Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	KingstonMore information: Ontario [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	172,546	...	...
Population, 2016¹	161,175	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	80,955	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	73,506	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	89.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,919.17	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	172,545	84,525	88,020
0 to 14 years	24,810	12,755	12,055
0 to 4 years	7,635	3,975	3,660
5 to 9 years	8,365	4,265	4,100
10 to 14 years	8,810	4,515	4,295
15 to 64 years	110,770	55,070	55,700
15 to 19 years	9,225	4,735	4,495
20 to 24 years	11,755	5,930	5,825
25 to 29 years	12,155	6,210	5,940
30 to 34 years	11,685	5,995	5,690
35 to 39 years	10,835	5,440	5,395
40 to 44 years	10,110	5,050	5,060
45 to 49 years	9,550	4,760	4,790
50 to 54 years	10,595	5,180	5,420
55 to 59 years	12,720	6,105	6,615
60 to 64 years	12,145	5,670	6,475
65 years and over	36,965	16,700	20,265
65 to 69 years	10,990	5,175	5,815
70 to 74 years	9,710	4,480	5,230
75 to 79 years	6,840	3,130	3,705
80 to 84 years	4,675	2,110	2,565
85 years and over	4,750	1,800	2,950
85 to 89 years	2,930	1,210	1,720
90 to 94 years	1,350	490	865
95 to 99 years	400	85	315
100 years and over	65	15	55
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.4	15.1	13.7
15 to 64 years	64.2	65.2	63.3
65 years and over	21.4	19.8	23.0
85 years and over	2.8	2.1	3.4
Average age of the population	43.2	42.0	44.3
Median age of the population	42.8	41.2	44.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	73,510	...	...
Single-detached house	41,665	...	...
Semi-detached house	4,580	...	...
Row house	4,605	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,395	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	9,925	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	9,880	...	...
Other single-attached house	145	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	315	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	73,505	...	...
1 person	22,175	...	...
2 persons	27,665	...	...
3 persons	10,465	...	...
4 persons	8,800	...	...
5 or more persons	4,405	...	...
Number of persons in private households	168,075	81,520	86,560
Average household size	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	147,735	71,765	75,965
Married or living common-law	82,040	40,940	41,105
Married	64,455	32,205	32,250
Living common-law	17,585	8,730	8,850
Living common law - Never married	12,420	6,170	6,250
Living common law - Separated	935	475	460
Living common law - Divorced	3,730	1,870	1,855
Living common law - Widowed	495	215	285
Not married and not living common-law	65,695	30,830	34,865
Not married and not living common law - Never married	42,630	23,090	19,545
Not married and not living common law - Separated	4,370	1,885	2,490
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	9,655	3,670	5,985
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	9,035	2,190	6,845
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	48,115	...	...
2 persons	27,615	...	...
3 persons	9,520	...	...
4 persons	7,940	...	...
5 or more persons	3,040	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	48,120	...	...
Total couple families	40,155	...	...
Married couples	31,360	...	...
With children⁶	14,485	...	...
Without children	16,880	...	...
Common-law couples	8,795	...	...
With children⁶	3,060	...	...
Without children	5,725	...	...
Total one-parent families	7,965	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	6,150	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,815	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	168,075	81,515	86,560
Total - Persons in census families	131,725	65,100	66,620
Married spouses or common-law partners	80,310	40,010	40,305
Parents in one-parent families	7,965	1,810	6,150
Children⁶	43,455	23,285	20,170
In a two-parent family	31,600	16,780	14,820
In a one-parent family	11,850	6,500	5,350
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	36,350	16,415	19,935
Living alone	22,180	9,220	12,960
Living with other relatives⁷	3,595	1,505	2,095
Living with non-relatives only	10,580	5,690	4,880
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	73,510	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	42,945	...	...
Couple-family households	36,780	...	...
With children⁶	16,095	...	...
Without children	20,685	...	...
One-parent-family households	6,165	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,565	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	355	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,135	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,325	...	...
One-person households	22,180	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	143,285	68,775	74,510
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	138,505	66,235	72,270
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,800	47,200	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	138,550	66,265	72,290
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	42,400	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	124,815	60,440	64,370
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	43,200	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	98,720	49,845	48,875
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	39,200	31,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	125,365	59,075	66,290
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,400	8,000	10,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,045	5,165	5,885
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	35,005	16,395	18,605
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	143,265	68,755	74,505
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	138,415	66,145	72,270
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,700	61,350	48,640
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	138,465	66,165	72,295
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,840	50,400	41,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	124,775	60,330	64,450
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,920	57,750	42,560
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	98,720	49,690	49,035
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,480	51,250	41,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	125,085	58,765	66,320
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,760	9,790	11,620
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,310	5,190	6,120
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,600	6,205	6,940
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	34,790	16,245	18,545
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,750	8,620	8,860
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	143,265	68,755	74,505
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	46,080	24,810	21,270
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,000	68,000	60,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,800	79,900	68,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	37,975	17,180	20,795
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,400	17,000	15,700
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,840	26,760	23,240
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.2	85.8	78.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	60.6	62.7	58.1
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.8	14.2	22.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.8	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.7	3.8	5.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.0	3.5	4.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	143,280	68,775	74,510
Without total income	4,775	2,540	2,235
With total income	138,510	66,235	72,275
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,320	4,665	5,650
$10,000 to $19,999	16,470	6,885	9,580
$20,000 to $29,999	19,995	8,455	11,545
$30,000 to $39,999	17,770	7,790	9,985
$40,000 to $49,999	15,570	7,070	8,500
$50,000 to $59,999	13,050	6,010	7,045
$60,000 to $69,999	10,830	5,430	5,400
$70,000 to $79,999	8,410	4,585	3,830
$80,000 to $89,999	6,265	3,540	2,725
$90,000 to $99,999	5,050	2,765	2,280
$100,000 and over	14,780	9,040	5,740
$100,000 to $149,999	10,110	5,925	4,190
$150,000 and over	4,670	3,110	1,555
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	143,280	68,775	74,510
Without after-tax income	4,730	2,510	2,220
With after-tax income	138,555	66,265	72,290
Under $10,000 (including loss)	11,045	4,845	6,195
$10,000 to $19,999	17,220	7,210	10,015
$20,000 to $29,999	22,665	9,720	12,945
$30,000 to $39,999	21,095	9,495	11,605
$40,000 to $49,999	17,900	8,200	9,700
$50,000 to $59,999	14,480	7,150	7,335
$60,000 to $69,999	10,540	5,765	4,770
$70,000 to $79,999	7,470	4,110	3,355
$80,000 to $89,999	5,410	2,900	2,510
$90,000 to $99,999	3,210	1,920	1,290
$100,000 and over	7,515	4,945	2,570
$100,000 to $124,999	3,860	2,440	1,420
$125,000 and over	3,655	2,505	1,150
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	143,280	68,775	74,510
Without employment income	44,565	18,930	25,630
With employment income	98,720	49,845	48,875
Under $5,000 (including loss)	16,730	8,290	8,440
$5,000 to $9,999	7,900	3,515	4,390
$10,000 to $19,999	11,375	5,130	6,245
$20,000 to $29,999	8,660	4,130	4,530
$30,000 to $39,999	8,715	4,200	4,510
$40,000 to $49,999	8,010	3,775	4,235
$50,000 to $59,999	7,800	3,685	4,115
$60,000 to $69,999	6,610	3,570	3,035
$70,000 to $79,999	5,230	3,040	2,190
$80,000 to $89,999	4,140	2,400	1,740
$90,000 to $99,999	3,835	1,985	1,850
$100,000 and over	9,720	6,125	3,600
$100,000 to $124,999	4,790	2,830	1,960
$125,000 and over	4,930	3,295	1,635
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	143,285	68,775	74,510
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	136,175	65,005	71,165
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	46,400	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	136,235	65,010	71,220
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	41,200	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	123,490	59,650	63,840
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	44,400	32,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	99,685	50,085	49,605
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,400	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	118,730	55,875	62,855
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,160	1,560	6,550
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	8,870	4,060	4,810
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,400	5,800
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	143,265	68,755	74,505
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	136,175	64,940	71,240
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,950	58,950	45,520
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	136,250	64,940	71,305
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,560	48,640	38,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	123,510	59,575	63,935
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,680	57,700	42,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	99,425	49,865	49,560
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,480	51,850	41,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	118,400	55,670	62,735
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,910	7,030	8,690
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	8,950	4,145	4,805
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,110	6,370	7,750
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	143,265	68,755	74,505
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	45,740	24,620	21,120
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,800	65,500	56,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,400	76,200	63,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	36,160	16,305	19,855
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,600	22,400	19,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,080	33,320	27,400
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.8	89.8	83.2
Employment income (%)	65.4	67.6	62.7
Government transfers (%)	13.2	10.2	16.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.7	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	73,505	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	22,180	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	51,330	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	73,505	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	86,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	22,180	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,550	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,280	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	51,325	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	124,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	73,505	...	...
Under $5,000	760	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	450	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,040	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,495	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,505	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,465	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,320	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,600	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,800	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,770	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,410	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,355	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	5,150	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,750	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,405	...	...
$100,000 and over	29,240	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,805	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,435	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	7,665	...	...
$200,000 and over	6,340	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	73,505	...	...
Under $5,000	850	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	470	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,060	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,550	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,675	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,795	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,780	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,125	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,190	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,285	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	6,485	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	6,220	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	5,865	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	5,370	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,630	...	...
$100,000 and over	23,150	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,820	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,940	...	...
$150,000 and over	8,385	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	47,835	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	21,130	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	17,750	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	140,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	7,435	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	32,755	14,915	17,840
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	36,400	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	33,600	34,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	47,830	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	21,070	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	116,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	17,910	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	158,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,310	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	32,695	14,800	17,900
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,720	48,160	45,560
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,120	40,960	39,400
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	168,075	81,520	86,555
0 to 17 years	29,855	15,410	14,445
0 to 5 years	9,325	4,805	4,520
18 to 64 years	103,270	50,185	53,085
65 years and over	34,945	15,920	19,025
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	17,050	7,850	9,200
0 to 17 years	3,050	1,600	1,445
0 to 5 years	1,025	520	510
18 to 64 years	10,775	5,070	5,710
65 years and over	3,225	1,185	2,045
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.1	9.6	10.6
0 to 17 years (%)	10.2	10.4	10.0
0 to 5 years (%)	11.0	10.8	11.3
18 to 64 years (%)	10.4	10.1	10.8
65 years and over (%)	9.2	7.4	10.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	168,075	81,515	86,560
0 to 17 years	29,860	15,410	14,445
0 to 5 years	9,320	4,800	4,520
18 to 64 years	103,270	50,185	53,085
65 years and over	34,950	15,925	19,025
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	8,525	4,255	4,270
0 to 17 years	880	480	400
0 to 5 years	290	160	135
18 to 64 years	7,165	3,580	3,580
65 years and over	485	195	290
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.1	5.2	4.9
0 to 17 years (%)	3.0	3.1	2.8
0 to 5 years (%)	3.1	3.3	3.0
18 to 64 years (%)	6.9	7.1	6.8
65 years and over (%)	1.4	1.2	1.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	168,075	81,520	86,560
In bottom half of the distribution	80,645	38,190	42,460
In bottom decile	17,100	8,115	8,990
In second decile	15,260	6,985	8,275
In third decile	15,525	7,340	8,185
In fourth decile	16,260	7,760	8,505
In fifth decile	16,495	7,990	8,505
In top half of the distribution	87,425	43,330	44,100
In sixth decile	17,080	8,375	8,710
In seventh decile	17,110	8,410	8,700
In eighth decile	18,255	9,035	9,225
In ninth decile	18,245	9,095	9,150
In top decile	16,735	8,420	8,315
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	168,075	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.329	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.437	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.288	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	168,910	81,800	87,110
English only	146,835	71,950	74,885
French only	225	95	135
English and French	21,025	9,390	11,640
Neither English nor French	815	360	455
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	168,910	81,800	87,110
English	162,425	78,660	83,770
French	5,035	2,470	2,565
English and French	670	325	345
Neither English nor French	775	340	435
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	168,910	81,800	87,110
Single responses	165,380	80,185	85,200
Official languages	148,985	72,345	76,635
English	144,010	69,910	74,105
French	4,970	2,435	2,535
Non-official languages	16,400	7,840	8,560
Indigenous languages³⁹	45	20	25
Algonquian languages	25	10	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	20	10	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	20	5	15
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	10	0	10
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	0	5
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	15	0	5
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	16,355	7,820	8,535
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,405	740	665
Berber languages	5	5	5
Kabyle	5	5	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	40	20	20
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	0	0
Somali	40	20	20
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,350	710	640
Amharic	30	20	15
Arabic	1,245	650	595
Aramaic languages	5	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	25	15	10
Maltese	10	5	5
Tigrigna	30	15	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	315	145	175
Khmer (Cambodian)	65	30	40
Vietnamese	245	110	130
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	700	260	435
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Cebuano	20	5	15
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	0	10
Ilocano	50	25	30
Indonesian	10	5	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	565	215	350
Waray-Waray	5	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Creole languages	45	25	25
Haitian Creole	20	10	10
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Dravidian languages	510	280	230
Kannada	10	5	0
Malayalam	305	165	140
Tamil	120	60	55
Telugu	70	45	30
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	9,780	4,695	5,080
Albanian	35	15	20
Armenian	30	15	15
Balto-Slavic languages	1,340	565	775
Baltic languages	45	15	35
Latvian	25	10	15
Lithuanian	20	5	20
Slavic languages	1,295	550	745
Belarusian	5	0	5
Bulgarian	30	15	15
Czech	115	40	75
Macedonian	20	10	10
Polish	490	205	285
Russian	310	135	175
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	105	50	60
Bosnian	10	5	10
Croatian	35	15	20
Serbian	50	20	25
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Slovak	35	10	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	5
Ukrainian	160	75	85
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	10	5
Irish	5	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0
Welsh	10	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,800	790	1,010
Frisian	20	5	10
High German languages	945	410	535
German	900	385	515
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	35	20	15
Yiddish	10	5	5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	680	310	375
Afrikaans	35	20	15
Dutch	630	275	350
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	5	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10
Scandinavian languages	150	65	85
Danish	110	50	65
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	0	5
Swedish	25	15	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Greek	315	155	160
Indo-Iranian languages	2,785	1,475	1,310
Indo-Aryan languages	2,135	1,140	995
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	240	130	110
Gujarati	420	230	185
Hindi	340	195	145
Kacchi	10	5	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	5	10
Marathi	25	20	10
Nepali	45	20	30
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	535	280	255
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	15	10	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	20
Urdu	445	235	210
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Iranian languages	650	335	315
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	45	30	20
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	30	15	15
Persian languages	565	285	280
Dari	55	25	35
Iranian Persian	465	240	225
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	45	20	25
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,460	1,670	1,790
Catalan	10	5	0
Italian	545	280	265
Portuguese	1,635	780	845
Romanian	130	55	75
Spanish	1,150	545	605
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Japanese	90	30	65
Korean	525	240	285
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	225	120	110
Akan (Twi)	35	15	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	5	0	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	5	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	15	10	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0
Lingala	5	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	5	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	15	10
Shona	20	10	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5
Swahili	45	15	25
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	20	10	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	45	25	20
American Sign Language	45	20	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,250	1,060	1,190
Chinese languages	2,235	1,055	1,185
Hakka	10	5	5
Mandarin	1,660	780	875
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	15	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	10
Yue (Cantonese)	465	225	245
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	15	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	5	10
Burmese	5	0	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	5	0	5
S'gaw Karen	5	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	10	25
Lao	5	0	0
Thai	35	10	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Turkic languages	195	105	90
Azerbaijani	15	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	175	100	80
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Uralic languages	230	85	140
Estonian	25	10	20
Finnish	65	10	50
Hungarian	135	70	70
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	3,525	1,615	1,910
English and French	1,270	565	700
English and non-official language(s)	1,855	865	995
French and non-official language(s)	125	55	75
English, French and non-official language(s)	105	50	50
Multiple non-official languages	170	80	90
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	168,910	81,800	87,110
English	148,275	71,955	76,320
French	1,455	710	750
Non-official language	3,580	1,695	1,890
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	3,575	1,690	1,885
English and French	3,670	1,705	1,960
English and non-official language(s)	10,695	5,145	5,550
French and non-official language(s)	90	40	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	860	395	465
Multiple non-official languages	280	150	130
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	168,910	81,800	87,110
Single responses	166,160	80,505	85,655
Official languages	158,715	76,910	81,810
English	156,580	75,850	80,725
French	2,135	1,060	1,080
Non-official languages	7,445	3,595	3,850
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	5
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,440	3,595	3,845
Afro-Asiatic languages	855	420	430
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	30	15	15
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	30	15	15
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	820	405	415
Amharic	15	10	5
Arabic	785	385	395
Aramaic languages	5	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	10	5	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	165	75	95
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	15	20
Vietnamese	135	60	75
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	295	130	170
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Cebuano	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	5	0	0
Ilocano	30	20	20
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	235	100	135
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Creole languages	10	0	10
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	315	160	150
Kannada	5	0	0
Malayalam	200	100	95
Tamil	60	30	30
Telugu	50	25	20
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	3,795	1,840	1,955
Albanian	10	5	5
Armenian	20	10	5
Balto-Slavic languages	420	195	225
Baltic languages	5	5	5
Latvian	5	5	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	415	195	220
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	10	10	5
Czech	20	10	15
Macedonian	10	0	5
Polish	145	70	70
Russian	175	80	95
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	20	5	15
Bosnian	5	5	5
Croatian	5	5	5
Serbian	10	0	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	5	0	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	0
Ukrainian	30	15	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	150	75	75
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	100	45	55
German	90	45	50
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	5	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	40	20	15
Afrikaans	10	10	0
Dutch	30	15	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	10
Danish	10	5	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	110	45	60
Indo-Iranian languages	1,735	880	850
Indo-Aryan languages	1,300	675	630
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	150	75	70
Gujarati	265	135	130
Hindi	165	85	75
Kacchi	5	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	10	0	5
Nepali	25	10	15
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	380	210	175
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	10
Urdu	275	135	140
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	430	210	225
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	30	15	20
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	25	10	10
Persian languages	375	185	190
Dari	35	10	25
Iranian Persian	310	160	150
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	15	20
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,355	620	730
Catalan	5	5	0
Italian	115	50	65
Portuguese	665	295	370
Romanian	40	20	20
Spanish	525	250	280
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	25	10	15
Korean	345	150	195
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	80	35	45
Akan (Twi)	10	5	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	10	10
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	30	10	20
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	5	0	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	55	25	25
American Sign Language	45	25	25
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,350	670	680
Chinese languages	1,350	670	680
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,080	550	535
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	10	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	215	95	120
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	10
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	15	5	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	115	60	55
Azerbaijani	10	0	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	110	55	55
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	20	10	15
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	5	5	5
Hungarian	20	10	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,745	1,290	1,450
English and French	670	325	345
English and non-official language(s)	1,930	900	1,025
French and non-official language(s)	40	20	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	30	40
Multiple non-official languages	35	20	20
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	168,910	81,795	87,110
None	155,620	75,435	80,185
English	3,740	1,850	1,885
French	2,555	1,150	1,410
Non-official language	5,440	2,620	2,825
Indigenous³⁹	50	20	25
Non-Indigenous	5,395	2,595	2,800
English and French	100	45	55
English and non-official language(s)	410	205	205
French and non-official language(s)	490	230	260
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10
Multiple non-official languages	535	265	270
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	168,075	81,520	86,560
Official languages	167,305	81,205	86,095
English	167,090	81,115	85,975
French	21,105	9,340	11,770
Non-official languages	23,750	11,205	12,540
Indigenous languages³⁹	120	40	80
Algonquian languages	60	15	45
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	0	20
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	0	20
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	0	10
Mi'kmaq	10	0	10
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	30	10	15
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	20	10	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	25	10	15
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	25	10	15
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	35	20	15
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	35	20	15
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	23,640	11,165	12,475
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,105	1,100	1,000
Berber languages	15	15	0
Kabyle	10	10	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	35	20	15
Cushitic languages	40	15	20
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	35	10	20
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,070	1,085	985
Amharic	85	40	45
Arabic	1,870	980	890
Aramaic languages	10	10	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	85	35	45
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	55	35	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	385	170	215
Khmer (Cambodian)	125	50	70
Vietnamese	260	115	140
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	880	345	535
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Cebuano	30	0	25
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	10	15
Ilocano	40	15	35
Indonesian	25	10	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	30	10	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	800	320	485
Waray-Waray	10	10	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	0	20
Creole languages	105	45	60
Haitian Creole	30	15	20
Jamaican English Creole	15	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	10	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Dravidian languages	745	345	400
Kannada	45	35	10
Malayalam	365	130	235
Tamil	300	160	140
Telugu	110	60	50
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	15,375	7,395	7,980
Albanian	45	25	20
Armenian	70	45	30
Balto-Slavic languages	1,755	840	910
Baltic languages	105	45	60
Latvian	65	40	25
Lithuanian	40	0	35
Slavic languages	1,665	800	865
Belarusian	15	0	10
Bulgarian	40	10	30
Czech	180	55	125
Macedonian	15	0	10
Polish	585	270	315
Russian	475	270	205
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	215	115	100
Bosnian	40	20	20
Croatian	75	45	35
Serbian	140	80	60
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	70	35	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	20	10
Ukrainian	220	115	105
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	90	50	40
Irish	50	30	20
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	35	15	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	3,230	1,490	1,745
Frisian	35	20	20
High German languages	2,170	1,000	1,160
German	2,130	985	1,145
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	50	25	25
Yiddish	15	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	940	425	515
Afrikaans	95	45	50
Dutch	820	365	450
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	15	0	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	10
Scandinavian languages	225	120	105
Danish	90	35	55
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	80	70	10
Swedish	60	25	35
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	500	245	255
Indo-Iranian languages	3,945	2,060	1,885
Indo-Aryan languages	3,070	1,595	1,470
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	275	155	120
Gujarati	660	310	345
Hindi	1,555	805	750
Kacchi	20	15	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	15	0	15
Marathi	85	45	40
Nepali	40	20	25
Oriya languages	15	10	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	775	420	355
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	20	15	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	15	20
Urdu	795	425	370
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Iranian languages	930	495	435
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	105	50	60
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	40	15	20
Persian languages	775	425	345
Dari	40	20	15
Iranian Persian	670	380	290
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	85	35	45
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Italic (Romance) languages	6,385	2,965	3,425
Catalan	10	0	0
Italian	1,195	620	575
Portuguese	1,980	965	1,020
Romanian	95	55	50
Spanish	3,410	1,475	1,935
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Japanese	245	130	110
Korean	605	245	365
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	595	270	325
Akan (Twi)	85	35	60
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	30	10	20
Ganda	15	10	0
Gikuyu	30	10	15
Igbo	40	25	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	65	40	25
Lingala	40	20	25
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	15	10	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	65	45	25
Shona	45	20	25
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	0
Swahili	225	100	125
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	85	35	50
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	70	25	45
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	415	170	250
American Sign Language	375	150	220
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,600	1,205	1,395
Chinese languages	2,560	1,190	1,365
Hakka	10	0	0
Mandarin	2,060	965	1,090
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	50	10	35
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	10	20
Yue (Cantonese)	570	265	310
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	10	30
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	15	30
Burmese	15	0	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	20	10	15
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	35	35
Lao	35	25	10
Thai	60	20	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	255	145	120
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	255	135	120
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	260	90	165
Estonian	55	15	40
Finnish	70	0	65
Hungarian	130	70	65
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	168,075	81,520	86,555
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	6,975	3,325	3,650
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	6,685	3,185	3,500
First Nations (North American Indian)	4,225	1,985	2,240
Métis	2,330	1,135	1,195
Inuk (Inuit)	130	65	65
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	155	85	70
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	135	55	80
Non-Indigenous identity	161,100	78,195	82,905
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	168,075	81,520	86,555
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,685	770	915
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	166,390	80,750	85,640
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	73,505	...	...
Owner	46,165	...	...
Renter	27,345	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	73,505	...	...
Condominium	4,035	...	...
Not condominium	69,470	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	73,505	...	...
No bedrooms	430	...	...
1 bedroom	8,955	...	...
2 bedrooms	18,115	...	...
3 bedrooms	27,310	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	18,700	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	73,505	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	18,990	...	...
5 rooms	10,535	...	...
6 rooms	10,955	...	...
7 rooms	9,460	...	...
8 or more rooms	23,560	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	73,505	...	...
One person or fewer per room	72,915	...	...
More than one person per room	590	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	73,505	...	...
Suitable	70,950	...	...
Not suitable	2,555	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	73,505	...	...
1960 or before	15,895	...	...
1961 to 1980	22,660	...	...
1981 to 1990	10,510	...	...
1991 to 2000	8,445	...	...
2001 to 2005	4,370	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,050	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,730	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,840	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	73,505	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	68,510	...	...
Major repairs needed	4,995	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	73,505	...	...
One-maintainer household	36,390	...	...
Two-maintainer household	34,295	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,815	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	73,505	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,645	...	...
25 to 34 years	10,885	...	...
35 to 44 years	10,945	...	...
45 to 54 years	11,145	...	...
55 to 64 years	14,355	...	...
65 to 74 years	12,525	...	...
75 to 84 years	7,245	...	...
85 years and over	2,755	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	72,845	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	56,360	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	16,485	...	...
30% to less than 100%	14,825	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	73,505	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	21,880	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	14,675	...	...
Not suitable only	1,760	...	...
Major repairs needed only	3,365	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	450	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,285	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	270	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	80	...	...
Acceptable housing	51,630	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	71,185	...	...
In core need	6,785	...	...
Not in core need	64,405	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	45,825	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	58.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	11.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,310	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,422	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	492,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	533,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	27,340	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	41.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	19.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,240	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,308	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	168,075	81,515	86,555
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	2,395	1,175	1,220
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	2,340	1,160	1,185
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,890	935	955
Métis single ancestry	435	220	210
Inuit single ancestry	20	0	15
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	50	15	35
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	35	10	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	10
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	7,965	3,885	4,085
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	7,775	3,800	3,975
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,985	2,880	3,100
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,665	845	820
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	125	70	55
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	195	80	110
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	155	65	90
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	0	15
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	157,715	76,460	81,255
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	168,075	81,515	86,560
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	159,990	77,695	82,295
Canadian citizens aged under 18	28,825	14,970	13,855
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	131,165	62,725	68,440
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	8,085	3,825	4,260
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	168,075	81,515	86,560
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	144,460	70,325	74,130
Immigrants⁸¹	20,295	9,495	10,795
Before 1980	7,700	3,535	4,165
1980 to 1990	2,205	1,080	1,130
1991 to 2000	2,465	1,205	1,260
2001 to 2010	3,475	1,655	1,820
2011 to 2021⁸²	4,450	2,020	2,435
2011 to 2015	1,725	770	950
2016 to 2021	2,725	1,250	1,480
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3,320	1,695	1,625
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	20,290	9,495	10,800
Under 5 years	2,545	1,245	1,300
5 to 14 years	4,455	2,255	2,200
15 to 24 years	3,770	1,665	2,105
25 to 44 years	8,195	3,765	4,430
45 years and over	1,330	565	765
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	20,290	9,495	10,800
Americas	3,235	1,455	1,780
Brazil	90	35	50
Colombia	160	65	95
El Salvador	150	80	65
Guyana	65	30	40
Haiti	10	0	10
Jamaica	205	100	105
Mexico	165	85	75
Peru	50	20	35
Trinidad and Tobago	170	80	95
United States of America	1,605	680	925
Other places of birth in Americas	575	285	290
Europe	8,930	4,210	4,720
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	10	15
Croatia	40	25	10
France	170	75	90
Germany	870	350	520
Greece	180	95	85
Hungary	80	35	50
Italy	385	250	135
Netherlands	720	385	335
Poland	360	180	180
Portugal	1,095	575	525
Romania	100	55	50
Russian Federation	120	75	50
Serbia⁸⁶	70	35	35
Ukraine	125	55	70
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,595	1,605	1,990
Other places of birth in Europe	990	410	575
Africa	1,390	680	710
Algeria	20	10	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	75	35	40
Egypt	320	155	170
Eritrea	20	15	0
Ethiopia	40	15	25
Morocco	25	10	10
Nigeria	135	75	65
Somalia	25	10	15
South Africa, Republic of	165	80	90
Other places of birth in Africa	565	280	280
Asia	6,620	3,085	3,530
Afghanistan	35	15	15
Iran⁸⁸	425	205	225
Iraq	75	45	30
Lebanon	55	25	30
Syria⁸⁹	480	265	215
Turkey	80	45	35
China⁹⁰	1,210	545	670
Hong Kong⁹¹	130	60	65
Korea, South⁹²	275	105	165
Taiwan	85	30	55
Philippines	820	325	495
Viet Nam	140	65	80
Bangladesh	210	110	105
India	1,240	605	635
Pakistan	510	270	245
Sri Lanka	145	60	80
Other places of birth in Asia	715	325	390
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	120	60	55
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	2,730	1,250	1,480
Americas	370	185	180
Brazil	30	10	20
Colombia	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	25	10	15
Mexico	25	10	15
United States of America	220	115	105
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	10	10
Other places of birth in Americas	50	30	20
Europe	245	130	115
France	35	30	0
Germany	10	0	10
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0
Italy	15	15	0
Russian Federation	0	0	0
Ukraine	25	10	15
United Kingdom⁸⁷	75	50	25
Other places of birth in Europe	65	20	50
Africa	430	175	255
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	35	25	10
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	95	35	65
Eritrea	15	15	0
Ethiopia	30	10	20
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	70	25	45
Somalia	25	10	15
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	140	55	80
Asia	1,670	755	910
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	45	25	20
China⁹⁰	225	110	120
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	410	190	215
Iran⁸⁸	70	40	25
Iraq	35	15	20
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	10	0	0
Jordan	25	0	25
Korea, South⁹²	30	0	30
Lebanon	25	0	25
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	70	25	40
Philippines	150	45	100
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	415	225	185
Turkey	35	25	15
United Arab Emirates	10	10	0
Viet Nam	15	15	0
Other places of birth in Asia	70	10	55
Oceania and other⁹³	15	0	10
Australia	10	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	168,075	81,520	86,560
First generation¹⁰⁰	25,900	12,335	13,565
Second generation¹⁰¹	25,770	12,565	13,205
Third generation or more¹⁰²	116,405	56,615	59,790
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	12,595	5,965	6,635
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	7,130	3,580	3,550
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	2,860	1,715	1,140
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	4,270	1,865	2,405
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	3,585	1,440	2,145
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,820	910	910
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	65	30	35
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	12,595	5,965	6,635
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	465	235	230
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,470	700	770
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	670	325	350
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	865	465	395
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	75	30	40
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	9,050	4,200	4,850
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	168,075	81,520	86,555
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	18,395	9,030	9,365
South Asian	4,725	2,425	2,300
Chinese	3,275	1,495	1,775
Black	2,825	1,440	1,390
Filipino	1,135	455	680
Arab	1,615	875	745
Latin American	1,360	645	715
Southeast Asian	845	400	450
West Asian	750	405	340
Korean	600	250	350
Japanese	290	135	155
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	300	170	125
Multiple visible minorities	675	340	335
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	149,680	72,485	77,190
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	168,075	81,520	86,560
Canadian	29,140	14,415	14,720
English	44,490	21,440	23,055
Irish	44,500	20,680	23,815
Scottish	37,770	17,930	19,840
French, n.o.s.¹²²	18,720	8,835	9,880
German	16,215	7,515	8,700
Chinese	3,365	1,560	1,805
Italian	5,700	2,785	2,915
Indian (India)	2,920	1,500	1,420
Ukrainian	3,415	1,600	1,815
Dutch	9,150	4,380	4,775
Polish	4,545	2,125	2,420
Québécois	640	330	305
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	8,600	4,150	4,455
Filipino	1,245	520	725
French Canadian	3,315	1,540	1,775
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	5,285	2,585	2,700
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	3,315	1,585	1,730
Métis	2,325	1,160	1,160
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,525	1,855	1,670
Russian	1,410	650	755
Norwegian	1,350	635	710
Welsh	4,020	1,840	2,180
Portuguese	3,560	1,840	1,720
American	2,325	1,150	1,175
Spanish	1,275	590	685
Swedish	1,145	575	570
Hungarian	1,025	495	520
Acadian	935	445	490
Pakistani	705	395	315
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	710	335	380
Jewish	1,225	575	645
Punjabi	175	105	75
Vietnamese	395	205	190
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	875	460	420
Greek	1,270	605	665
Jamaican	525	285	240
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	340	165	175
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	265	145	120
Korean	615	245	360
Romanian	595	310	285
Lebanese	315	155	160
Iranian	695	370	330
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	550	285	270
Danish	1,220	610	615
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,550	730	820
Sikh	115	45	65
Austrian	900	400	505
Belgian	565	255	315
Haitian	85	45	45
Hindu	270	160	110
Mexican	375	195	175
Mennonite	160	65	90
Swiss	740	385	355
Finnish	830	360	470
Sri Lankan	190	85	105
Croatian	355	155	200
Japanese	375	180	190
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	190	95	95
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	505	245	260
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	720	360	355
Muslim	210	85	125
Egyptian	405	230	175
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	190	105	90
Tamil	100	65	30
Icelandic	290	155	135
Colombian	230	90	140
Moroccan	50	35	10
Czech	575	265	310
Syrian	385	190	195
Guyanese	180	90	90
Afghan	40	20	25
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	255	100	160
Serbian	280	145	135
Ojibway	440	210	230
Newfoundlander	600	285	315
Hong Konger	70	20	45
Ontarian	1,515	710	800
Persian	210	100	115
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	220	125	95
Turkish	215	115	95
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	190	95	100
Bangladeshi	200	115	85
Algerian	20	0	20
Brazilian	230	110	120
Nigerian	145	75	70
Armenian	115	75	40
Slovak	270	145	125
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	475	210	270
Somali	0	0	0
Taiwanese	115	45	70
Iraqi	100	60	45
Salvadorean	190	85	105
African Caribbean	80	45	40
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	150	70	85
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	235	125	110
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	105	55	45
Algonquin	725	365	360
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	130	65	65
Lithuanian	335	160	175
South African	310	170	140
Australian	170	90	80
Palestinian	110	70	40
Chilean	80	30	55
Congolese	75	30	40
Nova Scotian	265	130	130
Ethiopian	50	35	15
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	135	60	75
Peruvian	150	70	75
Yoruba	105	55	55
Cambodian (Khmer)	155	65	90
Berber	20	15	0
Albanian	60	15	45
Maltese	130	65	65
Macedonian	75	20	50
Slovenian	185	90	100
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	315	130	185
New Brunswicker	180	90	90
Gujarati	105	55	45
Eritrean	55	25	25
African Canadian	55	25	35
Israeli	45	20	20
Mohawk	830	425	400
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	105	35	75
Bulgarian	55	15	40
Albertan	35	15	20
Ghanaian	85	30	55
Barbadian	75	20	60
African American	110	60	45
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	135	75	60
Tunisian	25	10	15
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	155	85	70
Cuban	30	20	10
Bosnian	50	10	40
Venezuelan	115	50	65
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	25	15	15
Latvian	140	90	50
Bengali	95	55	40
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	60	30	30
Indonesian	115	40	75
Laotian	35	25	10
Ilocano	20	15	10
Northern Irish	195	95	95
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	200	80	120
British Columbian	50	15	35
Ecuadorian	25	10	10
Franco Ontarian	170	90	80
Argentinian	30	10	15
Estonian	255	90	170
Kurdish	125	55	75
Fijian	20	15	10
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	120	55	70
Coptic	90	45	50
Thai	95	50	45
Dominican	50	20	30
Nepali	30	15	15
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	15	15	0
Igbo	35	25	15
Byelorussian	45	20	30
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	75	20	50
Abenaki	30	10	20
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	145	75	75
New Zealander	95	45	55
Sudanese	20	0	20
Breton	30	0	25
Pennsylvania Dutch	135	30	100
Malaysian	85	50	30
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	35	25	10
Huron (Wendat)	75	45	40
Saskatchewanian	115	35	80
Buddhist	0	0	0
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	70	40	30
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0
Ivorian	30	10	25
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	100	35	65
Burundian	65	40	20
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0
Mauritian	0	0	0
Kenyan	85	35	45
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	60	40	20
Manitoban	40	15	25
Cape Bretoner	60	30	30
Rwandan	20	10	10
Grenadian	15	10	0
Malayali	35	10	25
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	15	0	15
Mayan	25	10	15
Honduran	45	20	25
Cherokee	60	20	40
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10	0	10
Indo-Caribbean	25	0	25
Flemish	50	20	30
United Empire Loyalist	200	70	125
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	60	40	15
Sicilian	45	15	25
Pashtun	10	10	0
Malay	20	0	15
Goan	20	10	10
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	65	40	25
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	90	45	45
Burmese	0	0	0
Mongolian	25	10	15
Azorean	110	70	45
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	40	20	20
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	15	0	0
Libyan	20	10	10
Basque	10	0	0
Uruguayan	10	10	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	20	0	15
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	25	10	15
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	85	50	40
Maliseet	15	0	15
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	30	25	0
Costa Rican	35	0	30
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	40	15	25
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	30	10	15
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	30	15	10
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	168,075	81,520	86,555
Buddhist	520	185	335
Christian	87,945	40,035	47,910
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,540	3,930	4,610
Anabaptist	55	25	30
Anglican	11,880	5,225	6,660
Baptist	1,620	690	935
Catholic	39,150	18,255	20,895
Christian Orthodox	1,325	630	690
Jehovah's Witness	355	125	230
Latter Day Saints	260	155	105
Lutheran	845	330	520
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,545	710	835
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,265	575	685
Presbyterian	2,360	1,055	1,305
Reformed	405	145	260
United Church	13,020	5,760	7,255
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	5,320	2,420	2,905
Hindu	1,730	925	810
Jewish	935	435	500
Muslim	3,425	1,775	1,650
Sikh	525	265	260
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	110	45	60
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,505	530	970
No religion and secular perspectives	71,390	37,335	34,055
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	166,665	80,785	85,880
Non-movers	142,710	69,240	73,475
Movers	23,950	11,545	12,405
Non-migrants	13,335	6,370	6,970
Migrants	10,615	5,180	5,435
Internal migrants	9,390	4,585	4,805
Intraprovincial migrants	7,830	3,850	3,975
Interprovincial migrants	1,565	735	830
External migrants	1,225	595	630
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	160,495	77,545	82,950
Non-movers	92,135	44,545	47,595
Movers	68,360	33,000	35,365
Non-migrants	27,745	13,505	14,240
Migrants	40,615	19,490	21,125
Internal migrants	34,915	16,720	18,195
Intraprovincial migrants	29,260	13,895	15,370
Interprovincial migrants	5,655	2,825	2,830
External migrants	5,700	2,775	2,925
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	143,265	68,755	74,505
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	18,765	10,340	8,430
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	124,500	58,415	66,080
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	87,545	42,185	45,360
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,150	3,760	2,395
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	81,390	38,425	42,970
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	143,260	68,750	74,510
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,880	9,080	7,790
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	41,760	21,320	20,445
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	84,625	38,350	46,275
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	44,465	20,350	24,115
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,385	5,510	1,875
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,545	2,225	1,320
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,840	3,280	565
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	34,715	13,910	20,805
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,365	930	1,435
Bachelor's degree or higher	40,160	18,000	22,160
Bachelor's degree	23,735	9,875	13,860
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,655	680	975
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,610	860	745
Master's degree	9,685	4,425	5,260
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,475	2,165	1,310
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	87,545	42,185	45,360
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,365	3,275	2,085
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	22,045	12,240	9,810
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	60,130	26,665	33,470
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	31,225	14,315	16,905
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,505	3,415	1,090
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,225	1,460	765
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,285	1,960	320
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	25,270	10,310	14,965
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,450	595	850
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,905	12,345	16,560
Bachelor's degree	16,790	6,790	10,000
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,175	445	730
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,230	565	660
Master's degree	7,290	3,155	4,130
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,425	1,385	1,040
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	143,260	68,755	74,510
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	58,635	30,400	28,235
Education	5,315	1,545	3,770
13. Education	5,315	1,545	3,770
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,665	1,065	1,595
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	210	150	55
50. Visual and performing arts	2,455	915	1,540
Humanities	5,035	2,055	2,980
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	385	65	320
23. English language and literature/letters	1,275	405	865
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,025	420	605
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	190	90	100
38. Philosophy and religious studies	455	255	200
39. Theology and religious vocations	440	275	170
54. History	1,060	515	545
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	200	20	175
Social and behavioural sciences and law	11,995	3,945	8,050
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	260	75	185
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	980	400	575
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,195	270	1,925
22. Legal professions and studies	1,420	375	1,045
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	720	200	520
42. Psychology	2,385	715	1,665
45. Social sciences	4,045	1,910	2,130
Business, management and public administration	13,345	5,040	8,305
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,930	435	1,495
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,400	4,595	6,805
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,875	2,495	2,385
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,625	1,190	1,435
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	570	220	350
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	80	15	65
40. Physical sciences	1,395	985	405
41. Science technologies/technicians	205	75	130
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,255	2,095	1,165
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,365	1,665	695
25. Library science	260	50	205
27. Mathematics and statistics	550	310	235
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	90	65	25
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	14,115	12,690	1,425
04. Architecture and related services	555	330	225
14. Engineering	3,950	3,195	760
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,560	3,245	310
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	3,045	3,000	40
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,190	2,145	40
48. Precision production	820	770	45
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,585	750	840
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,030	440	595
03. Natural resources and conservation	555	310	250
Health and related fields	16,565	3,510	13,055
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,290	685	605
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	14,625	2,460	12,165
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	60	10	50
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	590	355	235
Personal, protective and transportation services	5,845	3,160	2,685
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,690	820	1,870
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	270	240	30
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	125	110	15
43. Security and protective services	2,165	1,425	740
49. Transportation and materials moving	590	565	25
Other¹⁷⁹	25	10	20
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	87,545	42,185	45,360
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	27,415	15,520	11,895
Education	3,185	880	2,310
13. Education	3,185	880	2,310
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,970	750	1,220
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	130	80	50
50. Visual and performing arts	1,840	670	1,175
Humanities	3,220	1,360	1,860
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	235	30	205
23. English language and literature/letters	775	280	500
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	710	315	400
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	120	55	65
38. Philosophy and religious studies	300	175	120
39. Theology and religious vocations	230	135	95
54. History	730	360	370
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	115	10	110
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,935	2,780	6,155
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	195	60	135
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	835	340	495
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,680	215	1,460
22. Legal professions and studies	1,095	235	860
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	605	155	450
42. Psychology	1,670	460	1,205
45. Social sciences	2,855	1,320	1,540
Business, management and public administration	9,830	3,585	6,245
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	10	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,465	285	1,180
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,360	3,295	5,065
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,405	1,665	1,740
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,955	870	1,085
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	410	165	245
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	15	55
40. Physical sciences	885	595	290
41. Science technologies/technicians	95	20	75
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,500	1,620	880
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,965	1,385	580
25. Library science	165	35	120
27. Mathematics and statistics	310	155	160
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	45	25
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,730	8,560	1,180
04. Architecture and related services	405	230	180
14. Engineering	2,855	2,205	655
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,460	2,205	255
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,075	2,035	40
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,450	1,430	20
48. Precision production	490	455	30
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,185	535	655
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	755	290	465
03. Natural resources and conservation	430	245	190
Health and related fields	11,700	2,485	9,220
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	900	445	450
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,345	1,820	8,530
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	50	0	50
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	405	215	185
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,445	2,460	1,985
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,975	650	1,330
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	210	175	30
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	95	85	0
43. Security and protective services	1,745	1,140	605
49. Transportation and materials moving	425	405	15
Other¹⁷⁹	20	10	15
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	87,545	42,185	45,360
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	27,415	15,520	11,895
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	60,130	26,665	33,465
Location of study inside Canada	53,660	23,745	29,915
Same as province or territory of residence	47,775	21,105	26,670
Different than province or territory of residence	5,885	2,635	3,250
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	6,470	2,920	3,550
Americas	1,865	860	1,005
United States of America	1,425	690	740
Mexico	90	25	70
Cuba	15	10	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	10	0	10
Brazil	135	50	80
Colombia	55	30	25
Peru	15	0	10
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	15	15
Other locations of study in Americas	90	45	40
Europe	1,535	775	760
Belgium	20	0	15
France	85	50	35
Germany	105	45	60
Netherlands	30	15	15
Switzerland	20	15	0
Hungary	15	0	10
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	55	30	25
Romania	25	15	10
Russian Federation	45	10	35
Ukraine	40	15	30
Ireland⁹⁶	125	45	80
United Kingdom⁸⁷	765	410	355
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	25	20	0
Serbia⁸⁶	10	0	10
Other locations of study in Europe	170	90	80
Africa	400	180	215
Nigeria	35	20	20
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	15	10	0
Tunisia	10	0	10
Egypt	140	65	65
South Africa, Republic of	55	25	30
Other locations of study in Africa	140	60	85
Asia	2,475	1,025	1,450
Iran⁸⁸	225	115	110
Iraq	20	10	0
Israel	0	0	0
Lebanon	35	20	15
Syria⁸⁹	60	35	20
Turkey	45	10	35
China⁹⁰	335	125	205
Taiwan	15	0	15
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0
Japan	40	0	35
Korea, South⁹²	145	45	100
Philippines	305	75	230
Viet Nam	15	0	10
Bangladesh	55	25	25
Sri Lanka	35	15	25
India	785	345	435
Pakistan	155	65	90
Other locations of study in Asia	200	110	90
Oceania	200	75	120
Australia	170	65	100
New Zealand	30	10	20
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	143,260	68,750	74,510
In the labour force	86,915	43,645	43,270
Employed	76,230	38,660	37,570
Unemployed	10,685	4,980	5,705
Not in the labour force	56,345	25,110	31,240
Participation rate	60.7	63.5	58.1
Employment rate	53.2	56.2	50.4
Unemployment rate	12.3	11.4	13.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	143,260	68,755	74,510
Did not work¹⁸⁶	55,300	24,725	30,570
Worked	87,965	44,030	43,940
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	47,125	25,430	21,700
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	40,840	18,595	22,245
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.3	41.9	40.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	86,915	43,645	43,270
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,190	1,095	1,095
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	84,730	42,555	42,180
Employee	74,160	36,395	37,765
Permanent position	59,950	29,555	30,395
Temporary position	14,210	6,840	7,375
Fixed term (1 year or more)	5,335	2,540	2,785
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	8,875	4,295	4,580
Self-employed¹⁹²	10,570	6,160	4,415
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	86,915	43,645	43,270
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,190	1,095	1,095
All occupations¹⁹¹	84,730	42,555	42,180
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	875	580	295
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,345	3,590	8,755
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,960	4,555	1,410
3 Health occupations	9,890	2,260	7,625
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	16,165	6,910	9,255
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,330	1,035	1,300
6 Sales and service occupations	21,650	9,825	11,830
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	12,060	11,075	990
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,400	1,050	350
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,045	1,670	370
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	86,915	43,645	43,270
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,190	1,095	1,095
All industries¹⁹¹	84,730	42,555	42,180
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	845	490	355
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	140	120	25
22 Utilities	520	415	110
23 Construction	5,835	5,220	610
31-33 Manufacturing	3,715	2,870	850
41 Wholesale trade	1,550	1,145	405
44-45 Retail trade	10,010	4,710	5,300
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,680	2,035	645
51 Information and cultural industries	995	555	440
52 Finance and insurance	2,445	1,055	1,385
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,605	870	735
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,875	2,830	2,045
55 Management of companies and enterprises	70	25	45
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,395	2,045	1,350
61 Educational services	10,610	4,080	6,530
62 Health care and social assistance	14,700	3,170	11,525
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,475	810	665
72 Accommodation and food services	6,010	2,860	3,150
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,140	1,450	1,690
91 Public administration	10,110	5,800	4,310
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	94,365	47,125	47,235
English	89,755	45,065	44,695
French	410	120	290
Non-official language	160	60	100
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	160	60	100
English and French	3,140	1,460	1,685
English and non-official language(s)	790	365	420
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	105	60	45
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	94,365	47,125	47,235
Single responses	93,930	46,940	46,995
Official languages	93,630	46,840	46,790
English	92,895	46,635	46,255
French	735	200	535
Non-official languages	300	100	200
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	15
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	285	100	185
Afro-Asiatic languages	25	0	25
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	25	0	25
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	25	0	25
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	0	10
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	10	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	130	60	65
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	15	0	10
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	15	0	10
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	15	0	10
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	30	20	10
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	15	10	0
German	10	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	10	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	40	15	20
Indo-Aryan languages	30	10	15
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	10	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	10	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	10	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	45	15	30
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	15	15	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	20	0	20
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	35	10	30
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	0	15
American Sign Language	15	0	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	75	25	50
Chinese languages	75	25	50
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	50	20	30
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	30	0	20
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	430	185	240
English and French	315	135	185
English and non-official language(s)	100	50	50
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	94,365	47,125	47,235
None	90,740	45,415	45,320
English	460	120	345
French	2,510	1,255	1,255
Non-official language	540	285	260
Indigenous³⁹	25	10	10
Non-Indigenous	520	270	245
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	10	0	0
French and non-official language(s)	85	45	40
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	20	10	15
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	76,230	38,660	37,570
Worked at home	18,780	8,550	10,225
Worked outside Canada	205	155	50
No fixed workplace address	8,115	5,970	2,140
Usual place of work	49,135	23,980	25,155
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	49,135	23,985	25,155
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	35,340	16,705	18,630
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	5,405	2,660	2,745
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	8,180	4,480	3,695
Commute to a different province or territory	215	140	80
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	57,245	29,950	27,295
Car, truck or van	48,520	26,015	22,505
Car, truck or van - as a driver	44,420	24,320	20,100
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	4,100	1,700	2,405
Public transit	2,810	1,135	1,670
Walked	4,030	1,865	2,170
Bicycle	705	435	275
Other method	1,180	500	675
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	57,245	29,950	27,295
Less than 15 minutes	20,915	10,605	10,310
15 to 29 minutes	24,360	12,440	11,920
30 to 44 minutes	8,265	4,610	3,655
45 to 59 minutes	1,900	1,080	820
60 minutes and over	1,805	1,210	595
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	57,245	29,950	27,295
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,800	1,820	980
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	10,980	6,690	4,290
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	16,425	8,785	7,640
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	12,445	5,430	7,015
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,795	3,225	3,570
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,795	4,000	3,795
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	30,455	15,720	14,740
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,090	2,115	1,980
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	26,365	13,600	12,760
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	22,255	11,460	10,795
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,060	1,570	1,485
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,895	965	930
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,165	605	555
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,200	9,890	9,310

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 19, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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