Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	HalifaxMore information: Nova Scotia [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	465,703	...	...
Population, 2016¹	426,932^r	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	9.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	211,789	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	201,138	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	64.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	7,276.22	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	465,705	227,130	238,570
0 to 14 years	69,345	35,530	33,810
0 to 4 years	21,030	10,680	10,350
5 to 9 years	24,120	12,375	11,745
10 to 14 years	24,195	12,480	11,715
15 to 64 years	315,485	155,320	160,170
15 to 19 years	23,330	12,020	11,310
20 to 24 years	33,365	17,205	16,160
25 to 29 years	36,205	18,150	18,055
30 to 34 years	34,790	17,190	17,600
35 to 39 years	32,335	15,800	16,535
40 to 44 years	29,970	14,420	15,545
45 to 49 years	29,485	14,210	15,270
50 to 54 years	30,110	14,365	15,745
55 to 59 years	34,180	16,670	17,510
60 to 64 years	31,710	15,285	16,425
65 years and over	80,875	36,280	44,595
65 to 69 years	26,525	12,360	14,165
70 to 74 years	22,415	10,395	12,020
75 to 79 years	14,655	6,725	7,930
80 to 84 years	9,035	3,850	5,185
85 years and over	8,240	2,950	5,290
85 to 89 years	5,365	2,135	3,230
90 to 94 years	2,165	690	1,470
95 to 99 years	620	105	515
100 years and over	90	15	70
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.9	15.6	14.2
15 to 64 years	67.7	68.4	67.1
65 years and over	17.4	16.0	18.7
85 years and over	1.8	1.3	2.2
Average age of the population	41.4	40.3	42.3
Median age of the population	40.4	39.2	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	201,135	...	...
Single-detached house	99,440	...	...
Semi-detached house	12,855	...	...
Row house	7,545	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,715	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	41,235	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	28,325	...	...
Other single-attached house	215	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	4,800	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	201,135	...	...
1 person	59,525	...	...
2 persons	75,245	...	...
3 persons	30,835	...	...
4 persons	24,195	...	...
5 or more persons	11,330	...	...
Number of persons in private households	461,135	225,065	236,065
Average household size	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	396,355	191,600	204,760
Married or living common-law	223,205	111,275	111,925
Married	173,360	86,375	86,985
Living common-law	49,850	24,905	24,945
Living common law - Never married	37,495	18,745	18,755
Living common law - Separated	2,275	1,145	1,125
Living common law - Divorced	9,070	4,600	4,470
Living common law - Widowed	1,000	410	595
Not married and not living common-law	173,155	80,320	92,830
Not married and not living common law - Never married	119,955	62,965	56,990
Not married and not living common law - Separated	10,815	4,625	6,185
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	23,070	8,530	14,540
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	19,315	4,200	15,110
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	130,820	...	...
2 persons	73,255	...	...
3 persons	27,715	...	...
4 persons	21,990	...	...
5 or more persons	7,865	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	130,820	...	...
Total couple families	109,635	...	...
Married couples	84,715	...	...
With children⁶	41,935	...	...
Without children	42,780	...	...
Common-law couples	24,920	...	...
With children⁶	7,735	...	...
Without children	17,185	...	...
Total one-parent families	21,185	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	16,830	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	4,350	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	461,140	225,070	236,070
Total - Persons in census families	359,675	177,025	182,645
Married spouses or common-law partners	219,275	109,435	109,835
Parents in one-parent families	21,180	4,350	16,835
Children⁶	119,220	63,240	55,975
In a two-parent family	87,390	46,180	41,215
In a one-parent family	31,825	17,055	14,765
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	101,460	48,040	53,420
Living alone	59,525	26,090	33,435
Living with other relatives⁷	10,415	4,325	6,090
Living with non-relatives only	31,520	17,620	13,900
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	201,135	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	117,280	...	...
Couple-family households	100,605	...	...
With children⁶	45,850	...	...
Without children	54,755	...	...
One-parent-family households	16,670	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	4,135	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	855	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	5,610	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	13,735	...	...
One-person households	59,525	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	391,885	189,595	202,290
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	378,230	182,855	195,375
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	47,600	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	378,450	182,975	195,480
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,800	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	342,345	168,310	174,025
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	44,000	31,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	280,105	141,515	138,580
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	43,600	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	291,315	129,000	162,320
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,900	9,500	10,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	39,690	19,220	20,460
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	100,065	48,240	51,825
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	391,890	189,610	202,285
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	378,180	182,720	195,470
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,600	59,650	46,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	378,435	182,835	195,595
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,600	47,240	38,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	342,505	168,035	174,470
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,800	56,750	41,160
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	280,100	141,455	138,645
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,000	54,600	41,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	291,210	128,785	162,425
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,890	10,550	11,160
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	39,925	19,105	20,820
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,670	6,395	6,930
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	99,925	48,235	51,690
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,990	8,970	9,020
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	391,885	189,605	202,285
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	141,665	76,045	65,615
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,400	67,500	56,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,300	77,700	63,850
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	106,715	49,330	57,385
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,600	18,600	15,100
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,120	30,240	22,580
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.0	87.6	79.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.6	70.8	63.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.0	12.5	20.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.1	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.1	4.4	6.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.5	4.0	5.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	391,880	189,595	202,290
Without total income	13,655	6,740	6,915
With total income	378,230	182,855	195,375
Under $10,000 (including loss)	30,610	13,655	16,950
$10,000 to $19,999	42,110	16,965	25,145
$20,000 to $29,999	57,700	24,390	33,310
$30,000 to $39,999	49,810	21,655	28,155
$40,000 to $49,999	44,225	19,560	24,670
$50,000 to $59,999	35,475	16,960	18,520
$60,000 to $69,999	27,905	15,080	12,830
$70,000 to $79,999	21,980	12,535	9,445
$80,000 to $89,999	18,695	10,590	8,105
$90,000 to $99,999	13,835	7,805	6,030
$100,000 and over	35,890	23,670	12,220
$100,000 to $149,999	24,870	15,870	9,005
$150,000 and over	11,015	7,795	3,215
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	391,880	189,595	202,290
Without after-tax income	13,430	6,625	6,810
With after-tax income	378,455	182,970	195,480
Under $10,000 (including loss)	32,935	14,225	18,710
$10,000 to $19,999	44,750	18,235	26,515
$20,000 to $29,999	68,645	29,720	38,925
$30,000 to $39,999	62,110	27,420	34,690
$40,000 to $49,999	51,420	24,260	27,160
$50,000 to $59,999	38,405	20,720	17,690
$60,000 to $69,999	28,445	16,135	12,310
$70,000 to $79,999	18,905	10,555	8,350
$80,000 to $89,999	11,075	6,835	4,240
$90,000 to $99,999	6,550	4,245	2,305
$100,000 and over	15,215	10,630	4,585
$100,000 to $124,999	7,780	5,325	2,455
$125,000 and over	7,435	5,300	2,130
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	391,880	189,595	202,290
Without employment income	111,785	48,075	63,705
With employment income	280,100	141,520	138,585
Under $5,000 (including loss)	36,405	16,940	19,460
$5,000 to $9,999	22,290	9,820	12,470
$10,000 to $19,999	33,150	14,870	18,280
$20,000 to $29,999	26,790	12,515	14,275
$30,000 to $39,999	26,280	12,290	13,990
$40,000 to $49,999	26,170	11,835	14,335
$50,000 to $59,999	22,115	11,155	10,960
$60,000 to $69,999	18,605	10,480	8,120
$70,000 to $79,999	15,995	9,145	6,855
$80,000 to $89,999	14,735	8,280	6,455
$90,000 to $99,999	10,960	6,290	4,665
$100,000 and over	26,610	17,900	8,710
$100,000 to $124,999	13,305	8,395	4,910
$125,000 and over	13,305	9,510	3,800
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	391,885	189,595	202,290
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	369,390	177,895	191,495
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	46,400	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	369,825	177,960	191,870
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	39,600	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	338,385	165,995	172,390
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	44,400	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	280,375	141,040	139,335
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	43,600	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	251,165	106,605	144,560
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,800	4,440	6,320
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	30,125	14,425	15,695
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,960	5,800	6,080
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	391,890	189,610	202,285
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	369,280	177,805	191,475
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,640	59,000	42,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	369,690	177,860	191,830
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	46,400	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	338,605	165,740	172,870
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,280	58,350	40,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	280,225	140,940	139,280
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,240	56,050	40,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	251,150	106,245	144,900
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,710	8,220
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	31,000	14,850	16,145
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,420	6,990	7,820
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	391,885	189,605	202,285
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	140,675	75,490	65,190
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,000	64,000	51,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,200	74,600	58,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	100,265	46,205	54,055
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,800	23,600	19,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,280	38,920	26,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.2	92.2	85.4
Employment income (%)	72.4	75.4	68.4
Government transfers (%)	10.7	7.8	14.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	1.0	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	201,135	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	59,525	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	141,610	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	201,135	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	98,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	59,555	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,120	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,760	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	141,585	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	201,135	...	...
Under $5,000	2,675	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,235	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,365	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,105	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,745	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,420	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,690	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,435	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	7,825	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,970	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	15,390	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	15,045	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	14,015	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	13,200	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	12,120	...	...
$100,000 and over	76,910	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	24,040	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	17,335	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	19,905	...	...
$200,000 and over	15,630	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	201,135	...	...
Under $5,000	3,005	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,285	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,435	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,375	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	8,490	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	7,910	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	8,510	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	9,505	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	9,525	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	9,475	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	18,895	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	18,300	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	16,530	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	14,710	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	12,505	...	...
$100,000 and over	55,690	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	23,225	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	14,470	...	...
$150,000 and over	17,990	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	130,410	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	56,000	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	50,275	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	19,690	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	91,050	43,710	47,335
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	37,600	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	33,600	33,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	130,300	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	55,815	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	50,355	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	19,670	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	91,130	43,810	47,325
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,560	46,360	44,800
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,920	38,200	37,640
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	461,135	225,070	236,070
0 to 17 years	83,040	42,575	40,465
0 to 5 years	25,745	13,090	12,655
18 to 64 years	300,080	147,095	152,985
65 years and over	78,015	35,400	42,620
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	55,465	25,860	29,605
0 to 17 years	12,160	6,295	5,865
0 to 5 years	4,175	2,135	2,040
18 to 64 years	32,745	15,550	17,205
65 years and over	10,555	4,015	6,540
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.0	11.5	12.5
0 to 17 years (%)	14.6	14.8	14.5
0 to 5 years (%)	16.2	16.3	16.1
18 to 64 years (%)	10.9	10.6	11.2
65 years and over (%)	13.5	11.4	15.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	458,145	223,660	234,485
0 to 17 years	82,330	42,220	40,105
0 to 5 years	25,515	12,985	12,535
18 to 64 years	298,310	146,260	152,055
65 years and over	77,505	35,180	42,325
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	24,925	12,680	12,240
0 to 17 years	4,160	2,135	2,025
0 to 5 years	1,295	690	605
18 to 64 years	19,390	9,975	9,410
65 years and over	1,375	570	805
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.4	5.7	5.2
0 to 17 years (%)	5.1	5.1	5.0
0 to 5 years (%)	5.1	5.3	4.8
18 to 64 years (%)	6.5	6.8	6.2
65 years and over (%)	1.8	1.6	1.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	461,135	225,065	236,070
In bottom half of the distribution	245,700	117,230	128,465
In bottom decile	53,495	25,735	27,760
In second decile	49,125	22,680	26,450
In third decile	47,695	22,565	25,135
In fourth decile	47,845	22,915	24,930
In fifth decile	47,530	23,340	24,195
In top half of the distribution	215,440	107,840	107,605
In sixth decile	46,760	23,175	23,585
In seventh decile	47,170	23,635	23,535
In eighth decile	45,855	22,925	22,935
In ninth decile	41,290	20,745	20,545
In top decile	34,360	17,350	17,005
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	461,140	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.328	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.425	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.284	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	462,380	225,745	236,630
English only	404,435	200,510	203,925
French only	295	125	170
English and French	55,045	23,940	31,105
Neither English nor French	2,605	1,170	1,440
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	462,380	225,745	236,630
English	448,025	218,875	229,155
French	10,245	5,005	5,235
English and French	1,650	770	880
Neither English nor French	2,455	1,095	1,360
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	462,380	225,745	236,630
Single responses	450,570	219,945	230,620
Official languages	403,975	196,095	207,880
English	393,640	191,070	202,570
French	10,335	5,030	5,305
Non-official languages	46,590	23,850	22,740
Indigenous languages³⁹	135	65	75
Algonquian languages	125	55	70
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	10	5	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	5	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	0	5
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	110	50	60
Mi'kmaq	110	50	60
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	46,455	23,790	22,670
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,080	4,325	3,760
Berber languages	15	10	5
Kabyle	10	5	5
Tamazight	0	5	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	245	130	120
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	80	45	35
Somali	165	85	85
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	7,815	4,185	3,625
Amharic	160	75	80
Arabic	7,180	3,855	3,320
Aramaic languages	25	15	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	10	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	215	115	100
Maltese	5	0	0
Tigrigna	230	115	115
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	760	365	395
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	0
Vietnamese	750	360	390
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	0
Austronesian languages	2,720	1,170	1,545
Bikol	5	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55	20	35
Cebuano	165	70	100
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	45	20	25
Ilocano	70	20	50
Indonesian	40	15	25
Kankanaey	5	5	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,255	990	1,270
Waray-Waray	5	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Creole languages	90	45	40
Haitian Creole	10	5	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	10	5	0
Morisyen	30	10	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Dravidian languages	2,435	1,380	1,055
Kannada	75	40	35
Malayalam	1,190	675	510
Tamil	480	255	225
Telugu	685	405	280
Tulu	5	0	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	20,740	10,885	9,850
Albanian	310	155	155
Armenian	25	15	10
Balto-Slavic languages	3,265	1,540	1,725
Baltic languages	45	15	35
Latvian	20	5	15
Lithuanian	20	5	20
Slavic languages	3,220	1,530	1,695
Belarusian	10	5	5
Bulgarian	45	20	25
Czech	120	60	65
Macedonian	25	10	15
Polish	640	310	335
Russian	1,545	720	825
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	515	250	260
Bosnian	125	60	65
Croatian	190	90	105
Serbian	185	100	85
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	5	15
Slovak	75	40	35
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	5
Ukrainian	230	105	125
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	40	20	20
Irish	5	5	5
Scottish Gaelic	20	5	10
Welsh	5	5	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Germanic languages	2,535	1,235	1,300
Frisian	5	5	5
High German languages	1,470	710	760
German	1,405	680	730
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	55	30	25
Yiddish	20	5	5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	790	380	415
Afrikaans	170	85	85
Dutch	505	230	275
Low German, n.o.s.	45	15	25
Low Saxon	20	10	15
Plautdietsch	40	20	15
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0
Scandinavian languages	255	135	120
Danish	85	50	35
Icelandic	30	20	15
Norwegian	65	30	35
Swedish	80	40	40
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Greek	610	300	310
Indo-Iranian languages	10,000	5,680	4,320
Indo-Aryan languages	8,350	4,820	3,530
Assamese	10	5	5
Bengali	810	465	345
Gujarati	1,005	645	355
Hindi	1,655	945	715
Kacchi	10	5	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	15	10	5
Marathi	165	90	70
Nepali	390	195	195
Oriya languages	10	5	5
Odia	10	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,185	1,885	1,305
Rohingya	5	5	5
Sindhi	30	15	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	185	90	95
Urdu	850	455	390
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Iranian languages	1,645	855	790
Baluchi	5	0	0
Kurdish	205	110	95
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	95	55	40
Persian languages	1,340	690	650
Dari	180	85	95
Iranian Persian	1,050	550	505
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	105	55	50
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,950	1,945	2,010
Catalan	5	0	5
Italian	565	305	255
Portuguese	1,100	540	555
Romanian	245	130	115
Spanish	2,030	965	1,065
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	305	80	225
Korean	2,015	865	1,150
Mongolian	5	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	895	455	445
Akan (Twi)	65	40	30
Bamanankan	10	5	0
Edo	20	5	15
Éwé	35	15	15
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0
Ga	15	10	5
Ganda	30	10	25
Gikuyu	15	5	10
Igbo	90	40	45
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	55	20	30
Lingala	5	0	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	5	5
Ndebele	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	0
Shona	50	25	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0
Swahili	185	95	95
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	5	5
Yoruba	185	95	90
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	105	55	45
Nilo-Saharan languages	120	60	60
Dinka	30	10	15
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	90	50	40
African, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Sign languages	135	75	60
American Sign Language	120	65	50
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,350	3,670	3,680
Chinese languages	7,325	3,655	3,670
Hakka	10	5	5
Mandarin	5,975	2,990	2,990
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	35	35
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	20
Yue (Cantonese)	1,045	495	550
Chinese, n.o.s.	180	110	70
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	15	5
Burmese	5	0	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	100	40	60
Lao	5	0	5
Thai	95	40	60
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	435	255	180
Azerbaijani	25	10	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	315	190	125
Uyghur	10	5	0
Uzbek	75	40	35
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Uralic languages	255	110	145
Estonian	30	15	15
Finnish	40	15	30
Hungarian	185	80	110
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Multiple responses	11,815	5,805	6,015
English and French	3,495	1,520	1,975
English and non-official language(s)	7,200	3,720	3,480
French and non-official language(s)	245	115	130
English, French and non-official language(s)	315	155	160
Multiple non-official languages	560	290	265
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	462,380	225,745	236,630
English	398,960	194,185	204,780
French	2,260	1,085	1,180
Non-official language	13,320	6,760	6,560
Indigenous³⁹	20	5	10
Non-Indigenous	13,295	6,750	6,550
English and French	8,880	3,935	4,940
English and non-official language(s)	35,775	18,245	17,530
French and non-official language(s)	150	65	85
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,960	930	1,030
Multiple non-official languages	1,080	550	530
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	462,380	225,745	236,630
Single responses	452,135	220,600	231,530
Official languages	423,705	206,055	217,645
English	420,235	204,420	215,810
French	3,470	1,630	1,840
Non-official languages	28,435	14,550	13,885
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	15	20
Algonquian languages	30	10	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	10	15
Mi'kmaq	25	10	15
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	28,400	14,540	13,865
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,090	2,605	2,485
Berber languages	5	5	5
Kabyle	5	5	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	185	95	95
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	45	25	20
Somali	145	70	70
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	4,895	2,510	2,385
Amharic	100	50	45
Arabic	4,475	2,295	2,185
Aramaic languages	10	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	135	70	65
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	170	85	90
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	535	260	275
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	0
Vietnamese	525	255	265
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,535	745	790
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	15
Cebuano	90	50	45
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	35	15	20
Ilocano	20	5	10
Indonesian	10	5	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	5	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,315	640	675
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Creole languages	40	15	20
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	5
Krio	5	0	0
Morisyen	15	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Dravidian languages	1,700	950	750
Kannada	30	15	20
Malayalam	905	510	400
Tamil	345	185	165
Telugu	405	240	170
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	11,410	5,980	5,430
Albanian	135	65	70
Armenian	10	5	5
Balto-Slavic languages	1,550	745	810
Baltic languages	5	0	5
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	5	0	0
Slavic languages	1,545	740	810
Belarusian	5	0	5
Bulgarian	15	10	10
Czech	35	20	20
Macedonian	5	5	5
Polish	180	85	95
Russian	975	465	510
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	225	105	115
Bosnian	50	20	30
Croatian	65	30	40
Serbian	95	50	45
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Slovak	15	10	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	90	45	45
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	5	5
Irish	0	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	735	360	375
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	430	210	220
German	420	200	215
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	10	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	250	125	125
Afrikaans	90	45	45
Dutch	65	35	35
Low German, n.o.s.	45	20	25
Low Saxon	20	5	15
Plautdietsch	25	15	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	55	25	30
Danish	15	10	10
Icelandic	15	10	10
Norwegian	5	5	5
Swedish	15	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	240	105	135
Indo-Iranian languages	6,825	3,755	3,070
Indo-Aryan languages	5,690	3,190	2,495
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	525	270	255
Gujarati	610	365	245
Hindi	1,045	595	445
Kacchi	5	5	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	5	0	0
Marathi	80	45	45
Nepali	310	150	160
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,475	1,440	1,035
Rohingya	5	0	5
Sindhi	10	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	100	45	55
Urdu	510	265	250
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	1,135	565	570
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	155	80	75
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	50	25	25
Persian languages	935	460	475
Dari	130	65	65
Iranian Persian	735	365	370
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	30	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,910	940	970
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	140	70	70
Portuguese	680	340	345
Romanian	110	55	55
Spanish	980	480	505
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	90	35	55
Korean	1,605	710	895
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	345	160	185
Akan (Twi)	15	5	5
Bamanankan	5	5	5
Edo	5	5	5
Éwé	10	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	15	5	10
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	40	20	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	15	20
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	90	40	50
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	5	0
Yoruba	90	45	45
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	75	35	40
Dinka	20	10	10
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	200	110	95
American Sign Language	180	95	85
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,435	2,760	2,675
Chinese languages	5,435	2,760	2,675
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	4,670	2,380	2,295
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	15	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	10	20
Yue (Cantonese)	580	275	305
Chinese, n.o.s.	120	75	45
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	25	25
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	50	25	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	225	115	110
Azerbaijani	5	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	155	80	80
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	45	20	25
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	60	25	30
Estonian	5	0	5
Finnish	5	0	0
Hungarian	50	25	25
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	10,250	5,145	5,105
English and French	1,440	665	775
English and non-official language(s)	8,420	4,300	4,120
French and non-official language(s)	80	30	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	175	95	85
Multiple non-official languages	135	60	75
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	462,385	225,745	236,635
None	422,875	206,195	216,675
English	13,000	6,605	6,395
French	6,780	2,980	3,805
Non-official language	14,570	7,295	7,275
Indigenous³⁹	155	65	85
Non-Indigenous	14,415	7,230	7,185
English and French	275	120	150
English and non-official language(s)	1,970	1,055	915
French and non-official language(s)	975	465	510
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	30	30
Multiple non-official languages	1,875	995	880
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	461,135	225,080	236,060
Official languages	458,545	223,825	234,720
English	458,195	223,695	234,505
French	55,285	23,905	31,380
Non-official languages	67,670	34,260	33,410
Indigenous languages³⁹	440	175	260
Algonquian languages	360	155	210
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	10	20
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	10	20
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	10	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	0	15
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	315	135	180
Mi'kmaq	315	135	180
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	30	15	15
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	25	15	15
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	10	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	45	25	20
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	45	25	20
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	10
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	0	10
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	67,270	34,085	33,185
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,950	6,490	5,460
Berber languages	35	20	10
Kabyle	10	10	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	25	10	15
Hausa	25	10	15
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	310	180	135
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	120	65	50
Somali	195	110	85
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	11,660	6,330	5,330
Amharic	220	125	95
Arabic	10,615	5,805	4,810
Aramaic languages	80	45	35
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	25	20
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	25	10
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	740	360	385
Maltese	10	10	0
Tigrigna	150	75	75
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,045	560	480
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	20	0
Vietnamese	1,025	545	475
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,205	1,815	2,390
Bikol	10	10	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	155	65	90
Cebuano	265	125	135
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	40	20	25
Ilocano	170	50	125
Indonesian	115	35	80
Kankanaey	30	10	20
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	10	0	10
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Malay	60	15	40
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	20	15
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,920	1,715	2,205
Waray-Waray	30	10	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	165	55	110
Creole languages	440	175	265
Haitian Creole	35	10	25
Jamaican English Creole	55	25	30
Krio	15	10	10
Morisyen	100	35	65
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	100	35	65
Creole languages, n.i.e.	140	60	80
Dravidian languages	3,635	2,065	1,570
Kannada	330	175	155
Malayalam	1,580	885	695
Tamil	1,240	690	545
Telugu	1,090	645	445
Tulu	10	10	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	32,695	16,820	15,875
Albanian	470	230	245
Armenian	45	30	15
Balto-Slavic languages	4,385	2,185	2,195
Baltic languages	90	35	55
Latvian	45	25	20
Lithuanian	50	15	35
Slavic languages	4,310	2,165	2,150
Belarusian	25	15	10
Bulgarian	95	50	45
Czech	180	105	75
Macedonian	40	30	10
Polish	795	390	400
Russian	2,340	1,205	1,135
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	770	380	395
Bosnian	235	110	125
Croatian	350	140	215
Serbian	345	190	160
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Slovak	115	50	65
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	15	20
Ukrainian	445	220	220
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	340	165	180
Irish	130	60	75
Scottish Gaelic	145	60	85
Welsh	50	30	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0
Germanic languages	4,850	2,335	2,515
Frisian	30	25	10
High German languages	3,370	1,650	1,725
German	3,340	1,640	1,695
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	60	15	45
Yiddish	20	10	15
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,250	615	640
Afrikaans	275	150	125
Dutch	845	400	445
Low German, n.o.s.	65	30	30
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	75	40	35
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	10
Scandinavian languages	470	220	250
Danish	150	80	70
Icelandic	50	25	25
Norwegian	170	95	75
Swedish	125	25	90
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10
Greek	950	460	495
Indo-Iranian languages	14,060	7,875	6,185
Indo-Aryan languages	12,245	6,910	5,335
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	1,120	610	505
Gujarati	1,245	790	455
Hindi	7,985	4,520	3,460
Kacchi	10	10	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	65	30	35
Marathi	375	185	185
Nepali	415	220	195
Oriya languages	35	25	20
Odia	20	20	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	0	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,020	2,845	2,175
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	75	45	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	320	160	160
Urdu	1,525	840	685
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	70	55	15
Iranian languages	1,960	1,045	915
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	355	175	180
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	155	95	65
Persian languages	1,465	780	685
Dari	150	85	70
Iranian Persian	1,195	640	555
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	135	65	70
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,690	4,090	4,605
Catalan	25	10	10
Italian	1,495	720	780
Portuguese	1,440	740	700
Romanian	280	120	165
Spanish	6,065	2,785	3,275
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	50	35	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Japanese	1,015	460	550
Korean	2,365	980	1,385
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	2,795	1,405	1,390
Akan (Twi)	160	85	80
Bamanankan	25	10	25
Edo	30	10	20
Éwé	65	35	30
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	30	20	10
Ga	45	35	10
Ganda	90	50	45
Gikuyu	15	0	0
Igbo	415	175	240
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	115	60	55
Lingala	100	60	40
Luba-Kasai	25	15	10
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	15	0	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	45	35	10
Shona	125	55	70
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	20	15	0
Swahili	635	360	280
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	60	35	25
Yoruba	965	475	490
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	405	230	170
Nilo-Saharan languages	370	210	155
Dinka	110	40	75
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	255	175	85
African, n.o.s.	25	20	15
Sign languages	1,020	350	665
American Sign Language	915	300	615
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	120	50	70
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,530	4,290	4,235
Chinese languages	8,465	4,250	4,215
Hakka	35	15	25
Mandarin	7,415	3,745	3,670
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	120	60	60
Wu (Shanghainese)	55	25	25
Yue (Cantonese)	1,490	655	840
Chinese, n.o.s.	200	115	85
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	40	20
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	10	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	45	30	15
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	135	65	70
Lao	15	10	10
Thai	120	60	60
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	875	515	355
Azerbaijani	45	25	15
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	625	360	265
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	140	80	60
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	70	50	20
Uralic languages	320	130	195
Estonian	30	15	10
Finnish	70	30	35
Hungarian	225	85	140
Other languages, n.i.e.	230	110	120
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	461,140	225,075	236,060
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	18,850	8,860	9,990
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	17,850	8,365	9,485
First Nations (North American Indian)	10,110	4,805	5,305
Métis	7,185	3,315	3,870
Inuk (Inuit)	560	245	315
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	495	245	250
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	505	250	250
Non-Indigenous identity	442,290	216,215	226,070
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	461,140	225,075	236,060
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	5,140	2,445	2,690
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	456,000	222,630	233,370
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	201,135	...	...
Owner	117,810	...	...
Renter	82,915	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	405	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	201,135	...	...
Condominium	12,640	...	...
Not condominium	188,495	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	201,135	...	...
No bedrooms	1,485	...	...
1 bedroom	30,195	...	...
2 bedrooms	54,615	...	...
3 bedrooms	69,725	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	45,115	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	201,135	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	60,420	...	...
5 rooms	29,045	...	...
6 rooms	27,500	...	...
7 rooms	24,900	...	...
8 or more rooms	59,280	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	201,135	...	...
One person or fewer per room	198,125	...	...
More than one person per room	3,010	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	201,135	...	...
Suitable	192,205	...	...
Not suitable	8,935	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	201,135	...	...
1960 or before	36,405	...	...
1961 to 1980	53,620	...	...
1981 to 1990	29,475	...	...
1991 to 2000	28,245	...	...
2001 to 2005	13,985	...	...
2006 to 2010	13,035	...	...
2011 to 2015	11,825	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	14,550	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	201,135	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	187,955	...	...
Major repairs needed	13,180	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	201,135	...	...
One-maintainer household	100,120	...	...
Two-maintainer household	92,595	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	8,425	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	201,135	...	...
15 to 24 years	9,195	...	...
25 to 34 years	33,885	...	...
35 to 44 years	34,235	...	...
45 to 54 years	34,295	...	...
55 to 64 years	38,950	...	...
65 to 74 years	29,945	...	...
75 to 84 years	15,475	...	...
85 years and over	5,165	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	199,645	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	156,830	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	42,820	...	...
30% to less than 100%	37,195	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	201,140	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	58,805	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	37,520	...	...
Not suitable only	6,305	...	...
Major repairs needed only	8,980	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,800	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	3,370	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	700	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	135	...	...
Acceptable housing	142,330	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	194,025	...	...
In core need	23,090	...	...
Not in core need	170,935	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	117,045	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	63.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	10.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,270	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,370	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	348,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	396,800	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	82,720	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	22.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,170	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,247	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	405	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	0	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	172	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	461,140	225,075	236,060
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	6,370	2,970	3,405
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	6,215	2,900	3,320
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	4,885	2,310	2,575
Métis single ancestry	1,115	495	625
Inuit single ancestry	215	95	125
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	155	70	90
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	110	40	70
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	30	20	15
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	20,080	9,305	10,770
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	19,660	9,105	10,555
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	14,010	6,515	7,495
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,025	2,280	2,745
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	620	310	315
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	420	200	220
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	350	165	180
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	15	35
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	434,690	212,810	221,880
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	461,135	225,080	236,060
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	421,150	204,085	217,065
Canadian citizens aged under 18	76,610	39,340	37,270
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	344,545	164,745	179,800
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	39,990	20,995	18,995
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	461,135	225,080	236,060
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	392,615	189,995	202,615
Immigrants⁸¹	51,485	25,630	25,855
Before 1980	8,740	4,180	4,560
1980 to 1990	3,550	1,730	1,820
1991 to 2000	4,920	2,400	2,520
2001 to 2010	9,175	4,640	4,535
2011 to 2021⁸²	25,100	12,675	12,420
2011 to 2015	6,965	3,420	3,540
2016 to 2021	18,135	9,260	8,880
Non-permanent residents⁸³	17,040	9,450	7,590
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	51,485	25,630	25,855
Under 5 years	5,895	2,975	2,925
5 to 14 years	9,490	4,985	4,500
15 to 24 years	7,380	3,605	3,775
25 to 44 years	24,890	11,990	12,900
45 years and over	3,830	2,075	1,755
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	51,485	25,630	25,855
Americas	7,020	3,390	3,635
Brazil	365	180	185
Colombia	195	105	85
El Salvador	60	30	30
Guyana	180	80	105
Haiti	30	0	30
Jamaica	570	260	310
Mexico	260	140	120
Peru	80	45	40
Trinidad and Tobago	215	125	95
United States of America	3,680	1,685	1,995
Other places of birth in Americas	1,380	730	650
Europe	13,590	6,720	6,875
Bosnia and Herzegovina	235	120	120
Croatia	175	70	105
France	270	155	115
Germany	935	480	455
Greece	275	125	155
Hungary	120	50	65
Italy	390	205	180
Netherlands	480	235	240
Poland	570	265	305
Portugal	175	100	75
Romania	260	105	155
Russian Federation	630	310	325
Serbia⁸⁶	135	60	80
Ukraine	540	300	235
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,590	3,270	3,325
Other places of birth in Europe	1,805	850	955
Africa	5,770	3,105	2,665
Algeria	65	45	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	255	145	110
Egypt	900	480	425
Eritrea	120	85	35
Ethiopia	245	140	105
Morocco	115	45	70
Nigeria	1,625	830	800
Somalia	130	80	50
South Africa, Republic of	435	230	205
Other places of birth in Africa	1,875	1,030	845
Asia	24,725	12,190	12,530
Afghanistan	125	65	55
Iran⁸⁸	985	495	485
Iraq	405	210	200
Lebanon	1,350	755	590
Syria⁸⁹	2,080	1,100	985
Turkey	295	165	135
China⁹⁰	3,740	1,740	2,005
Hong Kong⁹¹	295	125	175
Korea, South⁹²	1,015	445	570
Taiwan	155	70	85
Philippines	3,505	1,515	1,995
Viet Nam	615	295	320
Bangladesh	510	255	250
India	4,800	2,505	2,290
Pakistan	785	410	375
Sri Lanka	350	180	175
Other places of birth in Asia	3,695	1,850	1,850
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	375	220	150
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	18,135	9,260	8,875
Americas	1,555	825	735
Brazil	230	120	110
Colombia	30	15	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	245	105	140
Mexico	55	40	20
United States of America	555	300	250
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	15	10
Other places of birth in Americas	425	230	190
Europe	1,635	910	720
France	65	40	25
Germany	65	40	25
Ireland⁹⁶	60	35	20
Italy	35	25	15
Russian Federation	185	90	90
Ukraine	240	140	105
United Kingdom⁸⁷	540	330	210
Other places of birth in Europe	450	215	230
Africa	3,205	1,710	1,495
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	20	15	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	160	85	75
Côte d'Ivoire	40	15	25
Egypt	350	195	155
Eritrea	50	45	0
Ethiopia	95	55	40
Morocco	45	25	25
Nigeria	1,405	685	720
Somalia	95	65	30
South Africa, Republic of	170	80	90
Sudan⁹⁷	155	110	50
Tunisia	20	10	10
Other places of birth in Africa	575	315	260
Asia	11,665	5,760	5,910
Afghanistan	30	20	10
Bangladesh	340	175	165
China⁹⁰	1,910	915	995
Hong Kong⁹¹	35	25	10
India	3,240	1,665	1,575
Iran⁸⁸	205	95	110
Iraq	90	25	65
Israel	180	80	100
Japan	30	0	25
Jordan	150	70	75
Korea, South⁹²	480	190	295
Lebanon	135	70	65
Nepal	60	30	30
Pakistan	335	190	140
Philippines	1,610	730	885
Saudi Arabia	215	125	90
Sri Lanka	60	20	35
Syria⁸⁹	1,830	970	860
Turkey	105	50	55
United Arab Emirates	105	40	65
Viet Nam	195	95	95
Other places of birth in Asia	335	170	170
Oceania and other⁹³	75	50	20
Australia	50	35	15
Other places of birth⁹⁸	25	20	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	461,140	225,080	236,060
First generation¹⁰⁰	73,770	37,535	36,225
Second generation¹⁰¹	45,055	22,410	22,645
Third generation or more¹⁰²	342,320	165,135	177,185
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	42,750	21,450	21,300
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	27,650	14,225	13,425
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	11,415	6,900	4,515
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	16,235	7,325	8,915
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,580	3,745	4,835
Refugees¹⁰⁸	6,200	3,335	2,870
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	320	150	170
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	42,750	21,450	21,300
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	840	520	325
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,855	3,010	2,835
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,760	945	815
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,240	2,305	1,935
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	305	95	210
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	29,750	14,570	15,180
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	461,140	225,080	236,060
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	73,565	37,680	35,880
South Asian	16,850	9,470	7,380
Chinese	9,770	4,780	4,985
Black	20,795	10,245	10,545
Filipino	4,590	2,060	2,530
Arab	9,500	5,205	4,295
Latin American	2,290	1,160	1,130
Southeast Asian	1,890	935	950
West Asian	1,710	920	790
Korean	2,385	1,015	1,370
Japanese	760	310	455
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	780	395	385
Multiple visible minorities	2,255	1,185	1,065
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	387,575	187,395	200,180
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	461,135	225,080	236,065
Canadian	64,715	31,580	33,135
English	106,180	51,245	54,945
Irish	98,095	46,065	52,030
Scottish	110,770	52,850	57,925
French, n.o.s.¹²²	53,030	25,165	27,865
German	41,640	19,915	21,730
Chinese	9,600	4,700	4,900
Italian	8,955	4,470	4,490
Indian (India)	11,005	6,100	4,910
Ukrainian	5,655	2,765	2,890
Dutch	12,425	5,710	6,715
Polish	5,935	2,975	2,960
Québécois	1,195	580	610
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	17,475	8,415	9,050
Filipino	4,180	1,895	2,285
French Canadian	3,525	1,660	1,865
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	26,880	12,915	13,965
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	6,030	2,810	3,215
Métis	6,630	3,000	3,630
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	24,355	12,055	12,300
Russian	2,920	1,385	1,535
Norwegian	3,285	1,555	1,725
Welsh	9,360	4,440	4,920
Portuguese	2,005	975	1,025
American	3,600	1,770	1,835
Spanish	2,580	1,225	1,350
Swedish	2,235	960	1,270
Hungarian	1,735	850	890
Acadian	20,575	9,260	11,315
Pakistani	1,060	550	505
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	5,890	2,905	2,985
Jewish	2,590	1,270	1,315
Punjabi	1,240	665	575
Vietnamese	1,155	625	530
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,080	1,595	1,485
Greek	2,200	1,140	1,055
Jamaican	1,295	635	655
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,280	1,020	1,260
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	535	245	290
Korean	2,110	890	1,220
Romanian	805	385	415
Lebanese	5,040	2,560	2,480
Iranian	1,070	560	510
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,240	610	625
Danish	1,880	885	995
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,875	1,365	1,510
Sikh	805	465	340
Austrian	1,130	540	590
Belgian	1,355	660	690
Haitian	110	45	75
Hindu	1,210	700	505
Mexican	635	340	295
Mennonite	325	185	140
Swiss	1,465	615	850
Finnish	790	355	440
Sri Lankan	415	215	200
Croatian	595	260	335
Japanese	870	380	495
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	825	500	330
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	7,500	3,520	3,980
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	2,000	930	1,075
Muslim	695	375	320
Egyptian	1,215	680	535
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	675	360	315
Tamil	340	170	170
Icelandic	465	195	265
Colombian	405	230	170
Moroccan	235	95	135
Czech	620	290	325
Syrian	1,965	1,085	880
Guyanese	410	215	200
Afghan	215	105	115
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,870	1,355	1,510
Serbian	330	180	145
Ojibway	310	140	175
Newfoundlander	3,955	1,870	2,085
Hong Konger	190	90	105
Ontarian	715	370	345
Persian	400	185	215
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	430	235	195
Turkish	600	335	260
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	920	450	470
Bangladeshi	680	360	320
Algerian	35	20	15
Brazilian	540	270	265
Nigerian	960	475	485
Armenian	240	140	100
Slovak	380	175	205
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,080	530	550
Somali	200	115	85
Taiwanese	240	115	125
Iraqi	270	145	130
Salvadorean	95	60	30
African Caribbean	685	335	350
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	470	260	210
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,715	910	805
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	360	155	205
Algonquin	130	45	90
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	425	195	225
Lithuanian	400	190	210
South African	415	190	230
Australian	360	185	170
Palestinian	740	405	335
Chilean	200	95	100
Congolese	360	170	185
Nova Scotian	10,940	5,190	5,750
Ethiopian	290	150	135
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	225	90	130
Peruvian	135	75	65
Yoruba	850	435	415
Cambodian (Khmer)	60	30	30
Berber	50	35	15
Albanian	475	240	235
Maltese	285	175	120
Macedonian	110	50	60
Slovenian	160	80	70
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,285	625	655
New Brunswicker	875	385	485
Gujarati	245	155	90
Eritrean	135	65	65
African Canadian	3,910	1,890	2,020
Israeli	440	245	195
Mohawk	295	135	160
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	220	110	105
Bulgarian	265	145	120
Albertan	130	60	70
Ghanaian	195	115	75
Barbadian	470	225	245
African American	745	380	365
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	170	95	75
Tunisian	60	30	25
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	265	140	125
Cuban	225	110	120
Bosnian	280	155	130
Venezuelan	135	55	80
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	90	35	55
Latvian	335	145	190
Bengali	185	115	70
Cameroonian	40	10	35
Guatemalan	65	35	30
Indonesian	215	100	120
Laotian	15	10	0
Ilocano	65	30	35
Northern Irish	230	140	95
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,130	565	565
British Columbian	110	50	65
Ecuadorian	95	40	55
Franco Ontarian	85	40	45
Argentinian	75	50	25
Estonian	230	95	135
Kurdish	280	145	125
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	85	40	45
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	550	275	275
Coptic	45	20	25
Thai	150	75	80
Dominican	140	65	75
Nepali	215	110	110
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	45	30	15
Igbo	310	150	160
Byelorussian	150	70	90
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	10	10	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	200	80	125
Abenaki	115	35	75
Moldovan	30	20	10
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	175	80	90
New Zealander	170	115	55
Sudanese	110	75	35
Breton	35	10	25
Pennsylvania Dutch	60	25	30
Malaysian	120	60	60
Plains Cree	30	10	25
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	130	80	55
Huron (Wendat)	50	20	30
Saskatchewanian	90	50	45
Buddhist	85	40	45
Gaspesian	20	0	15
Norman	100	40	55
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	65	25	35
Ivorian	10	0	10
Saulteaux	10	0	10
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	70	30	40
Burundian	30	15	15
Tigrinya	35	25	10
Nicaraguan	30	25	0
Mauritian	80	30	50
Kenyan	215	120	100
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	20	15	0
Jordanian	180	95	80
Manitoban	55	25	35
Cape Bretoner	2,080	925	1,160
Rwandan	90	60	25
Grenadian	40	15	20
Malayali	155	80	75
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	70	40	30
Mayan	50	20	30
Honduran	15	10	0
Cherokee	195	110	90
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	535	300	235
Indo-Caribbean	115	65	55
Flemish	140	50	90
United Empire Loyalist	235	90	145
Senegalese	25	15	0
Azerbaijani	60	45	15
Sicilian	45	25	20
Pashtun	60	35	25
Malay	90	55	35
Goan	30	15	10
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	50	10	40
Tibetan	20	15	10
Zimbabwean	120	70	50
Burmese	90	50	40
Mongolian	125	65	60
Azorean	15	10	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	20	0	20
Ugandan	95	45	45
Oromo	115	65	45
Tanzanian	35	10	25
Yemeni	160	95	70
Central African	30	20	10
Libyan	405	235	175
Basque	115	75	45
Uruguayan	20	0	15
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	60	35	30
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	190	80	115
Igorot	115	60	55
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	50	35	20
Prince Edward Islander	450	175	275
Maliseet	70	45	25
Beninese	15	0	10
Telugu	110	50	55
Roma	85	40	45
Costa Rican	25	0	20
African Nova Scotian	2,620	1,140	1,475
Malagasy	15	0	15
Kashmiri	25	0	15
Singaporean	25	10	10
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	35	20	10
Tajik	15	10	0
Amhara	30	20	10
Paraguayan	15	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	461,140	225,075	236,060
Buddhist	2,205	1,025	1,180
Christian	245,765	112,305	133,460
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	23,815	11,340	12,475
Anabaptist	315	155	155
Anglican	39,105	17,535	21,570
Baptist	16,955	7,480	9,470
Catholic	107,485	50,245	57,240
Christian Orthodox	3,675	1,875	1,800
Jehovah's Witness	1,605	665	940
Latter Day Saints	675	330	340
Lutheran	1,535	750	785
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,195	1,005	1,185
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	3,870	1,705	2,165
Presbyterian	4,320	1,860	2,465
Reformed	285	135	150
United Church	31,430	13,390	18,040
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	8,505	3,830	4,675
Hindu	6,850	3,950	2,900
Jewish	1,775	915	855
Muslim	13,265	7,205	6,065
Sikh	3,535	1,930	1,605
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	385	165	215
Other religions and spiritual traditions	3,455	1,505	1,955
No religion and secular perspectives	183,890	96,070	87,820
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	457,185	222,975	234,205
Non-movers	390,155	190,185	199,970
Movers	67,025	32,795	34,235
Non-migrants	45,680	22,255	23,425
Migrants	21,350	10,540	10,810
Internal migrants	17,330	8,565	8,765
Intraprovincial migrants	4,830	2,305	2,530
Interprovincial migrants	12,500	6,265	6,240
External migrants	4,015	1,975	2,040
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	440,130	214,350	225,775
Non-movers	253,675	123,015	130,665
Movers	186,450	91,340	95,115
Non-migrants	103,295	50,150	53,145
Migrants	83,155	41,190	41,970
Internal migrants	55,770	26,870	28,895
Intraprovincial migrants	19,515	9,130	10,385
Interprovincial migrants	36,255	17,745	18,510
External migrants	27,390	14,320	13,070
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	391,885	189,605	202,285
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	55,560	29,725	25,830
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	336,335	159,880	176,450
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	257,445	125,025	132,420
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	21,455	12,550	8,905
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	235,990	112,470	123,515
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	391,890	189,605	202,280
No certificate, diploma or degree	48,640	25,350	23,290
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	100,050	50,655	49,400
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	243,195	113,600	129,590
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	115,295	57,450	57,845
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	27,215	19,170	8,040
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	14,620	8,220	6,405
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	12,590	10,950	1,640
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	78,400	34,115	44,285
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	9,685	4,165	5,515
Bachelor's degree or higher	127,895	56,150	71,750
Bachelor's degree	83,785	36,620	47,160
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,460	3,290	4,175
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,110	1,535	1,580
Master's degree	28,850	11,990	16,865
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,685	2,710	1,975
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	257,445	125,025	132,420
No certificate, diploma or degree	17,830	10,155	7,680
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	55,930	29,750	26,175
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	183,685	85,115	98,570
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	82,415	41,790	40,630
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	18,225	13,140	5,080
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	9,615	5,610	4,010
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,605	7,535	1,075
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	58,080	26,020	32,065
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,115	2,630	3,485
Bachelor's degree or higher	101,265	43,330	57,940
Bachelor's degree	66,085	28,625	37,465
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,840	2,395	3,440
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,450	1,055	1,395
Master's degree	23,465	9,425	14,040
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,435	1,830	1,605
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	391,890	189,605	202,280
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	148,695	76,005	72,690
Education	14,880	3,485	11,395
13. Education	14,880	3,485	11,395
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,665	3,635	4,030
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,065	760	305
50. Visual and performing arts	6,605	2,875	3,730
Humanities	13,105	5,210	7,890
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	795	195	600
23. English language and literature/letters	3,830	1,235	2,595
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,945	1,085	1,855
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	350	150	200
38. Philosophy and religious studies	955	510	445
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,080	600	480
54. History	2,495	1,310	1,190
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	650	120	530
Social and behavioural sciences and law	28,725	9,270	19,460
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	420	95	320
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,230	1,125	2,100
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,600	420	4,180
22. Legal professions and studies	4,175	1,400	2,780
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	750	265	480
42. Psychology	6,215	1,590	4,630
45. Social sciences	9,345	4,370	4,970
Business, management and public administration	56,815	21,790	35,025
30.16 Accounting and computer science	110	15	90
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,575	770	2,805
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	53,125	21,000	32,125
Physical and life sciences and technologies	12,455	5,885	6,575
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,635	2,340	3,295
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,930	1,140	1,790
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	260	45	210
40. Physical sciences	3,375	2,255	1,115
41. Science technologies/technicians	255	100	160
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	12,700	8,425	4,280
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	10,400	7,400	3,000
25. Library science	860	140	720
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,235	750	490
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	200	130	70
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	45,190	40,530	4,655
04. Architecture and related services	1,280	770	510
14. Engineering	11,010	8,925	2,085
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	10,595	9,360	1,235
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	0
46. Construction trades	10,080	9,805	280
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,140	7,800	340
48. Precision production	4,065	3,860	205
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,955	1,720	2,235
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,220	795	1,425
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,735	925	805
Health and related fields	33,675	6,250	27,425
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,415	1,125	1,295
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	30,020	4,475	25,550
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	105	20	85
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,125	625	500
Personal, protective and transportation services	13,985	7,390	6,590
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,955	2,290	5,660
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	205	175	30
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	435	420	15
43. Security and protective services	2,195	1,670	530
49. Transportation and materials moving	3,195	2,835	355
Other¹⁷⁹	45	10	35
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	257,445	125,020	132,420
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	73,760	39,905	33,855
Education	9,775	2,130	7,650
13. Education	9,775	2,130	7,650
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,285	2,990	3,295
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	860	580	280
50. Visual and performing arts	5,430	2,410	3,015
Humanities	9,795	3,860	5,940
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	595	150	445
23. English language and literature/letters	2,970	965	2,010
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,210	840	1,375
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	260	110	150
38. Philosophy and religious studies	740	400	345
39. Theology and religious vocations	680	375	300
54. History	1,845	950	895
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	485	75	410
Social and behavioural sciences and law	23,160	6,960	16,200
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	315	80	240
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,840	935	1,910
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,730	290	3,435
22. Legal professions and studies	3,370	965	2,405
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	575	215	360
42. Psychology	4,975	1,240	3,735
45. Social sciences	7,355	3,230	4,125
Business, management and public administration	42,695	16,590	26,105
30.16 Accounting and computer science	75	20	55
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,710	540	2,170
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	39,905	16,030	23,875
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,975	4,005	4,975
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,085	1,640	2,450
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,140	800	1,335
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	230	40	190
40. Physical sciences	2,395	1,475	915
41. Science technologies/technicians	125	50	80
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	10,450	7,040	3,405
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	8,810	6,325	2,490
25. Library science	600	90	510
27. Mathematics and statistics	850	510	340
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	180	115	70
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	33,570	29,705	3,865
04. Architecture and related services	995	540	455
14. Engineering	8,435	6,720	1,710
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,820	6,810	1,010
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	7,455	7,195	260
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,935	5,685	250
48. Precision production	2,930	2,755	180
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,255	1,370	1,885
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,785	605	1,180
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,470	765	705
Health and related fields	25,160	4,885	20,275
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,850	865	985
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	22,360	3,585	18,780
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	95	15	80
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	850	415	435
Personal, protective and transportation services	10,525	5,590	4,940
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,935	1,745	4,185
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	155	135	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	280	265	15
43. Security and protective services	1,750	1,315	430
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,410	2,120	295
Other¹⁷⁹	40	0	35
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	257,445	125,020	132,420
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	73,760	39,905	33,855
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	183,685	85,115	98,565
Location of study inside Canada	160,970	74,270	86,700
Same as province or territory of residence	120,400	54,345	66,050
Different than province or territory of residence	40,575	19,930	20,650
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	22,710	10,845	11,865
Americas	4,630	2,235	2,395
United States of America	3,280	1,580	1,700
Mexico	235	110	125
Cuba	65	45	20
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	185	80	100
Brazil	390	195	190
Colombia	145	75	70
Peru	30	0	25
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	25	15
Other locations of study in Americas	270	120	150
Europe	5,145	2,600	2,545
Belgium	70	25	45
France	190	85	110
Germany	285	170	115
Netherlands	120	60	60
Switzerland	80	50	25
Hungary	30	0	25
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	10
Poland	125	50	80
Romania	105	40	60
Russian Federation	365	170	190
Ukraine	255	125	140
Ireland⁹⁶	170	80	90
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,650	1,395	1,255
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	25	20
Italy	75	40	35
Serbia⁸⁶	50	25	25
Other locations of study in Europe	515	250	270
Africa	1,835	940	895
Nigeria	660	330	325
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	40	15	30
Tunisia	15	10	0
Egypt	500	260	240
South Africa, Republic of	225	105	120
Other locations of study in Africa	395	220	175
Asia	10,595	4,785	5,810
Iran⁸⁸	365	155	205
Iraq	105	40	60
Israel	280	135	150
Lebanon	260	150	115
Syria⁸⁹	230	100	125
Turkey	140	75	60
China⁹⁰	1,295	605	690
Taiwan	65	20	45
Hong Kong⁹¹	70	25	45
Japan	135	10	120
Korea, South⁹²	795	265	530
Philippines	1,945	715	1,230
Viet Nam	150	60	90
Bangladesh	205	85	125
Sri Lanka	130	70	60
India	3,700	1,945	1,755
Pakistan	285	130	160
Other locations of study in Asia	450	190	260
Oceania	500	280	230
Australia	425	215	215
New Zealand	75	65	15
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	391,890	189,605	202,280
In the labour force	256,260	131,295	124,965
Employed	227,125	117,675	109,450
Unemployed	29,135	13,620	15,515
Not in the labour force	135,620	58,305	77,315
Participation rate	65.4	69.2	61.8
Employment rate	58.0	62.1	54.1
Unemployment rate	11.4	10.4	12.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	391,890	189,605	202,280
Did not work¹⁸⁶	133,040	58,055	74,985
Worked	258,850	131,550	127,295
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	145,705	78,685	67,020
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	113,145	52,870	60,275
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.8	42.4	41.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	256,265	131,300	124,965
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,100	2,600	2,500
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	251,165	128,700	122,465
Employee	223,725	112,330	111,400
Permanent position	185,845	94,770	91,075
Temporary position	37,880	17,555	20,330
Fixed term (1 year or more)	13,415	5,890	7,530
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	24,470	11,670	12,800
Self-employed¹⁹²	27,435	16,375	11,060
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	256,265	131,300	124,965
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,100	2,600	2,500
All occupations¹⁹¹	251,165	128,700	122,465
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,310	2,110	1,200
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	45,125	14,245	30,875
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	23,070	17,445	5,625
3 Health occupations	22,440	4,470	17,970
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	37,275	14,495	22,785
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	8,480	3,985	4,500
6 Sales and service occupations	64,750	30,405	34,340
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	38,335	35,060	3,275
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	3,250	2,560	690
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	5,135	3,925	1,210
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	256,265	131,300	124,965
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,100	2,600	2,500
All industries¹⁹¹	251,165	128,700	122,465
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,170	1,460	710
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,035	865	165
22 Utilities	2,125	1,345	780
23 Construction	17,905	15,690	2,215
31-33 Manufacturing	11,200	8,175	3,025
41 Wholesale trade	6,810	4,795	2,015
44-45 Retail trade	28,615	13,460	15,150
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	11,640	9,100	2,540
51 Information and cultural industries	5,970	3,495	2,475
52 Finance and insurance	12,460	5,340	7,120
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	4,365	2,330	2,035
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	22,815	12,985	9,835
55 Management of companies and enterprises	410	200	215
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	12,220	7,455	4,765
61 Educational services	20,865	6,440	14,420
62 Health care and social assistance	34,055	6,760	27,295
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	4,930	2,355	2,580
72 Accommodation and food services	15,590	7,095	8,495
81 Other services (except public administration)	9,850	4,480	5,370
91 Public administration	26,140	14,870	11,265
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	275,590	140,085	135,505
English	263,490	134,805	128,680
French	1,120	275	840
Non-official language	675	360	315
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	675	360	315
English and French	6,740	2,660	4,080
English and non-official language(s)	3,340	1,880	1,455
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	205	85	125
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	10
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	275,590	140,085	135,505
Single responses	274,200	139,445	134,750
Official languages	272,950	138,720	134,235
English	271,035	138,240	132,795
French	1,915	480	1,435
Non-official languages	1,255	730	520
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,255	730	520
Afro-Asiatic languages	115	95	25
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	115	95	25
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	110	90	25
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	45	10	30
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	45	10	30
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	30	20	10
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	25	20	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	10	10	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	10	10	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	370	195	180
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	15	10
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	25	15	10
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	20	10	10
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	0	10
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	140	65	75
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	125	50	75
German	125	50	75
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	15	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	85	60	25
Indo-Aryan languages	65	45	20
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	35	25	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	10	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	15	10	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	15	10	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	100	50	45
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	35	15	25
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	60	40	30
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	10	10	0
Korean	35	20	10
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	30	15	10
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	25	10	10
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	50	25	25
American Sign Language	40	20	25
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	520	320	200
Chinese languages	520	320	200
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	415	265	155
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	90	45	40
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	15	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	15	0	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	15	0	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,390	630	755
English and French	750	275	480
English and non-official language(s)	620	355	260
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	275,590	140,085	135,505
None	266,595	136,035	130,560
English	1,340	545	795
French	5,210	2,200	3,010
Non-official language	2,060	1,120	935
Indigenous³⁹	45	25	20
Non-Indigenous	2,010	1,100	915
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	20	15	0
French and non-official language(s)	180	70	115
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	180	95	85
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	227,125	117,680	109,450
Worked at home	61,730	28,335	33,395
Worked outside Canada	685	525	170
No fixed workplace address	26,905	20,605	6,300
Usual place of work	137,805	68,220	69,585
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	137,805	68,215	69,585
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	127,930	62,760	65,170
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	550	230	320
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	8,080	4,435	3,645
Commute to a different province or territory	1,240	785	450
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	164,710	88,820	75,890
Car, truck or van	135,550	75,235	60,325
Car, truck or van - as a driver	122,935	70,140	52,800
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	12,615	5,095	7,525
Public transit	12,610	5,455	7,155
Walked	11,435	5,315	6,115
Bicycle	1,160	810	355
Other method	3,950	2,010	1,935
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	164,710	88,820	75,890
Less than 15 minutes	49,475	24,005	25,470
15 to 29 minutes	69,775	38,415	31,365
30 to 44 minutes	30,780	17,715	13,070
45 to 59 minutes	7,920	4,430	3,495
60 minutes and over	6,760	4,260	2,495
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	164,710	88,820	75,890
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	9,075	6,155	2,920
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	33,485	20,815	12,665
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	48,735	26,070	22,670
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	34,110	15,465	18,650
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	18,300	8,695	9,610
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	21,005	11,625	9,380
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	84,635	43,460	41,175
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,585	4,275	4,305
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	76,055	39,185	36,870
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	61,975	31,950	30,030
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,405	3,195	3,210
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,060	1,965	2,105
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,340	1,230	1,105
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	55,570	28,755	26,815

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed December 12, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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