Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Hamilton, City (C)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	569,353	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	536,917	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	233,564	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	222,807	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	509.1	...	...	509.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,118.31	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	569,350	279,640	289,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	91,240	46,945	44,295	16.0	16.8	15.3
0 to 4 years	29,100	14,920	14,180	5.1	5.3	4.9
5 to 9 years	30,695	15,840	14,855	5.4	5.7	5.1
10 to 14 years	31,450	16,190	15,260	5.5	5.8	5.3
15 to 64 years	373,820	185,960	187,860	65.7	66.5	64.8
15 to 19 years	31,795	16,530	15,265	5.6	5.9	5.3
20 to 24 years	36,405	18,895	17,510	6.4	6.8	6.0
25 to 29 years	40,525	20,485	20,040	7.1	7.3	6.9
30 to 34 years	41,330	20,550	20,780	7.3	7.3	7.2
35 to 39 years	38,940	19,225	19,720	6.8	6.9	6.8
40 to 44 years	35,025	17,125	17,900	6.2	6.1	6.2
45 to 49 years	34,155	16,560	17,595	6.0	5.9	6.1
50 to 54 years	36,665	17,900	18,770	6.4	6.4	6.5
55 to 59 years	40,930	20,155	20,775	7.2	7.2	7.2
60 to 64 years	38,045	18,540	19,505	6.7	6.6	6.7
65 years and over	104,290	46,735	57,555	18.3	16.7	19.9
65 to 69 years	31,630	14,935	16,700	5.6	5.3	5.8
70 to 74 years	26,700	12,390	14,305	4.7	4.4	4.9
75 to 79 years	18,290	8,390	9,895	3.2	3.0	3.4
80 to 84 years	12,990	5,705	7,280	2.3	2.0	2.5
85 years and over	14,685	5,310	9,370	2.6	1.9	3.2
85 to 89 years	8,750	3,420	5,330	1.5	1.2	1.8
90 to 94 years	4,435	1,490	2,945	0.8	0.5	1.0
95 to 99 years	1,340	380	960	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	155	25	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.0	16.8	15.3	16.0	16.8	15.3
15 to 64 years	65.7	66.5	64.8	65.7	66.5	64.8
65 years and over	18.3	16.7	19.9	18.3	16.7	19.9
85 years and over	2.6	1.9	3.2	2.6	1.9	3.2
Average age of the population	41.5	40.4	42.6	41.5	40.4	42.6
Median age of the population	40.8	39.2	42.0	40.8	39.2	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	222,810	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	125,130	...	...	56.2	...	...
Semi-detached house	6,770	...	...	3.0	...	...
Row house	27,455	...	...	12.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,380	...	...	3.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	19,045	...	...	8.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	36,465	...	...	16.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	415	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	145	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	222,810	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	62,110	...	...	27.9	...	...
2 persons	71,460	...	...	32.1	...	...
3 persons	35,325	...	...	15.9	...	...
4 persons	32,690	...	...	14.7	...	...
5 or more persons	21,220	...	...	9.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	560,920	275,900	285,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	478,115	232,690	245,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	260,655	130,220	130,430	54.5	56.0	53.1
Married	216,485	108,140	108,350	45.3	46.5	44.1
Living common-law	44,165	22,080	22,085	9.2	9.5	9.0
Living common law - Never married	32,210	16,130	16,080	6.7	6.9	6.6
Living common law - Separated	2,405	1,260	1,140	0.5	0.5	0.5
Living common law - Divorced	8,540	4,280	4,260	1.8	1.8	1.7
Living common law - Widowed	1,010	405	605	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	217,455	102,470	114,985	45.5	44.0	46.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	145,095	78,705	66,390	30.3	33.8	27.1
Not married and not living common law - Separated	14,455	6,110	8,345	3.0	2.6	3.4
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	29,890	11,680	18,215	6.3	5.0	7.4
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	28,015	5,980	22,040	5.9	2.6	9.0
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	157,120	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	76,160	...	...	48.5	...	...
3 persons	34,980	...	...	22.3	...	...
4 persons	31,435	...	...	20.0	...	...
5 or more persons	14,550	...	...	9.3	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	157,125	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	126,990	...	...	80.8	...	...
Married couples	104,920	...	...	66.8	...	...
With children⁶	60,475	...	...	38.5	...	...
Without children	44,445	...	...	28.3	...	...
Common-law couples	22,070	...	...	14.0	...	...
With children⁶	8,305	...	...	5.3	...	...
Without children	13,765	...	...	8.8	...	...
Total one-parent families	30,135	...	...	19.2	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	23,985	...	...	15.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	6,150	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	560,920	275,895	285,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	461,625	228,235	233,390	82.3	82.7	81.9
Married spouses or common-law partners	253,975	126,870	127,110	45.3	46.0	44.6
Parents in one-parent families	30,135	6,150	23,985	5.4	2.2	8.4
Children⁶	177,515	95,215	82,295	31.6	34.5	28.9
In a two-parent family	130,105	69,420	60,690	23.2	25.2	21.3
In a one-parent family	47,405	25,800	21,610	8.5	9.4	7.6
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	99,290	47,665	51,630	17.7	17.3	18.1
Living alone	62,110	28,470	33,640	11.1	10.3	11.8
Living with other relatives⁷	14,895	6,130	8,765	2.7	2.2	3.1
Living with non-relatives only	22,285	13,060	9,225	4.0	4.7	3.2
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	222,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	134,420	...	...	60.3	...	...
Couple-family households	111,410	...	...	50.0	...	...
With children⁶	60,520	...	...	27.2	...	...
Without children	50,885	...	...	22.8	...	...
One-parent-family households	23,015	...	...	10.3	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	8,140	...	...	3.7	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,570	...	...	0.7	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	7,030	...	...	3.2	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	9,535	...	...	4.3	...	...
One-person households	62,110	...	...	27.9	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	469,795	229,020	240,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	450,655	218,950	231,710	95.9	95.6	96.2
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	45,200	36,800	40,400	45,200	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	450,895	219,085	231,810	96.0	95.7	96.3
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,800	34,000	36,800	40,800	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	394,960	196,375	198,585	84.1	85.7	82.5
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	42,000	29,200	35,200	42,000	29,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	322,360	166,800	155,555	68.6	72.8	64.6
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	43,200	32,400	37,600	43,200	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	411,095	197,175	213,920	87.5	86.1	88.8
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,300	7,300	11,000	9,300	7,300	11,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	42,345	19,275	23,070	9.0	8.4	9.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,560	5,520	5,480	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	132,175	64,785	67,390	28.1	28.3	28.0
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	469,795	229,015	240,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	450,700	219,185	231,515	95.9	95.7	96.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,750	62,550	45,400	53,750	62,550	45,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	450,940	219,325	231,610	96.0	95.8	96.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,520	52,100	39,280	45,520	52,100	39,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	394,655	196,205	198,450	84.0	85.7	82.4
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,920	60,100	39,840	49,920	60,100	39,840
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	322,360	166,590	155,770	68.6	72.7	64.7
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,520	59,350	41,080	50,520	59,350	41,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	411,325	197,740	213,585	87.6	86.3	88.7
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,000	9,720	12,180	11,000	9,720	12,180
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	42,480	19,180	23,300	9.0	8.4	9.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,550	5,900	7,080	6,550	5,900	7,080
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	131,805	64,330	67,470	28.1	28.1	28.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,140	8,990	9,290	9,140	8,990	9,290
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	469,795	229,015	240,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	151,400	83,895	67,505	32.2	36.6	28.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,500	70,000	58,400	64,500	70,000	58,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,600	81,700	65,800	74,600	81,700	65,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	124,610	57,910	66,705	26.5	25.3	27.7
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,800	19,800	16,200	17,800	19,800	16,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,160	30,960	23,860	27,160	30,960	23,860
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.4	86.0	75.2	81.4	86.0	75.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.2	72.0	60.9	67.2	72.0	60.9
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.7	14.0	24.8	18.7	14.0	24.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.8	1.6	1.2	0.8	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.7	4.6	7.0	5.7	4.6	7.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.0	4.2	6.0	5.0	4.2	6.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	469,795	229,025	240,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	19,135	10,070	9,070	4.1	4.4	3.8
With total income	450,655	218,950	231,705	95.9	95.6	96.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	36,650	16,175	20,475	8.1	7.4	8.8
$10,000 to $19,999	55,620	23,875	31,745	12.3	10.9	13.7
$20,000 to $29,999	71,615	30,650	40,970	15.9	14.0	17.7
$30,000 to $39,999	58,470	25,750	32,720	13.0	11.8	14.1
$40,000 to $49,999	50,680	23,535	27,150	11.2	10.7	11.7
$50,000 to $59,999	40,980	19,505	21,470	9.1	8.9	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	32,600	16,705	15,895	7.2	7.6	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	25,035	13,905	11,125	5.6	6.4	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	18,820	11,035	7,790	4.2	5.0	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	14,970	8,740	6,235	3.3	4.0	2.7
$100,000 and over	45,215	29,085	16,130	10.0	13.3	7.0
$100,000 to $149,999	31,605	19,420	12,180	7.0	8.9	5.3
$150,000 and over	13,605	9,660	3,950	3.0	4.4	1.7
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	469,795	229,025	240,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	18,900	9,935	8,965	4.0	4.3	3.7
With after-tax income	450,900	219,085	231,810	96.0	95.7	96.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	38,195	16,725	21,470	8.5	7.6	9.3
$10,000 to $19,999	58,005	24,940	33,060	12.9	11.4	14.3
$20,000 to $29,999	80,540	34,545	46,000	17.9	15.8	19.8
$30,000 to $39,999	68,950	31,545	37,410	15.3	14.4	16.1
$40,000 to $49,999	58,345	27,685	30,660	12.9	12.6	13.2
$50,000 to $59,999	44,640	22,810	21,830	9.9	10.4	9.4
$60,000 to $69,999	31,750	17,535	14,215	7.0	8.0	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	22,330	13,115	9,210	5.0	6.0	4.0
$80,000 to $89,999	17,485	9,555	7,935	3.9	4.4	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	9,580	6,000	3,580	2.1	2.7	1.5
$100,000 and over	21,090	14,640	6,450	4.7	6.7	2.8
$100,000 to $124,999	10,880	7,345	3,535	2.4	3.4	1.5
$125,000 and over	10,205	7,295	2,915	2.3	3.3	1.3
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	469,795	229,025	240,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	147,440	62,220	85,215	31.4	27.2	35.4
With employment income	322,360	166,800	155,560	68.6	72.8	64.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	47,495	24,395	23,105	14.7	14.6	14.9
$5,000 to $9,999	26,825	11,940	14,885	8.3	7.2	9.6
$10,000 to $19,999	37,340	16,925	20,410	11.6	10.1	13.1
$20,000 to $29,999	28,625	13,150	15,475	8.9	7.9	9.9
$30,000 to $39,999	27,935	12,900	15,035	8.7	7.7	9.7
$40,000 to $49,999	27,935	13,260	14,675	8.7	7.9	9.4
$50,000 to $59,999	25,910	13,015	12,900	8.0	7.8	8.3
$60,000 to $69,999	21,735	11,955	9,780	6.7	7.2	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	17,190	10,035	7,155	5.3	6.0	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	14,150	8,760	5,395	4.4	5.3	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	12,455	7,100	5,350	3.9	4.3	3.4
$100,000 and over	34,760	23,375	11,385	10.8	14.0	7.3
$100,000 to $124,999	17,970	11,115	6,855	5.6	6.7	4.4
$125,000 and over	16,795	12,260	4,535	5.2	7.4	2.9
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	469,795	229,020	240,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	442,190	214,555	227,630	94.1	93.7	94.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,000	33,600	38,400	44,000	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	442,320	214,575	227,745	94.2	93.7	94.6
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	39,200	31,200	34,800	39,200	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	391,120	194,235	196,880	83.3	84.8	81.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	43,200	30,800	36,400	43,200	30,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	323,610	167,380	156,230	68.9	73.1	64.9
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,000	33,600	38,400	44,000	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	388,485	185,515	202,970	82.7	81.0	84.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,640	1,080	5,720	2,640	1,080	5,720
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	29,535	12,225	17,315	6.3	5.3	7.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,240	5,760	5,520	5,240	5,760
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	469,795	229,015	240,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	442,310	214,705	227,600	94.1	93.8	94.5
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,360	56,650	42,440	49,360	56,650	42,440
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	442,450	214,735	227,725	94.2	93.8	94.6
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,400	46,480	36,600	41,400	46,480	36,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	391,100	194,240	196,865	83.2	84.8	81.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,280	56,550	40,120	48,280	56,550	40,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	323,710	167,255	156,450	68.9	73.0	65.0
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,200	54,800	41,120	48,200	54,800	41,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	388,665	186,050	202,615	82.7	81.2	84.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,570	6,340	8,710	7,570	6,340	8,710
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	29,280	12,030	17,250	6.2	5.3	7.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,250	6,200	7,970	7,250	6,200	7,970
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	469,795	229,015	240,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	150,100	83,210	66,895	32.0	36.3	27.8
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,800	67,000	54,000	60,800	67,000	54,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,700	78,300	61,200	70,700	78,300	61,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	117,350	54,550	62,805	25.0	23.8	26.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,200	26,400	21,200	23,200	26,400	21,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,800	37,600	28,640	32,800	37,600	28,640
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.6	90.4	81.8	86.6	90.4	81.8
Employment income (%)	71.4	75.4	66.6	71.4	75.4	66.6
Government transfers (%)	13.5	9.7	18.3	13.5	9.7	18.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.6	1.4	1.0	0.6	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	222,810	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...	75,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	62,110	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400	...	...	40,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,800	...	...	36,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	160,695	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	222,805	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	108,700	...	...	108,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	92,100	...	...	92,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	62,080	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,800	...	...	50,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,240	...	...	43,240	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	160,725	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	131,200	...	...	131,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	222,810	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,495	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,110	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,580	...	...	1.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,875	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	8,145	...	...	3.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	7,705	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	7,205	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,740	...	...	3.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	8,290	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,990	...	...	3.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	15,980	...	...	7.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	15,325	...	...	6.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	14,495	...	...	6.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	13,370	...	...	6.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	12,530	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	92,975	...	...	41.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	26,750	...	...	12.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	19,745	...	...	8.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	24,405	...	...	11.0	...	...
$200,000 and over	22,075	...	...	9.9	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	222,810	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,695	...	...	1.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,145	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,675	...	...	1.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,055	...	...	2.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	8,680	...	...	3.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	8,710	...	...	3.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	8,400	...	...	3.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	9,035	...	...	4.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	9,505	...	...	4.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	9,370	...	...	4.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	18,615	...	...	8.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	17,905	...	...	8.0	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	16,515	...	...	7.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	15,575	...	...	7.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	13,795	...	...	6.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	75,130	...	...	33.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	27,315	...	...	12.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	18,455	...	...	8.3	...	...
$150,000 and over	29,365	...	...	13.2	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	154,140	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	52,205	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	69,200	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,000	...	...	138,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	27,405	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...	65,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	84,400	41,530	42,865	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	38,000	36,400	37,200	38,000	36,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	34,800	33,600	34,000	34,800	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	153,995	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,300	...	...	126,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,900	...	...	105,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	51,910	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,600	...	...	110,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,100	...	...	92,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	69,325	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	155,400	...	...	155,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	129,200	...	...	129,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	27,225	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,300	...	...	83,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,700	...	...	73,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	84,250	41,425	42,820	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	56,650	68,200	45,520	56,650	68,200	45,520
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,000	60,750	39,560	50,000	60,750	39,560
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	560,915	275,900	285,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	109,880	56,615	53,265	19.6	20.5	18.7
0 to 5 years	35,170	18,075	17,090	6.3	6.6	6.0
18 to 64 years	352,465	174,480	177,980	62.8	63.2	62.4
65 years and over	98,575	44,805	53,770	17.6	16.2	18.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	60,275	28,195	32,085	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	14,275	7,245	7,030	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	4,815	2,450	2,365	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	34,200	16,510	17,690	...	...	...
65 years and over	11,805	4,440	7,365	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.8	10.2	11.3	10.8	10.2	11.3
0 to 17 years (%)	13.0	12.8	13.2	13.0	12.8	13.2
0 to 5 years (%)	13.7	13.6	13.8	13.7	13.6	13.8
18 to 64 years (%)	9.7	9.5	9.9	9.7	9.5	9.9
65 years and over (%)	12.0	9.9	13.7	12.0	9.9	13.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	560,920	275,895	285,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	109,875	56,615	53,265	19.6	20.5	18.7
0 to 5 years	35,170	18,075	17,090	6.3	6.6	6.0
18 to 64 years	352,465	174,480	177,985	62.8	63.2	62.4
65 years and over	98,575	44,800	53,770	17.6	16.2	18.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	34,935	17,940	17,000	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	6,555	3,335	3,215	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	2,260	1,155	1,105	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	25,185	13,295	11,885	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,200	1,310	1,895	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.2	6.5	6.0	6.2	6.5	6.0
0 to 17 years (%)	6.0	5.9	6.0	6.0	5.9	6.0
0 to 5 years (%)	6.4	6.4	6.5	6.4	6.4	6.5
18 to 64 years (%)	7.1	7.6	6.7	7.1	7.6	6.7
65 years and over (%)	3.3	2.9	3.5	3.3	2.9	3.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	560,915	275,900	285,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	271,295	130,530	140,765	48.4	47.3	49.4
In bottom decile	54,340	26,590	27,755	9.7	9.6	9.7
In second decile	54,355	24,855	29,495	9.7	9.0	10.3
In third decile	54,115	26,060	28,060	9.6	9.4	9.8
In fourth decile	54,440	26,530	27,905	9.7	9.6	9.8
In fifth decile	54,050	26,505	27,545	9.6	9.6	9.7
In top half of the distribution	289,615	145,365	144,255	51.6	52.7	50.6
In sixth decile	56,765	28,065	28,700	10.1	10.2	10.1
In seventh decile	57,815	28,840	28,970	10.3	10.5	10.2
In eighth decile	59,610	29,900	29,705	10.6	10.8	10.4
In ninth decile	60,825	30,675	30,155	10.8	11.1	10.6
In top decile	54,610	27,890	26,725	9.7	10.1	9.4
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	560,920	...	...	560,920	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.332	...	...	0.332	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.453	...	...	0.453	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.292	...	...	0.292	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	563,820	277,035	286,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	520,350	258,685	261,665	92.3	93.4	91.2
French only	410	190	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	32,630	14,060	18,570	5.8	5.1	6.5
Neither English nor French	10,435	4,110	6,325	1.9	1.5	2.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	563,820	277,035	286,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	545,085	269,080	276,005	96.7	97.1	96.2
French	6,410	2,950	3,460	1.1	1.1	1.2
English and French	2,195	1,050	1,145	0.4	0.4	0.4
Neither English nor French	10,130	3,960	6,170	1.8	1.4	2.2
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	563,820	277,035	286,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	542,005	266,405	275,600	96.1	96.2	96.1
Official languages	408,935	202,570	206,370	72.5	73.1	72.0
English	402,740	199,720	203,020	71.4	72.1	70.8
French	6,195	2,850	3,345	1.1	1.0	1.2
Non-official languages	133,065	63,835	69,230	23.6	23.0	24.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	133,015	63,805	69,205	23.6	23.0	24.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	17,595	8,865	8,730	3.1	3.2	3.0
Berber languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,260	590	675	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,215	560	650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	16,280	8,255	8,025	2.9	3.0	2.8
Amharic	245	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	12,560	6,405	6,155	2.2	2.3	2.1
Aramaic languages	3,000	1,485	1,520	0.5	0.5	0.5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,535	1,250	1,290	0.4	0.5	0.4
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	385	195	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	165	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	210	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,370	2,015	2,355	0.8	0.7	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	795	365	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	3,570	1,645	1,925	0.6	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	6,145	2,505	3,645	1.1	0.9	1.3
Bikol	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	185	65	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	385	155	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	5,095	2,095	2,995	0.9	0.8	1.0
Waray-Waray	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	345	165	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,140	1,085	1,055	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,115	570	545	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	665	315	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	285	165	120	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tulu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	86,040	41,445	44,595	15.3	15.0	15.6
Albanian	1,310	635	670	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	310	165	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	22,790	10,505	12,285	4.0	3.8	4.3
Baltic languages	590	240	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	235	95	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	355	145	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages	22,195	10,265	11,930	3.9	3.7	4.2
Belarusian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	145	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	745	330	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	415	185	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	6,665	2,980	3,690	1.2	1.1	1.3
Russian	1,650	710	940	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	10,350	5,040	5,315	1.8	1.8	1.9
Bosnian	965	475	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	4,085	1,925	2,160	0.7	0.7	0.8
Serbian	5,195	2,580	2,615	0.9	0.9	0.9
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	375	155	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	440	190	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	1,365	585	775	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	5,390	2,410	2,980	1.0	0.9	1.0
Frisian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,855	1,255	1,595	0.5	0.5	0.6
German	2,790	1,225	1,565	0.5	0.4	0.5
Pennsylvania German	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,260	1,030	1,230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afrikaans	180	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	2,015	920	1,095	0.4	0.3	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	205	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	120	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,360	690	665	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	23,320	12,090	11,230	4.1	4.4	3.9
Indo-Aryan languages	18,645	9,725	8,925	3.3	3.5	3.1
Assamese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,365	695	675	0.2	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	2,970	1,760	1,215	0.5	0.6	0.4
Hindi	1,830	945	885	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	145	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	325	180	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,280	3,205	3,075	1.1	1.2	1.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	320	155	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	5,150	2,580	2,565	0.9	0.9	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	4,670	2,360	2,310	0.8	0.9	0.8
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,225	640	590	0.2	0.2	0.2
Parsi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	320	175	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	3,110	1,545	1,565	0.6	0.6	0.5
Dari	1,340	660	685	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	1,415	720	695	0.3	0.3	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	355	165	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	31,530	14,930	16,600	5.6	5.4	5.8
Catalan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	12,490	5,840	6,650	2.2	2.1	2.3
Portuguese	7,405	3,595	3,815	1.3	1.3	1.3
Romanian	1,605	770	835	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	9,930	4,670	5,255	1.8	1.7	1.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	255	65	185	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	1,665	750	915	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,870	885	985	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	265	135	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	120	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	185	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	420	195	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	225	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	160	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	100	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,555	4,185	4,365	1.5	1.5	1.5
Chinese languages	8,145	3,980	4,170	1.4	1.4	1.5
Hakka	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	5,215	2,570	2,640	0.9	0.9	0.9
Min Dong	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,565	1,220	1,345	0.5	0.4	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	405	205	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	295	150	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	230	120	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	520	240	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	285	140	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	225	95	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	990	510	480	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	835	430	405	0.1	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	2,220	955	1,265	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	165	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,995	855	1,135	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	21,815	10,630	11,180	3.9	3.8	3.9
English and French	2,080	975	1,105	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	17,315	8,550	8,765	3.1	3.1	3.1
French and non-official language(s)	430	190	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	370	165	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	1,625	750	870	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	563,820	277,035	286,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	423,410	209,645	213,765	75.1	75.7	74.5
French	1,415	685	725	0.3	0.2	0.3
Non-official language	35,655	16,660	18,995	6.3	6.0	6.6
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	35,650	16,660	18,990	6.3	6.0	6.6
English and French	4,660	2,045	2,620	0.8	0.7	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	92,975	45,410	47,565	16.5	16.4	16.6
French and non-official language(s)	270	115	150	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,735	1,205	1,540	0.5	0.4	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	2,695	1,270	1,425	0.5	0.5	0.5
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	563,820	277,035	286,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	541,790	266,400	275,390	96.1	96.2	96.0
Official languages	471,455	232,630	238,820	83.6	84.0	83.3
English	469,285	231,625	237,660	83.2	83.6	82.9
French	2,170	1,010	1,155	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official languages	70,340	33,765	36,575	12.5	12.2	12.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	70,320	33,760	36,555	12.5	12.2	12.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,890	5,825	6,060	2.1	2.1	2.1
Berber languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	885	385	495	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	860	375	480	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	10,970	5,415	5,550	1.9	2.0	1.9
Amharic	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	8,270	4,110	4,160	1.5	1.5	1.5
Aramaic languages	2,375	1,145	1,230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,045	985	1,060	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	275	135	145	0.0	0.0	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	135	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,895	1,310	1,590	0.5	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	460	200	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	2,440	1,115	1,325	0.4	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,205	1,450	1,750	0.6	0.5	0.6
Bikol	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	205	85	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,705	1,235	1,465	0.5	0.4	0.5
Waray-Waray	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	200	85	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,345	680	665	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	715	375	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	420	190	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	180	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	40,985	19,650	21,330	7.3	7.1	7.4
Albanian	685	320	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	10,140	4,785	5,355	1.8	1.7	1.9
Baltic languages	115	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	10,025	4,740	5,285	1.8	1.7	1.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	375	175	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	160	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	2,815	1,315	1,500	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian	950	435	515	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	5,095	2,470	2,630	0.9	0.9	0.9
Bosnian	545	275	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,610	735	875	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	2,900	1,440	1,465	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	105	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	355	160	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	445	195	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	260	115	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	255	115	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	535	240	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	15,395	7,920	7,475	2.7	2.9	2.6
Indo-Aryan languages	12,545	6,480	6,055	2.2	2.3	2.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	830	405	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	2,165	1,280	885	0.4	0.5	0.3
Hindi	1,045	545	500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	225	120	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,500	2,300	2,205	0.8	0.8	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	175	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	3,405	1,665	1,745	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,850	1,435	1,420	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	720	380	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	195	105	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,935	950	985	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	805	405	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	875	440	435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	255	110	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	13,650	6,120	7,525	2.4	2.2	2.6
Catalan	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,810	1,475	2,335	0.7	0.5	0.8
Portuguese	3,275	1,570	1,705	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	745	355	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	5,795	2,710	3,085	1.0	1.0	1.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	1,150	520	635	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	670	295	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	205	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	235	135	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	175	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,930	2,960	2,970	1.1	1.1	1.0
Chinese languages	5,650	2,825	2,830	1.0	1.0	1.0
Hakka	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,840	1,985	1,860	0.7	0.7	0.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,600	735	865	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	280	140	145	0.0	0.1	0.1
Burmese	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	210	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	160	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	340	165	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	160	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	560	270	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	510	255	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	725	315	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	710	310	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	22,030	10,635	11,390	3.9	3.8	4.0
English and French	880	390	490	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	20,345	9,875	10,470	3.6	3.6	3.7
French and non-official language(s)	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	280	120	160	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	400	195	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	563,820	277,035	286,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	479,115	236,000	243,120	85.0	85.2	84.8
English	28,655	14,130	14,530	5.1	5.1	5.1
French	3,895	1,710	2,180	0.7	0.6	0.8
Non-official language	42,545	20,480	22,065	7.5	7.4	7.7
Indigenous³⁹	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	42,465	20,450	22,020	7.5	7.4	7.7
English and French	380	180	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	3,880	1,940	1,945	0.7	0.7	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	1,280	530	745	0.2	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	3,985	2,020	1,960	0.7	0.7	0.7
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	560,915	275,895	285,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	550,630	271,820	278,805	98.2	98.5	97.8
English	550,185	271,650	278,535	98.1	98.5	97.7
French	32,885	14,015	18,865	5.9	5.1	6.6
Non-official languages	177,580	85,870	91,710	31.7	31.1	32.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	250	90	160	0.0	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	80	15	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	65	10	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	60	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	60	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	130	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	95	25	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	177,370	85,800	91,570	31.6	31.1	32.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	24,420	12,305	12,120	4.4	4.5	4.3
Berber languages	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	125	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	125	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,930	920	1,010	0.3	0.3	0.4
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	160	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,815	860	955	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	22,525	11,415	11,115	4.0	4.1	3.9
Amharic	375	180	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	19,205	9,760	9,450	3.4	3.5	3.3
Aramaic languages	3,975	1,960	2,015	0.7	0.7	0.7
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	3,295	1,615	1,675	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	555	275	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	180	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	640	340	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	145	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	260	140	115	0.0	0.1	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	5,560	2,630	2,930	1.0	1.0	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	970	450	520	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	4,635	2,205	2,430	0.8	0.8	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	8,810	3,745	5,070	1.6	1.4	1.8
Bikol	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	75	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	365	145	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	740	335	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	120	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	75	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	8,370	3,550	4,825	1.5	1.3	1.7
Waray-Waray	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	295	135	165	0.1	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	1,180	590	595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	345	180	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	175	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	75	15	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	350	165	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	220	120	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	3,160	1,555	1,605	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kannada	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,365	665	700	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	1,310	650	660	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	640	360	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	116,085	56,610	59,475	20.7	20.5	20.9
Albanian	1,775	885	880	0.3	0.3	0.3
Armenian	410	205	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	28,630	13,305	15,325	5.1	4.8	5.4
Baltic languages	675	240	435	0.1	0.1	0.2
Latvian	265	115	150	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	410	130	280	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages	28,010	13,080	14,925	5.0	4.7	5.2
Belarusian	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	190	110	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	1,035	510	525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	590	235	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	8,515	3,830	4,685	1.5	1.4	1.6
Russian	2,970	1,365	1,605	0.5	0.5	0.6
Rusyn	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	13,130	6,345	6,785	2.3	2.3	2.4
Bosnian	1,680	850	830	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatian	6,050	2,900	3,155	1.1	1.1	1.1
Serbian	7,040	3,440	3,600	1.3	1.2	1.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	515	245	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	630	255	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	2,175	935	1,235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	150	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	9,005	4,275	4,730	1.6	1.5	1.7
Frisian	145	45	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	5,570	2,705	2,865	1.0	1.0	1.0
German	5,500	2,670	2,830	1.0	1.0	1.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,115	1,450	1,665	0.6	0.5	0.6
Afrikaans	430	215	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	2,585	1,190	1,395	0.5	0.4	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	410	190	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	205	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	170	55	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,445	1,235	1,210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	31,905	16,565	15,340	5.7	6.0	5.4
Indo-Aryan languages	26,500	13,815	12,690	4.7	5.0	4.5
Assamese	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,980	1,030	945	0.4	0.4	0.3
Gujarati	3,860	2,245	1,615	0.7	0.8	0.6
Hindi	9,930	5,315	4,625	1.8	1.9	1.6
Kacchi	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	310	155	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	395	180	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10,420	5,485	4,935	1.9	2.0	1.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	190	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	455	225	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	8,655	4,290	4,365	1.5	1.6	1.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	170	100	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	5,890	2,985	2,910	1.1	1.1	1.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,715	920	795	0.3	0.3	0.3
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	495	295	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	3,950	1,940	2,010	0.7	0.7	0.7
Dari	1,810	860	955	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	1,885	990	895	0.3	0.4	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	350	140	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	44,765	21,575	23,190	8.0	7.8	8.1
Catalan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	18,250	8,915	9,340	3.3	3.2	3.3
Portuguese	9,945	4,870	5,075	1.8	1.8	1.8
Romanian	2,215	1,055	1,155	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	15,850	7,500	8,350	2.8	2.7	2.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	155	110	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	930	445	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	2,015	890	1,135	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	4,870	2,175	2,695	0.9	0.8	0.9
Akan (Twi)	530	240	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	95	30	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	145	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	415	180	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	200	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	350	165	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	225	85	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	345	150	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,230	495	735	0.2	0.2	0.3
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	1,130	540	590	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	565	260	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	215	115	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	190	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	855	375	480	0.2	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	720	310	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	170	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	10,240	5,200	5,040	1.8	1.9	1.8
Chinese languages	9,745	4,970	4,775	1.7	1.8	1.7
Hakka	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	6,825	3,455	3,370	1.2	1.3	1.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	215	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	3,745	1,890	1,860	0.7	0.7	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	80	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	500	235	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	350	165	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	305	150	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	45	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	745	380	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	485	225	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	315	175	140	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,690	875	820	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	145	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,485	765	725	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	2,780	1,245	1,535	0.5	0.5	0.5
Estonian	155	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	105	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	2,515	1,135	1,375	0.4	0.4	0.5
Other languages, n.i.e.	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	560,915	275,895	285,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	12,520	5,555	6,960	2.2	2.0	2.4
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	11,875	5,260	6,610	2.1	1.9	2.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	8,555	3,740	4,820	1.5	1.4	1.7
Métis	3,205	1,490	1,715	0.6	0.5	0.6
Inuk (Inuit)	120	35	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	185	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	460	190	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	548,395	270,340	278,055	97.8	98.0	97.6
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	560,915	275,895	285,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	4,630	1,965	2,670	0.8	0.7	0.9
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	556,285	273,935	282,350	99.2	99.3	99.1
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	222,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	146,410	...	...	65.7	...	...
Renter	76,400	...	...	34.3	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	222,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	24,715	...	...	11.1	...	...
Not condominium	198,090	...	...	88.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	222,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,710	...	...	0.8	...	...
1 bedroom	32,400	...	...	14.5	...	...
2 bedrooms	46,450	...	...	20.8	...	...
3 bedrooms	87,970	...	...	39.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	54,285	...	...	24.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	222,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	59,720	...	...	26.8	...	...
5 rooms	32,115	...	...	14.4	...	...
6 rooms	33,885	...	...	15.2	...	...
7 rooms	29,990	...	...	13.5	...	...
8 or more rooms	67,090	...	...	30.1	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	222,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	217,400	...	...	97.6	...	...
More than one person per room	5,410	...	...	2.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	222,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	208,980	...	...	93.8	...	...
Not suitable	13,825	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	222,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	73,110	...	...	32.8	...	...
1961 to 1980	62,560	...	...	28.1	...	...
1981 to 1990	24,990	...	...	11.2	...	...
1991 to 2000	21,365	...	...	9.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	10,395	...	...	4.7	...	...
2006 to 2010	9,470	...	...	4.3	...	...
2011 to 2015	10,035	...	...	4.5	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	10,880	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	222,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	208,115	...	...	93.4	...	...
Major repairs needed	14,690	...	...	6.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	222,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	111,335	...	...	50.0	...	...
Two-maintainer household	100,050	...	...	44.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	11,425	...	...	5.1	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	222,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	5,070	...	...	2.3	...	...
25 to 34 years	31,165	...	...	14.0	...	...
35 to 44 years	37,845	...	...	17.0	...	...
45 to 54 years	39,770	...	...	17.8	...	...
55 to 64 years	45,975	...	...	20.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	35,140	...	...	15.8	...	...
75 to 84 years	19,640	...	...	8.8	...	...
85 years and over	8,210	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	221,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	169,815	...	...	76.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	51,305	...	...	23.2	...	...
30% to less than 100%	46,570	...	...	21.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	222,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	72,120	...	...	32.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	44,970	...	...	20.2	...	...
Not suitable only	10,135	...	...	4.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	9,570	...	...	4.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,330	...	...	1.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	3,755	...	...	1.7	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,115	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	250	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	150,685	...	...	67.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	216,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	28,055	...	...	13.0	...	...
Not in core need	188,335	...	...	87.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	145,955	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.4	...	...	60.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	15.8	...	...	15.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.5	...	...	5.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,440	...	...	1,440	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,606	...	...	1,606	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	700,000	...	...	700,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	752,000	...	...	752,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	76,345	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.7	...	...	13.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	37.5	...	...	37.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	27.6	...	...	27.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,120	...	...	1,120	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,233	...	...	1,233	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	560,915	275,895	285,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	4,280	1,805	2,475	0.8	0.7	0.9
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	4,205	1,770	2,440	0.7	0.6	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	3,650	1,500	2,150	0.7	0.5	0.8
Métis single ancestry	545	265	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	12,685	5,790	6,890	2.3	2.1	2.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	12,305	5,640	6,665	2.2	2.0	2.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	9,965	4,575	5,390	1.8	1.7	1.9
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,285	1,055	1,225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	380	155	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	345	150	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	543,950	268,300	275,645	97.0	97.2	96.7
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	560,920	275,900	285,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	515,585	253,005	262,580	91.9	91.7	92.1
Canadian citizens aged under 18	103,540	53,195	50,340	18.5	19.3	17.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	412,045	199,805	212,235	73.5	72.4	74.5
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	45,335	22,895	22,440	8.1	8.3	7.9
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	560,920	275,900	285,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	402,725	199,210	203,520	71.8	72.2	71.4
Immigrants⁸¹	145,550	69,580	75,965	25.9	25.2	26.7
Before 1980	40,080	18,955	21,130	7.1	6.9	7.4
1980 to 1990	17,010	8,365	8,645	3.0	3.0	3.0
1991 to 2000	25,760	12,200	13,560	4.6	4.4	4.8
2001 to 2010	28,030	13,215	14,815	5.0	4.8	5.2
2011 to 2021⁸²	34,665	16,845	17,820	6.2	6.1	6.3
2011 to 2015	14,520	6,970	7,555	2.6	2.5	2.7
2016 to 2021	20,145	9,880	10,265	3.6	3.6	3.6
Non-permanent residents⁸³	12,640	7,110	5,535	2.3	2.6	1.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	145,545	69,580	75,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	15,455	7,855	7,605	10.6	11.3	10.0
5 to 14 years	29,435	14,690	14,750	20.2	21.1	19.4
15 to 24 years	31,895	14,565	17,325	21.9	20.9	22.8
25 to 44 years	57,530	27,310	30,220	39.5	39.2	39.8
45 years and over	11,230	5,160	6,070	7.7	7.4	8.0
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	145,545	69,580	75,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	19,750	9,215	10,540	13.6	13.2	13.9
Brazil	480	220	255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	1,935	900	1,030	1.3	1.3	1.4
El Salvador	1,810	910	895	1.2	1.3	1.2
Guyana	1,425	635	790	1.0	0.9	1.0
Haiti	285	150	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaica	3,355	1,640	1,715	2.3	2.4	2.3
Mexico	760	355	410	0.5	0.5	0.5
Peru	250	105	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	1,345	590	755	0.9	0.8	1.0
United States of America	4,040	1,720	2,320	2.8	2.5	3.1
Other places of birth in Americas	4,075	1,975	2,100	2.8	2.8	2.8
Europe	56,750	27,035	29,715	39.0	38.9	39.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,575	1,205	1,370	1.8	1.7	1.8
Croatia	4,040	2,025	2,015	2.8	2.9	2.7
France	415	205	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Germany	2,630	1,305	1,325	1.8	1.9	1.7
Greece	1,105	535	575	0.8	0.8	0.8
Hungary	1,150	535	615	0.8	0.8	0.8
Italy	8,900	4,415	4,485	6.1	6.3	5.9
Netherlands	2,080	1,080	1,000	1.4	1.6	1.3
Poland	5,395	2,375	3,025	3.7	3.4	4.0
Portugal	5,480	2,625	2,855	3.8	3.8	3.8
Romania	1,830	855	980	1.3	1.2	1.3
Russian Federation	735	300	430	0.5	0.4	0.6
Serbia⁸⁶	2,015	995	1,020	1.4	1.4	1.3
Ukraine	855	335	515	0.6	0.5	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	12,200	5,770	6,430	8.4	8.3	8.5
Other places of birth in Europe	5,335	2,480	2,860	3.7	3.6	3.8
Africa	11,325	5,520	5,805	7.8	7.9	7.6
Algeria	150	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	715	255	455	0.5	0.4	0.6
Egypt	1,155	660	490	0.8	0.9	0.6
Eritrea	200	115	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ethiopia	500	225	275	0.3	0.3	0.4
Morocco	210	110	100	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nigeria	1,755	840	920	1.2	1.2	1.2
Somalia	960	420	540	0.7	0.6	0.7
South Africa, Republic of	895	480	415	0.6	0.7	0.5
Other places of birth in Africa	4,790	2,335	2,455	3.3	3.4	3.2
Asia	57,220	27,575	29,645	39.3	39.6	39.0
Afghanistan	1,320	650	670	0.9	0.9	0.9
Iran⁸⁸	1,445	745	705	1.0	1.1	0.9
Iraq	5,715	2,830	2,890	3.9	4.1	3.8
Lebanon	1,185	620	565	0.8	0.9	0.7
Syria⁸⁹	3,565	1,810	1,755	2.4	2.6	2.3
Turkey	655	320	340	0.5	0.5	0.4
China⁹⁰	4,100	1,895	2,200	2.8	2.7	2.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	750	370	385	0.5	0.5	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	1,245	570	675	0.9	0.8	0.9
Taiwan	275	105	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Philippines	8,255	3,480	4,770	5.7	5.0	6.3
Viet Nam	3,375	1,510	1,860	2.3	2.2	2.4
Bangladesh	1,185	645	540	0.8	0.9	0.7
India	10,930	5,575	5,360	7.5	8.0	7.1
Pakistan	5,295	2,680	2,620	3.6	3.9	3.4
Sri Lanka	755	360	400	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other places of birth in Asia	7,160	3,410	3,750	4.9	4.9	4.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	505	240	270	0.3	0.3	0.4
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	20,145	9,880	10,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,560	1,260	1,300	12.7	12.8	12.7
Brazil	185	80	110	0.9	0.8	1.1
Colombia	325	145	180	1.6	1.5	1.8
Haiti	35	15	20	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaica	520	280	245	2.6	2.8	2.4
Mexico	120	80	45	0.6	0.8	0.4
United States of America	615	305	310	3.1	3.1	3.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	90	35	55	0.4	0.4	0.5
Other places of birth in Americas	675	330	345	3.4	3.3	3.4
Europe	1,815	975	835	9.0	9.9	8.1
France	90	40	50	0.4	0.4	0.5
Germany	50	25	30	0.2	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	60	45	20	0.3	0.5	0.2
Italy	25	15	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Russian Federation	75	35	45	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ukraine	110	50	60	0.5	0.5	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	340	220	125	1.7	2.2	1.2
Other places of birth in Europe	1,060	550	505	5.3	5.6	4.9
Africa	3,175	1,510	1,665	15.8	15.3	16.2
Algeria	70	35	35	0.3	0.4	0.3
Burundi	120	65	60	0.6	0.7	0.6
Cameroon	70	35	30	0.3	0.4	0.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	260	110	150	1.3	1.1	1.5
Côte d'Ivoire	30	15	20	0.1	0.2	0.2
Egypt	250	135	115	1.2	1.4	1.1
Eritrea	75	45	30	0.4	0.5	0.3
Ethiopia	100	50	55	0.5	0.5	0.5
Morocco	45	15	30	0.2	0.2	0.3
Nigeria	915	415	505	4.5	4.2	4.9
Somalia	230	95	135	1.1	1.0	1.3
South Africa, Republic of	145	100	50	0.7	1.0	0.5
Sudan⁹⁷	285	110	175	1.4	1.1	1.7
Tunisia	30	15	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	560	280	285	2.8	2.8	2.8
Asia	12,530	6,100	6,435	62.2	61.7	62.7
Afghanistan	220	105	115	1.1	1.1	1.1
Bangladesh	165	100	70	0.8	1.0	0.7
China⁹⁰	580	270	310	2.9	2.7	3.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	3,205	1,650	1,555	15.9	16.7	15.1
Iran⁸⁸	125	50	70	0.6	0.5	0.7
Iraq	905	400	510	4.5	4.0	5.0
Israel	25	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.2
Japan	15	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Jordan	215	110	100	1.1	1.1	1.0
Korea, South⁹²	145	75	75	0.7	0.8	0.7
Lebanon	175	90	85	0.9	0.9	0.8
Nepal	70	25	45	0.3	0.3	0.4
Pakistan	665	330	335	3.3	3.3	3.3
Philippines	1,790	815	975	8.9	8.2	9.5
Saudi Arabia	250	135	110	1.2	1.4	1.1
Sri Lanka	55	35	25	0.3	0.4	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	2,645	1,390	1,250	13.1	14.1	12.2
Turkey	170	90	75	0.8	0.9	0.7
United Arab Emirates	225	110	115	1.1	1.1	1.1
Viet Nam	250	75	170	1.2	0.8	1.7
Other places of birth in Asia	615	240	380	3.1	2.4	3.7
Oceania and other⁹³	60	30	35	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australia	35	20	20	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	30	15	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	560,915	275,895	285,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	162,645	78,780	83,870	29.0	28.6	29.4
Second generation¹⁰¹	139,670	69,440	70,230	24.9	25.2	24.6
Third generation or more¹⁰²	258,600	127,675	130,925	46.1	46.3	45.9
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	105,470	50,625	54,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	41,900	20,975	20,920	39.7	41.4	38.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	16,650	10,110	6,535	15.8	20.0	11.9
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	25,250	10,860	14,385	23.9	21.5	26.2
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	30,555	12,960	17,595	29.0	25.6	32.1
Refugees¹⁰⁸	31,240	15,870	15,365	29.6	31.3	28.0
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,775	820	955	1.7	1.6	1.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	105,470	50,625	54,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	9,635	4,780	4,855	9.1	9.4	8.9
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	8,575	3,975	4,600	8.1	7.9	8.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,420	1,175	1,245	2.3	2.3	2.3
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,795	2,310	2,485	4.5	4.6	4.5
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	755	345	415	0.7	0.7	0.8
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	79,290	38,040	41,245	75.2	75.1	75.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	560,915	275,895	285,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	140,950	70,135	70,820	25.1	25.4	24.8
South Asian	34,790	18,200	16,590	6.2	6.6	5.8
Chinese	10,945	5,530	5,415	2.0	2.0	1.9
Black	28,415	13,930	14,485	5.1	5.0	5.1
Filipino	11,730	5,330	6,400	2.1	1.9	2.2
Arab	15,490	7,935	7,555	2.8	2.9	2.7
Latin American	11,145	5,345	5,800	2.0	1.9	2.0
Southeast Asian	8,445	4,155	4,290	1.5	1.5	1.5
West Asian	7,365	3,625	3,740	1.3	1.3	1.3
Korean	2,365	1,085	1,285	0.4	0.4	0.5
Japanese	1,160	505	655	0.2	0.2	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,270	1,620	1,650	0.6	0.6	0.6
Multiple visible minorities	5,825	2,875	2,950	1.0	1.0	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	419,965	205,760	214,205	74.9	74.6	75.2
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	560,915	275,900	285,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	70,105	35,100	35,005	12.5	12.7	12.3
English	111,305	54,205	57,100	19.8	19.6	20.0
Irish	84,385	39,895	44,490	15.0	14.5	15.6
Scottish	90,565	43,070	47,495	16.1	15.6	16.7
French, n.o.s.¹²²	31,355	14,885	16,475	5.6	5.4	5.8
German	44,145	21,900	22,240	7.9	7.9	7.8
Chinese	12,475	6,230	6,250	2.2	2.3	2.2
Italian	61,195	30,775	30,420	10.9	11.2	10.7
Indian (India)	19,105	10,175	8,935	3.4	3.7	3.1
Ukrainian	17,025	8,100	8,925	3.0	2.9	3.1
Dutch	25,080	12,305	12,775	4.5	4.5	4.5
Polish	27,100	12,860	14,240	4.8	4.7	5.0
Québécois	695	320	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	22,210	10,700	11,515	4.0	3.9	4.0
Filipino	11,500	5,215	6,280	2.1	1.9	2.2
French Canadian	7,095	3,220	3,880	1.3	1.2	1.4
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	7,645	3,730	3,915	1.4	1.4	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,990	2,600	3,390	1.1	0.9	1.2
Métis	3,245	1,500	1,745	0.6	0.5	0.6
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	7,105	3,605	3,495	1.3	1.3	1.2
Russian	5,575	2,590	2,985	1.0	0.9	1.0
Norwegian	2,475	1,215	1,260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Welsh	9,035	4,385	4,645	1.6	1.6	1.6
Portuguese	16,070	8,075	7,995	2.9	2.9	2.8
American	5,350	2,565	2,795	1.0	0.9	1.0
Spanish	5,930	2,765	3,170	1.1	1.0	1.1
Swedish	2,825	1,190	1,640	0.5	0.4	0.6
Hungarian	10,095	4,860	5,235	1.8	1.8	1.8
Acadian	1,410	590	820	0.3	0.2	0.3
Pakistani	6,770	3,385	3,385	1.2	1.2	1.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	5,380	2,655	2,725	1.0	1.0	1.0
Jewish	3,355	1,680	1,675	0.6	0.6	0.6
Punjabi	2,795	1,465	1,330	0.5	0.5	0.5
Vietnamese	5,640	2,785	2,855	1.0	1.0	1.0
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	5,855	2,960	2,895	1.0	1.1	1.0
Greek	5,190	2,685	2,505	0.9	1.0	0.9
Jamaican	7,750	3,890	3,865	1.4	1.4	1.4
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,475	1,240	1,235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	420	175	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	2,325	1,075	1,255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	4,620	2,145	2,475	0.8	0.8	0.9
Lebanese	2,265	1,150	1,115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian	1,790	890	900	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	3,090	1,530	1,555	0.6	0.6	0.5
Danish	2,020	1,000	1,020	0.4	0.4	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,840	1,325	1,515	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sikh	1,780	955	820	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austrian	3,095	1,475	1,625	0.6	0.5	0.6
Belgian	1,660	870	795	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	440	240	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	1,990	1,055	930	0.4	0.4	0.3
Mexican	1,725	865	860	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mennonite	580	290	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	1,715	805	910	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	1,910	935	975	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lankan	1,005	475	530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	9,145	4,455	4,685	1.6	1.6	1.6
Japanese	1,560	695	865	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,530	700	830	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	825	330	495	0.1	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,380	685	695	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	2,390	1,235	1,155	0.4	0.4	0.4
Egyptian	1,765	935	830	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,155	1,040	1,115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamil	440	215	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	530	265	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	2,145	965	1,180	0.4	0.3	0.4
Moroccan	305	175	130	0.1	0.1	0.0
Czech	2,200	1,090	1,115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syrian	2,775	1,450	1,325	0.5	0.5	0.5
Guyanese	2,170	1,090	1,080	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afghan	2,195	1,050	1,145	0.4	0.4	0.4
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,695	810	885	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	7,990	4,005	3,975	1.4	1.5	1.4
Ojibway	990	435	555	0.2	0.2	0.2
Newfoundlander	1,005	480	525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hong Konger	340	180	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	2,240	1,120	1,120	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian	935	475	465	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,760	770	990	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkish	1,470	685	790	0.3	0.2	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	125	25	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	1,215	625	590	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algerian	140	90	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	960	470	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	1,540	760	785	0.3	0.3	0.3
Armenian	1,030	480	545	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	1,910	985	925	0.3	0.4	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,340	635	705	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	1,840	860	980	0.3	0.3	0.3
Taiwanese	300	155	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	3,230	1,610	1,620	0.6	0.6	0.6
Salvadorean	2,175	1,035	1,140	0.4	0.4	0.4
African Caribbean	970	435	535	0.2	0.2	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	655	305	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,970	965	1,005	0.4	0.3	0.4
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	900	480	425	0.2	0.2	0.1
Algonquin	325	125	205	0.1	0.0	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	815	380	435	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lithuanian	2,115	940	1,170	0.4	0.3	0.4
South African	920	510	410	0.2	0.2	0.1
Australian	670	335	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	1,835	915	920	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chilean	480	230	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	710	310	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	535	230	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	700	340	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,010	455	555	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	325	150	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	880	410	470	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,395	695	700	0.2	0.3	0.2
Berber	140	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	1,430	720	715	0.3	0.3	0.3
Maltese	1,160	610	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	1,020	465	555	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovenian	2,095	1,050	1,045	0.4	0.4	0.4
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	480	235	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	250	130	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	600	340	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	85	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	745	370	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	310	165	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	1,330	640	685	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	615	315	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	440	210	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	815	385	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	760	400	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	925	435	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,060	485	580	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tunisian	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	610	295	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	835	470	370	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bosnian	2,095	1,035	1,060	0.4	0.4	0.4
Venezuelan	405	195	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	770	350	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	420	215	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	190	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	565	245	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	230	90	145	0.0	0.0	0.1
Laotian	630	285	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	245	110	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	670	320	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	390	205	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	345	185	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	210	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	560	265	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	775	365	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	1,640	835	805	0.3	0.3	0.3
Fijian	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	170	95	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	215	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	420	230	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	510	265	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	420	215	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	285	130	155	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kabyle	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	2,825	1,375	1,450	0.5	0.5	0.5
Igbo	510	225	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	260	110	145	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	115	75	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	395	185	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	235	125	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	785	415	370	0.1	0.2	0.1
Breton	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	625	280	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malaysian	180	55	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	165	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	60	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	345	205	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	135	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	165	65	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	280	115	165	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mauritian	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	290	125	160	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oji-Cree	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	180	65	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	675	340	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manitoban	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	300	205	95	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malayali	225	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	525	275	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhalese	200	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	265	125	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	335	170	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	225	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	165	95	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	405	215	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Senegalese	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	160	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	690	345	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	195	105	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	70	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	130	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	415	195	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	310	140	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	370	200	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	220	100	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	155	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	300	145	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central African	220	75	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	185	110	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	175	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	145	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	120	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	50	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	350	165	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Costa Rican	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	180	115	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	330	170	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	560,915	275,895	285,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	4,765	2,205	2,560	0.8	0.8	0.9
Christian	309,780	144,770	165,010	55.2	52.5	57.9
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	41,245	19,570	21,670	7.4	7.1	7.6
Anabaptist	840	410	430	0.1	0.1	0.2
Anglican	21,295	9,420	11,875	3.8	3.4	4.2
Baptist	7,200	3,290	3,915	1.3	1.2	1.4
Catholic	162,525	77,020	85,505	29.0	27.9	30.0
Christian Orthodox	16,415	7,975	8,440	2.9	2.9	3.0
Jehovah's Witness	2,270	960	1,315	0.4	0.3	0.5
Latter Day Saints	710	325	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	3,160	1,350	1,815	0.6	0.5	0.6
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,010	465	545	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	6,480	2,900	3,580	1.2	1.1	1.3
Presbyterian	9,640	4,360	5,280	1.7	1.6	1.9
Reformed	4,760	2,420	2,340	0.8	0.9	0.8
United Church	19,525	8,425	11,105	3.5	3.1	3.9
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	12,700	5,880	6,820	2.3	2.1	2.4
Hindu	10,200	5,385	4,815	1.8	2.0	1.7
Jewish	3,045	1,500	1,545	0.5	0.5	0.5
Muslim	37,980	18,900	19,080	6.8	6.9	6.7
Sikh	7,270	3,860	3,410	1.3	1.4	1.2
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	375	140	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	3,535	1,475	2,055	0.6	0.5	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	183,965	97,665	86,300	32.8	35.4	30.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	555,450	273,075	282,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	495,370	243,215	252,160	89.2	89.1	89.3
Movers	60,080	29,860	30,220	10.8	10.9	10.7
Non-migrants	35,395	17,565	17,835	6.4	6.4	6.3
Migrants	24,685	12,300	12,385	4.4	4.5	4.4
Internal migrants	21,580	10,750	10,830	3.9	3.9	3.8
Intraprovincial migrants	20,000	9,995	10,005	3.6	3.7	3.5
Interprovincial migrants	1,580	755	825	0.3	0.3	0.3
External migrants	3,105	1,555	1,550	0.6	0.6	0.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	531,870	260,730	271,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	341,760	167,075	174,685	64.3	64.1	64.4
Movers	190,115	93,655	96,460	35.7	35.9	35.6
Non-migrants	96,295	47,350	48,945	18.1	18.2	18.1
Migrants	93,820	46,305	47,515	17.6	17.8	17.5
Internal migrants	69,700	33,865	35,830	13.1	13.0	13.2
Intraprovincial migrants	62,530	30,355	32,175	11.8	11.6	11.9
Interprovincial migrants	7,165	3,510	3,660	1.3	1.3	1.3
External migrants	24,125	12,440	11,685	4.5	4.8	4.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	469,795	229,015	240,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	88,770	44,785	43,990	18.9	19.6	18.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	381,025	184,230	196,795	81.1	80.4	81.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	303,410	148,745	154,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	35,835	19,280	16,560	11.8	13.0	10.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	267,570	129,465	138,105	88.2	87.0	89.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	469,795	229,015	240,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	80,780	40,260	40,515	17.2	17.6	16.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	131,010	66,735	64,275	27.9	29.1	26.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	258,000	122,010	135,990	54.9	53.3	56.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	139,515	68,780	70,730	29.7	30.0	29.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	26,335	18,895	7,440	5.6	8.3	3.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	12,585	7,790	4,800	2.7	3.4	2.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	13,745	11,105	2,640	2.9	4.8	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	103,665	45,455	58,210	22.1	19.8	24.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	9,515	4,430	5,085	2.0	1.9	2.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	118,490	53,230	65,260	25.2	23.2	27.1
Bachelor's degree	78,510	34,290	44,215	16.7	15.0	18.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,210	2,980	4,230	1.5	1.3	1.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,750	1,865	1,890	0.8	0.8	0.8
Master's degree	24,145	11,120	13,020	5.1	4.9	5.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,875	2,970	1,905	1.0	1.3	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	303,405	148,745	154,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	31,520	17,095	14,430	10.4	11.5	9.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	74,815	40,435	34,375	24.7	27.2	22.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	197,070	91,215	105,855	65.0	61.3	68.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	103,130	50,255	52,880	34.0	33.8	34.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	16,895	11,940	4,950	5.6	8.0	3.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,190	5,015	3,175	2.7	3.4	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,705	6,920	1,780	2.9	4.7	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	79,495	35,165	44,335	26.2	23.6	28.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,740	3,150	3,590	2.2	2.1	2.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	93,940	40,960	52,980	31.0	27.5	34.3
Bachelor's degree	61,395	26,365	35,030	20.2	17.7	22.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,690	2,215	3,475	1.9	1.5	2.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,970	1,300	1,665	1.0	0.9	1.1
Master's degree	20,065	8,850	11,220	6.6	5.9	7.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,820	2,235	1,590	1.3	1.5	1.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	469,795	229,010	240,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	211,795	107,000	104,790	45.1	46.7	43.5
Education	14,205	3,475	10,730	3.0	1.5	4.5
13. Education	14,205	3,475	10,730	3.0	1.5	4.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	9,910	4,600	5,310	2.1	2.0	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,055	735	320	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	8,855	3,860	4,990	1.9	1.7	2.1
Humanities	15,570	6,090	9,480	3.3	2.7	3.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,250	290	955	0.3	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	4,085	1,240	2,845	0.9	0.5	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,985	1,375	2,605	0.8	0.6	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	540	175	365	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,335	750	580	0.3	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,310	790	525	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	2,420	1,355	1,070	0.5	0.6	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	650	105	545	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	34,295	11,410	22,890	7.3	5.0	9.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	420	90	330	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,285	1,835	2,455	0.9	0.8	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	6,010	465	5,545	1.3	0.2	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	4,395	1,355	3,045	0.9	0.6	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,090	320	765	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	4,755	1,250	3,510	1.0	0.5	1.5
45. Social sciences	13,335	6,095	7,240	2.8	2.7	3.0
Business, management and public administration	49,115	20,470	28,650	10.5	8.9	11.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,240	920	4,315	1.1	0.4	1.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	43,800	19,515	24,285	9.3	8.5	10.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	11,610	5,495	6,115	2.5	2.4	2.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,280	2,270	3,010	1.1	1.0	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,420	1,085	1,340	0.5	0.5	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	235	55	180	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	3,060	1,905	1,150	0.7	0.8	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	615	175	435	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	10,070	6,690	3,380	2.1	2.9	1.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	7,700	5,480	2,215	1.6	2.4	0.9
25. Library science	610	85	530	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,540	955	585	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	220	165	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	51,030	45,875	5,160	10.9	20.0	2.1
04. Architecture and related services	2,415	1,670	750	0.5	0.7	0.3
14. Engineering	12,430	10,000	2,430	2.6	4.4	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	12,765	11,430	1,335	2.7	5.0	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	8,745	8,510	230	1.9	3.7	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,830	8,635	195	1.9	3.8	0.1
48. Precision production	5,845	5,630	210	1.2	2.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,980	2,055	1,920	0.8	0.9	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,740	1,335	1,410	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,235	725	510	0.3	0.3	0.2
Health and related fields	43,720	8,685	35,035	9.3	3.8	14.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,775	1,935	1,840	0.8	0.8	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	38,625	6,045	32,580	8.2	2.6	13.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	100	20	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,225	685	540	0.3	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	14,370	7,120	7,250	3.1	3.1	3.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,595	1,865	5,725	1.6	0.8	2.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	50	45	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	4,580	3,215	1,370	1.0	1.4	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,110	1,960	150	0.4	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	120	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	303,405	148,745	154,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	106,335	57,530	48,810	35.0	38.7	31.6
Education	10,150	2,405	7,745	3.3	1.6	5.0
13. Education	10,150	2,405	7,745	3.3	1.6	5.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,810	3,615	4,190	2.6	2.4	2.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	770	545	225	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	7,035	3,070	3,965	2.3	2.1	2.6
Humanities	11,580	4,480	7,100	3.8	3.0	4.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	960	210	750	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	3,020	920	2,100	1.0	0.6	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,050	1,060	1,990	1.0	0.7	1.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	390	125	270	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	965	540	420	0.3	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	905	540	365	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	1,825	1,015	815	0.6	0.7	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	455	70	390	0.1	0.0	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	26,985	8,670	18,320	8.9	5.8	11.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	345	60	280	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,745	1,625	2,120	1.2	1.1	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,600	330	4,270	1.5	0.2	2.8
22. Legal professions and studies	3,540	925	2,615	1.2	0.6	1.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	835	240	595	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	3,605	850	2,750	1.2	0.6	1.8
45. Social sciences	10,320	4,635	5,685	3.4	3.1	3.7
Business, management and public administration	38,790	15,750	23,045	12.8	10.6	14.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,305	725	3,580	1.4	0.5	2.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	34,420	15,000	19,420	11.3	10.1	12.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,695	3,975	4,715	2.9	2.7	3.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,060	1,760	2,305	1.3	1.2	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,845	810	1,030	0.6	0.5	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	205	40	170	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	2,175	1,245	930	0.7	0.8	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	405	120	285	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	8,040	5,435	2,605	2.6	3.7	1.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,415	4,605	1,810	2.1	3.1	1.2
25. Library science	380	40	340	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,050	645	405	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	190	135	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	36,860	32,675	4,185	12.1	22.0	2.7
04. Architecture and related services	1,920	1,315	610	0.6	0.9	0.4
14. Engineering	9,745	7,705	2,035	3.2	5.2	1.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	9,410	8,340	1,075	3.1	5.6	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	5,725	5,560	165	1.9	3.7	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	6,275	6,135	140	2.1	4.1	0.1
48. Precision production	3,780	3,625	160	1.2	2.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,020	1,515	1,505	1.0	1.0	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,045	930	1,115	0.7	0.6	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	975	585	390	0.3	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	33,790	6,980	26,810	11.1	4.7	17.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,085	1,630	1,455	1.0	1.1	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	29,720	4,890	24,835	9.8	3.3	16.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	95	15	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	890	450	445	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	11,285	5,695	5,590	3.7	3.8	3.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,855	1,485	4,370	1.9	1.0	2.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45	40	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	3,750	2,630	1,120	1.2	1.8	0.7
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,615	1,525	95	0.5	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	303,405	148,745	154,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	106,335	57,530	48,810	35.0	38.7	31.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	197,070	91,220	105,855	65.0	61.3	68.4
Location of study inside Canada	161,210	74,245	86,960	53.1	49.9	56.2
Same as province or territory of residence	153,930	70,785	83,145	50.7	47.6	53.8
Different than province or territory of residence	7,280	3,460	3,815	2.4	2.3	2.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	35,865	16,970	18,890	11.8	11.4	12.2
Americas	8,210	4,015	4,200	2.7	2.7	2.7
United States of America	5,125	2,570	2,555	1.7	1.7	1.7
Mexico	375	140	240	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cuba	250	130	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	325	165	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	375	175	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	740	335	405	0.2	0.2	0.3
Peru	85	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	130	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	765	390	375	0.3	0.3	0.2
Europe	7,800	4,045	3,755	2.6	2.7	2.4
Belgium	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	200	105	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	265	135	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	65	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	120	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	935	435	500	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romania	545	270	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	325	125	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	350	160	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	185	95	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,580	1,400	1,175	0.9	0.9	0.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	315	165	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	135	80	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	380	200	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	1,225	670	555	0.4	0.5	0.4
Africa	2,655	1,300	1,360	0.9	0.9	0.9
Nigeria	740	365	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algeria	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	605	295	310	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	290	160	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	885	405	480	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asia	16,480	7,345	9,135	5.4	4.9	5.9
Iran⁸⁸	505	250	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraq	1,010	485	525	0.3	0.3	0.3
Israel	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	255	140	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	445	230	220	0.1	0.2	0.1
Turkey	195	85	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,435	620	815	0.5	0.4	0.5
Taiwan	85	25	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	455	170	285	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	3,280	1,175	2,100	1.1	0.8	1.4
Viet Nam	185	75	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	305	150	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	125	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	5,065	2,500	2,570	1.7	1.7	1.7
Pakistan	1,615	685	925	0.5	0.5	0.6
Other locations of study in Asia	1,265	580	685	0.4	0.4	0.4
Oceania	710	265	445	0.2	0.2	0.3
Australia	615	225	390	0.2	0.2	0.3
New Zealand	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	469,795	229,015	240,780	...	...	...
In the labour force	290,990	151,280	139,710	...	...	...
Employed	255,075	133,515	121,565	...	...	...
Unemployed	35,915	17,765	18,145	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	178,805	77,735	101,080	...	...	...
Participation rate	61.9	66.1	58.0	61.9	66.1	58.0
Employment rate	54.3	58.3	50.5	54.3	58.3	50.5
Unemployment rate	12.3	11.7	13.0	12.3	11.7	13.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	469,795	229,010	240,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	181,575	80,270	101,305	38.6	35.1	42.1
Worked	288,215	148,740	139,480	61.3	64.9	57.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	155,525	86,475	69,045	33.1	37.8	28.7
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	132,695	62,265	70,430	28.2	27.2	29.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.3	42.1	40.4	41.3	42.1	40.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	290,990	151,285	139,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	8,080	4,065	4,010	2.8	2.7	2.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	282,910	147,220	135,695	97.2	97.3	97.1
Employee	245,920	123,920	122,005	84.5	81.9	87.3
Permanent position	209,045	106,370	102,675	71.8	70.3	73.5
Temporary position	36,875	17,550	19,325	12.7	11.6	13.8
Fixed term (1 year or more)	13,005	5,950	7,060	4.5	3.9	5.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	23,870	11,605	12,270	8.2	7.7	8.8
Self-employed¹⁹²	36,990	23,300	13,695	12.7	15.4	9.8
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	290,990	151,285	139,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	8,080	4,065	4,010	2.8	2.7	2.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	282,910	147,220	135,695	97.2	97.3	97.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,910	1,985	925	1.0	1.3	0.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	45,445	14,975	30,465	15.6	9.9	21.8
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	21,440	16,605	4,835	7.4	11.0	3.5
3 Health occupations	26,740	5,525	21,215	9.2	3.7	15.2
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	34,650	11,520	23,130	11.9	7.6	16.6
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	8,770	4,105	4,660	3.0	2.7	3.3
6 Sales and service occupations	72,160	31,800	40,350	24.8	21.0	28.9
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	49,190	44,840	4,350	16.9	29.6	3.1
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	4,665	3,415	1,245	1.6	2.3	0.9
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	16,945	12,445	4,505	5.8	8.2	3.2
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	290,990	151,285	139,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	8,080	4,065	4,010	2.8	2.7	2.9
All industries¹⁹¹	282,910	147,220	135,695	97.2	97.3	97.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,875	1,570	1,310	1.0	1.0	0.9
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	420	335	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	1,620	1,245	375	0.6	0.8	0.3
23 Construction	21,760	19,120	2,640	7.5	12.6	1.9
31-33 Manufacturing	31,280	23,240	8,045	10.7	15.4	5.8
41 Wholesale trade	10,205	7,190	3,015	3.5	4.8	2.2
44-45 Retail trade	32,750	15,435	17,310	11.3	10.2	12.4
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	13,910	10,645	3,265	4.8	7.0	2.3
51 Information and cultural industries	5,520	3,300	2,225	1.9	2.2	1.6
52 Finance and insurance	11,280	4,965	6,310	3.9	3.3	4.5
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	5,290	2,860	2,435	1.8	1.9	1.7
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	20,155	11,270	8,880	6.9	7.4	6.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	660	285	375	0.2	0.2	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	13,730	8,060	5,675	4.7	5.3	4.1
61 Educational services	24,850	8,435	16,415	8.5	5.6	11.7
62 Health care and social assistance	41,515	7,745	33,770	14.3	5.1	24.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	5,060	2,665	2,400	1.7	1.8	1.7
72 Accommodation and food services	15,865	6,795	9,075	5.5	4.5	6.5
81 Other services (except public administration)	11,910	5,825	6,090	4.1	3.9	4.4
91 Public administration	12,245	6,235	6,010	4.2	4.1	4.3
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	310,145	159,940	150,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	297,295	153,840	143,455	95.9	96.2	95.5
French	675	210	465	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official language	1,315	755	560	0.4	0.5	0.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,315	755	560	0.4	0.5	0.4
English and French	3,570	1,275	2,300	1.2	0.8	1.5
English and non-official language(s)	6,965	3,695	3,270	2.2	2.3	2.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	245	115	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	85	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	310,145	159,940	150,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	308,370	159,130	149,235	99.4	99.5	99.4
Official languages	305,955	157,820	148,140	98.6	98.7	98.6
English	304,775	157,510	147,260	98.3	98.5	98.0
French	1,185	310	875	0.4	0.2	0.6
Non-official languages	2,410	1,305	1,105	0.8	0.8	0.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,405	1,305	1,095	0.8	0.8	0.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	250	170	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	250	170	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	180	115	65	0.1	0.1	0.0
Aramaic languages	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	170	70	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	160	60	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,255	665	595	0.4	0.4	0.4
Albanian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	245	155	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	245	155	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	125	85	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bosnian	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	75	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	330	160	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	250	125	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	180	115	70	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	60	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	635	320	310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	140	110	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Romanian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	450	195	255	0.1	0.1	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	445	265	180	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chinese languages	430	260	170	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	285	175	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	150	85	65	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,785	815	970	0.6	0.5	0.6
English and French	515	170	340	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	1,230	620	610	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	310,145	159,940	150,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	300,900	155,520	145,380	97.0	97.2	96.8
English	1,435	545	885	0.5	0.3	0.6
French	2,595	1,025	1,570	0.8	0.6	1.0
Non-official language	4,285	2,325	1,960	1.4	1.5	1.3
Indigenous³⁹	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,255	2,315	1,945	1.4	1.4	1.3
English and French	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	175	75	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	650	385	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	255,075	133,515	121,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	64,135	29,360	34,770	25.1	22.0	28.6
Worked outside Canada	670	480	185	0.3	0.4	0.2
No fixed workplace address	30,845	23,070	7,775	12.1	17.3	6.4
Usual place of work	159,435	80,600	78,830	62.5	60.4	64.8
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	159,435	80,600	78,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	111,255	51,485	59,765	69.8	63.9	75.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	47,935	28,985	18,955	30.1	36.0	24.0
Commute to a different province or territory	245	130	115	0.2	0.2	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	190,280	103,675	86,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	162,485	91,610	70,875	85.4	88.4	81.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	147,235	85,020	62,215	77.4	82.0	71.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	15,240	6,590	8,660	8.0	6.4	10.0
Public transit	14,055	5,850	8,205	7.4	5.6	9.5
Walked	8,685	3,715	4,975	4.6	3.6	5.7
Bicycle	1,240	840	400	0.7	0.8	0.5
Other method	3,815	1,660	2,160	2.0	1.6	2.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	190,280	103,675	86,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	47,920	22,215	25,705	25.2	21.4	29.7
15 to 29 minutes	76,225	39,495	36,725	40.1	38.1	42.4
30 to 44 minutes	34,950	20,750	14,205	18.4	20.0	16.4
45 to 59 minutes	14,965	9,980	4,980	7.9	9.6	5.8
60 minutes and over	16,215	11,235	4,985	8.5	10.8	5.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	190,280	103,675	86,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	17,670	13,350	4,320	9.3	12.9	5.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	35,380	22,210	13,170	18.6	21.4	15.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	44,020	22,960	21,060	23.1	22.1	24.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	36,440	15,855	20,585	19.2	15.3	23.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	23,955	10,875	13,080	12.6	10.5	15.1
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	32,810	18,415	14,395	17.2	17.8	16.6
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	112,075	57,785	54,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,095	4,080	4,015	7.2	7.1	7.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	103,975	53,700	50,280	92.8	92.9	92.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	80,925	41,805	39,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,010	3,030	2,975	7.4	7.2	7.6
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,430	1,710	1,725	4.2	4.1	4.4
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,575	1,325	1,250	3.2	3.2	3.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	74,915	38,775	36,145	92.6	92.8	92.4

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed March 24, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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