Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	HalifaxMore information: Nova Scotia [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	465,703	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	426,932^r	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	9.1	...	...	9.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	211,789	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	201,138	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	64.0	...	...	64.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	7,276.22	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	465,705	227,130	238,570	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	69,345	35,530	33,810	14.9	15.6	14.2
0 to 4 years	21,030	10,680	10,350	4.5	4.7	4.3
5 to 9 years	24,120	12,375	11,745	5.2	5.4	4.9
10 to 14 years	24,195	12,480	11,715	5.2	5.5	4.9
15 to 64 years	315,485	155,320	160,170	67.7	68.4	67.1
15 to 19 years	23,330	12,020	11,310	5.0	5.3	4.7
20 to 24 years	33,365	17,205	16,160	7.2	7.6	6.8
25 to 29 years	36,205	18,150	18,055	7.8	8.0	7.6
30 to 34 years	34,790	17,190	17,600	7.5	7.6	7.4
35 to 39 years	32,335	15,800	16,535	6.9	7.0	6.9
40 to 44 years	29,970	14,420	15,545	6.4	6.3	6.5
45 to 49 years	29,485	14,210	15,270	6.3	6.3	6.4
50 to 54 years	30,110	14,365	15,745	6.5	6.3	6.6
55 to 59 years	34,180	16,670	17,510	7.3	7.3	7.3
60 to 64 years	31,710	15,285	16,425	6.8	6.7	6.9
65 years and over	80,875	36,280	44,595	17.4	16.0	18.7
65 to 69 years	26,525	12,360	14,165	5.7	5.4	5.9
70 to 74 years	22,415	10,395	12,020	4.8	4.6	5.0
75 to 79 years	14,655	6,725	7,930	3.1	3.0	3.3
80 to 84 years	9,035	3,850	5,185	1.9	1.7	2.2
85 years and over	8,240	2,950	5,290	1.8	1.3	2.2
85 to 89 years	5,365	2,135	3,230	1.2	0.9	1.4
90 to 94 years	2,165	690	1,470	0.5	0.3	0.6
95 to 99 years	620	105	515	0.1	0.0	0.2
100 years and over	90	15	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.9	15.6	14.2	14.9	15.6	14.2
15 to 64 years	67.7	68.4	67.1	67.7	68.4	67.1
65 years and over	17.4	16.0	18.7	17.4	16.0	18.7
85 years and over	1.8	1.3	2.2	1.8	1.3	2.2
Average age of the population	41.4	40.3	42.3	41.4	40.3	42.3
Median age of the population	40.4	39.2	41.6	40.4	39.2	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	201,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	99,440	...	...	49.4	...	...
Semi-detached house	12,855	...	...	6.4	...	...
Row house	7,545	...	...	3.8	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,715	...	...	3.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	41,235	...	...	20.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	28,325	...	...	14.1	...	...
Other single-attached house	215	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	4,800	...	...	2.4	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	201,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	59,525	...	...	29.6	...	...
2 persons	75,245	...	...	37.4	...	...
3 persons	30,835	...	...	15.3	...	...
4 persons	24,195	...	...	12.0	...	...
5 or more persons	11,330	...	...	5.6	...	...
Number of persons in private households	461,135	225,065	236,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	396,355	191,600	204,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	223,205	111,275	111,925	56.3	58.1	54.7
Married	173,360	86,375	86,985	43.7	45.1	42.5
Living common-law	49,850	24,905	24,945	12.6	13.0	12.2
Living common law - Never married	37,495	18,745	18,755	9.5	9.8	9.2
Living common law - Separated	2,275	1,145	1,125	0.6	0.6	0.5
Living common law - Divorced	9,070	4,600	4,470	2.3	2.4	2.2
Living common law - Widowed	1,000	410	595	0.3	0.2	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	173,155	80,320	92,830	43.7	41.9	45.3
Not married and not living common law - Never married	119,955	62,965	56,990	30.3	32.9	27.8
Not married and not living common law - Separated	10,815	4,625	6,185	2.7	2.4	3.0
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	23,070	8,530	14,540	5.8	4.5	7.1
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	19,315	4,200	15,110	4.9	2.2	7.4
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	130,820	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	73,255	...	...	56.0	...	...
3 persons	27,715	...	...	21.2	...	...
4 persons	21,990	...	...	16.8	...	...
5 or more persons	7,865	...	...	6.0	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	130,820	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	109,635	...	...	83.8	...	...
Married couples	84,715	...	...	64.8	...	...
With children⁶	41,935	...	...	32.1	...	...
Without children	42,780	...	...	32.7	...	...
Common-law couples	24,920	...	...	19.0	...	...
With children⁶	7,735	...	...	5.9	...	...
Without children	17,185	...	...	13.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	21,185	...	...	16.2	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	16,830	...	...	12.9	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	4,350	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	461,140	225,070	236,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	359,675	177,025	182,645	78.0	78.7	77.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	219,275	109,435	109,835	47.6	48.6	46.5
Parents in one-parent families	21,180	4,350	16,835	4.6	1.9	7.1
Children⁶	119,220	63,240	55,975	25.9	28.1	23.7
In a two-parent family	87,390	46,180	41,215	19.0	20.5	17.5
In a one-parent family	31,825	17,055	14,765	6.9	7.6	6.3
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	101,460	48,040	53,420	22.0	21.3	22.6
Living alone	59,525	26,090	33,435	12.9	11.6	14.2
Living with other relatives⁷	10,415	4,325	6,090	2.3	1.9	2.6
Living with non-relatives only	31,520	17,620	13,900	6.8	7.8	5.9
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	201,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	117,280	...	...	58.3	...	...
Couple-family households	100,605	...	...	50.0	...	...
With children⁶	45,850	...	...	22.8	...	...
Without children	54,755	...	...	27.2	...	...
One-parent-family households	16,670	...	...	8.3	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	4,135	...	...	2.1	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	855	...	...	0.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	5,610	...	...	2.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	13,735	...	...	6.8	...	...
One-person households	59,525	...	...	29.6	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	391,885	189,595	202,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	378,230	182,855	195,375	96.5	96.4	96.6
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	47,600	37,600	42,000	47,600	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	378,450	182,975	195,480	96.6	96.5	96.6
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,800	33,600	36,800	40,800	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	342,345	168,310	174,025	87.4	88.8	86.0
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	44,000	31,400	37,200	44,000	31,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	280,105	141,515	138,580	71.5	74.6	68.5
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	43,600	33,600	38,400	43,600	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	291,315	129,000	162,320	74.3	68.0	80.2
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,900	9,500	10,100	9,900	9,500	10,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	39,690	19,220	20,460	10.1	10.1	10.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	100,065	48,240	51,825	25.5	25.4	25.6
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	391,890	189,610	202,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	378,180	182,720	195,470	96.5	96.4	96.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,600	59,650	46,000	52,600	59,650	46,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	378,435	182,835	195,595	96.6	96.4	96.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,600	47,240	38,240	42,600	47,240	38,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	342,505	168,035	174,470	87.4	88.6	86.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,800	56,750	41,160	48,800	56,750	41,160
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	280,100	141,455	138,645	71.5	74.6	68.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,000	54,600	41,320	48,000	54,600	41,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	291,210	128,785	162,425	74.3	67.9	80.3
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,890	10,550	11,160	10,890	10,550	11,160
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	39,925	19,105	20,820	10.2	10.1	10.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,670	6,395	6,930	6,670	6,395	6,930
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	99,925	48,235	51,690	25.5	25.4	25.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,990	8,970	9,020	8,990	8,970	9,020
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	391,885	189,605	202,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	141,665	76,045	65,615	36.1	40.1	32.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,400	67,500	56,400	62,400	67,500	56,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,300	77,700	63,850	71,300	77,700	63,850
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	106,715	49,330	57,385	27.2	26.0	28.4
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,600	18,600	15,100	16,600	18,600	15,100
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,120	30,240	22,580	26,120	30,240	22,580
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.0	87.6	79.8	84.0	87.6	79.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.6	70.8	63.7	67.6	70.8	63.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.0	12.5	20.2	16.0	12.5	20.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.1	1.6	1.3	1.1	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.1	4.4	6.1	5.1	4.4	6.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.5	4.0	5.2	4.5	4.0	5.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	391,880	189,595	202,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	13,655	6,740	6,915	3.5	3.6	3.4
With total income	378,230	182,855	195,375	96.5	96.4	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	30,610	13,655	16,950	8.1	7.5	8.7
$10,000 to $19,999	42,110	16,965	25,145	11.1	9.3	12.9
$20,000 to $29,999	57,700	24,390	33,310	15.3	13.3	17.0
$30,000 to $39,999	49,810	21,655	28,155	13.2	11.8	14.4
$40,000 to $49,999	44,225	19,560	24,670	11.7	10.7	12.6
$50,000 to $59,999	35,475	16,960	18,520	9.4	9.3	9.5
$60,000 to $69,999	27,905	15,080	12,830	7.4	8.2	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	21,980	12,535	9,445	5.8	6.9	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	18,695	10,590	8,105	4.9	5.8	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	13,835	7,805	6,030	3.7	4.3	3.1
$100,000 and over	35,890	23,670	12,220	9.5	12.9	6.3
$100,000 to $149,999	24,870	15,870	9,005	6.6	8.7	4.6
$150,000 and over	11,015	7,795	3,215	2.9	4.3	1.6
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	391,880	189,595	202,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	13,430	6,625	6,810	3.4	3.5	3.4
With after-tax income	378,455	182,970	195,480	96.6	96.5	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	32,935	14,225	18,710	8.7	7.8	9.6
$10,000 to $19,999	44,750	18,235	26,515	11.8	10.0	13.6
$20,000 to $29,999	68,645	29,720	38,925	18.1	16.2	19.9
$30,000 to $39,999	62,110	27,420	34,690	16.4	15.0	17.7
$40,000 to $49,999	51,420	24,260	27,160	13.6	13.3	13.9
$50,000 to $59,999	38,405	20,720	17,690	10.1	11.3	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	28,445	16,135	12,310	7.5	8.8	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	18,905	10,555	8,350	5.0	5.8	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	11,075	6,835	4,240	2.9	3.7	2.2
$90,000 to $99,999	6,550	4,245	2,305	1.7	2.3	1.2
$100,000 and over	15,215	10,630	4,585	4.0	5.8	2.3
$100,000 to $124,999	7,780	5,325	2,455	2.1	2.9	1.3
$125,000 and over	7,435	5,300	2,130	2.0	2.9	1.1
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	391,880	189,595	202,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	111,785	48,075	63,705	28.5	25.4	31.5
With employment income	280,100	141,520	138,585	71.5	74.6	68.5
Under $5,000 (including loss)	36,405	16,940	19,460	13.0	12.0	14.0
$5,000 to $9,999	22,290	9,820	12,470	8.0	6.9	9.0
$10,000 to $19,999	33,150	14,870	18,280	11.8	10.5	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	26,790	12,515	14,275	9.6	8.8	10.3
$30,000 to $39,999	26,280	12,290	13,990	9.4	8.7	10.1
$40,000 to $49,999	26,170	11,835	14,335	9.3	8.4	10.3
$50,000 to $59,999	22,115	11,155	10,960	7.9	7.9	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	18,605	10,480	8,120	6.6	7.4	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	15,995	9,145	6,855	5.7	6.5	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	14,735	8,280	6,455	5.3	5.9	4.7
$90,000 to $99,999	10,960	6,290	4,665	3.9	4.4	3.4
$100,000 and over	26,610	17,900	8,710	9.5	12.6	6.3
$100,000 to $124,999	13,305	8,395	4,910	4.8	5.9	3.5
$125,000 and over	13,305	9,510	3,800	4.8	6.7	2.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	391,885	189,595	202,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	369,390	177,895	191,495	94.3	93.8	94.7
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	46,400	34,800	39,600	46,400	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	369,825	177,960	191,870	94.4	93.9	94.8
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	39,600	31,200	34,800	39,600	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	338,385	165,995	172,390	86.3	87.6	85.2
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	44,400	31,600	37,200	44,400	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	280,375	141,040	139,335	71.5	74.4	68.9
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	43,600	32,800	37,600	43,600	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	251,165	106,605	144,560	64.1	56.2	71.5
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,800	4,440	6,320	5,800	4,440	6,320
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	30,125	14,425	15,695	7.7	7.6	7.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,960	5,800	6,080	5,960	5,800	6,080
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	391,890	189,610	202,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	369,280	177,805	191,475	94.2	93.8	94.7
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,640	59,000	42,880	50,640	59,000	42,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	369,690	177,860	191,830	94.3	93.8	94.8
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	46,400	35,600	40,800	46,400	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	338,605	165,740	172,870	86.4	87.4	85.5
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,280	58,350	40,600	49,280	58,350	40,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	280,225	140,940	139,280	71.5	74.3	68.9
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,240	56,050	40,360	48,240	56,050	40,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	251,150	106,245	144,900	64.1	56.0	71.6
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,710	8,220	8,000	7,710	8,220
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	31,000	14,850	16,145	7.9	7.8	8.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,420	6,990	7,820	7,420	6,990	7,820
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	391,885	189,605	202,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	140,675	75,490	65,190	35.9	39.8	32.2
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,000	64,000	51,600	58,000	64,000	51,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,200	74,600	58,600	67,200	74,600	58,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	100,265	46,205	54,055	25.6	24.4	26.7
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,800	23,600	19,000	20,800	23,600	19,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,280	38,920	26,600	32,280	38,920	26,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.2	92.2	85.4	89.2	92.2	85.4
Employment income (%)	72.4	75.4	68.4	72.4	75.4	68.4
Government transfers (%)	10.7	7.8	14.5	10.7	7.8	14.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	1.0	1.5	1.2	1.0	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	201,135	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...	69,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	59,525	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	...	...	42,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,800	...	...	36,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	141,610	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	201,135	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	98,900	...	...	98,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,100	...	...	80,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	59,555	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,120	...	...	51,120	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,760	...	...	41,760	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	141,585	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,300	...	...	96,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	201,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,675	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,235	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,365	...	...	1.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,105	...	...	1.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,745	...	...	3.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,420	...	...	3.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,690	...	...	3.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,435	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	7,825	...	...	3.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,970	...	...	4.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	15,390	...	...	7.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	15,045	...	...	7.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	14,015	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	13,200	...	...	6.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	12,120	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	76,910	...	...	38.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	24,040	...	...	12.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	17,335	...	...	8.6	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	19,905	...	...	9.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	15,630	...	...	7.8	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	201,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	3,005	...	...	1.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,285	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,435	...	...	1.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,375	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	8,490	...	...	4.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	7,910	...	...	3.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	8,510	...	...	4.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	9,505	...	...	4.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	9,525	...	...	4.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	9,475	...	...	4.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	18,895	...	...	9.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	18,300	...	...	9.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	16,530	...	...	8.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	14,710	...	...	7.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	12,505	...	...	6.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	55,690	...	...	27.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	23,225	...	...	11.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	14,470	...	...	7.2	...	...
$150,000 and over	17,990	...	...	8.9	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	130,410	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	56,000	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	79,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	50,275	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...	134,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	19,690	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500	...	...	66,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,000	...	...	60,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	91,050	43,710	47,335	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	37,600	36,800	37,200	37,600	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	33,600	33,200	33,200	33,600	33,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	130,300	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,800	...	...	120,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,200	...	...	97,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	55,815	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	50,355	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,800	...	...	150,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,500	...	...	119,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	19,670	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,600	...	...	74,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...	64,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	91,130	43,810	47,325	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,560	46,360	44,800	45,560	46,360	44,800
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,920	38,200	37,640	37,920	38,200	37,640
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	461,135	225,070	236,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	83,040	42,575	40,465	18.0	18.9	17.1
0 to 5 years	25,745	13,090	12,655	5.6	5.8	5.4
18 to 64 years	300,080	147,095	152,985	65.1	65.4	64.8
65 years and over	78,015	35,400	42,620	16.9	15.7	18.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	55,465	25,860	29,605	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	12,160	6,295	5,865	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	4,175	2,135	2,040	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	32,745	15,550	17,205	...	...	...
65 years and over	10,555	4,015	6,540	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.0	11.5	12.5	12.0	11.5	12.5
0 to 17 years (%)	14.6	14.8	14.5	14.6	14.8	14.5
0 to 5 years (%)	16.2	16.3	16.1	16.2	16.3	16.1
18 to 64 years (%)	10.9	10.6	11.2	10.9	10.6	11.2
65 years and over (%)	13.5	11.4	15.3	13.5	11.4	15.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	458,145	223,660	234,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	82,330	42,220	40,105	18.0	18.9	17.1
0 to 5 years	25,515	12,985	12,535	5.6	5.8	5.3
18 to 64 years	298,310	146,260	152,055	65.1	65.4	64.8
65 years and over	77,505	35,180	42,325	16.9	15.7	18.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	24,925	12,680	12,240	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	4,160	2,135	2,025	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,295	690	605	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	19,390	9,975	9,410	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,375	570	805	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.4	5.7	5.2	5.4	5.7	5.2
0 to 17 years (%)	5.1	5.1	5.0	5.1	5.1	5.0
0 to 5 years (%)	5.1	5.3	4.8	5.1	5.3	4.8
18 to 64 years (%)	6.5	6.8	6.2	6.5	6.8	6.2
65 years and over (%)	1.8	1.6	1.9	1.8	1.6	1.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	461,135	225,065	236,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	245,700	117,230	128,465	53.3	52.1	54.4
In bottom decile	53,495	25,735	27,760	11.6	11.4	11.8
In second decile	49,125	22,680	26,450	10.7	10.1	11.2
In third decile	47,695	22,565	25,135	10.3	10.0	10.6
In fourth decile	47,845	22,915	24,930	10.4	10.2	10.6
In fifth decile	47,530	23,340	24,195	10.3	10.4	10.2
In top half of the distribution	215,440	107,840	107,605	46.7	47.9	45.6
In sixth decile	46,760	23,175	23,585	10.1	10.3	10.0
In seventh decile	47,170	23,635	23,535	10.2	10.5	10.0
In eighth decile	45,855	22,925	22,935	9.9	10.2	9.7
In ninth decile	41,290	20,745	20,545	9.0	9.2	8.7
In top decile	34,360	17,350	17,005	7.5	7.7	7.2
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	461,140	...	...	461,140	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.328	...	...	0.328	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.425	...	...	0.425	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.284	...	...	0.284	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	462,380	225,745	236,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	404,435	200,510	203,925	87.5	88.8	86.2
French only	295	125	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	55,045	23,940	31,105	11.9	10.6	13.1
Neither English nor French	2,605	1,170	1,440	0.6	0.5	0.6
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	462,380	225,745	236,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	448,025	218,875	229,155	96.9	97.0	96.8
French	10,245	5,005	5,235	2.2	2.2	2.2
English and French	1,650	770	880	0.4	0.3	0.4
Neither English nor French	2,455	1,095	1,360	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	462,380	225,745	236,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	450,570	219,945	230,620	97.4	97.4	97.5
Official languages	403,975	196,095	207,880	87.4	86.9	87.9
English	393,640	191,070	202,570	85.1	84.6	85.6
French	10,335	5,030	5,305	2.2	2.2	2.2
Non-official languages	46,590	23,850	22,740	10.1	10.6	9.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	135	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	46,455	23,790	22,670	10.0	10.5	9.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,080	4,325	3,760	1.7	1.9	1.6
Berber languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	245	130	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	165	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	7,815	4,185	3,625	1.7	1.9	1.5
Amharic	160	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	7,180	3,855	3,320	1.6	1.7	1.4
Aramaic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	215	115	100	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	230	115	115	0.0	0.1	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	760	365	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	750	360	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,720	1,170	1,545	0.6	0.5	0.7
Bikol	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	165	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,255	990	1,270	0.5	0.4	0.5
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,435	1,380	1,055	0.5	0.6	0.4
Kannada	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,190	675	510	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tamil	480	255	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	685	405	280	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	20,740	10,885	9,850	4.5	4.8	4.2
Albanian	310	155	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,265	1,540	1,725	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baltic languages	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,220	1,530	1,695	0.7	0.7	0.7
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	120	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	640	310	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	1,545	720	825	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	515	250	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	190	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	185	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	230	105	125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,535	1,235	1,300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Frisian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,470	710	760	0.3	0.3	0.3
German	1,405	680	730	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	20	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	790	380	415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	505	230	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	255	135	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	610	300	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	10,000	5,680	4,320	2.2	2.5	1.8
Indo-Aryan languages	8,350	4,820	3,530	1.8	2.1	1.5
Assamese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	810	465	345	0.2	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	1,005	645	355	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hindi	1,655	945	715	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kacchi	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	165	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	390	195	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,185	1,885	1,305	0.7	0.8	0.6
Rohingya	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	185	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	850	455	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,645	855	790	0.4	0.4	0.3
Baluchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	205	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,340	690	650	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,050	550	505	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,950	1,945	2,010	0.9	0.9	0.8
Catalan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	565	305	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	1,100	540	555	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	245	130	115	0.1	0.1	0.0
Spanish	2,030	965	1,065	0.4	0.4	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	305	80	225	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	2,015	865	1,150	0.4	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	895	455	445	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	185	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	185	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	105	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	135	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	120	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,350	3,670	3,680	1.6	1.6	1.6
Chinese languages	7,325	3,655	3,670	1.6	1.6	1.6
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	5,975	2,990	2,990	1.3	1.3	1.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,045	495	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	180	110	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	95	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	435	255	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	315	190	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	255	110	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	185	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	11,815	5,805	6,015	2.6	2.6	2.5
English and French	3,495	1,520	1,975	0.8	0.7	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	7,200	3,720	3,480	1.6	1.6	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	245	115	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	315	155	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	560	290	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	462,380	225,745	236,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	398,960	194,185	204,780	86.3	86.0	86.5
French	2,260	1,085	1,180	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official language	13,320	6,760	6,560	2.9	3.0	2.8
Indigenous³⁹	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	13,295	6,750	6,550	2.9	3.0	2.8
English and French	8,880	3,935	4,940	1.9	1.7	2.1
English and non-official language(s)	35,775	18,245	17,530	7.7	8.1	7.4
French and non-official language(s)	150	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,960	930	1,030	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	1,080	550	530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	462,380	225,745	236,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	452,135	220,600	231,530	97.8	97.7	97.8
Official languages	423,705	206,055	217,645	91.6	91.3	92.0
English	420,235	204,420	215,810	90.9	90.6	91.2
French	3,470	1,630	1,840	0.8	0.7	0.8
Non-official languages	28,435	14,550	13,885	6.1	6.4	5.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	28,400	14,540	13,865	6.1	6.4	5.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,090	2,605	2,485	1.1	1.2	1.1
Berber languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	185	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	145	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,895	2,510	2,385	1.1	1.1	1.0
Amharic	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,475	2,295	2,185	1.0	1.0	0.9
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	170	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	535	260	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	525	255	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,535	745	790	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,315	640	675	0.3	0.3	0.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,700	950	750	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kannada	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	905	510	400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	345	185	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	405	240	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	11,410	5,980	5,430	2.5	2.6	2.3
Albanian	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,550	745	810	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,545	740	810	0.3	0.3	0.3
Belarusian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	975	465	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	225	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	735	360	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	430	210	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	420	200	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	250	125	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	240	105	135	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	6,825	3,755	3,070	1.5	1.7	1.3
Indo-Aryan languages	5,690	3,190	2,495	1.2	1.4	1.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	525	270	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	610	365	245	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hindi	1,045	595	445	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	80	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	310	150	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,475	1,440	1,035	0.5	0.6	0.4
Rohingya	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	510	265	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,135	565	570	0.2	0.3	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	935	460	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	735	365	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,910	940	970	0.4	0.4	0.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	680	340	345	0.1	0.2	0.1
Romanian	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	980	480	505	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	1,605	710	895	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	345	160	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	200	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	180	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,435	2,760	2,675	1.2	1.2	1.1
Chinese languages	5,435	2,760	2,675	1.2	1.2	1.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,670	2,380	2,295	1.0	1.1	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	580	275	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	120	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	225	115	110	0.0	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	155	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,250	5,145	5,105	2.2	2.3	2.2
English and French	1,440	665	775	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	8,420	4,300	4,120	1.8	1.9	1.7
French and non-official language(s)	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	175	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	462,385	225,745	236,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	422,875	206,195	216,675	91.5	91.3	91.6
English	13,000	6,605	6,395	2.8	2.9	2.7
French	6,780	2,980	3,805	1.5	1.3	1.6
Non-official language	14,570	7,295	7,275	3.2	3.2	3.1
Indigenous³⁹	155	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	14,415	7,230	7,185	3.1	3.2	3.0
English and French	275	120	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,970	1,055	915	0.4	0.5	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	975	465	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,875	995	880	0.4	0.4	0.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	461,135	225,080	236,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	458,545	223,825	234,720	99.4	99.4	99.4
English	458,195	223,695	234,505	99.4	99.4	99.3
French	55,285	23,905	31,380	12.0	10.6	13.3
Non-official languages	67,670	34,260	33,410	14.7	15.2	14.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	440	175	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	360	155	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	315	135	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq	315	135	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	67,270	34,085	33,185	14.6	15.1	14.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,950	6,490	5,460	2.6	2.9	2.3
Berber languages	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	310	180	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	120	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	195	110	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	11,660	6,330	5,330	2.5	2.8	2.3
Amharic	220	125	95	0.0	0.1	0.0
Arabic	10,615	5,805	4,810	2.3	2.6	2.0
Aramaic languages	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	740	360	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,045	560	480	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,025	545	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,205	1,815	2,390	0.9	0.8	1.0
Bikol	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	155	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	265	125	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	170	50	125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	115	35	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	60	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,920	1,715	2,205	0.9	0.8	0.9
Waray-Waray	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	165	55	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	440	175	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	3,635	2,065	1,570	0.8	0.9	0.7
Kannada	330	175	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	1,580	885	695	0.3	0.4	0.3
Tamil	1,240	690	545	0.3	0.3	0.2
Telugu	1,090	645	445	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tulu	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	32,695	16,820	15,875	7.1	7.5	6.7
Albanian	470	230	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,385	2,185	2,195	1.0	1.0	0.9
Baltic languages	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,310	2,165	2,150	0.9	1.0	0.9
Belarusian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	180	105	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	795	390	400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	2,340	1,205	1,135	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	770	380	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	235	110	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Croatian	350	140	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	345	190	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	445	220	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	340	165	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Irish	130	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	4,850	2,335	2,515	1.1	1.0	1.1
Frisian	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,370	1,650	1,725	0.7	0.7	0.7
German	3,340	1,640	1,695	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,250	615	640	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	275	150	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	845	400	445	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	470	220	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	170	95	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	125	25	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	950	460	495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	14,060	7,875	6,185	3.0	3.5	2.6
Indo-Aryan languages	12,245	6,910	5,335	2.7	3.1	2.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,120	610	505	0.2	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	1,245	790	455	0.3	0.4	0.2
Hindi	7,985	4,520	3,460	1.7	2.0	1.5
Kacchi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	375	185	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	415	220	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	35	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,020	2,845	2,175	1.1	1.3	0.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	320	160	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,525	840	685	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	70	55	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,960	1,045	915	0.4	0.5	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	355	175	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	155	95	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,465	780	685	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	150	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,195	640	555	0.3	0.3	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,690	4,090	4,605	1.9	1.8	2.0
Catalan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,495	720	780	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	1,440	740	700	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	280	120	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	6,065	2,785	3,275	1.3	1.2	1.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,015	460	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	2,365	980	1,385	0.5	0.4	0.6
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,795	1,405	1,390	0.6	0.6	0.6
Akan (Twi)	160	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	25	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	415	175	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	635	360	280	0.1	0.2	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	965	475	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	405	230	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	370	210	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	110	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	255	175	85	0.1	0.1	0.0
African, n.o.s.	25	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	1,020	350	665	0.2	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	915	300	615	0.2	0.1	0.3
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,530	4,290	4,235	1.8	1.9	1.8
Chinese languages	8,465	4,250	4,215	1.8	1.9	1.8
Hakka	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	7,415	3,745	3,670	1.6	1.7	1.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,490	655	840	0.3	0.3	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	200	115	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	875	515	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	625	360	265	0.1	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	70	50	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	320	130	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	225	85	140	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	230	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	461,140	225,075	236,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	18,850	8,860	9,990	4.1	3.9	4.2
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	17,850	8,365	9,485	3.9	3.7	4.0
First Nations (North American Indian)	10,110	4,805	5,305	2.2	2.1	2.2
Métis	7,185	3,315	3,870	1.6	1.5	1.6
Inuk (Inuit)	560	245	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	495	245	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	505	250	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	442,290	216,215	226,070	95.9	96.1	95.8
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	461,140	225,075	236,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	5,140	2,445	2,690	1.1	1.1	1.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	456,000	222,630	233,370	98.9	98.9	98.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	201,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	117,810	...	...	58.6	...	...
Renter	82,915	...	...	41.2	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	405	...	...	0.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	201,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	12,640	...	...	6.3	...	...
Not condominium	188,495	...	...	93.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	201,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,485	...	...	0.7	...	...
1 bedroom	30,195	...	...	15.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	54,615	...	...	27.2	...	...
3 bedrooms	69,725	...	...	34.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	45,115	...	...	22.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	201,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	60,420	...	...	30.0	...	...
5 rooms	29,045	...	...	14.4	...	...
6 rooms	27,500	...	...	13.7	...	...
7 rooms	24,900	...	...	12.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	59,280	...	...	29.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	201,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	198,125	...	...	98.5	...	...
More than one person per room	3,010	...	...	1.5	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	201,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	192,205	...	...	95.6	...	...
Not suitable	8,935	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	201,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	36,405	...	...	18.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	53,620	...	...	26.7	...	...
1981 to 1990	29,475	...	...	14.7	...	...
1991 to 2000	28,245	...	...	14.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	13,985	...	...	7.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	13,035	...	...	6.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	11,825	...	...	5.9	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	14,550	...	...	7.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	201,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	187,955	...	...	93.4	...	...
Major repairs needed	13,180	...	...	6.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	201,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	100,120	...	...	49.8	...	...
Two-maintainer household	92,595	...	...	46.0	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	8,425	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	201,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	9,195	...	...	4.6	...	...
25 to 34 years	33,885	...	...	16.8	...	...
35 to 44 years	34,235	...	...	17.0	...	...
45 to 54 years	34,295	...	...	17.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	38,950	...	...	19.4	...	...
65 to 74 years	29,945	...	...	14.9	...	...
75 to 84 years	15,475	...	...	7.7	...	...
85 years and over	5,165	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	199,645	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	156,830	...	...	78.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	42,820	...	...	21.4	...	...
30% to less than 100%	37,195	...	...	18.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	201,140	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	58,805	...	...	29.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	37,520	...	...	18.7	...	...
Not suitable only	6,305	...	...	3.1	...	...
Major repairs needed only	8,980	...	...	4.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,800	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	3,370	...	...	1.7	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	700	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	135	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	142,330	...	...	70.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	194,025	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	23,090	...	...	11.9	...	...
Not in core need	170,935	...	...	88.1	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	117,045	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	63.5	...	...	63.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	10.8	...	...	10.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.9	...	...	4.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,270	...	...	1,270	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,370	...	...	1,370	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	348,000	...	...	348,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	396,800	...	...	396,800	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	82,720	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.7	...	...	7.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.5	...	...	36.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	22.2	...	...	22.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,170	...	...	1,170	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,247	...	...	1,247	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	405	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	0	...	...	0	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	172	...	...	172	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	461,140	225,075	236,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	6,370	2,970	3,405	1.4	1.3	1.4
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	6,215	2,900	3,320	1.3	1.3	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	4,885	2,310	2,575	1.1	1.0	1.1
Métis single ancestry	1,115	495	625	0.2	0.2	0.3
Inuit single ancestry	215	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	155	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	20,080	9,305	10,770	4.4	4.1	4.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	19,660	9,105	10,555	4.3	4.0	4.5
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	14,010	6,515	7,495	3.0	2.9	3.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,025	2,280	2,745	1.1	1.0	1.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	620	310	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	420	200	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	350	165	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	434,690	212,810	221,880	94.3	94.6	94.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	461,135	225,080	236,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	421,150	204,085	217,065	91.3	90.7	92.0
Canadian citizens aged under 18	76,610	39,340	37,270	16.6	17.5	15.8
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	344,545	164,745	179,800	74.7	73.2	76.2
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	39,990	20,995	18,995	8.7	9.3	8.0
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	461,135	225,080	236,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	392,615	189,995	202,615	85.1	84.4	85.8
Immigrants⁸¹	51,485	25,630	25,855	11.2	11.4	11.0
Before 1980	8,740	4,180	4,560	1.9	1.9	1.9
1980 to 1990	3,550	1,730	1,820	0.8	0.8	0.8
1991 to 2000	4,920	2,400	2,520	1.1	1.1	1.1
2001 to 2010	9,175	4,640	4,535	2.0	2.1	1.9
2011 to 2021⁸²	25,100	12,675	12,420	5.4	5.6	5.3
2011 to 2015	6,965	3,420	3,540	1.5	1.5	1.5
2016 to 2021	18,135	9,260	8,880	3.9	4.1	3.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	17,040	9,450	7,590	3.7	4.2	3.2
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	51,485	25,630	25,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	5,895	2,975	2,925	11.4	11.6	11.3
5 to 14 years	9,490	4,985	4,500	18.4	19.4	17.4
15 to 24 years	7,380	3,605	3,775	14.3	14.1	14.6
25 to 44 years	24,890	11,990	12,900	48.3	46.8	49.9
45 years and over	3,830	2,075	1,755	7.4	8.1	6.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	51,485	25,630	25,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	7,020	3,390	3,635	13.6	13.2	14.1
Brazil	365	180	185	0.7	0.7	0.7
Colombia	195	105	85	0.4	0.4	0.3
El Salvador	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyana	180	80	105	0.3	0.3	0.4
Haiti	30	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Jamaica	570	260	310	1.1	1.0	1.2
Mexico	260	140	120	0.5	0.5	0.5
Peru	80	45	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	215	125	95	0.4	0.5	0.4
United States of America	3,680	1,685	1,995	7.1	6.6	7.7
Other places of birth in Americas	1,380	730	650	2.7	2.8	2.5
Europe	13,590	6,720	6,875	26.4	26.2	26.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	235	120	120	0.5	0.5	0.5
Croatia	175	70	105	0.3	0.3	0.4
France	270	155	115	0.5	0.6	0.4
Germany	935	480	455	1.8	1.9	1.8
Greece	275	125	155	0.5	0.5	0.6
Hungary	120	50	65	0.2	0.2	0.3
Italy	390	205	180	0.8	0.8	0.7
Netherlands	480	235	240	0.9	0.9	0.9
Poland	570	265	305	1.1	1.0	1.2
Portugal	175	100	75	0.3	0.4	0.3
Romania	260	105	155	0.5	0.4	0.6
Russian Federation	630	310	325	1.2	1.2	1.3
Serbia⁸⁶	135	60	80	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ukraine	540	300	235	1.0	1.2	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,590	3,270	3,325	12.8	12.8	12.9
Other places of birth in Europe	1,805	850	955	3.5	3.3	3.7
Africa	5,770	3,105	2,665	11.2	12.1	10.3
Algeria	65	45	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	255	145	110	0.5	0.6	0.4
Egypt	900	480	425	1.7	1.9	1.6
Eritrea	120	85	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
Ethiopia	245	140	105	0.5	0.5	0.4
Morocco	115	45	70	0.2	0.2	0.3
Nigeria	1,625	830	800	3.2	3.2	3.1
Somalia	130	80	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	435	230	205	0.8	0.9	0.8
Other places of birth in Africa	1,875	1,030	845	3.6	4.0	3.3
Asia	24,725	12,190	12,530	48.0	47.6	48.5
Afghanistan	125	65	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	985	495	485	1.9	1.9	1.9
Iraq	405	210	200	0.8	0.8	0.8
Lebanon	1,350	755	590	2.6	2.9	2.3
Syria⁸⁹	2,080	1,100	985	4.0	4.3	3.8
Turkey	295	165	135	0.6	0.6	0.5
China⁹⁰	3,740	1,740	2,005	7.3	6.8	7.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	295	125	175	0.6	0.5	0.7
Korea, South⁹²	1,015	445	570	2.0	1.7	2.2
Taiwan	155	70	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Philippines	3,505	1,515	1,995	6.8	5.9	7.7
Viet Nam	615	295	320	1.2	1.2	1.2
Bangladesh	510	255	250	1.0	1.0	1.0
India	4,800	2,505	2,290	9.3	9.8	8.9
Pakistan	785	410	375	1.5	1.6	1.5
Sri Lanka	350	180	175	0.7	0.7	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	3,695	1,850	1,850	7.2	7.2	7.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	375	220	150	0.7	0.9	0.6
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	18,135	9,260	8,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,555	825	735	8.6	8.9	8.3
Brazil	230	120	110	1.3	1.3	1.2
Colombia	30	15	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	245	105	140	1.4	1.1	1.6
Mexico	55	40	20	0.3	0.4	0.2
United States of America	555	300	250	3.1	3.2	2.8
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	15	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth in Americas	425	230	190	2.3	2.5	2.1
Europe	1,635	910	720	9.0	9.8	8.1
France	65	40	25	0.4	0.4	0.3
Germany	65	40	25	0.4	0.4	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	60	35	20	0.3	0.4	0.2
Italy	35	25	15	0.2	0.3	0.2
Russian Federation	185	90	90	1.0	1.0	1.0
Ukraine	240	140	105	1.3	1.5	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	540	330	210	3.0	3.6	2.4
Other places of birth in Europe	450	215	230	2.5	2.3	2.6
Africa	3,205	1,710	1,495	17.7	18.5	16.8
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	20	15	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	160	85	75	0.9	0.9	0.8
Côte d'Ivoire	40	15	25	0.2	0.2	0.3
Egypt	350	195	155	1.9	2.1	1.7
Eritrea	50	45	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Ethiopia	95	55	40	0.5	0.6	0.5
Morocco	45	25	25	0.2	0.3	0.3
Nigeria	1,405	685	720	7.7	7.4	8.1
Somalia	95	65	30	0.5	0.7	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	170	80	90	0.9	0.9	1.0
Sudan⁹⁷	155	110	50	0.9	1.2	0.6
Tunisia	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	575	315	260	3.2	3.4	2.9
Asia	11,665	5,760	5,910	64.3	62.2	66.6
Afghanistan	30	20	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bangladesh	340	175	165	1.9	1.9	1.9
China⁹⁰	1,910	915	995	10.5	9.9	11.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	35	25	10	0.2	0.3	0.1
India	3,240	1,665	1,575	17.9	18.0	17.7
Iran⁸⁸	205	95	110	1.1	1.0	1.2
Iraq	90	25	65	0.5	0.3	0.7
Israel	180	80	100	1.0	0.9	1.1
Japan	30	0	25	0.2	0.0	0.3
Jordan	150	70	75	0.8	0.8	0.8
Korea, South⁹²	480	190	295	2.6	2.1	3.3
Lebanon	135	70	65	0.7	0.8	0.7
Nepal	60	30	30	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pakistan	335	190	140	1.8	2.1	1.6
Philippines	1,610	730	885	8.9	7.9	10.0
Saudi Arabia	215	125	90	1.2	1.3	1.0
Sri Lanka	60	20	35	0.3	0.2	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	1,830	970	860	10.1	10.5	9.7
Turkey	105	50	55	0.6	0.5	0.6
United Arab Emirates	105	40	65	0.6	0.4	0.7
Viet Nam	195	95	95	1.1	1.0	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	335	170	170	1.8	1.8	1.9
Oceania and other⁹³	75	50	20	0.4	0.5	0.2
Australia	50	35	15	0.3	0.4	0.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	25	20	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	461,140	225,080	236,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	73,770	37,535	36,225	16.0	16.7	15.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	45,055	22,410	22,645	9.8	10.0	9.6
Third generation or more¹⁰²	342,320	165,135	177,185	74.2	73.4	75.1
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	42,750	21,450	21,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	27,650	14,225	13,425	64.7	66.3	63.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	11,415	6,900	4,515	26.7	32.2	21.2
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	16,235	7,325	8,915	38.0	34.1	41.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,580	3,745	4,835	20.1	17.5	22.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	6,200	3,335	2,870	14.5	15.5	13.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	320	150	170	0.7	0.7	0.8
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	42,750	21,450	21,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	840	520	325	2.0	2.4	1.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,855	3,010	2,835	13.7	14.0	13.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,760	945	815	4.1	4.4	3.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,240	2,305	1,935	9.9	10.7	9.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	305	95	210	0.7	0.4	1.0
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	29,750	14,570	15,180	69.6	67.9	71.3
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	461,140	225,080	236,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	73,565	37,680	35,880	16.0	16.7	15.2
South Asian	16,850	9,470	7,380	3.7	4.2	3.1
Chinese	9,770	4,780	4,985	2.1	2.1	2.1
Black	20,795	10,245	10,545	4.5	4.6	4.5
Filipino	4,590	2,060	2,530	1.0	0.9	1.1
Arab	9,500	5,205	4,295	2.1	2.3	1.8
Latin American	2,290	1,160	1,130	0.5	0.5	0.5
Southeast Asian	1,890	935	950	0.4	0.4	0.4
West Asian	1,710	920	790	0.4	0.4	0.3
Korean	2,385	1,015	1,370	0.5	0.5	0.6
Japanese	760	310	455	0.2	0.1	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	780	395	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	2,255	1,185	1,065	0.5	0.5	0.5
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	387,575	187,395	200,180	84.0	83.3	84.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	461,135	225,080	236,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	64,715	31,580	33,135	14.0	14.0	14.0
English	106,180	51,245	54,945	23.0	22.8	23.3
Irish	98,095	46,065	52,030	21.3	20.5	22.0
Scottish	110,770	52,850	57,925	24.0	23.5	24.5
French, n.o.s.¹²²	53,030	25,165	27,865	11.5	11.2	11.8
German	41,640	19,915	21,730	9.0	8.8	9.2
Chinese	9,600	4,700	4,900	2.1	2.1	2.1
Italian	8,955	4,470	4,490	1.9	2.0	1.9
Indian (India)	11,005	6,100	4,910	2.4	2.7	2.1
Ukrainian	5,655	2,765	2,890	1.2	1.2	1.2
Dutch	12,425	5,710	6,715	2.7	2.5	2.8
Polish	5,935	2,975	2,960	1.3	1.3	1.3
Québécois	1,195	580	610	0.3	0.3	0.3
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	17,475	8,415	9,050	3.8	3.7	3.8
Filipino	4,180	1,895	2,285	0.9	0.8	1.0
French Canadian	3,525	1,660	1,865	0.8	0.7	0.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	26,880	12,915	13,965	5.8	5.7	5.9
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	6,030	2,810	3,215	1.3	1.2	1.4
Métis	6,630	3,000	3,630	1.4	1.3	1.5
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	24,355	12,055	12,300	5.3	5.4	5.2
Russian	2,920	1,385	1,535	0.6	0.6	0.7
Norwegian	3,285	1,555	1,725	0.7	0.7	0.7
Welsh	9,360	4,440	4,920	2.0	2.0	2.1
Portuguese	2,005	975	1,025	0.4	0.4	0.4
American	3,600	1,770	1,835	0.8	0.8	0.8
Spanish	2,580	1,225	1,350	0.6	0.5	0.6
Swedish	2,235	960	1,270	0.5	0.4	0.5
Hungarian	1,735	850	890	0.4	0.4	0.4
Acadian	20,575	9,260	11,315	4.5	4.1	4.8
Pakistani	1,060	550	505	0.2	0.2	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	5,890	2,905	2,985	1.3	1.3	1.3
Jewish	2,590	1,270	1,315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Punjabi	1,240	665	575	0.3	0.3	0.2
Vietnamese	1,155	625	530	0.3	0.3	0.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,080	1,595	1,485	0.7	0.7	0.6
Greek	2,200	1,140	1,055	0.5	0.5	0.4
Jamaican	1,295	635	655	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,280	1,020	1,260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	535	245	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	2,110	890	1,220	0.5	0.4	0.5
Romanian	805	385	415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanese	5,040	2,560	2,480	1.1	1.1	1.1
Iranian	1,070	560	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,240	610	625	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	1,880	885	995	0.4	0.4	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,875	1,365	1,510	0.6	0.6	0.6
Sikh	805	465	340	0.2	0.2	0.1
Austrian	1,130	540	590	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belgian	1,355	660	690	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	110	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	1,210	700	505	0.3	0.3	0.2
Mexican	635	340	295	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mennonite	325	185	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	1,465	615	850	0.3	0.3	0.4
Finnish	790	355	440	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lankan	415	215	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	595	260	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	870	380	495	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	825	500	330	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	7,500	3,520	3,980	1.6	1.6	1.7
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	2,000	930	1,075	0.4	0.4	0.5
Muslim	695	375	320	0.2	0.2	0.1
Egyptian	1,215	680	535	0.3	0.3	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	675	360	315	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamil	340	170	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	465	195	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	405	230	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	235	95	135	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	620	290	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	1,965	1,085	880	0.4	0.5	0.4
Guyanese	410	215	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	215	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,870	1,355	1,510	0.6	0.6	0.6
Serbian	330	180	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	310	140	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	3,955	1,870	2,085	0.9	0.8	0.9
Hong Konger	190	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	715	370	345	0.2	0.2	0.1
Persian	400	185	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	430	235	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	600	335	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	920	450	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bangladeshi	680	360	320	0.1	0.2	0.1
Algerian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	540	270	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	960	475	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	240	140	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slovak	380	175	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,080	530	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	200	115	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Taiwanese	240	115	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	270	145	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	95	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Caribbean	685	335	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	470	260	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,715	910	805	0.4	0.4	0.3
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	360	155	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	130	45	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	425	195	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	400	190	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	415	190	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	360	185	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	740	405	335	0.2	0.2	0.1
Chilean	200	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congolese	360	170	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	10,940	5,190	5,750	2.4	2.3	2.4
Ethiopian	290	150	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	225	90	130	0.0	0.0	0.1
Peruvian	135	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	850	435	415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	475	240	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	285	175	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	160	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,285	625	655	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Brunswicker	875	385	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	245	155	90	0.1	0.1	0.0
Eritrean	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	3,910	1,890	2,020	0.8	0.8	0.9
Israeli	440	245	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	295	135	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	220	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	265	145	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	195	115	75	0.0	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	470	225	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	745	380	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	170	95	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	265	140	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	225	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	280	155	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	335	145	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	185	115	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cameroonian	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	215	100	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
Laotian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	230	140	95	0.0	0.1	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,130	565	565	0.2	0.3	0.2
British Columbian	110	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	75	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	230	95	135	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kurdish	280	145	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	550	275	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	150	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	215	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	310	150	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	150	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	200	80	125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Abenaki	115	35	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	175	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	170	115	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sudanese	110	75	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	130	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	215	120	100	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	180	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	2,080	925	1,160	0.5	0.4	0.5
Rwandan	90	60	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	195	110	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	535	300	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Caribbean	115	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	140	50	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	235	90	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Senegalese	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	60	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	115	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	160	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	405	235	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Basque	115	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	190	80	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	450	175	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maliseet	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	2,620	1,140	1,475	0.6	0.5	0.6
Malagasy	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	461,140	225,075	236,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,205	1,025	1,180	0.5	0.5	0.5
Christian	245,765	112,305	133,460	53.3	49.9	56.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	23,815	11,340	12,475	5.2	5.0	5.3
Anabaptist	315	155	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	39,105	17,535	21,570	8.5	7.8	9.1
Baptist	16,955	7,480	9,470	3.7	3.3	4.0
Catholic	107,485	50,245	57,240	23.3	22.3	24.2
Christian Orthodox	3,675	1,875	1,800	0.8	0.8	0.8
Jehovah's Witness	1,605	665	940	0.3	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	675	330	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	1,535	750	785	0.3	0.3	0.3
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,195	1,005	1,185	0.5	0.4	0.5
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	3,870	1,705	2,165	0.8	0.8	0.9
Presbyterian	4,320	1,860	2,465	0.9	0.8	1.0
Reformed	285	135	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	31,430	13,390	18,040	6.8	5.9	7.6
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	8,505	3,830	4,675	1.8	1.7	2.0
Hindu	6,850	3,950	2,900	1.5	1.8	1.2
Jewish	1,775	915	855	0.4	0.4	0.4
Muslim	13,265	7,205	6,065	2.9	3.2	2.6
Sikh	3,535	1,930	1,605	0.8	0.9	0.7
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	385	165	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	3,455	1,505	1,955	0.7	0.7	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	183,890	96,070	87,820	39.9	42.7	37.2
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	457,185	222,975	234,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	390,155	190,185	199,970	85.3	85.3	85.4
Movers	67,025	32,795	34,235	14.7	14.7	14.6
Non-migrants	45,680	22,255	23,425	10.0	10.0	10.0
Migrants	21,350	10,540	10,810	4.7	4.7	4.6
Internal migrants	17,330	8,565	8,765	3.8	3.8	3.7
Intraprovincial migrants	4,830	2,305	2,530	1.1	1.0	1.1
Interprovincial migrants	12,500	6,265	6,240	2.7	2.8	2.7
External migrants	4,015	1,975	2,040	0.9	0.9	0.9
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	440,130	214,350	225,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	253,675	123,015	130,665	57.6	57.4	57.9
Movers	186,450	91,340	95,115	42.4	42.6	42.1
Non-migrants	103,295	50,150	53,145	23.5	23.4	23.5
Migrants	83,155	41,190	41,970	18.9	19.2	18.6
Internal migrants	55,770	26,870	28,895	12.7	12.5	12.8
Intraprovincial migrants	19,515	9,130	10,385	4.4	4.3	4.6
Interprovincial migrants	36,255	17,745	18,510	8.2	8.3	8.2
External migrants	27,390	14,320	13,070	6.2	6.7	5.8
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	391,885	189,605	202,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	55,560	29,725	25,830	14.2	15.7	12.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	336,335	159,880	176,450	85.8	84.3	87.2
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	257,445	125,025	132,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	21,455	12,550	8,905	8.3	10.0	6.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	235,990	112,470	123,515	91.7	90.0	93.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	391,890	189,605	202,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	48,640	25,350	23,290	12.4	13.4	11.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	100,050	50,655	49,400	25.5	26.7	24.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	243,195	113,600	129,590	62.1	59.9	64.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	115,295	57,450	57,845	29.4	30.3	28.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	27,215	19,170	8,040	6.9	10.1	4.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	14,620	8,220	6,405	3.7	4.3	3.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	12,590	10,950	1,640	3.2	5.8	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	78,400	34,115	44,285	20.0	18.0	21.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	9,685	4,165	5,515	2.5	2.2	2.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	127,895	56,150	71,750	32.6	29.6	35.5
Bachelor's degree	83,785	36,620	47,160	21.4	19.3	23.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,460	3,290	4,175	1.9	1.7	2.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,110	1,535	1,580	0.8	0.8	0.8
Master's degree	28,850	11,990	16,865	7.4	6.3	8.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,685	2,710	1,975	1.2	1.4	1.0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	257,445	125,025	132,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	17,830	10,155	7,680	6.9	8.1	5.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	55,930	29,750	26,175	21.7	23.8	19.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	183,685	85,115	98,570	71.3	68.1	74.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	82,415	41,790	40,630	32.0	33.4	30.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	18,225	13,140	5,080	7.1	10.5	3.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	9,615	5,610	4,010	3.7	4.5	3.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,605	7,535	1,075	3.3	6.0	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	58,080	26,020	32,065	22.6	20.8	24.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,115	2,630	3,485	2.4	2.1	2.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	101,265	43,330	57,940	39.3	34.7	43.8
Bachelor's degree	66,085	28,625	37,465	25.7	22.9	28.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,840	2,395	3,440	2.3	1.9	2.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,450	1,055	1,395	1.0	0.8	1.1
Master's degree	23,465	9,425	14,040	9.1	7.5	10.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,435	1,830	1,605	1.3	1.5	1.2
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	391,890	189,605	202,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	148,695	76,005	72,690	37.9	40.1	35.9
Education	14,880	3,485	11,395	3.8	1.8	5.6
13. Education	14,880	3,485	11,395	3.8	1.8	5.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,665	3,635	4,030	2.0	1.9	2.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,065	760	305	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	6,605	2,875	3,730	1.7	1.5	1.8
Humanities	13,105	5,210	7,890	3.3	2.7	3.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	795	195	600	0.2	0.1	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	3,830	1,235	2,595	1.0	0.7	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,945	1,085	1,855	0.8	0.6	0.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	350	150	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	955	510	445	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,080	600	480	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	2,495	1,310	1,190	0.6	0.7	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	650	120	530	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	28,725	9,270	19,460	7.3	4.9	9.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	420	95	320	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,230	1,125	2,100	0.8	0.6	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,600	420	4,180	1.2	0.2	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	4,175	1,400	2,780	1.1	0.7	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	750	265	480	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	6,215	1,590	4,630	1.6	0.8	2.3
45. Social sciences	9,345	4,370	4,970	2.4	2.3	2.5
Business, management and public administration	56,815	21,790	35,025	14.5	11.5	17.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	110	15	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,575	770	2,805	0.9	0.4	1.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	53,125	21,000	32,125	13.6	11.1	15.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	12,455	5,885	6,575	3.2	3.1	3.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,635	2,340	3,295	1.4	1.2	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,930	1,140	1,790	0.7	0.6	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	260	45	210	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	3,375	2,255	1,115	0.9	1.2	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	255	100	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	12,700	8,425	4,280	3.2	4.4	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	10,400	7,400	3,000	2.7	3.9	1.5
25. Library science	860	140	720	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,235	750	490	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	200	130	70	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	45,190	40,530	4,655	11.5	21.4	2.3
04. Architecture and related services	1,280	770	510	0.3	0.4	0.3
14. Engineering	11,010	8,925	2,085	2.8	4.7	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	10,595	9,360	1,235	2.7	4.9	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	10,080	9,805	280	2.6	5.2	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,140	7,800	340	2.1	4.1	0.2
48. Precision production	4,065	3,860	205	1.0	2.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,955	1,720	2,235	1.0	0.9	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,220	795	1,425	0.6	0.4	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,735	925	805	0.4	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	33,675	6,250	27,425	8.6	3.3	13.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,415	1,125	1,295	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	30,020	4,475	25,550	7.7	2.4	12.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	105	20	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,125	625	500	0.3	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	13,985	7,390	6,590	3.6	3.9	3.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,955	2,290	5,660	2.0	1.2	2.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	205	175	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	435	420	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,195	1,670	530	0.6	0.9	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	3,195	2,835	355	0.8	1.5	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	257,445	125,020	132,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	73,760	39,905	33,855	28.7	31.9	25.6
Education	9,775	2,130	7,650	3.8	1.7	5.8
13. Education	9,775	2,130	7,650	3.8	1.7	5.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,285	2,990	3,295	2.4	2.4	2.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	860	580	280	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	5,430	2,410	3,015	2.1	1.9	2.3
Humanities	9,795	3,860	5,940	3.8	3.1	4.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	595	150	445	0.2	0.1	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	2,970	965	2,010	1.2	0.8	1.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,210	840	1,375	0.9	0.7	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	260	110	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	740	400	345	0.3	0.3	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	680	375	300	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	1,845	950	895	0.7	0.8	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	485	75	410	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	23,160	6,960	16,200	9.0	5.6	12.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	315	80	240	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,840	935	1,910	1.1	0.7	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,730	290	3,435	1.4	0.2	2.6
22. Legal professions and studies	3,370	965	2,405	1.3	0.8	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	575	215	360	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	4,975	1,240	3,735	1.9	1.0	2.8
45. Social sciences	7,355	3,230	4,125	2.9	2.6	3.1
Business, management and public administration	42,695	16,590	26,105	16.6	13.3	19.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	75	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,710	540	2,170	1.1	0.4	1.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	39,905	16,030	23,875	15.5	12.8	18.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,975	4,005	4,975	3.5	3.2	3.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,085	1,640	2,450	1.6	1.3	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,140	800	1,335	0.8	0.6	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	230	40	190	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	2,395	1,475	915	0.9	1.2	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	125	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	10,450	7,040	3,405	4.1	5.6	2.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	8,810	6,325	2,490	3.4	5.1	1.9
25. Library science	600	90	510	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	850	510	340	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	180	115	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	33,570	29,705	3,865	13.0	23.8	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	995	540	455	0.4	0.4	0.3
14. Engineering	8,435	6,720	1,710	3.3	5.4	1.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,820	6,810	1,010	3.0	5.4	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	7,455	7,195	260	2.9	5.8	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,935	5,685	250	2.3	4.5	0.2
48. Precision production	2,930	2,755	180	1.1	2.2	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,255	1,370	1,885	1.3	1.1	1.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,785	605	1,180	0.7	0.5	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,470	765	705	0.6	0.6	0.5
Health and related fields	25,160	4,885	20,275	9.8	3.9	15.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,850	865	985	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	22,360	3,585	18,780	8.7	2.9	14.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	95	15	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	850	415	435	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	10,525	5,590	4,940	4.1	4.5	3.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,935	1,745	4,185	2.3	1.4	3.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	155	135	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	280	265	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,750	1,315	430	0.7	1.1	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,410	2,120	295	0.9	1.7	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	257,445	125,020	132,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	73,760	39,905	33,855	28.7	31.9	25.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	183,685	85,115	98,565	71.3	68.1	74.4
Location of study inside Canada	160,970	74,270	86,700	62.5	59.4	65.5
Same as province or territory of residence	120,400	54,345	66,050	46.8	43.5	49.9
Different than province or territory of residence	40,575	19,930	20,650	15.8	15.9	15.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	22,710	10,845	11,865	8.8	8.7	9.0
Americas	4,630	2,235	2,395	1.8	1.8	1.8
United States of America	3,280	1,580	1,700	1.3	1.3	1.3
Mexico	235	110	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	185	80	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	390	195	190	0.2	0.2	0.1
Colombia	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	270	120	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	5,145	2,600	2,545	2.0	2.1	1.9
Belgium	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	190	85	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	285	170	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	80	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	125	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
Romania	105	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	365	170	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	255	125	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,650	1,395	1,255	1.0	1.1	0.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	515	250	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	1,835	940	895	0.7	0.8	0.7
Nigeria	660	330	325	0.3	0.3	0.2
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	500	260	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	225	105	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	395	220	175	0.2	0.2	0.1
Asia	10,595	4,785	5,810	4.1	3.8	4.4
Iran⁸⁸	365	155	205	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iraq	105	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	280	135	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	260	150	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	230	100	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	140	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,295	605	690	0.5	0.5	0.5
Taiwan	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	135	10	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	795	265	530	0.3	0.2	0.4
Philippines	1,945	715	1,230	0.8	0.6	0.9
Viet Nam	150	60	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	205	85	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
India	3,700	1,945	1,755	1.4	1.6	1.3
Pakistan	285	130	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	450	190	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oceania	500	280	230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australia	425	215	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	75	65	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	391,890	189,605	202,280	...	...	...
In the labour force	256,260	131,295	124,965	...	...	...
Employed	227,125	117,675	109,450	...	...	...
Unemployed	29,135	13,620	15,515	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	135,620	58,305	77,315	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.4	69.2	61.8	65.4	69.2	61.8
Employment rate	58.0	62.1	54.1	58.0	62.1	54.1
Unemployment rate	11.4	10.4	12.4	11.4	10.4	12.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	391,890	189,605	202,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	133,040	58,055	74,985	33.9	30.6	37.1
Worked	258,850	131,550	127,295	66.1	69.4	62.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	145,705	78,685	67,020	37.2	41.5	33.1
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	113,145	52,870	60,275	28.9	27.9	29.8
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.8	42.4	41.2	41.8	42.4	41.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	256,265	131,300	124,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,100	2,600	2,500	2.0	2.0	2.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	251,165	128,700	122,465	98.0	98.0	98.0
Employee	223,725	112,330	111,400	87.3	85.6	89.1
Permanent position	185,845	94,770	91,075	72.5	72.2	72.9
Temporary position	37,880	17,555	20,330	14.8	13.4	16.3
Fixed term (1 year or more)	13,415	5,890	7,530	5.2	4.5	6.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	24,470	11,670	12,800	9.5	8.9	10.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	27,435	16,375	11,060	10.7	12.5	8.9
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	256,265	131,300	124,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,100	2,600	2,500	2.0	2.0	2.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	251,165	128,700	122,465	98.0	98.0	98.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,310	2,110	1,200	1.3	1.6	1.0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	45,125	14,245	30,875	17.6	10.8	24.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	23,070	17,445	5,625	9.0	13.3	4.5
3 Health occupations	22,440	4,470	17,970	8.8	3.4	14.4
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	37,275	14,495	22,785	14.5	11.0	18.2
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	8,480	3,985	4,500	3.3	3.0	3.6
6 Sales and service occupations	64,750	30,405	34,340	25.3	23.2	27.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	38,335	35,060	3,275	15.0	26.7	2.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	3,250	2,560	690	1.3	1.9	0.6
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	5,135	3,925	1,210	2.0	3.0	1.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	256,265	131,300	124,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,100	2,600	2,500	2.0	2.0	2.0
All industries¹⁹¹	251,165	128,700	122,465	98.0	98.0	98.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,170	1,460	710	0.8	1.1	0.6
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,035	865	165	0.4	0.7	0.1
22 Utilities	2,125	1,345	780	0.8	1.0	0.6
23 Construction	17,905	15,690	2,215	7.0	11.9	1.8
31-33 Manufacturing	11,200	8,175	3,025	4.4	6.2	2.4
41 Wholesale trade	6,810	4,795	2,015	2.7	3.7	1.6
44-45 Retail trade	28,615	13,460	15,150	11.2	10.3	12.1
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	11,640	9,100	2,540	4.5	6.9	2.0
51 Information and cultural industries	5,970	3,495	2,475	2.3	2.7	2.0
52 Finance and insurance	12,460	5,340	7,120	4.9	4.1	5.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	4,365	2,330	2,035	1.7	1.8	1.6
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	22,815	12,985	9,835	8.9	9.9	7.9
55 Management of companies and enterprises	410	200	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	12,220	7,455	4,765	4.8	5.7	3.8
61 Educational services	20,865	6,440	14,420	8.1	4.9	11.5
62 Health care and social assistance	34,055	6,760	27,295	13.3	5.1	21.8
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	4,930	2,355	2,580	1.9	1.8	2.1
72 Accommodation and food services	15,590	7,095	8,495	6.1	5.4	6.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	9,850	4,480	5,370	3.8	3.4	4.3
91 Public administration	26,140	14,870	11,265	10.2	11.3	9.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	275,590	140,085	135,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	263,490	134,805	128,680	95.6	96.2	95.0
French	1,120	275	840	0.4	0.2	0.6
Non-official language	675	360	315	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	675	360	315	0.2	0.3	0.2
English and French	6,740	2,660	4,080	2.4	1.9	3.0
English and non-official language(s)	3,340	1,880	1,455	1.2	1.3	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	205	85	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	275,590	140,085	135,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	274,200	139,445	134,750	99.5	99.5	99.4
Official languages	272,950	138,720	134,235	99.0	99.0	99.1
English	271,035	138,240	132,795	98.3	98.7	98.0
French	1,915	480	1,435	0.7	0.3	1.1
Non-official languages	1,255	730	520	0.5	0.5	0.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,255	730	520	0.5	0.5	0.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	115	95	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	115	95	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	110	90	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	370	195	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	140	65	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	125	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
German	125	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	85	60	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	60	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	520	320	200	0.2	0.2	0.1
Chinese languages	520	320	200	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	415	265	155	0.2	0.2	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,390	630	755	0.5	0.4	0.6
English and French	750	275	480	0.3	0.2	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	620	355	260	0.2	0.3	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	275,590	140,085	135,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	266,595	136,035	130,560	96.7	97.1	96.4
English	1,340	545	795	0.5	0.4	0.6
French	5,210	2,200	3,010	1.9	1.6	2.2
Non-official language	2,060	1,120	935	0.7	0.8	0.7
Indigenous³⁹	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,010	1,100	915	0.7	0.8	0.7
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	180	70	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	180	95	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	227,125	117,680	109,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	61,730	28,335	33,395	27.2	24.1	30.5
Worked outside Canada	685	525	170	0.3	0.4	0.2
No fixed workplace address	26,905	20,605	6,300	11.8	17.5	5.8
Usual place of work	137,805	68,220	69,585	60.7	58.0	63.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	137,805	68,215	69,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	127,930	62,760	65,170	92.8	92.0	93.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	550	230	320	0.4	0.3	0.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	8,080	4,435	3,645	5.9	6.5	5.2
Commute to a different province or territory	1,240	785	450	0.9	1.2	0.6
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	164,710	88,820	75,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	135,550	75,235	60,325	82.3	84.7	79.5
Car, truck or van - as a driver	122,935	70,140	52,800	74.6	79.0	69.6
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	12,615	5,095	7,525	7.7	5.7	9.9
Public transit	12,610	5,455	7,155	7.7	6.1	9.4
Walked	11,435	5,315	6,115	6.9	6.0	8.1
Bicycle	1,160	810	355	0.7	0.9	0.5
Other method	3,950	2,010	1,935	2.4	2.3	2.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	164,710	88,820	75,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	49,475	24,005	25,470	30.0	27.0	33.6
15 to 29 minutes	69,775	38,415	31,365	42.4	43.3	41.3
30 to 44 minutes	30,780	17,715	13,070	18.7	19.9	17.2
45 to 59 minutes	7,920	4,430	3,495	4.8	5.0	4.6
60 minutes and over	6,760	4,260	2,495	4.1	4.8	3.3
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	164,710	88,820	75,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	9,075	6,155	2,920	5.5	6.9	3.8
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	33,485	20,815	12,665	20.3	23.4	16.7
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	48,735	26,070	22,670	29.6	29.4	29.9
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	34,110	15,465	18,650	20.7	17.4	24.6
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	18,300	8,695	9,610	11.1	9.8	12.7
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	21,005	11,625	9,380	12.8	13.1	12.4
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	84,635	43,460	41,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,585	4,275	4,305	10.1	9.8	10.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	76,055	39,185	36,870	89.9	90.2	89.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	61,975	31,950	30,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,405	3,195	3,210	10.3	10.0	10.7
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,060	1,965	2,105	6.6	6.2	7.0
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,340	1,230	1,105	3.8	3.8	3.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	55,570	28,755	26,815	89.7	90.0	89.3

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed December 6, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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