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	5	5
Ndebele	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	0
Shona	50	25	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0
Swahili	185	95	95
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	5	5
Yoruba	185	95	90
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	105	55	45
Nilo-Saharan languages	120	60	60
Dinka	30	10	15
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	90	50	40
African, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Sign languages	130	70	60
American Sign Language	115	60	50
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,340	3,665	3,675
Chinese languages	7,315	3,650	3,665
Hakka	10	5	5
Mandarin	5,970	2,990	2,985
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	35	35
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	20
Yue (Cantonese)	1,040	495	550
Chinese, n.o.s.	180	110	70
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	15	5
Burmese	5	0	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	100	40	55
Lao	5	0	5
Thai	90	35	55
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	435	255	180
Azerbaijani	25	10	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	315	190	125
Uyghur	10	5	0
Uzbek	75	40	35
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Uralic languages	245	105	145
Estonian	30	15	15
Finnish	35	15	25
Hungarian	180	75	100
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Multiple responses	11,580	5,685	5,890
English and French	3,375	1,460	1,910
English and non-official language(s)	7,095	3,675	3,420
French and non-official language(s)	245	115	130
English, French and non-official language(s)	310	150	160
Multiple non-official languages	550	290	265
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	436,510	212,925	223,585
English	374,200	181,875	192,325
French	2,215	1,065	1,145
Non-official language	12,975	6,590	6,385
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	10
Non-Indigenous	12,955	6,580	6,380
English and French	8,595	3,820	4,775
English and non-official language(s)	35,355	18,040	17,315
French and non-official language(s)	150	65	85
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,945	920	1,025
Multiple non-official languages	1,075	550	525
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	436,510	212,925	223,585
Single responses	426,370	207,830	218,540
Official languages	398,405	193,515	204,890
English	395,020	191,915	203,095
French	3,385	1,595	1,790
Non-official languages	27,965	14,315	13,650
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	5	15
Algonquian languages	20	10	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	10	10
Mi'kmaq	20	10	10
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	27,945	14,305	13,635
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,070	2,595	2,475
Berber languages	5	5	5
Kabyle	5	5	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	185	95	95
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	45	25	20
Somali	145	70	70
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	4,870	2,495	2,380
Amharic	100	50	45
Arabic	4,455	2,280	2,175
Aramaic languages	10	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	135	70	65
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	170	85	90
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	530	260	270
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	0
Vietnamese	520	255	270
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,515	735	775
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	15
Cebuano	90	50	45
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	35	15	20
Ilocano	20	5	10
Indonesian	10	5	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	5	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,295	630	665
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Creole languages	40	15	20
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	5
Krio	5	0	0
Morisyen	15	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Dravidian languages	1,700	950	750
Kannada	30	15	20
Malayalam	905	510	400
Tamil	345	185	165
Telugu	405	240	170
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	11,000	5,775	5,225
Albanian	135	65	70
Armenian	10	5	5
Balto-Slavic languages	1,530	730	800
Baltic languages	5	0	5
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	5	0	0
Slavic languages	1,520	725	800
Belarusian	5	0	5
Bulgarian	15	10	10
Czech	35	20	20
Macedonian	5	5	5
Polish	175	80	95
Russian	960	460	500
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	225	105	115
Bosnian	50	20	30
Croatian	65	30	40
Serbian	95	50	45
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Slovak	15	10	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	90	45	45
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	5	5
Irish	0	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	405	200	210
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	210	100	110
German	200	95	105
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	10	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	145	70	70
Afrikaans	90	45	45
Dutch	55	25	30
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	55	25	30
Danish	15	10	10
Icelandic	15	10	10
Norwegian	5	5	5
Swedish	15	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	240	105	135
Indo-Iranian languages	6,800	3,740	3,060
Indo-Aryan languages	5,665	3,175	2,490
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	525	270	255
Gujarati	610	365	245
Hindi	1,045	595	445
Kacchi	5	5	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	5	0	0
Marathi	80	45	45
Nepali	310	150	160
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,445	1,425	1,025
Rohingya	5	0	5
Sindhi	10	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	100	45	55
Urdu	510	265	250
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	1,135	565	570
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	155	80	75
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	50	25	25
Persian languages	930	460	475
Dari	130	65	65
Iranian Persian	735	365	370
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	30	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,875	925	955
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	135	65	65
Portuguese	675	335	345
Romanian	110	55	55
Spanish	950	465	485
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	90	35	55
Korean	1,600	710	895
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	345	160	185
Akan (Twi)	15	5	5
Bamanankan	5	5	5
Edo	5	5	5
Éwé	10	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	15	5	10
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	40	20	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	15	20
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	90	40	50
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	5	0
Yoruba	90	45	45
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	75	35	40
Dinka	20	10	10
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	200	110	90
American Sign Language	175	90	80
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,435	2,760	2,675
Chinese languages	5,435	2,760	2,675
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	4,670	2,380	2,295
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	15	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	10	20
Yue (Cantonese)	580	275	305
Chinese, n.o.s.	120	75	45
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	25	25
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	50	25	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	225	115	110
Azerbaijani	5	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	155	80	80
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	45	20	25
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	60	25	30
Estonian	5	0	5
Finnish	5	0	0
Hungarian	50	25	25
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	10,145	5,095	5,050
English and French	1,405	645	755
English and non-official language(s)	8,355	4,270	4,090
French and non-official language(s)	80	30	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	170	95	80
Multiple non-official languages	135	60	75
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	436,510	212,925	223,585
None	397,625	193,660	203,965
English	12,860	6,530	6,330
French	6,570	2,890	3,675
Non-official language	14,345	7,190	7,150
Indigenous³⁹	85	30	50
Non-Indigenous	14,260	7,160	7,100
English and French	275	120	150
English and non-official language(s)	1,960	1,050	910
French and non-official language(s)	965	455	510
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	30	30
Multiple non-official languages	1,860	990	875
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	435,290	212,260	223,030
Official languages	432,760	211,035	221,725
English	432,420	210,905	221,515
French	53,690	23,270	30,420
Non-official languages	66,460	33,695	32,765
Indigenous languages³⁹	270	105	165
Algonquian languages	215	90	125
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	0	20
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	0	20
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	0	15
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	170	70	100
Mi'kmaq	170	70	100
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	15	15
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	25	15	15
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	10	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	15	15
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	30	15	15
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	10
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	0	10
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	66,230	33,595	32,630
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,865	6,450	5,415
Berber languages	35	20	10
Kabyle	10	10	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	25	10	15
Hausa	25	10	15
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	310	180	135
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	120	65	50
Somali	195	110	85
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	11,575	6,290	5,285
Amharic	220	125	95
Arabic	10,560	5,780	4,780
Aramaic languages	80	45	35
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	25	20
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	25	10
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	715	350	370
Maltese	10	10	0
Tigrigna	150	75	75
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,030	545	480
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	20	0
Vietnamese	1,010	535	470
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,115	1,780	2,335
Bikol	10	10	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	155	65	90
Cebuano	265	125	135
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	40	20	25
Ilocano	170	50	125
Indonesian	115	35	80
Kankanaey	30	10	20
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	10	0	10
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Malay	60	15	40
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	20	15
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,840	1,680	2,155
Waray-Waray	30	10	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	160	55	105
Creole languages	440	175	265
Haitian Creole	35	10	25
Jamaican English Creole	55	25	30
Krio	15	10	10
Morisyen	100	35	65
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	100	35	65
Creole languages, n.i.e.	140	60	80
Dravidian languages	3,635	2,065	1,570
Kannada	330	175	155
Malayalam	1,580	885	695
Tamil	1,240	690	545
Telugu	1,090	645	445
Tulu	10	10	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	31,875	16,410	15,465
Albanian	470	230	245
Armenian	45	30	15
Balto-Slavic languages	4,300	2,135	2,165
Baltic languages	90	35	55
Latvian	45	25	20
Lithuanian	50	15	35
Slavic languages	4,225	2,115	2,115
Belarusian	25	15	10
Bulgarian	95	50	45
Czech	170	100	70
Macedonian	40	30	10
Polish	765	375	390
Russian	2,295	1,175	1,115
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	765	375	395
Bosnian	235	110	125
Croatian	350	140	215
Serbian	340	185	160
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Slovak	115	50	65
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	15	20
Ukrainian	425	205	215
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	340	165	180
Irish	130	60	75
Scottish Gaelic	145	60	85
Welsh	50	30	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0
Germanic languages	4,320	2,075	2,240
Frisian	20	15	10
High German languages	3,030	1,480	1,545
German	2,995	1,480	1,520
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	55	10	45
Yiddish	20	10	15
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,035	510	525
Afrikaans	275	150	125
Dutch	745	355	395
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	10	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	10
Scandinavian languages	450	210	240
Danish	150	80	70
Icelandic	40	20	20
Norwegian	160	90	70
Swedish	115	25	90
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10
Greek	950	460	495
Indo-Iranian languages	13,985	7,840	6,145
Indo-Aryan languages	12,175	6,875	5,300
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	1,120	610	505
Gujarati	1,245	790	455
Hindi	7,965	4,515	3,450
Kacchi	10	10	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	65	30	35
Marathi	375	185	185
Nepali	415	220	195
Oriya languages	35	25	20
Odia	20	20	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	0	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,965	2,815	2,145
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	75	45	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	320	160	160
Urdu	1,520	840	680
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	70	55	15
Iranian languages	1,955	1,045	910
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	355	175	180
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	155	95	65
Persian languages	1,460	780	675
Dari	150	85	70
Iranian Persian	1,190	640	550
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	135	65	70
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,565	4,020	4,540
Catalan	25	10	10
Italian	1,465	700	765
Portuguese	1,435	735	700
Romanian	280	120	165
Spanish	5,970	2,745	3,220
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	50	35	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Japanese	1,015	460	550
Korean	2,365	980	1,385
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	2,795	1,405	1,390
Akan (Twi)	160	85	80
Bamanankan	25	10	25
Edo	30	10	20
Éwé	65	35	30
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	30	20	10
Ga	45	35	10
Ganda	90	50	45
Gikuyu	15	0	0
Igbo	415	175	240
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	115	60	55
Lingala	100	60	40
Luba-Kasai	25	15	10
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	15	0	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	45	35	10
Shona	125	55	70
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	20	15	0
Swahili	635	360	280
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	60	35	25
Yoruba	965	475	490
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	405	230	170
Nilo-Saharan languages	370	210	155
Dinka	110	40	75
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	255	175	85
African, n.o.s.	25	20	15
Sign languages	975	340	635
American Sign Language	870	290	580
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	120	50	65
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,520	4,285	4,235
Chinese languages	8,455	4,245	4,210
Hakka	35	15	25
Mandarin	7,410	3,735	3,670
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	115	60	55
Wu (Shanghainese)	55	25	25
Yue (Cantonese)	1,490	655	840
Chinese, n.o.s.	200	115	85
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	40	20
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	10	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	45	30	15
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	135	65	70
Lao	15	10	10
Thai	120	60	60
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	875	515	355
Azerbaijani	45	25	15
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	625	360	265
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	140	80	60
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	70	50	20
Uralic languages	310	130	180
Estonian	25	15	10
Finnish	65	30	35
Hungarian	220	85	135
Other languages, n.i.e.	230	110	120
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	435,290	212,265	223,030
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	16,615	7,860	8,760
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	15,670	7,395	8,285
First Nations (North American Indian)	8,385	4,025	4,355
Métis	6,785	3,145	3,635
Inuk (Inuit)	505	220	295
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	490	235	250
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	455	230	225
Non-Indigenous identity	418,675	204,405	214,270
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	435,290	212,265	223,030
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,660	1,795	1,865
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	431,630	210,465	221,165
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	190,505	...	...
Owner	109,540	...	...
Renter	80,965	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	190,505	...	...
Condominium	12,475	...	...
Not condominium	178,035	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	190,505	...	...
No bedrooms	1,470	...	...
1 bedroom	29,525	...	...
2 bedrooms	52,005	...	...
3 bedrooms	65,015	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	42,490	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	190,505	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	58,555	...	...
5 rooms	27,350	...	...
6 rooms	25,595	...	...
7 rooms	23,305	...	...
8 or more rooms	55,705	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	190,505	...	...
One person or fewer per room	187,570	...	...
More than one person per room	2,930	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	190,505	...	...
Suitable	181,890	...	...
Not suitable	8,615	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	190,505	...	...
1960 or before	34,670	...	...
1961 to 1980	50,975	...	...
1981 to 1990	27,710	...	...
1991 to 2000	26,560	...	...
2001 to 2005	13,275	...	...
2006 to 2010	12,275	...	...
2011 to 2015	11,180	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	13,860	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	190,505	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	178,390	...	...
Major repairs needed	12,115	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	190,505	...	...
One-maintainer household	94,735	...	...
Two-maintainer household	87,670	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	8,100	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	190,505	...	...
15 to 24 years	8,985	...	...
25 to 34 years	32,610	...	...
35 to 44 years	32,490	...	...
45 to 54 years	32,220	...	...
55 to 64 years	36,580	...	...
65 to 74 years	28,115	...	...
75 to 84 years	14,615	...	...
85 years and over	4,895	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	190,355	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	148,795	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	41,560	...	...
30% to less than 100%	36,055	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	190,505	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	56,420	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	36,445	...	...
Not suitable only	6,075	...	...
Major repairs needed only	8,160	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,785	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	3,200	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	625	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	130	...	...
Acceptable housing	134,080	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	184,855	...	...
In core need	22,540	...	...
Not in core need	162,315	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	109,505	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	63.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	10.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,290	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,386	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	348,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	403,600	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	80,960	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	22.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,170	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,251	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	435,290	212,260	223,030
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	4,925	2,320	2,605
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	4,770	2,250	2,520
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	3,540	1,700	1,835
Métis single ancestry	1,040	470	570
Inuit single ancestry	195	80	115
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	155	70	90
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	110	40	70
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	35	20	15
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	18,880	8,755	10,125
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	18,495	8,585	9,910
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	13,125	6,120	7,005
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,815	2,185	2,630
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	550	270	275
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	385	175	215
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	320	145	170
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	15	35
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	411,485	201,190	210,300
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	435,295	212,260	223,030
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	395,665	191,445	204,220
Canadian citizens aged under 18	71,490	36,710	34,780
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	324,175	154,730	169,440
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	39,625	20,815	18,805
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	435,295	212,260	223,030
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	367,730	177,640	190,090
Immigrants⁸¹	50,590	25,215	25,375
Before 1980	8,415	4,035	4,380
1980 to 1990	3,455	1,700	1,765
1991 to 2000	4,785	2,345	2,445
2001 to 2010	9,100	4,590	4,510
2011 to 2021⁸²	24,820	12,545	12,280
2011 to 2015	6,865	3,375	3,490
2016 to 2021	17,960	9,165	8,785
Non-permanent residents⁸³	16,970	9,400	7,565
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	50,595	25,215	25,380
Under 5 years	5,710	2,890	2,820
5 to 14 years	9,275	4,885	4,390
15 to 24 years	7,260	3,545	3,710
25 to 44 years	24,565	11,850	12,720
45 years and over	3,780	2,045	1,735
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	50,595	25,215	25,380
Americas	6,780	3,280	3,500
Brazil	365	175	185
Colombia	195	105	85
El Salvador	60	30	30
Guyana	180	80	105
Haiti	30	0	30
Jamaica	570	260	310
Mexico	245	135	110
Peru	80	45	40
Trinidad and Tobago	210	120	95
United States of America	3,550	1,630	1,915
Other places of birth in Americas	1,290	685	605
Europe	13,140	6,490	6,645
Bosnia and Herzegovina	230	115	120
Croatia	175	70	105
France	250	140	115
Germany	910	470	435
Greece	275	125	155
Hungary	120	50	65
Italy	375	190	180
Netherlands	435	210	225
Poland	560	255	300
Portugal	175	100	75
Romania	255	105	150
Russian Federation	620	300	315
Serbia⁸⁶	130	55	80
Ukraine	520	285	230
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,350	3,165	3,180
Other places of birth in Europe	1,765	835	930
Africa	5,745	3,100	2,650
Algeria	65	45	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	255	145	110
Egypt	895	480	420
Eritrea	120	85	35
Ethiopia	245	140	105
Morocco	115	45	70
Nigeria	1,625	830	800
Somalia	130	80	50
South Africa, Republic of	425	225	200
Other places of birth in Africa	1,870	1,030	840
Asia	24,555	12,130	12,425
Afghanistan	125	65	55
Iran⁸⁸	980	495	485
Iraq	405	210	200
Lebanon	1,335	745	590
Syria⁸⁹	2,080	1,100	985
Turkey	295	165	135
China⁹⁰	3,740	1,740	2,005
Hong Kong⁹¹	295	125	175
Korea, South⁹²	1,015	445	570
Taiwan	155	70	85
Philippines	3,420	1,485	1,935
Viet Nam	615	290	320
Bangladesh	510	255	250
India	4,790	2,505	2,280
Pakistan	780	410	370
Sri Lanka	350	180	175
Other places of birth in Asia	3,650	1,835	1,815
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	375	220	150
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	17,955	9,170	8,790
Americas	1,535	820	715
Brazil	225	115	110
Colombia	30	15	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	245	105	140
Mexico	50	35	10
United States of America	550	295	250
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	15	10
Other places of birth in Americas	410	230	185
Europe	1,560	865	700
France	65	40	25
Germany	65	40	25
Ireland⁹⁶	60	35	20
Italy	30	15	15
Russian Federation	165	85	85
Ukraine	220	125	100
United Kingdom⁸⁷	530	320	205
Other places of birth in Europe	425	205	225
Africa	3,195	1,710	1,490
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	20	15	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	160	85	75
Côte d'Ivoire	40	15	25
Egypt	350	195	155
Eritrea	50	45	0
Ethiopia	95	55	40
Morocco	45	25	25
Nigeria	1,405	685	720
Somalia	95	65	30
South Africa, Republic of	170	80	90
Sudan⁹⁷	155	110	50
Tunisia	20	10	10
Other places of birth in Africa	565	315	255
Asia	11,590	5,725	5,865
Afghanistan	30	20	10
Bangladesh	340	175	165
China⁹⁰	1,910	915	995
Hong Kong⁹¹	35	25	10
India	3,235	1,660	1,570
Iran⁸⁸	205	95	110
Iraq	90	25	65
Israel	170	75	95
Japan	30	0	25
Jordan	150	70	75
Korea, South⁹²	480	190	295
Lebanon	135	70	65
Nepal	60	30	30
Pakistan	330	190	140
Philippines	1,555	700	850
Saudi Arabia	215	125	90
Sri Lanka	60	20	35
Syria⁸⁹	1,830	970	860
Turkey	105	50	55
United Arab Emirates	105	40	65
Viet Nam	195	95	95
Other places of birth in Asia	335	170	170
Oceania and other⁹³	75	50	20
Australia	50	35	15
Other places of birth⁹⁸	25	20	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	435,290	212,265	223,025
First generation¹⁰⁰	72,510	36,950	35,560
Second generation¹⁰¹	43,205	21,530	21,680
Third generation or more¹⁰²	319,570	153,780	165,790
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	42,175	21,180	20,995
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	27,330	14,065	13,275
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	11,320	6,830	4,490
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	16,015	7,230	8,785
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,370	3,670	4,705
Refugees¹⁰⁸	6,150	3,300	2,850
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	320	145	170
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	42,175	21,180	20,995
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	835	515	320
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,700	2,930	2,765
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,745	935	810
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,220	2,290	1,930
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	305	95	205
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	29,375	14,405	14,965
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	435,290	212,265	223,030
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	72,940	37,410	35,535
South Asian	16,765	9,430	7,330
Chinese	9,750	4,770	4,980
Black	20,565	10,140	10,425
Filipino	4,485	2,010	2,470
Arab	9,455	5,185	4,265
Latin American	2,255	1,150	1,110
Southeast Asian	1,860	920	945
West Asian	1,705	920	785
Korean	2,385	1,015	1,370
Japanese	760	310	455
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	775	395	375
Multiple visible minorities	2,190	1,165	1,025
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	362,350	174,850	187,500
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	435,290	212,260	223,030
Canadian	59,540	29,030	30,505
English	99,790	48,005	51,785
Irish	93,165	43,695	49,470
Scottish	104,235	49,665	54,570
French, n.o.s.¹²²	50,630	23,885	26,740
German	39,275	18,740	20,525
Chinese	9,565	4,680	4,885
Italian	8,565	4,250	4,310
Indian (India)	10,945	6,075	4,865
Ukrainian	5,440	2,635	2,800
Dutch	11,480	5,260	6,220
Polish	5,750	2,880	2,870
Québécois	1,115	535	580
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	16,630	8,020	8,610
Filipino	4,055	1,835	2,220
French Canadian	3,400	1,590	1,805
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	25,320	12,135	13,185
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,485	2,560	2,925
Métis	6,310	2,860	3,445
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	22,640	11,155	11,480
Russian	2,805	1,340	1,465
Norwegian	3,175	1,490	1,685
Welsh	8,975	4,225	4,755
Portuguese	1,960	955	1,000
American	3,495	1,710	1,785
Spanish	2,550	1,220	1,335
Swedish	2,195	955	1,240
Hungarian	1,695	845	855
Acadian	19,585	8,795	10,785
Pakistani	1,055	550	505
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	5,755	2,845	2,910
Jewish	2,540	1,255	1,285
Punjabi	1,240	665	575
Vietnamese	1,135	615	515
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,080	1,595	1,485
Greek	2,170	1,110	1,055
Jamaican	1,285	635	645
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,265	1,015	1,250
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	515	230	280
Korean	2,110	890	1,220
Romanian	795	385	410
Lebanese	4,970	2,525	2,450
Iranian	1,065	560	505
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,190	590	600
Danish	1,800	840	960
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,725	1,290	1,435
Sikh	785	455	335
Austrian	1,095	520	570
Belgian	1,290	625	660
Haitian	110	45	70
Hindu	1,210	700	505
Mexican	595	320	280
Mennonite	190	115	75
Swiss	1,395	580	810
Finnish	760	340	415
Sri Lankan	415	215	200
Croatian	595	255	335
Japanese	850	360	490
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	825	500	330
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	6,100	2,875	3,220
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,870	885	985
Muslim	695	375	320
Egyptian	1,210	675	535
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	655	350	300
Tamil	340	170	170
Icelandic	450	185	260
Colombian	390	225	160
Moroccan	230	95	130
Czech	605	285	320
Syrian	1,955	1,075	880
Guyanese	405	210	200
Afghan	215	105	115
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,825	1,330	1,495
Serbian	310	170	140
Ojibway	280	125	150
Newfoundlander	3,720	1,760	1,960
Hong Konger	190	90	105
Ontarian	675	365	310
Persian	380	180	200
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	415	235	185
Turkish	590	330	260
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	820	395	420
Bangladeshi	680	360	320
Algerian	35	20	15
Brazilian	530	265	260
Nigerian	960	475	485
Armenian	240	140	100
Slovak	375	170	205
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,000	500	500
Somali	200	115	85
Taiwanese	240	115	125
Iraqi	270	145	130
Salvadorean	95	60	30
African Caribbean	685	335	350
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	470	260	210
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,715	910	805
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	355	150	205
Algonquin	130	45	85
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	425	195	225
Lithuanian	395	185	210
South African	415	190	225
Australian	350	180	170
Palestinian	740	405	335
Chilean	200	95	100
Congolese	360	170	185
Nova Scotian	9,915	4,685	5,230
Ethiopian	290	150	135
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	210	85	125
Peruvian	135	75	65
Yoruba	850	435	415
Cambodian (Khmer)	60	30	30
Berber	50	35	15
Albanian	475	240	235
Maltese	285	175	120
Macedonian	110	50	60
Slovenian	145	75	65
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,200	585	615
New Brunswicker	810	365	445
Gujarati	245	155	90
Eritrean	135	65	65
African Canadian	3,840	1,850	1,990
Israeli	410	225	185
Mohawk	285	130	160
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	220	110	105
Bulgarian	250	130	115
Albertan	125	55	70
Ghanaian	195	115	75
Barbadian	470	225	245
African American	715	370	345
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	170	95	75
Tunisian	60	30	25
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	265	140	125
Cuban	205	95	110
Bosnian	275	150	130
Venezuelan	125	55	75
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	90	35	55
Latvian	335	145	190
Bengali	185	115	70
Cameroonian	40	10	35
Guatemalan	65	35	30
Indonesian	215	95	120
Laotian	15	10	0
Ilocano	65	30	35
Northern Irish	230	140	90
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,075	545	535
British Columbian	110	50	65
Ecuadorian	95	40	55
Franco Ontarian	85	40	45
Argentinian	75	50	25
Estonian	225	95	130
Kurdish	280	145	125
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	85	40	45
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	525	265	265
Coptic	45	20	25
Thai	150	75	80
Dominican	125	65	60
Nepali	215	110	110
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	45	30	15
Igbo	310	150	160
Byelorussian	150	70	90
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	10	10	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	190	75	115
Abenaki	100	35	65
Moldovan	30	20	10
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	150	75	75
New Zealander	170	115	55
Sudanese	110	75	35
Breton	35	10	25
Pennsylvania Dutch	60	25	30
Malaysian	120	60	60
Plains Cree	10	10	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	130	80	55
Huron (Wendat)	50	20	30
Saskatchewanian	80	50	35
Buddhist	85	40	45
Gaspesian	10	0	10
Norman	100	40	55
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	65	25	35
Ivorian	10	0	10
Saulteaux	10	0	10
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	70	30	40
Burundian	30	15	15
Tigrinya	35	25	10
Nicaraguan	30	25	0
Mauritian	80	30	50
Kenyan	215	120	100
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	20	15	0
Jordanian	170	95	70
Manitoban	50	20	35
Cape Bretoner	1,975	890	1,090
Rwandan	90	60	25
Grenadian	40	15	20
Malayali	155	80	75
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	70	40	30
Mayan	50	20	30
Honduran	15	10	0
Cherokee	190	105	90
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	495	280	215
Indo-Caribbean	115	65	55
Flemish	130	50	80
United Empire Loyalist	220	75	145
Senegalese	25	15	0
Azerbaijani	60	45	15
Sicilian	45	25	20
Pashtun	60	35	25
Malay	90	55	35
Goan	30	15	10
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	50	10	40
Tibetan	20	15	10
Zimbabwean	120	70	50
Burmese	90	50	40
Mongolian	125	65	60
Azorean	15	10	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	20	0	20
Ugandan	95	45	45
Oromo	115	65	45
Tanzanian	35	10	25
Yemeni	160	95	70
Central African	30	20	10
Libyan	405	235	175
Basque	115	75	45
Uruguayan	20	0	15
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	60	35	30
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	190	80	115
Igorot	115	60	55
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	40	30	20
Prince Edward Islander	435	165	270
Maliseet	70	40	25
Beninese	15	0	10
Telugu	110	50	55
Roma	85	40	45
Costa Rican	25	0	20
African Nova Scotian	2,595	1,140	1,455
Malagasy	15	0	15
Kashmiri	25	0	15
Singaporean	25	10	10
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	35	20	10
Tajik	15	10	0
Amhara	30	20	10
Paraguayan	15	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	435,290	212,260	223,030
Buddhist	2,195	1,020	1,175
Christian	231,255	105,490	125,765
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	22,700	10,775	11,925
Anabaptist	100	65	35
Anglican	36,470	16,255	20,220
Baptist	16,090	7,085	9,010
Catholic	102,325	47,810	54,515
Christian Orthodox	3,645	1,850	1,795
Jehovah's Witness	1,540	635	905
Latter Day Saints	675	330	340
Lutheran	1,485	735	755
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,105	970	1,135
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	3,660	1,615	2,045
Presbyterian	3,940	1,710	2,230
Reformed	220	95	130
United Church	28,125	11,875	16,250
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	8,180	3,705	4,475
Hindu	6,840	3,950	2,895
Jewish	1,750	905	840
Muslim	13,220	7,185	6,035
Sikh	3,495	1,905	1,590
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	210	100	110
Other religions and spiritual traditions	3,315	1,455	1,860
No religion and secular perspectives	173,005	90,260	82,750
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	431,555	210,295	221,260
Non-movers	366,785	178,640	188,150
Movers	64,765	31,650	33,110
Non-migrants	44,685	21,750	22,935
Migrants	20,080	9,900	10,175
Internal migrants	16,085	7,945	8,140
Intraprovincial migrants	3,850	1,825	2,030
Interprovincial migrants	12,235	6,120	6,110
External migrants	4,000	1,960	2,040
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	415,495	202,160	213,340
Non-movers	237,185	114,780	122,410
Movers	178,310	87,380	90,930
Non-migrants	101,130	49,130	52,000
Migrants	77,180	38,255	38,930
Internal migrants	49,965	24,025	25,940
Intraprovincial migrants	14,880	6,875	8,005
Interprovincial migrants	35,085	17,150	17,935
External migrants	27,215	14,220	12,990
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	370,350	179,025	191,330
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	50,930	27,110	23,820
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	319,425	151,910	167,510
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	243,330	118,065	125,260
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	19,500	11,335	8,170
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	223,825	106,735	117,095
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	370,355	179,020	191,330
No certificate, diploma or degree	44,735	23,235	21,510
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	93,630	47,445	46,190
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	231,985	108,350	123,635
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	107,290	53,285	54,005
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	24,760	17,380	7,380
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	13,400	7,555	5,850
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	11,360	9,830	1,535
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	73,220	31,880	41,345
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	9,310	4,025	5,285
Bachelor's degree or higher	124,695	55,065	69,630
Bachelor's degree	81,385	35,815	45,570
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,265	3,210	4,055
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,045	1,515	1,530
Master's degree	28,345	11,835	16,515
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,650	2,695	1,960
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	243,330	118,070	125,265
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,290	9,225	7,070
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	52,070	27,745	24,325
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	174,965	81,100	93,870
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	76,240	38,530	37,705
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	16,470	11,835	4,640
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,760	5,120	3,645
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	7,715	6,715	995
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	53,930	24,180	29,750
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,835	2,515	3,315
Bachelor's degree or higher	98,730	42,565	56,165
Bachelor's degree	64,145	28,025	36,115
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,700	2,340	3,360
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,395	1,050	1,345
Master's degree	23,065	9,325	13,735
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,425	1,830	1,600
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	370,355	179,025	191,330
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	138,365	70,675	67,695
Education	14,250	3,400	10,845
13. Education	14,250	3,400	10,845
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,490	3,545	3,940
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,020	725	295
50. Visual and performing arts	6,470	2,825	3,645
Humanities	12,740	5,065	7,680
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	765	190	580
23. English language and literature/letters	3,740	1,215	2,530
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,850	1,045	1,805
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	340	145	195
38. Philosophy and religious studies	945	510	435
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,025	570	455
54. History	2,425	1,270	1,160
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	645	120	520
Social and behavioural sciences and law	27,655	9,075	18,580
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	405	90	315
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,145	1,100	2,040
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,330	410	3,920
22. Legal professions and studies	3,965	1,370	2,600
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	705	255	450
42. Psychology	6,000	1,565	4,430
45. Social sciences	9,115	4,285	4,830
Business, management and public administration	54,510	21,280	33,225
30.16 Accounting and computer science	100	15	80
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,415	760	2,660
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	50,990	20,505	30,490
Physical and life sciences and technologies	12,130	5,770	6,360
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,535	2,300	3,235
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,795	1,115	1,675
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	255	45	205
40. Physical sciences	3,310	2,220	1,095
41. Science technologies/technicians	235	90	140
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	12,275	8,150	4,125
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	10,015	7,130	2,885
25. Library science	840	140	695
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,215	745	470
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	200	130	70
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	41,980	37,490	4,495
04. Architecture and related services	1,270	765	505
14. Engineering	10,795	8,745	2,050
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	9,945	8,790	1,150
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	0
46. Construction trades	9,165	8,895	270
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	7,130	6,825	310
48. Precision production	3,665	3,475	190
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,585	1,545	2,045
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,925	670	1,255
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,665	880	785
Health and related fields	32,355	6,145	26,210
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,340	1,095	1,245
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	28,785	4,395	24,390
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	105	20	80
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,120	625	500
Personal, protective and transportation services	12,975	6,880	6,095
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,470	2,215	5,250
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	205	175	30
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	400	385	10
43. Security and protective services	2,035	1,555	485
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,870	2,545	325
Other¹⁷⁹	45	10	35
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	243,330	118,065	125,260
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	68,365	36,970	31,395
Education	9,335	2,080	7,260
13. Education	9,335	2,080	7,260
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,130	2,920	3,210
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	825	550	270
50. Visual and performing arts	5,305	2,365	2,940
Humanities	9,545	3,770	5,775
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	570	140	425
23. English language and literature/letters	2,915	955	1,960
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,135	805	1,330
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	260	110	145
38. Philosophy and religious studies	735	400	340
39. Theology and religious vocations	650	370	285
54. History	1,800	915	885
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	475	75	400
Social and behavioural sciences and law	22,255	6,840	15,410
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	300	70	230
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,750	910	1,845
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,480	280	3,200
22. Legal professions and studies	3,200	960	2,245
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	540	210	330
42. Psychology	4,800	1,230	3,570
45. Social sciences	7,175	3,185	3,990
Business, management and public administration	40,930	16,205	24,725
30.16 Accounting and computer science	75	20	55
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,565	525	2,035
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	38,295	15,660	22,635
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,740	3,935	4,805
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,015	1,615	2,405
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,025	785	1,245
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	230	40	185
40. Physical sciences	2,350	1,450	900
41. Science technologies/technicians	120	45	70
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	10,090	6,805	3,280
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	8,480	6,095	2,385
25. Library science	590	90	495
27. Mathematics and statistics	840	505	335
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	180	115	70
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	31,030	27,300	3,725
04. Architecture and related services	985	535	450
14. Engineering	8,255	6,565	1,685
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,275	6,340	935
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	6,750	6,505	245
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,120	4,900	225
48. Precision production	2,630	2,460	170
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,975	1,235	1,735
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,555	510	1,045
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,420	725	690
Health and related fields	24,200	4,825	19,375
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,795	850	945
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	21,460	3,545	17,915
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	95	15	80
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	845	410	435
Personal, protective and transportation services	9,700	5,165	4,530
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,535	1,685	3,845
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	155	135	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	260	250	15
43. Security and protective services	1,605	1,210	395
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,150	1,885	265
Other¹⁷⁹	40	0	35
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	243,330	118,065	125,260
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	68,365	36,970	31,395
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	174,965	81,095	93,870
Location of study inside Canada	152,495	70,375	82,115
Same as province or territory of residence	113,585	51,285	62,305
Different than province or territory of residence	38,905	19,095	19,810
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	22,470	10,725	11,755
Americas	4,585	2,215	2,370
United States of America	3,240	1,565	1,675
Mexico	225	110	120
Cuba	65	40	20
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	185	80	100
Brazil	390	195	190
Colombia	145	75	70
Peru	30	0	25
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	25	15
Other locations of study in Americas	270	120	150
Europe	5,025	2,525	2,505
Belgium	70	25	45
France	185	80	110
Germany	280	165	115
Netherlands	110	60	50
Switzerland	60	40	25
Hungary	30	0	25
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	10
Poland	125	50	80
Romania	105	40	60
Russian Federation	355	165	185
Ukraine	245	115	130
Ireland⁹⁶	170	80	90
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,610	1,365	1,240
Bosnia and Herzegovina	35	20	20
Italy	65	30	35
Serbia⁸⁶	50	25	25
Other locations of study in Europe	515	245	270
Africa	1,835	940	895
Nigeria	660	330	325
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	40	15	30
Tunisia	15	10	0
Egypt	500	260	240
South Africa, Republic of	225	105	120
Other locations of study in Africa	395	220	175
Asia	10,525	4,765	5,765
Iran⁸⁸	365	155	205
Iraq	105	40	60
Israel	275	130	145
Lebanon	255	150	115
Syria⁸⁹	230	100	125
Turkey	140	75	60
China⁹⁰	1,295	605	690
Taiwan	65	20	45
Hong Kong⁹¹	70	25	45
Japan	135	10	120
Korea, South⁹²	795	265	530
Philippines	1,895	700	1,190
Viet Nam	150	60	90
Bangladesh	205	85	125
Sri Lanka	130	70	60
India	3,695	1,945	1,750
Pakistan	285	130	160
Other locations of study in Asia	445	190	260
Oceania	495	270	220
Australia	415	210	210
New Zealand	75	65	15
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	370,355	179,020	191,330
In the labour force	242,690	124,170	118,520
Employed	215,070	111,280	103,790
Unemployed	27,620	12,890	14,730
Not in the labour force	127,665	54,850	72,810
Participation rate	65.5	69.4	61.9
Employment rate	58.1	62.2	54.2
Unemployment rate	11.4	10.4	12.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	370,355	179,025	191,330
Did not work¹⁸⁶	125,325	54,590	70,735
Worked	245,025	124,430	120,595
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	137,945	74,360	63,580
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	107,090	50,070	57,015
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.8	42.4	41.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	242,690	124,170	118,515
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,860	2,460	2,400
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	237,830	121,710	116,120
Employee	211,830	106,175	105,660
Permanent position	175,830	89,545	86,285
Temporary position	35,995	16,625	19,375
Fixed term (1 year or more)	12,940	5,695	7,245
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	23,060	10,930	12,125
Self-employed¹⁹²	26,005	15,540	10,465
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	242,690	124,170	118,515
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,860	2,460	2,400
All occupations¹⁹¹	237,830	121,710	116,120
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,240	2,065	1,175
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	43,080	13,810	29,265
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	22,235	16,820	5,420
3 Health occupations	21,510	4,415	17,090
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	35,685	13,990	21,690
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	8,275	3,910	4,370
6 Sales and service occupations	61,755	29,330	32,425
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	34,695	31,645	3,050
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,730	2,180	545
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	4,635	3,540	1,090
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	242,690	124,170	118,515
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,860	2,460	2,400
All industries¹⁹¹	237,830	121,710	116,120
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,725	1,195	525
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	835	685	150
22 Utilities	2,035	1,280	755
23 Construction	16,235	14,205	2,030
31-33 Manufacturing	10,160	7,335	2,820
41 Wholesale trade	6,290	4,470	1,820
44-45 Retail trade	27,065	12,845	14,220
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	10,575	8,265	2,310
51 Information and cultural industries	5,850	3,440	2,405
52 Finance and insurance	12,125	5,255	6,875
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	4,190	2,240	1,945
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	22,110	12,690	9,425
55 Management of companies and enterprises	410	195	215
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	11,575	7,060	4,520
61 Educational services	20,065	6,295	13,775
62 Health care and social assistance	32,610	6,620	25,985
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	4,760	2,310	2,450
72 Accommodation and food services	14,940	6,915	8,030
81 Other services (except public administration)	9,330	4,200	5,130
91 Public administration	24,935	14,210	10,725
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	261,100	132,590	128,515
English	249,335	127,450	121,885
French	1,075	270	810
Non-official language	600	330	270
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	600	330	270
English and French	6,625	2,615	4,005
English and non-official language(s)	3,235	1,820	1,415
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	200	80	125
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	10
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	261,100	132,590	128,515
Single responses	259,755	131,970	127,785
Official languages	258,595	131,280	127,315
English	256,725	130,805	125,925
French	1,870	470	1,395
Non-official languages	1,160	690	465
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,160	690	465
Afro-Asiatic languages	115	95	25
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	115	95	25
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	110	90	25
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40	10	30
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	40	10	30
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	30	20	10
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	25	20	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	10	10	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	10	10	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	285	155	130
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	15	10
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	25	15	10
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	20	10	10
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	0	10
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	60	30	25
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	45	20	25
German	45	20	25
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	85	60	25
Indo-Aryan languages	65	45	20
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	35	25	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	10	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	15	10	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	15	10	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	95	50	45
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	35	15	25
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	60	40	25
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	10	10	0
Korean	35	20	10
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	30	15	10
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	25	10	10
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	50	25	25
American Sign Language	40	20	25
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	520	320	200
Chinese languages	520	320	200
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	415	265	155
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	90	45	40
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	15	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	15	0	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	15	0	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,350	615	735
English and French	730	265	465
English and non-official language(s)	600	345	255
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	261,100	132,590	128,515
None	252,290	128,625	123,665
English	1,310	535	775
French	5,120	2,160	2,955
Non-official language	2,000	1,085	915
Indigenous³⁹	35	20	15
Non-Indigenous	1,965	1,065	900
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	20	15	0
French and non-official language(s)	175	65	110
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	180	95	85
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	215,070	111,280	103,790
Worked at home	59,655	27,580	32,075
Worked outside Canada	635	470	160
No fixed workplace address	24,710	18,800	5,915
Usual place of work	130,070	64,420	65,645
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	130,070	64,420	65,645
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	125,585	61,835	63,750
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	60	35	20
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,285	1,850	1,440
Commute to a different province or territory	1,140	710	430
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	154,785	83,220	71,560
Car, truck or van	126,110	69,930	56,180
Car, truck or van - as a driver	114,120	65,140	48,985
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	11,990	4,795	7,200
Public transit	12,540	5,420	7,120
Walked	11,250	5,215	6,040
Bicycle	1,145	795	350
Other method	3,735	1,870	1,870
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	154,785	83,220	71,560
Less than 15 minutes	47,095	22,935	24,160
15 to 29 minutes	67,245	37,005	30,245
30 to 44 minutes	27,645	15,825	11,825
45 to 59 minutes	6,715	3,695	3,020
60 minutes and over	6,080	3,770	2,315
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	154,785	83,220	71,560
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	8,040	5,370	2,670
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	30,860	18,980	11,875
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	45,715	24,610	21,110
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	32,690	14,835	17,860
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	17,690	8,470	9,220
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	19,785	10,965	8,825
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	79,305	40,700	38,600
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,285	4,125	4,155
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	71,020	36,575	34,445
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	58,000	29,875	28,115
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,190	3,085	3,105
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,980	1,920	2,055
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,210	1,160	1,050
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	51,805	26,790	25,015

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^E
use with caution. Refer to the 2021 population and dwelling count amendments or the 2016 population and dwelling count amendments for further information.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed February 8, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

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