Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	ManitobaMore information: [Province]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,342,153	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	1,278,365	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.0	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	571,528	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	518,054	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	540,310.19	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,342,150	666,490	675,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	252,935	129,850	123,085	18.8	19.5	18.2
0 to 4 years	80,435	41,145	39,290	6.0	6.2	5.8
5 to 9 years	86,250	44,515	41,735	6.4	6.7	6.2
10 to 14 years	86,250	44,190	42,060	6.4	6.6	6.2
15 to 64 years	860,165	432,385	427,780	64.1	64.9	63.3
15 to 19 years	80,905	41,945	38,965	6.0	6.3	5.8
20 to 24 years	91,415	48,255	43,160	6.8	7.2	6.4
25 to 29 years	90,470	46,240	44,230	6.7	6.9	6.5
30 to 34 years	91,805	45,805	46,000	6.8	6.9	6.8
35 to 39 years	90,150	44,695	45,450	6.7	6.7	6.7
40 to 44 years	84,530	41,690	42,840	6.3	6.3	6.3
45 to 49 years	80,235	39,915	40,320	6.0	6.0	6.0
50 to 54 years	78,210	38,715	39,490	5.8	5.8	5.8
55 to 59 years	87,295	43,040	44,255	6.5	6.5	6.5
60 to 64 years	85,155	42,080	43,075	6.3	6.3	6.4
65 years and over	229,050	104,255	124,795	17.1	15.6	18.5
65 to 69 years	73,060	35,565	37,495	5.4	5.3	5.5
70 to 74 years	59,955	28,295	31,665	4.5	4.2	4.7
75 to 79 years	39,885	18,500	21,385	3.0	2.8	3.2
80 to 84 years	26,890	11,700	15,185	2.0	1.8	2.2
85 years and over	29,255	10,190	19,065	2.2	1.5	2.8
85 to 89 years	17,200	6,610	10,585	1.3	1.0	1.6
90 to 94 years	8,970	2,845	6,125	0.7	0.4	0.9
95 to 99 years	2,640	650	1,995	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	445	85	360	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.8	19.5	18.2	18.8	19.5	18.2
15 to 64 years	64.1	64.9	63.3	64.1	64.9	63.3
65 years and over	17.1	15.6	18.5	17.1	15.6	18.5
85 years and over	2.2	1.5	2.8	2.2	1.5	2.8
Average age of the population	39.7	38.7	40.7	39.7	38.7	40.7
Median age of the population	38.4	37.2	39.6	38.4	37.2	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	518,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	343,990	...	...	66.4	...	...
Semi-detached house	18,185	...	...	3.5	...	...
Row house	19,725	...	...	3.8	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,445	...	...	1.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	74,865	...	...	14.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	43,665	...	...	8.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	600	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	9,590	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	518,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	146,225	...	...	28.2	...	...
2 persons	173,990	...	...	33.6	...	...
3 persons	74,615	...	...	14.4	...	...
4 persons	69,480	...	...	13.4	...	...
5 or more persons	53,740	...	...	10.4	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,307,185	650,220	656,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,089,215	536,645	552,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	616,260	307,545	308,715	56.6	57.3	55.9
Married	515,480	257,300	258,185	47.3	47.9	46.7
Living common-law	100,785	50,250	50,535	9.3	9.4	9.1
Living common law - Never married	75,340	37,700	37,640	6.9	7.0	6.8
Living common law - Separated	4,135	2,140	1,995	0.4	0.4	0.4
Living common law - Divorced	19,035	9,465	9,565	1.7	1.8	1.7
Living common law - Widowed	2,275	940	1,330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	472,955	229,095	243,860	43.4	42.7	44.1
Not married and not living common law - Never married	330,855	181,470	149,385	30.4	33.8	27.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	24,470	10,900	13,565	2.2	2.0	2.5
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	57,440	23,780	33,665	5.3	4.4	6.1
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	60,190	12,945	47,250	5.5	2.4	8.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	359,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	179,345	...	...	49.9	...	...
3 persons	73,610	...	...	20.5	...	...
4 persons	67,475	...	...	18.8	...	...
5 or more persons	39,150	...	...	10.9	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	359,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	298,295	...	...	83.0	...	...
Married couples	247,900	...	...	68.9	...	...
With children⁶	133,760	...	...	37.2	...	...
Without children	114,140	...	...	31.7	...	...
Common-law couples	50,390	...	...	14.0	...	...
With children⁶	20,505	...	...	5.7	...	...
Without children	29,885	...	...	8.3	...	...
Total one-parent families	61,295	...	...	17.0	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	46,900	...	...	13.0	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	14,390	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,307,185	650,215	656,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	1,067,425	530,695	536,730	81.7	81.6	81.7
Married spouses or common-law partners	596,590	297,940	298,645	45.6	45.8	45.5
Parents in one-parent families	61,290	14,395	46,900	4.7	2.2	7.1
Children⁶	409,545	218,365	191,185	31.3	33.6	29.1
In a two-parent family	306,475	162,400	144,075	23.4	25.0	21.9
In a one-parent family	103,070	55,965	47,110	7.9	8.6	7.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	239,765	119,525	120,240	18.3	18.4	18.3
Living alone	146,225	68,910	77,315	11.2	10.6	11.8
Living with other relatives⁷	42,720	20,255	22,460	3.3	3.1	3.4
Living with non-relatives only	50,815	30,360	20,455	3.9	4.7	3.1
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	518,050	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	313,500	...	...	60.5	...	...
Couple-family households	268,430	...	...	51.8	...	...
With children⁶	137,200	...	...	26.5	...	...
Without children	131,230	...	...	25.3	...	...
One-parent-family households	45,070	...	...	8.7	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	14,025	...	...	2.7	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	2,815	...	...	0.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	17,525	...	...	3.4	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	23,950	...	...	4.6	...	...
One-person households	146,225	...	...	28.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,058,435	522,575	535,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,023,160	504,825	518,335	96.7	96.6	96.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	44,000	35,600	39,200	44,000	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,023,830	505,175	518,655	96.7	96.7	96.8
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	38,400	32,000	35,200	38,400	32,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	906,495	455,895	450,600	85.6	87.2	84.1
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	40,800	27,800	34,000	40,800	27,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	743,325	387,385	355,940	70.2	74.1	66.4
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	41,200	30,200	35,600	41,200	30,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	934,305	455,520	478,785	88.3	87.2	89.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,950	5,120	9,800	7,950	5,120	9,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	113,175	54,570	58,610	10.7	10.4	10.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,440	5,480	5,280	5,440	5,480	5,280
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	254,050	120,985	133,060	24.0	23.2	24.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,058,410	522,505	535,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,024,110	505,340	518,765	96.8	96.7	96.8
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,240	55,950	42,720	49,240	55,950	42,720
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,024,740	505,665	519,075	96.8	96.8	96.9
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,640	45,080	36,360	40,640	45,080	36,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	907,455	456,870	450,590	85.7	87.4	84.1
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,240	53,300	37,040	45,240	53,300	37,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	743,345	387,980	355,360	70.2	74.3	66.3
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,400	52,100	38,040	45,400	52,100	38,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	935,570	456,400	479,175	88.4	87.3	89.4
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,040	8,600	11,420	10,040	8,600	11,420
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	112,945	54,695	58,245	10.7	10.5	10.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,470	6,300	6,620	6,470	6,300	6,620
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	252,860	120,805	132,055	23.9	23.1	24.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,710	8,570	8,840	8,710	8,570	8,840
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,058,410	522,505	535,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	366,740	211,220	155,520	34.7	40.4	29.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,800	61,200	52,000	56,800	61,200	52,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	66,900	72,700	59,050	66,900	72,700	59,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	285,105	131,295	153,805	26.9	25.1	28.7
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,800	19,400	16,600	17,800	19,400	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,440	30,120	23,280	26,440	30,120	23,280
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.4	86.2	75.4	81.4	86.2	75.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.8	71.6	61.0	66.8	71.6	61.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.6	13.9	24.7	18.6	13.9	24.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.2	1.7	1.5	1.2	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.5	4.4	6.8	5.5	4.4	6.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.4	3.7	5.3	4.4	3.7	5.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,058,435	522,575	535,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	35,275	17,750	17,525	3.3	3.4	3.3
With total income	1,023,160	504,830	518,335	96.7	96.6	96.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	101,540	48,555	52,980	9.9	9.6	10.2
$10,000 to $19,999	118,240	49,740	68,505	11.6	9.9	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	161,905	68,870	93,030	15.8	13.6	17.9
$30,000 to $39,999	138,225	60,295	77,930	13.5	11.9	15.0
$40,000 to $49,999	124,755	58,530	66,225	12.2	11.6	12.8
$50,000 to $59,999	97,815	49,730	48,085	9.6	9.9	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	72,980	40,630	32,350	7.1	8.0	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	53,950	31,710	22,240	5.3	6.3	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	41,095	24,190	16,905	4.0	4.8	3.3
$90,000 to $99,999	32,150	18,190	13,960	3.1	3.6	2.7
$100,000 and over	80,510	54,380	26,125	7.9	10.8	5.0
$100,000 to $149,999	57,310	37,335	19,975	5.6	7.4	3.9
$150,000 and over	23,195	17,045	6,155	2.3	3.4	1.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,058,435	522,575	535,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	34,600	17,400	17,200	3.3	3.3	3.2
With after-tax income	1,023,835	505,175	518,660	96.7	96.7	96.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	106,400	50,060	56,340	10.4	9.9	10.9
$10,000 to $19,999	127,940	54,315	73,625	12.5	10.8	14.2
$20,000 to $29,999	191,015	82,035	108,985	18.7	16.2	21.0
$30,000 to $39,999	168,620	77,035	91,585	16.5	15.2	17.7
$40,000 to $49,999	139,790	70,125	69,665	13.7	13.9	13.4
$50,000 to $59,999	99,005	54,905	44,095	9.7	10.9	8.5
$60,000 to $69,999	66,805	38,905	27,900	6.5	7.7	5.4
$70,000 to $79,999	47,350	26,925	20,425	4.6	5.3	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	27,130	16,415	10,715	2.6	3.2	2.1
$90,000 to $99,999	16,220	10,545	5,680	1.6	2.1	1.1
$100,000 and over	33,560	23,920	9,645	3.3	4.7	1.9
$100,000 to $124,999	17,675	12,295	5,375	1.7	2.4	1.0
$125,000 and over	15,885	11,620	4,265	1.6	2.3	0.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,058,435	522,575	535,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	315,110	135,195	179,915	29.8	25.9	33.6
With employment income	743,325	387,385	355,940	70.2	74.1	66.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	96,985	46,125	50,855	13.0	11.9	14.3
$5,000 to $9,999	59,860	26,670	33,195	8.1	6.9	9.3
$10,000 to $19,999	92,505	42,200	50,305	12.4	10.9	14.1
$20,000 to $29,999	78,855	35,960	42,900	10.6	9.3	12.1
$30,000 to $39,999	77,580	37,430	40,150	10.4	9.7	11.3
$40,000 to $49,999	73,795	37,315	36,480	9.9	9.6	10.2
$50,000 to $59,999	59,960	33,210	26,745	8.1	8.6	7.5
$60,000 to $69,999	48,125	28,725	19,405	6.5	7.4	5.5
$70,000 to $79,999	37,685	23,180	14,505	5.1	6.0	4.1
$80,000 to $89,999	31,730	18,800	12,930	4.3	4.9	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	25,570	14,610	10,955	3.4	3.8	3.1
$100,000 and over	60,675	43,165	17,505	8.2	11.1	4.9
$100,000 to $124,999	31,425	21,060	10,365	4.2	5.4	2.9
$125,000 and over	29,245	22,105	7,140	3.9	5.7	2.0
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,058,435	522,575	535,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	989,280	486,735	502,540	93.5	93.1	93.8
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	43,200	32,800	37,600	43,200	32,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	989,625	486,785	502,840	93.5	93.2	93.8
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	37,600	29,800	33,200	37,600	29,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	891,950	447,480	444,475	84.3	85.6	82.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	41,600	29,000	34,800	41,600	29,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	744,025	385,850	358,175	70.3	73.8	66.8
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	41,600	31,000	36,000	41,600	31,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	859,170	419,045	440,125	81.2	80.2	82.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,840	1,210	5,920	2,840	1,210	5,920
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	81,860	39,590	42,270	7.7	7.6	7.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,920	6,200	5,600	5,920	6,200	5,600
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,058,410	522,505	535,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	989,725	487,255	502,470	93.5	93.3	93.8
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,200	54,300	40,280	47,200	54,300	40,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	990,055	487,280	502,775	93.5	93.3	93.8
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,720	43,520	34,040	38,720	43,520	34,040
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	892,090	447,960	444,130	84.3	85.7	82.9
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,480	53,650	37,240	45,480	53,650	37,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	743,680	386,010	357,670	70.3	73.9	66.7
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,360	52,200	38,000	45,360	52,200	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	859,470	419,750	439,720	81.2	80.3	82.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,150	5,825	8,410	7,150	5,825	8,410
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	82,490	40,260	42,230	7.8	7.7	7.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,410	7,120	7,690	7,410	7,120	7,690
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,058,410	522,505	535,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	363,910	209,470	154,440	34.4	40.1	28.8
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	53,600	58,400	48,400	53,600	58,400	48,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	63,150	69,000	55,150	63,150	69,000	55,150
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	266,100	121,985	144,115	25.1	23.3	26.9
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,800	25,200	21,200	22,800	25,200	21,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,560	36,240	27,560	31,560	36,240	27,560
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.8	90.8	81.8	86.8	90.8	81.8
Employment income (%)	72.2	76.0	67.2	72.2	76.0	67.2
Government transfers (%)	13.2	9.2	18.3	13.2	9.2	18.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.1	1.6	1.3	1.1	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	518,055	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	79,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,000	...	...	69,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	146,225	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...	41,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,000	...	...	36,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	371,825	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	518,055	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	97,300	...	...	97,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,400	...	...	80,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	146,310	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,040	...	...	50,040	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,480	...	...	41,480	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	371,745	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,800	...	...	95,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	518,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	6,290	...	...	1.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	4,145	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	7,680	...	...	1.5	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	7,990	...	...	1.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	20,100	...	...	3.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	18,985	...	...	3.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	17,510	...	...	3.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	19,860	...	...	3.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	21,215	...	...	4.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	20,700	...	...	4.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	40,360	...	...	7.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	38,830	...	...	7.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	36,685	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	33,840	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	31,625	...	...	6.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	192,235	...	...	37.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	62,870	...	...	12.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	43,940	...	...	8.5	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	49,315	...	...	9.5	...	...
$200,000 and over	36,110	...	...	7.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	518,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	7,035	...	...	1.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	4,245	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	7,915	...	...	1.5	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	8,810	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	22,210	...	...	4.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	22,280	...	...	4.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	21,475	...	...	4.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	24,610	...	...	4.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	25,320	...	...	4.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	24,380	...	...	4.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	48,190	...	...	9.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	45,970	...	...	8.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	43,145	...	...	8.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	38,145	...	...	7.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	32,835	...	...	6.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	141,500	...	...	27.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	59,905	...	...	11.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	36,195	...	...	7.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	45,400	...	...	8.8	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	356,215	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	133,590	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	155,030	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...	124,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	54,645	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...	64,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	58,800	...	...	58,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	197,045	99,270	97,775	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	38,800	36,000	37,200	38,800	36,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,600	34,400	32,800	33,600	34,400	32,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	356,080	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,200	...	...	116,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,700	...	...	95,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	133,300	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,600	...	...	106,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,600	...	...	86,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	155,485	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,000	...	...	141,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	115,400	...	...	115,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	54,305	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...	74,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,300	...	...	65,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	197,160	98,645	98,515	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,880	47,720	44,040	45,880	47,720	44,040
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	39,320	37,480	38,400	39,320	37,480
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,307,190	650,220	656,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	296,575	152,305	144,275	22.7	23.4	22.0
0 to 5 years	95,900	49,120	46,785	7.3	7.6	7.1
18 to 64 years	796,825	398,530	398,300	61.0	61.3	60.6
65 years and over	213,785	99,390	114,395	16.4	15.3	17.4
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	185,145	87,815	97,330	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	57,935	29,540	28,395	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	21,125	10,715	10,410	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	96,515	46,350	50,165	...	...	...
65 years and over	30,695	11,925	18,770	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.2	13.5	14.8	14.2	13.5	14.8
0 to 17 years (%)	19.5	19.4	19.7	19.5	19.4	19.7
0 to 5 years (%)	22.0	21.8	22.3	22.0	21.8	22.3
18 to 64 years (%)	12.1	11.6	12.6	12.1	11.6	12.6
65 years and over (%)	14.4	12.0	16.4	14.4	12.0	16.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,244,390	618,665	625,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	270,600	139,000	131,595	21.7	22.5	21.0
0 to 5 years	87,120	44,525	42,595	7.0	7.2	6.8
18 to 64 years	763,600	382,005	381,590	61.4	61.7	61.0
65 years and over	210,200	97,660	112,535	16.9	15.8	18.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	78,315	40,395	37,915	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	18,130	9,425	8,700	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	6,445	3,290	3,155	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	53,920	28,310	25,615	...	...	...
65 years and over	6,265	2,665	3,600	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.3	6.5	6.1	6.3	6.5	6.1
0 to 17 years (%)	6.7	6.8	6.6	6.7	6.8	6.6
0 to 5 years (%)	7.4	7.4	7.4	7.4	7.4	7.4
18 to 64 years (%)	7.1	7.4	6.7	7.1	7.4	6.7
65 years and over (%)	3.0	2.7	3.2	3.0	2.7	3.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,307,190	650,220	656,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	752,545	367,895	384,650	57.6	56.6	58.5
In bottom decile	163,795	80,430	83,370	12.5	12.4	12.7
In second decile	157,385	74,055	83,325	12.0	11.4	12.7
In third decile	150,155	73,485	76,675	11.5	11.3	11.7
In fourth decile	143,855	71,230	72,620	11.0	11.0	11.1
In fifth decile	137,355	68,700	68,655	10.5	10.6	10.5
In top half of the distribution	554,645	282,320	272,320	42.4	43.4	41.5
In sixth decile	132,600	67,115	65,490	10.1	10.3	10.0
In seventh decile	125,730	63,715	62,015	9.6	9.8	9.4
In eighth decile	117,230	59,570	57,660	9.0	9.2	8.8
In ninth decile	101,140	51,785	49,355	7.7	8.0	7.5
In top decile	77,940	40,145	37,800	6.0	6.2	5.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,307,185	...	...	1,307,185	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.333	...	...	0.333	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.449	...	...	0.449	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.290	...	...	0.290	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,326,815	658,740	668,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	1,197,535	599,870	597,665	90.3	91.1	89.5
French only	1,680	805	875	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	110,435	50,380	60,055	8.3	7.6	9.0
Neither English nor French	17,160	7,680	9,480	1.3	1.2	1.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,326,815	658,740	668,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,269,710	631,880	637,825	95.7	95.9	95.5
French	36,195	17,375	18,815	2.7	2.6	2.8
English and French	4,365	2,115	2,245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Neither English nor French	16,555	7,360	9,195	1.2	1.1	1.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,326,815	658,740	668,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,268,595	630,270	638,325	95.6	95.7	95.5
Official languages	971,850	485,625	486,225	73.2	73.7	72.8
English	935,110	468,050	467,065	70.5	71.1	69.9
French	36,740	17,575	19,160	2.8	2.7	2.9
Non-official languages	296,745	144,650	152,100	22.4	22.0	22.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	18,885	8,910	9,975	1.4	1.4	1.5
Algonquian languages	17,565	8,305	9,265	1.3	1.3	1.4
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	8,510	4,000	4,515	0.6	0.6	0.7
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	8,510	4,000	4,515	0.6	0.6	0.7
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	1,280	530	750	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	95	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	100	25	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	6,995	3,385	3,615	0.5	0.5	0.5
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	9,045	4,305	4,745	0.7	0.7	0.7
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5,020	2,485	2,535	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ojibway languages	4,020	1,815	2,205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	115	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	1,000	445	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway, n.o.s.	2,905	1,310	1,595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	700	340	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Athabaskan languages	695	340	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	690	340	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	145	50	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	145	50	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	370	165	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	360	160	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	277,865	135,735	142,125	20.9	20.6	21.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	14,095	7,350	6,740	1.1	1.1	1.0
Berber languages	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	80	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	70	50	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,885	940	950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	275	155	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	330	180	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,265	590	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	11,945	6,265	5,685	0.9	1.0	0.9
Amharic	2,000	955	1,045	0.2	0.1	0.2
Arabic	6,470	3,505	2,965	0.5	0.5	0.4
Aramaic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	540	300	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	20	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	2,875	1,480	1,400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,980	2,360	2,620	0.4	0.4	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	255	125	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	4,710	2,230	2,480	0.4	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	56,125	26,115	30,010	4.2	4.0	4.5
Bikol	170	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	565	250	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,150	545	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	460	200	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	1,515	695	820	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	150	55	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,000	490	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	50,540	23,510	27,025	3.8	3.6	4.0
Waray-Waray	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	540	250	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	155	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,295	1,275	1,015	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,330	750	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	530	275	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	300	175	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	166,785	82,415	84,370	12.6	12.5	12.6
Albanian	330	170	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	28,660	13,235	15,420	2.2	2.0	2.3
Baltic languages	130	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	28,530	13,180	15,350	2.2	2.0	2.3
Belarusian	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	150	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	500	245	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	5,300	2,380	2,915	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	9,095	4,440	4,655	0.7	0.7	0.7
Rusyn	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	2,265	1,090	1,175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	620	305	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	915	425	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	690	345	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	335	140	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	215	85	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	10,465	4,620	5,850	0.8	0.7	0.9
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	285	140	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	195	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	60,445	28,835	31,610	4.6	4.4	4.7
Frisian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	40,700	19,220	21,480	3.1	2.9	3.2
German	40,280	18,990	21,285	3.0	2.9	3.2
Pennsylvania German	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	200	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	175	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	18,230	8,880	9,350	1.4	1.3	1.4
Afrikaans	525	260	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	2,060	1,025	1,035	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	2,845	1,355	1,490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low Saxon	350	175	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	12,245	5,970	6,275	0.9	0.9	0.9
Vlaams (Flemish)	215	90	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	700	345	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	200	110	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	265	120	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	775	370	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Greek	1,185	590	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	53,135	28,230	24,905	4.0	4.3	3.7
Indo-Aryan languages	49,815	26,535	23,280	3.8	4.0	3.5
Assamese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,130	1,310	820	0.2	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	5,245	2,830	2,415	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hindi	3,390	1,805	1,590	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	170	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	730	370	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	33,315	17,605	15,710	2.5	2.7	2.4
Rohingya	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	815	395	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	3,805	2,015	1,785	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,310	1,685	1,625	0.2	0.3	0.2
Baluchi	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	880	445	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	270	135	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	2,135	1,095	1,040	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	585	285	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,360	710	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	195	100	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	22,675	11,185	11,490	1.7	1.7	1.7
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,185	1,535	1,650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	7,390	3,620	3,770	0.6	0.5	0.6
Romanian	545	265	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	11,520	5,755	5,770	0.9	0.9	0.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	510	175	335	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	3,475	1,640	1,840	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	5,020	2,500	2,525	0.4	0.4	0.4
Akan (Twi)	205	115	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	455	245	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	270	130	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	185	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	140	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,010	480	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	1,675	845	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	500	250	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	405	220	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	175	100	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	180	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	380	200	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	350	185	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	20,525	9,945	10,585	1.5	1.5	1.6
Chinese languages	19,940	9,640	10,300	1.5	1.5	1.5
Hakka	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	12,455	6,115	6,340	0.9	0.9	0.9
Min Dong	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	280	120	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	6,795	3,195	3,595	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	260	135	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	565	290	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	430	225	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	390	200	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,020	460	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	755	370	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	260	85	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	435	245	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	295	165	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,175	540	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	195	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	960	440	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	58,220	28,465	29,750	4.4	4.3	4.5
English and French	7,915	3,855	4,065	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	44,745	21,925	22,820	3.4	3.3	3.4
French and non-official language(s)	970	495	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	730	330	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	3,855	1,870	1,985	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,326,815	658,740	668,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	989,765	494,540	495,225	74.6	75.1	74.1
French	9,840	4,640	5,205	0.7	0.7	0.8
Non-official language	82,575	40,585	41,990	6.2	6.2	6.3
Indigenous³⁹	2,910	1,475	1,435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-Indigenous	79,660	39,115	40,550	6.0	5.9	6.1
English and French	21,790	9,995	11,795	1.6	1.5	1.8
English and non-official language(s)	208,480	102,105	106,375	15.7	15.5	15.9
French and non-official language(s)	860	410	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,270	2,450	2,815	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	8,240	4,020	4,225	0.6	0.6	0.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,326,815	658,740	668,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,272,180	632,135	640,050	95.9	96.0	95.8
Official languages	1,099,615	546,590	553,025	82.9	83.0	82.8
English	1,084,900	539,735	545,160	81.8	81.9	81.6
French	14,715	6,860	7,860	1.1	1.0	1.2
Non-official languages	172,570	85,540	87,025	13.0	13.0	13.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	7,625	3,850	3,770	0.6	0.6	0.6
Algonquian languages	7,015	3,525	3,485	0.5	0.5	0.5
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	3,385	1,715	1,675	0.3	0.3	0.3
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	3,385	1,715	1,675	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	280	125	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	3,050	1,565	1,485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	3,625	1,815	1,810	0.3	0.3	0.3
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	2,550	1,305	1,245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway languages	1,075	510	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	240	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	815	385	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	465	250	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	465	250	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	460	250	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	164,945	81,695	83,255	12.4	12.4	12.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,250	4,680	4,570	0.7	0.7	0.7
Berber languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,260	595	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	225	125	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	875	390	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	7,875	4,025	3,845	0.6	0.6	0.6
Amharic	1,135	535	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	4,335	2,245	2,090	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	375	205	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	2,005	1,030	975	0.2	0.2	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,565	1,715	1,850	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	3,435	1,650	1,780	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	36,445	17,565	18,880	2.7	2.7	2.8
Bikol	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	300	150	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	655	340	315	0.0	0.1	0.0
Fijian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	240	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	720	345	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	60	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	625	315	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	33,565	16,130	17,435	2.5	2.4	2.6
Waray-Waray	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	270	110	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,480	800	680	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	900	500	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	330	170	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	190	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	91,465	45,820	45,640	6.9	7.0	6.8
Albanian	175	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	11,345	5,540	5,805	0.9	0.8	0.9
Baltic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	11,325	5,535	5,795	0.9	0.8	0.9
Belarusian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,775	800	975	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	5,895	2,950	2,940	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	955	450	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	295	145	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	295	130	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	355	170	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	2,350	1,155	1,195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	215	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	24,050	11,300	12,750	1.8	1.7	1.9
Frisian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	18,665	8,700	9,970	1.4	1.3	1.5
German	18,585	8,650	9,935	1.4	1.3	1.5
Pennsylvania German	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	4,670	2,275	2,395	0.4	0.3	0.4
Afrikaans	260	125	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	1,115	540	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	3,005	1,470	1,535	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	640	300	340	0.0	0.0	0.1
Greek	475	225	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	43,605	22,965	20,635	3.3	3.5	3.1
Indo-Aryan languages	41,260	21,815	19,450	3.1	3.3	2.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,340	765	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	4,205	2,210	1,995	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	2,375	1,230	1,145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	530	265	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	29,395	15,580	13,815	2.2	2.4	2.1
Rohingya	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	510	250	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	2,705	1,400	1,300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,335	1,150	1,180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	700	340	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	185	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,445	720	725	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	380	180	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	935	475	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	125	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	11,555	5,575	5,975	0.9	0.8	0.9
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	780	320	455	0.1	0.0	0.1
Portuguese	3,695	1,755	1,945	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	180	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	6,885	3,405	3,480	0.5	0.5	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	195	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	2,685	1,295	1,390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,160	1,035	1,125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	580	275	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	700	320	385	0.1	0.0	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	120	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	605	340	265	0.0	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	520	290	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	15,585	7,640	7,950	1.2	1.2	1.2
Chinese languages	15,135	7,400	7,735	1.1	1.1	1.2
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	9,985	4,955	5,025	0.8	0.8	0.8
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	130	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	4,795	2,270	2,525	0.4	0.3	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	450	240	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	365	190	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	330	170	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	555	260	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	440	215	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	200	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	135	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	270	125	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	220	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	54,635	26,605	28,025	4.1	4.0	4.2
English and French	4,330	2,015	2,315	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	48,350	23,650	24,700	3.6	3.6	3.7
French and non-official language(s)	400	190	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	550	280	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,000	465	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,326,815	658,740	668,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,128,495	562,275	566,225	85.1	85.4	84.8
English	73,880	36,630	37,250	5.6	5.6	5.6
French	14,475	6,645	7,830	1.1	1.0	1.2
Non-official language	86,505	41,355	45,150	6.5	6.3	6.8
Indigenous³⁹	12,015	5,565	6,455	0.9	0.8	1.0
Non-Indigenous	74,485	35,790	38,695	5.6	5.4	5.8
English and French	750	335	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	12,370	6,345	6,025	0.9	1.0	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	2,360	1,060	1,300	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	170	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	7,810	4,005	3,805	0.6	0.6	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,307,185	650,230	656,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	1,290,665	642,990	647,680	98.7	98.9	98.6
English	1,288,945	642,225	646,720	98.6	98.8	98.4
French	111,785	51,090	60,700	8.6	7.9	9.2
Non-official languages	380,140	185,575	194,565	29.1	28.5	29.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	34,405	16,285	18,120	2.6	2.5	2.8
Algonquian languages	32,200	15,235	16,965	2.5	2.3	2.6
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	16,120	7,560	8,560	1.2	1.2	1.3
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	16,115	7,555	8,560	1.2	1.2	1.3
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	90	30	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	2,330	955	1,375	0.2	0.1	0.2
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	295	125	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	195	65	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	13,310	6,420	6,890	1.0	1.0	1.0
Innu (Montagnais)	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	16,400	7,835	8,560	1.3	1.2	1.3
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	8,910	4,445	4,460	0.7	0.7	0.7
Ojibway languages	7,595	3,450	4,150	0.6	0.5	0.6
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	355	165	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	1,690	725	960	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5,695	2,630	3,070	0.4	0.4	0.5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	850	425	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Athabaskan languages	835	410	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	835	410	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	230	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	230	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	305	155	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	900	405	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assiniboine	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	885	405	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	346,060	169,435	176,630	26.5	26.1	26.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	22,735	11,625	11,115	1.7	1.8	1.7
Berber languages	180	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	120	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	350	235	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	335	230	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	20	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	185	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	2,495	1,225	1,270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	380	200	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	405	205	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,690	810	875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20,430	10,430	10,000	1.6	1.6	1.5
Amharic	4,055	1,905	2,150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Arabic	10,275	5,425	4,850	0.8	0.8	0.7
Aramaic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	3,800	1,955	1,850	0.3	0.3	0.3
Maltese	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	4,475	2,225	2,245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	260	135	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	6,645	3,125	3,520	0.5	0.5	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	380	175	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	6,260	2,945	3,310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	74,995	35,135	39,860	5.7	5.4	6.1
Bikol	250	145	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	960	430	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	2,045	1,065	985	0.2	0.2	0.1
Fijian	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	820	395	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	3,395	1,585	1,815	0.3	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	265	130	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	235	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,830	905	925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	335	125	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	73,440	34,315	39,130	5.6	5.3	6.0
Waray-Waray	265	135	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,240	620	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	1,580	740	840	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	220	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	115	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	395	195	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	235	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	335	155	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	270	125	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	3,300	1,800	1,500	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kannada	335	180	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,740	930	810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	1,100	645	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	595	320	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	196,040	97,895	98,150	15.0	15.1	14.9
Albanian	495	220	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	95	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	36,420	16,940	19,480	2.8	2.6	3.0
Baltic languages	150	45	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	90	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	36,340	16,910	19,430	2.8	2.6	3.0
Belarusian	95	30	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	240	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	550	255	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	165	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	7,045	3,285	3,760	0.5	0.5	0.6
Russian	14,835	7,225	7,600	1.1	1.1	1.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	2,915	1,445	1,475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	950	470	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,500	750	745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	1,235	615	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	425	155	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	315	125	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	14,845	6,585	8,260	1.1	1.0	1.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	310	185	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	135	90	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	45	40	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	125	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	61,790	30,450	31,335	4.7	4.7	4.8
Frisian	100	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	42,555	20,860	21,685	3.3	3.2	3.3
German	41,980	20,605	21,375	3.2	3.2	3.3
Pennsylvania German	65	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	220	135	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	425	155	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	22,220	11,000	11,220	1.7	1.7	1.7
Afrikaans	1,000	520	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	2,840	1,380	1,465	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	3,275	1,615	1,665	0.3	0.2	0.3
Low Saxon	255	115	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	15,055	7,445	7,610	1.2	1.1	1.2
Vlaams (Flemish)	205	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,220	615	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	300	145	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	390	215	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	335	175	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	255	115	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	130	85	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,620	860	760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	66,340	35,640	30,695	5.1	5.5	4.7
Indo-Aryan languages	62,505	33,645	28,860	4.8	5.2	4.4
Assamese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,740	1,635	1,105	0.2	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	6,535	3,685	2,850	0.5	0.6	0.4
Hindi	26,980	14,375	12,610	2.1	2.2	1.9
Kacchi	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	130	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	445	245	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	805	405	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	42,820	22,950	19,870	3.3	3.5	3.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	130	85	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,205	605	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	6,800	3,660	3,140	0.5	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	200	110	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	4,175	2,180	1,995	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,210	590	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	495	255	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	2,615	1,390	1,225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	860	420	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	1,590	885	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	235	135	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	37,540	18,165	19,375	2.9	2.8	2.9
Catalan	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	5,230	2,505	2,725	0.4	0.4	0.4
Portuguese	9,590	4,735	4,855	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	665	345	320	0.1	0.1	0.0
Spanish	23,435	11,295	12,140	1.8	1.7	1.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,505	765	740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	4,330	2,075	2,255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	14,260	7,240	7,020	1.1	1.1	1.1
Akan (Twi)	435	250	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	255	145	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	160	110	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	190	100	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	90	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	1,680	940	745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	475	245	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	550	270	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	430	210	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	305	155	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	3,005	1,500	1,505	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	335	200	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	6,075	3,030	3,045	0.5	0.5	0.5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,790	900	890	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	550	280	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	260	150	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	265	120	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	2,570	925	1,650	0.2	0.1	0.3
American Sign Language	2,370	830	1,545	0.2	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	260	130	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	23,835	11,375	12,460	1.8	1.7	1.9
Chinese languages	23,215	11,080	12,135	1.8	1.7	1.8
Hakka	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	16,765	8,055	8,715	1.3	1.2	1.3
Min Dong	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	490	220	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	85	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	8,920	4,135	4,790	0.7	0.6	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	215	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	635	300	330	0.0	0.0	0.1
Burmese	165	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	415	195	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	385	190	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,645	720	920	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	1,210	565	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	620	235	385	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	735	415	320	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	125	80	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	635	355	280	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,510	690	815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	210	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,255	585	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	320	145	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,307,190	650,230	656,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	237,185	115,585	121,605	18.1	17.8	18.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	232,345	113,375	118,970	17.8	17.4	18.1
First Nations (North American Indian)	134,890	65,230	69,660	10.3	10.0	10.6
Métis	96,725	47,820	48,910	7.4	7.4	7.4
Inuk (Inuit)	725	330	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	2,935	1,300	1,635	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,905	905	1,000	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-Indigenous identity	1,069,995	534,645	535,350	81.9	82.2	81.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,307,190	650,230	656,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	127,205	61,330	65,875	9.7	9.4	10.0
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,179,985	588,900	591,080	90.3	90.6	90.0
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	518,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	349,325	...	...	67.4	...	...
Renter	156,490	...	...	30.2	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	12,240	...	...	2.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	518,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	41,700	...	...	8.0	...	...
Not condominium	476,355	...	...	92.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	518,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	5,050	...	...	1.0	...	...
1 bedroom	67,100	...	...	13.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	129,795	...	...	25.1	...	...
3 bedrooms	184,620	...	...	35.6	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	131,485	...	...	25.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	518,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	151,270	...	...	29.2	...	...
5 rooms	88,535	...	...	17.1	...	...
6 rooms	81,220	...	...	15.7	...	...
7 rooms	64,300	...	...	12.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	132,725	...	...	25.6	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	518,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	499,415	...	...	96.4	...	...
More than one person per room	18,640	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	518,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	481,860	...	...	93.0	...	...
Not suitable	36,195	...	...	7.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	518,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	137,225	...	...	26.5	...	...
1961 to 1980	157,190	...	...	30.3	...	...
1981 to 1990	65,060	...	...	12.6	...	...
1991 to 2000	43,790	...	...	8.5	...	...
2001 to 2005	21,035	...	...	4.1	...	...
2006 to 2010	26,890	...	...	5.2	...	...
2011 to 2015	30,920	...	...	6.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	35,935	...	...	6.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	518,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	478,435	...	...	92.4	...	...
Major repairs needed	39,615	...	...	7.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	518,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	266,615	...	...	51.5	...	...
Two-maintainer household	229,405	...	...	44.3	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	22,035	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	518,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	19,175	...	...	3.7	...	...
25 to 34 years	77,045	...	...	14.9	...	...
35 to 44 years	92,145	...	...	17.8	...	...
45 to 54 years	88,630	...	...	17.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	100,500	...	...	19.4	...	...
65 to 74 years	80,845	...	...	15.6	...	...
75 to 84 years	43,190	...	...	8.3	...	...
85 years and over	16,520	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	492,925	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	407,560	...	...	82.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	85,365	...	...	17.3	...	...
30% to less than 100%	75,790	...	...	15.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	518,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	145,805	...	...	28.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	74,850	...	...	14.4	...	...
Not suitable only	26,905	...	...	5.2	...	...
Major repairs needed only	28,995	...	...	5.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,435	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	5,770	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	4,540	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	310	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	372,245	...	...	71.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	483,350	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	48,810	...	...	10.1	...	...
Not in core need	434,535	...	...	89.9	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	338,920	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.1	...	...	61.1	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	9.9	...	...	9.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.8	...	...	4.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,100	...	...	1,100	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,225	...	...	1,225	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	304,000	...	...	304,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	338,800	...	...	338,800	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	155,090	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	17.0	...	...	17.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	33.5	...	...	33.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	22.0	...	...	22.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,040	...	...	1,040	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,074	...	...	1,074	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	12,240	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	200	...	...	200	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	228	...	...	228	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,307,185	650,235	656,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	138,505	67,565	70,940	10.6	10.4	10.8
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	135,665	66,250	69,410	10.4	10.2	10.6
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	111,560	54,325	57,230	8.5	8.4	8.7
Métis single ancestry	23,765	11,765	12,005	1.8	1.8	1.8
Inuit single ancestry	335	160	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	2,840	1,310	1,530	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	2,740	1,265	1,470	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	100,900	49,370	51,530	7.7	7.6	7.8
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	96,245	47,335	48,905	7.4	7.3	7.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	38,520	18,690	19,830	2.9	2.9	3.0
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	57,175	28,405	28,770	4.4	4.4	4.4
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	545	240	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	4,660	2,030	2,625	0.4	0.3	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,495	1,955	2,540	0.3	0.3	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,067,785	533,300	534,485	81.7	82.0	81.4
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,307,185	650,235	656,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,175,775	582,760	593,015	89.9	89.6	90.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	275,095	141,220	133,875	21.0	21.7	20.4
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	900,680	441,540	459,145	68.9	67.9	69.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	131,410	67,470	63,940	10.1	10.4	9.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,307,185	650,235	656,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,015,280	505,375	509,905	77.7	77.7	77.6
Immigrants⁸¹	257,620	125,385	132,230	19.7	19.3	20.1
Before 1980	38,780	18,260	20,520	3.0	2.8	3.1
1980 to 1990	21,210	10,580	10,630	1.6	1.6	1.6
1991 to 2000	21,305	9,845	11,460	1.6	1.5	1.7
2001 to 2010	65,555	32,250	33,305	5.0	5.0	5.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	110,770	54,455	56,315	8.5	8.4	8.6
2011 to 2015	52,400	25,565	26,840	4.0	3.9	4.1
2016 to 2021	58,370	28,890	29,480	4.5	4.4	4.5
Non-permanent residents⁸³	34,290	19,475	14,820	2.6	3.0	2.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	257,620	125,385	132,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	26,725	13,740	12,990	10.4	11.0	9.8
5 to 14 years	50,695	26,085	24,615	19.7	20.8	18.6
15 to 24 years	45,575	21,480	24,095	17.7	17.1	18.2
25 to 44 years	113,910	54,055	59,855	44.2	43.1	45.3
45 years and over	20,710	10,035	10,680	8.0	8.0	8.1
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	257,620	125,385	132,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	32,020	15,230	16,795	12.4	12.1	12.7
Brazil	1,810	905	900	0.7	0.7	0.7
Colombia	1,140	565	575	0.4	0.5	0.4
El Salvador	2,575	1,350	1,230	1.0	1.1	0.9
Guyana	1,190	505	685	0.5	0.4	0.5
Haiti	190	95	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	2,110	995	1,115	0.8	0.8	0.8
Mexico	5,845	2,825	3,025	2.3	2.3	2.3
Peru	250	110	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidad and Tobago	1,630	800	835	0.6	0.6	0.6
United States of America	6,705	2,875	3,830	2.6	2.3	2.9
Other places of birth in Americas	8,570	4,205	4,365	3.3	3.4	3.3
Europe	53,125	26,140	26,980	20.6	20.8	20.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	940	495	450	0.4	0.4	0.3
Croatia	765	365	400	0.3	0.3	0.3
France	975	535	440	0.4	0.4	0.3
Germany	9,360	4,805	4,560	3.6	3.8	3.4
Greece	770	440	335	0.3	0.4	0.3
Hungary	625	300	330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italy	2,470	1,225	1,245	1.0	1.0	0.9
Netherlands	2,055	1,055	995	0.8	0.8	0.8
Poland	4,395	1,995	2,405	1.7	1.6	1.8
Portugal	4,040	1,965	2,075	1.6	1.6	1.6
Romania	615	310	305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	4,235	1,910	2,320	1.6	1.5	1.8
Serbia⁸⁶	405	190	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	5,370	2,580	2,785	2.1	2.1	2.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10,995	5,390	5,605	4.3	4.3	4.2
Other places of birth in Europe	5,105	2,585	2,520	2.0	2.1	1.9
Africa	27,150	13,605	13,545	10.5	10.9	10.2
Algeria	345	145	200	0.1	0.1	0.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,425	750	675	0.6	0.6	0.5
Egypt	1,315	690	630	0.5	0.6	0.5
Eritrea	2,940	1,550	1,390	1.1	1.2	1.1
Ethiopia	2,945	1,380	1,565	1.1	1.1	1.2
Morocco	480	250	230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	8,550	4,420	4,125	3.3	3.5	3.1
Somalia	880	350	530	0.3	0.3	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	1,180	615	565	0.5	0.5	0.4
Other places of birth in Africa	7,090	3,465	3,625	2.8	2.8	2.7
Asia	144,495	69,980	74,515	56.1	55.8	56.4
Afghanistan	845	395	450	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	1,105	630	475	0.4	0.5	0.4
Iraq	1,295	650	645	0.5	0.5	0.5
Lebanon	345	190	150	0.1	0.2	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	1,905	1,020	880	0.7	0.8	0.7
Turkey	255	145	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	10,250	4,760	5,490	4.0	3.8	4.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,255	640	620	0.5	0.5	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	2,955	1,440	1,515	1.1	1.1	1.1
Taiwan	285	105	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	70,265	32,770	37,500	27.3	26.1	28.4
Viet Nam	4,575	2,120	2,455	1.8	1.7	1.9
Bangladesh	1,295	655	640	0.5	0.5	0.5
India	32,155	16,625	15,535	12.5	13.3	11.7
Pakistan	4,170	2,155	2,015	1.6	1.7	1.5
Sri Lanka	1,125	535	585	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	10,410	5,145	5,265	4.0	4.1	4.0
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	830	430	395	0.3	0.3	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	58,370	28,890	29,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	5,285	2,610	2,675	9.1	9.0	9.1
Brazil	1,435	740	695	2.5	2.6	2.4
Colombia	290	145	150	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haiti	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	435	230	205	0.7	0.8	0.7
Mexico	660	325	335	1.1	1.1	1.1
United States of America	1,035	520	515	1.8	1.8	1.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other places of birth in Americas	1,340	615	725	2.3	2.1	2.5
Europe	4,380	2,200	2,175	7.5	7.6	7.4
France	160	95	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
Germany	565	275	290	1.0	1.0	1.0
Ireland⁹⁶	155	95	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
Italy	130	70	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	655	320	335	1.1	1.1	1.1
Ukraine	1,305	610	695	2.2	2.1	2.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	405	235	165	0.7	0.8	0.6
Other places of birth in Europe	1,010	510	500	1.7	1.8	1.7
Africa	11,065	5,545	5,525	19.0	19.2	18.7
Algeria	250	85	160	0.4	0.3	0.5
Burundi	90	60	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Cameroon	100	50	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	445	235	210	0.8	0.8	0.7
Côte d'Ivoire	75	20	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Egypt	280	140	140	0.5	0.5	0.5
Eritrea	1,445	755	685	2.5	2.6	2.3
Ethiopia	680	280	405	1.2	1.0	1.4
Morocco	220	115	105	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigeria	5,105	2,660	2,445	8.7	9.2	8.3
Somalia	385	155	230	0.7	0.5	0.8
South Africa, Republic of	270	150	120	0.5	0.5	0.4
Sudan⁹⁷	390	185	200	0.7	0.6	0.7
Tunisia	100	75	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	1,235	580	655	2.1	2.0	2.2
Asia	37,420	18,415	19,005	64.1	63.7	64.5
Afghanistan	135	55	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bangladesh	580	265	315	1.0	0.9	1.1
China⁹⁰	3,585	1,670	1,915	6.1	5.8	6.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	210	100	115	0.4	0.3	0.4
India	13,340	6,785	6,550	22.9	23.5	22.2
Iran⁸⁸	265	150	120	0.5	0.5	0.4
Iraq	655	305	355	1.1	1.1	1.2
Israel	505	250	255	0.9	0.9	0.9
Japan	80	25	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Jordan	145	60	85	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	870	440	425	1.5	1.5	1.4
Lebanon	180	105	75	0.3	0.4	0.3
Nepal	100	55	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistan	1,210	640	570	2.1	2.2	1.9
Philippines	11,705	5,535	6,165	20.1	19.2	20.9
Saudi Arabia	130	70	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lanka	190	95	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	1,575	855	725	2.7	3.0	2.5
Turkey	120	65	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Arab Emirates	175	95	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Viet Nam	580	250	335	1.0	0.9	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	1,075	545	530	1.8	1.9	1.8
Oceania and other⁹³	215	120	100	0.4	0.4	0.3
Australia	105	50	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	115	65	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,307,190	650,230	656,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	302,745	150,415	152,330	23.2	23.1	23.2
Second generation¹⁰¹	202,165	100,815	101,345	15.5	15.5	15.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	802,280	398,995	403,280	61.4	61.4	61.4
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	218,840	107,130	111,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	147,400	74,600	72,800	67.4	69.6	65.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	57,330	34,270	23,060	26.2	32.0	20.6
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	90,070	40,330	49,740	41.2	37.6	44.5
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	45,750	19,465	26,285	20.9	18.2	23.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	24,560	12,580	11,985	11.2	11.7	10.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,130	485	645	0.5	0.5	0.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	218,840	107,130	111,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,360	1,280	1,080	1.1	1.2	1.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	16,195	8,620	7,570	7.4	8.0	6.8
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	4,360	2,245	2,115	2.0	2.1	1.9
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	11,250	6,310	4,935	5.1	5.9	4.4
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,235	510	725	0.6	0.5	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	183,440	88,155	95,290	83.8	82.3	85.3
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,307,190	650,230	656,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	290,735	146,545	144,190	22.2	22.5	21.9
South Asian	71,215	38,300	32,915	5.4	5.9	5.0
Chinese	25,390	12,400	12,995	1.9	1.9	2.0
Black	46,485	23,800	22,680	3.6	3.7	3.5
Filipino	94,315	45,640	48,675	7.2	7.0	7.4
Arab	7,820	4,120	3,695	0.6	0.6	0.6
Latin American	12,835	6,425	6,410	1.0	1.0	1.0
Southeast Asian	11,370	5,470	5,905	0.9	0.8	0.9
West Asian	3,450	1,800	1,645	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	4,325	2,095	2,225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japanese	1,860	885	975	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,220	1,520	1,700	0.2	0.2	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	8,455	4,080	4,375	0.6	0.6	0.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,016,450	503,690	512,760	77.8	77.5	78.1
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,307,185	650,235	656,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	109,195	55,655	53,545	8.4	8.6	8.2
English	210,285	102,600	107,685	16.1	15.8	16.4
Irish	144,420	68,390	76,030	11.0	10.5	11.6
Scottish	189,650	92,140	97,500	14.5	14.2	14.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	121,095	59,145	61,945	9.3	9.1	9.4
German	177,355	87,730	89,630	13.6	13.5	13.6
Chinese	29,550	14,350	15,200	2.3	2.2	2.3
Italian	22,835	11,405	11,435	1.7	1.8	1.7
Indian (India)	38,825	20,540	18,280	3.0	3.2	2.8
Ukrainian	165,305	80,985	84,320	12.6	12.5	12.8
Dutch	43,390	21,330	22,055	3.3	3.3	3.4
Polish	78,860	38,085	40,780	6.0	5.9	6.2
Québécois	1,270	650	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	26,990	13,555	13,440	2.1	2.1	2.0
Filipino	90,945	43,995	46,955	7.0	6.8	7.1
French Canadian	12,435	5,870	6,555	1.0	0.9	1.0
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	17,290	8,920	8,365	1.3	1.4	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	58,255	28,405	29,850	4.5	4.4	4.5
Métis	88,300	43,445	44,860	6.8	6.7	6.8
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	14,900	7,525	7,380	1.1	1.2	1.1
Russian	48,570	23,770	24,795	3.7	3.7	3.8
Norwegian	19,115	8,940	10,180	1.5	1.4	1.5
Welsh	17,180	8,090	9,090	1.3	1.2	1.4
Portuguese	13,395	6,755	6,645	1.0	1.0	1.0
American	8,345	4,040	4,310	0.6	0.6	0.7
Spanish	10,845	5,165	5,680	0.8	0.8	0.9
Swedish	21,165	9,840	11,325	1.6	1.5	1.7
Hungarian	10,175	5,030	5,150	0.8	0.8	0.8
Acadian	1,465	710	760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	5,030	2,605	2,425	0.4	0.4	0.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	8,460	4,385	4,070	0.6	0.7	0.6
Jewish	11,745	5,775	5,970	0.9	0.9	0.9
Punjabi	13,790	7,570	6,215	1.1	1.2	0.9
Vietnamese	7,290	3,470	3,820	0.6	0.5	0.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,245	1,750	1,495	0.2	0.3	0.2
Greek	3,795	1,960	1,835	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jamaican	4,475	2,370	2,100	0.3	0.4	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	9,280	4,610	4,680	0.7	0.7	0.7
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	40,225	19,450	20,770	3.1	3.0	3.2
Korean	4,250	2,040	2,210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	5,510	2,655	2,855	0.4	0.4	0.4
Lebanese	1,505	765	740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian	1,455	825	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	5,240	2,640	2,600	0.4	0.4	0.4
Danish	7,700	3,640	4,060	0.6	0.6	0.6
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	17,400	8,510	8,890	1.3	1.3	1.4
Sikh	9,095	4,855	4,240	0.7	0.7	0.6
Austrian	11,440	5,540	5,900	0.9	0.9	0.9
Belgian	20,580	10,335	10,245	1.6	1.6	1.6
Haitian	390	230	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	4,560	2,485	2,075	0.3	0.4	0.3
Mexican	7,425	3,720	3,710	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mennonite	51,200	25,700	25,500	3.9	4.0	3.9
Swiss	5,255	2,550	2,705	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	4,100	1,950	2,145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lankan	1,180	625	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	3,080	1,545	1,530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	2,770	1,305	1,465	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,730	910	820	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,115	560	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	4,505	2,125	2,375	0.3	0.3	0.4
Muslim	1,895	980	910	0.1	0.2	0.1
Egyptian	1,635	870	765	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,755	1,290	1,470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	350	205	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	31,105	15,305	15,795	2.4	2.4	2.4
Colombian	1,380	650	730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	540	250	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	4,330	2,080	2,245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syrian	1,680	875	800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	1,375	670	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	1,240	625	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,175	1,135	1,045	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	1,335	665	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	24,885	11,890	12,995	1.9	1.8	2.0
Newfoundlander	830	440	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	1,020	515	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	530	260	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	555	285	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,460	1,215	1,245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkish	885	520	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	1,140	515	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	1,850	1,125	725	0.1	0.2	0.1
Algerian	290	145	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	2,110	1,030	1,080	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	5,580	2,860	2,720	0.4	0.4	0.4
Armenian	410	180	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	2,135	1,005	1,130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,975	1,425	1,550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	1,490	700	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	435	160	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	740	355	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	2,575	1,360	1,215	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	820	355	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,060	1,030	1,025	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	715	390	325	0.1	0.1	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,240	565	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	525	300	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,150	555	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	1,330	660	665	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	1,195	595	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	895	435	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	555	310	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	1,580	810	770	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	1,410	715	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	305	145	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	2,975	1,440	1,530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,130	635	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	345	160	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	4,885	2,540	2,350	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cambodian (Khmer)	815	400	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	235	115	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	485	215	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	375	160	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	260	145	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	990	470	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	825	385	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	135	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	1,250	765	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	3,345	1,670	1,675	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Canadian	610	325	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	1,435	770	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	470	235	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,645	740	905	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	350	185	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	565	335	235	0.0	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	515	250	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	860	455	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	860	425	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	170	105	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,175	600	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	260	90	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	1,040	510	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	190	65	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	75	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	1,310	660	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	495	325	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	240	105	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	505	285	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	605	265	340	0.0	0.0	0.1
Laotian	1,840	895	950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	1,365	740	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	645	320	330	0.0	0.0	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	635	335	300	0.0	0.1	0.0
British Columbian	110	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	280	120	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	625	290	335	0.0	0.0	0.1
Estonian	320	170	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	590	300	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	1,240	610	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	520	270	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	615	300	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	820	315	505	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	260	135	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	625	335	285	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	1,715	915	800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	775	390	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	1,370	650	725	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	455	245	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	235	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	215	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	270	115	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	355	150	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	290	155	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	380	160	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	330	170	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	295	160	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	190	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	145	50	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	395	170	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	400	200	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	115	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	410	195	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	130	45	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	3,445	1,545	1,900	0.3	0.2	0.3
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	3,585	1,550	2,030	0.3	0.2	0.3
Burundian	385	200	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	1,400	735	665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nicaraguan	405	205	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	230	130	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	485	240	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5,665	2,790	2,880	0.4	0.4	0.4
Vincentian	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	175	100	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	7,155	3,600	3,555	0.5	0.6	0.5
Cape Bretoner	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	365	165	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	310	165	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	615	275	335	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mayan	605	310	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	560	295	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	310	110	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	215	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	1,095	495	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Empire Loyalist	155	55	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	130	85	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	370	165	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	135	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	455	210	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	80	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	325	185	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	260	130	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	195	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	205	105	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	130	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	225	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	485	260	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	130	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	150	60	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	210	65	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	250	130	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	75	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	115	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	280	130	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	195	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	205	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	250	125	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	70	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	105	65	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	90	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	230	100	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	140	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	70	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	460	250	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	400	210	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	455	225	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	3,210	1,570	1,640	0.2	0.2	0.2
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,307,190	650,230	656,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	7,440	3,365	4,080	0.6	0.5	0.6
Christian	708,850	335,490	373,365	54.2	51.6	56.8
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	149,880	73,465	76,415	11.5	11.3	11.6
Anabaptist	31,000	14,905	16,095	2.4	2.3	2.4
Anglican	42,660	18,960	23,700	3.3	2.9	3.6
Baptist	14,260	6,770	7,490	1.1	1.0	1.1
Catholic	276,925	132,290	144,635	21.2	20.3	22.0
Christian Orthodox	17,445	8,240	9,205	1.3	1.3	1.4
Jehovah's Witness	3,985	1,770	2,215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latter Day Saints	1,640	815	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	27,775	12,665	15,115	2.1	1.9	2.3
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,860	915	945	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	20,465	9,700	10,765	1.6	1.5	1.6
Presbyterian	5,725	2,585	3,140	0.4	0.4	0.5
Reformed	2,430	1,210	1,220	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Church	75,425	33,275	42,150	5.8	5.1	6.4
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	37,380	17,925	19,455	2.9	2.8	3.0
Hindu	18,355	10,005	8,350	1.4	1.5	1.3
Jewish	11,565	5,685	5,875	0.9	0.9	0.9
Muslim	26,430	13,960	12,470	2.0	2.1	1.9
Sikh	35,470	18,625	16,850	2.7	2.9	2.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	10,190	4,735	5,455	0.8	0.7	0.8
Other religions and spiritual traditions	8,570	3,665	4,910	0.7	0.6	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	480,315	254,700	225,615	36.7	39.2	34.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,291,715	642,120	649,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	1,131,315	562,370	568,945	87.6	87.6	87.6
Movers	160,395	79,750	80,650	12.4	12.4	12.4
Non-migrants	107,815	53,405	54,415	8.3	8.3	8.4
Migrants	52,580	26,350	26,235	4.1	4.1	4.0
Internal migrants	43,010	21,565	21,445	3.3	3.4	3.3
Intraprovincial migrants	28,745	13,895	14,850	2.2	2.2	2.3
Interprovincial migrants	14,260	7,670	6,595	1.1	1.2	1.0
External migrants	9,575	4,785	4,790	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,228,155	609,800	618,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	754,005	374,495	379,510	61.4	61.4	61.4
Movers	474,145	235,305	238,850	38.6	38.6	38.6
Non-migrants	249,915	123,190	126,720	20.3	20.2	20.5
Migrants	224,235	112,110	112,125	18.3	18.4	18.1
Internal migrants	154,275	76,075	78,205	12.6	12.5	12.6
Intraprovincial migrants	122,120	59,775	62,345	9.9	9.8	10.1
Interprovincial migrants	32,155	16,295	15,860	2.6	2.7	2.6
External migrants	69,960	36,035	33,925	5.7	5.9	5.5
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,058,410	522,505	535,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	220,975	119,615	101,360	20.9	22.9	18.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	837,440	402,890	434,545	79.1	77.1	81.1
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	675,695	335,160	340,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	93,765	54,570	39,190	13.9	16.3	11.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	581,930	280,590	301,345	86.1	83.7	88.5
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,058,415	522,505	535,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	199,845	106,915	92,930	18.9	20.5	17.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	326,725	165,725	161,000	30.9	31.7	30.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	531,840	249,865	281,975	50.2	47.8	52.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	289,775	143,310	146,465	27.4	27.4	27.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	70,655	50,775	19,880	6.7	9.7	3.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	33,000	19,615	13,385	3.1	3.8	2.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	37,655	31,170	6,495	3.6	6.0	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	187,205	78,650	108,555	17.7	15.1	20.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	31,915	13,885	18,030	3.0	2.7	3.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	242,070	106,550	135,515	22.9	20.4	25.3
Bachelor's degree	170,835	73,420	97,410	16.1	14.1	18.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	19,020	8,040	10,980	1.8	1.5	2.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	6,605	3,540	3,055	0.6	0.7	0.6
Master's degree	39,155	17,765	21,395	3.7	3.4	4.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	6,460	3,790	2,670	0.6	0.7	0.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	675,695	335,160	340,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	82,960	48,095	34,865	12.3	14.3	10.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	191,820	101,785	90,030	28.4	30.4	26.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	400,915	185,280	215,635	59.3	55.3	63.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	206,375	101,960	104,415	30.5	30.4	30.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	48,360	34,915	13,440	7.2	10.4	3.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	21,795	13,050	8,745	3.2	3.9	2.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	26,560	21,860	4,695	3.9	6.5	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	136,480	57,535	78,945	20.2	17.2	23.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,540	9,510	12,025	3.2	2.8	3.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	194,545	83,315	111,225	28.8	24.9	32.7
Bachelor's degree	138,130	58,540	79,585	20.4	17.5	23.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	14,055	5,695	8,360	2.1	1.7	2.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	5,440	2,700	2,740	0.8	0.8	0.8
Master's degree	32,255	13,895	18,355	4.8	4.1	5.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,665	2,480	2,180	0.7	0.7	0.6
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,058,410	522,505	535,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	526,565	272,640	253,930	49.8	52.2	47.4
Education	46,425	12,035	34,390	4.4	2.3	6.4
13. Education	46,425	12,035	34,390	4.4	2.3	6.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	13,220	5,915	7,305	1.2	1.1	1.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,400	1,070	325	0.1	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	11,820	4,840	6,980	1.1	0.9	1.3
Humanities	26,260	11,175	15,085	2.5	2.1	2.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,910	505	1,405	0.2	0.1	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	4,390	1,270	3,120	0.4	0.2	0.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	8,810	3,550	5,260	0.8	0.7	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	520	205	320	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,810	1,085	725	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,670	2,665	2,010	0.4	0.5	0.4
54. History	3,250	1,745	1,510	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	890	155	740	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	53,520	18,160	35,360	5.1	3.5	6.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,105	230	880	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,755	2,230	2,525	0.4	0.4	0.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	11,430	840	10,590	1.1	0.2	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	7,840	2,605	5,235	0.7	0.5	1.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,425	430	995	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	9,330	2,620	6,715	0.9	0.5	1.3
45. Social sciences	17,630	9,200	8,425	1.7	1.8	1.6
Business, management and public administration	109,380	42,975	66,405	10.3	8.2	12.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	285	55	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	9,140	2,145	6,995	0.9	0.4	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	99,955	40,780	59,175	9.4	7.8	11.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	18,690	9,215	9,480	1.8	1.8	1.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	7,670	3,530	4,140	0.7	0.7	0.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	5,710	2,780	2,930	0.5	0.5	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	650	110	545	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	3,680	2,510	1,170	0.3	0.5	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	990	290	700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	23,790	15,020	8,770	2.2	2.9	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	20,040	13,490	6,550	1.9	2.6	1.2
25. Library science	1,190	190	1,000	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,300	1,180	1,125	0.2	0.2	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	255	155	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	101,835	92,590	9,240	9.6	17.7	1.7
04. Architecture and related services	2,910	1,660	1,245	0.3	0.3	0.2
14. Engineering	20,020	16,270	3,745	1.9	3.1	0.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	22,455	19,910	2,550	2.1	3.8	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	23,215	22,610	605	2.2	4.3	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	23,255	22,635	620	2.2	4.3	0.1
48. Precision production	9,980	9,495	480	0.9	1.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	17,715	11,285	6,435	1.7	2.2	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	14,210	9,130	5,075	1.3	1.7	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,510	2,150	1,355	0.3	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	92,705	18,030	74,675	8.8	3.5	13.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,550	2,195	2,355	0.4	0.4	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	85,955	14,675	71,285	8.1	2.8	13.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	190	40	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,005	1,120	885	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	28,215	13,460	14,755	2.7	2.6	2.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	17,270	4,460	12,810	1.6	0.9	2.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	130	120	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	170	145	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	5,055	3,610	1,450	0.5	0.7	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	5,590	5,125	465	0.5	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	85	15	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	675,695	335,160	340,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	274,780	149,880	124,900	40.7	44.7	36.7
Education	31,325	7,835	23,490	4.6	2.3	6.9
13. Education	31,325	7,835	23,490	4.6	2.3	6.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	9,955	4,360	5,595	1.5	1.3	1.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	910	675	240	0.1	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	9,040	3,685	5,355	1.3	1.1	1.6
Humanities	18,715	7,650	11,075	2.8	2.3	3.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,605	415	1,185	0.2	0.1	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	3,280	895	2,385	0.5	0.3	0.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	6,415	2,490	3,925	0.9	0.7	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	355	125	235	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,310	770	545	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	3,060	1,795	1,270	0.5	0.5	0.4
54. History	2,120	1,090	1,030	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	575	65	510	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	42,590	13,760	28,825	6.3	4.1	8.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	945	195	745	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,080	1,845	2,235	0.6	0.6	0.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	9,110	660	8,460	1.3	0.2	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	6,550	1,940	4,600	1.0	0.6	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,170	320	850	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	6,975	1,905	5,065	1.0	0.6	1.5
45. Social sciences	13,760	6,895	6,865	2.0	2.1	2.0
Business, management and public administration	83,775	32,270	51,505	12.4	9.6	15.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	245	50	200	0.0	0.0	0.1
44. Public administration and social service professions	6,845	1,410	5,440	1.0	0.4	1.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	76,680	30,810	45,870	11.3	9.2	13.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	13,795	6,460	7,340	2.0	1.9	2.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,835	2,520	3,320	0.9	0.8	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,110	1,925	2,180	0.6	0.6	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	575	95	480	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	2,685	1,735	945	0.4	0.5	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	595	180	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	19,205	12,210	6,995	2.8	3.6	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	16,540	11,145	5,400	2.4	3.3	1.6
25. Library science	710	120	590	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,745	830	920	0.3	0.2	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	200	115	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	75,965	68,175	7,790	11.2	20.3	2.3
04. Architecture and related services	2,355	1,325	1,035	0.3	0.4	0.3
14. Engineering	17,060	13,635	3,420	2.5	4.1	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	16,245	14,270	1,975	2.4	4.3	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	16,955	16,450	500	2.5	4.9	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	16,450	15,985	470	2.4	4.8	0.1
48. Precision production	6,895	6,505	390	1.0	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	13,630	8,205	5,425	2.0	2.4	1.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	10,770	6,525	4,250	1.6	1.9	1.2
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,865	1,680	1,175	0.4	0.5	0.3
Health and related fields	71,165	14,460	56,705	10.5	4.3	16.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,525	1,675	1,850	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	65,865	11,910	53,955	9.7	3.6	15.8
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	155	20	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,625	855	770	0.2	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	20,725	9,890	10,830	3.1	3.0	3.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	12,365	3,115	9,250	1.8	0.9	2.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	110	100	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	105	90	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	4,075	2,870	1,205	0.6	0.9	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,070	3,720	355	0.6	1.1	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	65	10	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	675,695	335,160	340,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	274,780	149,880	124,900	40.7	44.7	36.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	400,920	185,280	215,640	59.3	55.3	63.3
Location of study inside Canada	313,465	143,310	170,160	46.4	42.8	50.0
Same as province or territory of residence	273,970	123,770	150,205	40.5	36.9	44.1
Different than province or territory of residence	39,495	19,545	19,955	5.8	5.8	5.9
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	87,445	41,970	45,480	12.9	12.5	13.4
Americas	11,310	5,465	5,845	1.7	1.6	1.7
United States of America	6,955	3,465	3,485	1.0	1.0	1.0
Mexico	435	160	275	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cuba	100	30	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	330	145	175	0.0	0.0	0.1
Brazil	1,315	640	685	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	555	265	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	1,425	685	745	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	11,290	5,965	5,320	1.7	1.8	1.6
Belgium	100	65	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	460	225	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	1,860	1,105	760	0.3	0.3	0.2
Netherlands	300	165	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	145	90	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	510	255	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	1,150	530	615	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	2,255	1,100	1,155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	245	140	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,600	1,435	1,165	0.4	0.4	0.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	140	85	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	145	90	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	1,010	485	525	0.1	0.1	0.2
Africa	7,235	3,740	3,490	1.1	1.1	1.0
Nigeria	3,665	1,845	1,820	0.5	0.6	0.5
Algeria	145	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	185	105	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	95	70	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	690	335	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	515	255	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	1,935	1,055	885	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asia	56,830	26,370	30,465	8.4	7.9	8.9
Iran⁸⁸	425	215	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	175	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	770	390	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	130	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	160	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	3,920	1,785	2,140	0.6	0.5	0.6
Taiwan	140	40	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	435	220	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japan	240	65	175	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	1,220	510	710	0.2	0.2	0.2
Philippines	28,440	12,715	15,730	4.2	3.8	4.6
Viet Nam	560	260	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	580	275	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	310	150	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	16,235	8,035	8,205	2.4	2.4	2.4
Pakistan	1,575	785	795	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	1,455	705	755	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oceania	785	425	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australia	665	340	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealand	105	75	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,058,415	522,505	535,905	...	...	...
In the labour force	681,505	360,485	321,020	...	...	...
Employed	625,115	330,885	294,235	...	...	...
Unemployed	56,390	29,605	26,785	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	376,905	162,015	214,890	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.4	69.0	59.9	64.4	69.0	59.9
Employment rate	59.1	63.3	54.9	59.1	63.3	54.9
Unemployment rate	8.3	8.2	8.3	8.3	8.2	8.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,058,410	522,505	535,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	379,950	164,955	215,000	35.9	31.6	40.1
Worked	678,460	357,550	320,910	64.1	68.4	59.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	376,840	217,465	159,370	35.6	41.6	29.7
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	301,625	140,085	161,540	28.5	26.8	30.1
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.9	42.8	41.0	41.9	42.8	41.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	681,505	360,490	321,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	15,625	7,580	8,050	2.3	2.1	2.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	665,880	352,910	312,970	97.7	97.9	97.5
Employee	582,575	298,460	284,115	85.5	82.8	88.5
Permanent position	490,370	254,540	235,830	72.0	70.6	73.5
Temporary position	92,210	43,920	48,290	13.5	12.2	15.0
Fixed term (1 year or more)	27,250	11,760	15,495	4.0	3.3	4.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	64,960	32,165	32,795	9.5	8.9	10.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	83,305	54,450	28,855	12.2	15.1	9.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	681,505	360,490	321,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	15,625	7,580	8,050	2.3	2.1	2.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	665,880	352,910	312,970	97.7	97.9	97.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	6,440	4,200	2,235	0.9	1.2	0.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	106,520	33,100	73,420	15.6	9.2	22.9
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	39,030	29,915	9,115	5.7	8.3	2.8
3 Health occupations	57,585	12,770	44,810	8.4	3.5	14.0
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	91,725	30,655	61,070	13.5	8.5	19.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	15,375	6,815	8,560	2.3	1.9	2.7
6 Sales and service occupations	160,900	71,660	89,240	23.6	19.9	27.8
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	124,140	115,210	8,930	18.2	32.0	2.8
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	29,805	23,260	6,540	4.4	6.5	2.0
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	34,355	25,310	9,045	5.0	7.0	2.8
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	681,505	360,490	321,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	15,625	7,580	8,050	2.3	2.1	2.5
All industries¹⁹¹	665,880	352,910	312,970	97.7	97.9	97.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	27,485	19,635	7,850	4.0	5.4	2.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	5,045	4,385	660	0.7	1.2	0.2
22 Utilities	6,655	5,135	1,520	1.0	1.4	0.5
23 Construction	52,245	46,295	5,950	7.7	12.8	1.9
31-33 Manufacturing	56,805	41,690	15,110	8.3	11.6	4.7
41 Wholesale trade	18,970	14,050	4,915	2.8	3.9	1.5
44-45 Retail trade	72,205	35,375	36,835	10.6	9.8	11.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	41,485	33,330	8,155	6.1	9.2	2.5
51 Information and cultural industries	9,760	5,850	3,905	1.4	1.6	1.2
52 Finance and insurance	25,885	10,060	15,825	3.8	2.8	4.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	8,410	4,705	3,700	1.2	1.3	1.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	32,425	17,065	15,355	4.8	4.7	4.8
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,000	465	535	0.1	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	26,870	15,280	11,585	3.9	4.2	3.6
61 Educational services	57,480	18,115	39,365	8.4	5.0	12.3
62 Health care and social assistance	99,895	21,420	78,475	14.7	5.9	24.4
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	12,075	6,300	5,775	1.8	1.7	1.8
72 Accommodation and food services	37,515	15,535	21,985	5.5	4.3	6.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	28,120	14,060	14,055	4.1	3.9	4.4
91 Public administration	45,555	24,155	21,405	6.7	6.7	6.7
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	727,130	382,175	344,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	680,505	360,060	320,445	93.6	94.2	92.9
French	3,730	1,140	2,590	0.5	0.3	0.8
Non-official language	3,570	2,035	1,530	0.5	0.5	0.4
Indigenous³⁹	300	170	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,265	1,865	1,400	0.4	0.5	0.4
English and French	14,225	5,650	8,575	2.0	1.5	2.5
English and non-official language(s)	24,415	12,970	11,450	3.4	3.4	3.3
French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	440	210	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	200	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	727,130	382,175	344,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	719,895	378,430	341,470	99.0	99.0	99.0
Official languages	711,975	373,990	337,980	97.9	97.9	98.0
English	705,145	371,885	333,260	97.0	97.3	96.6
French	6,825	2,105	4,720	0.9	0.6	1.4
Non-official languages	7,925	4,440	3,485	1.1	1.2	1.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,375	760	610	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquian languages	1,250	705	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	735	410	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	730	410	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	675	380	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	515	295	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	405	235	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway languages	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	6,550	3,675	2,880	0.9	1.0	0.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	165	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	60	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	220	65	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	220	65	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	770	360	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	765	350	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	3,530	2,210	1,325	0.5	0.6	0.4
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	330	160	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	325	160	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,065	665	405	0.1	0.2	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	700	400	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	700	400	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	340	255	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	95	75	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	215	160	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,670	1,130	535	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	1,630	1,115	515	0.2	0.3	0.1
Bengali	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	55	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,465	1,030	440	0.2	0.3	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	450	235	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	355	195	160	0.0	0.1	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	20	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	130	40	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	130	40	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,450	780	670	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	1,450	780	670	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	860	475	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	590	305	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,230	3,740	3,490	1.0	1.0	1.0
English and French	2,110	895	1,215	0.3	0.2	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	5,020	2,805	2,215	0.7	0.7	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	727,130	382,175	344,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	694,535	366,700	327,830	95.5	96.0	95.0
English	7,010	3,170	3,845	1.0	0.8	1.1
French	9,175	3,840	5,330	1.3	1.0	1.5
Non-official language	14,510	7,430	7,080	2.0	1.9	2.1
Indigenous³⁹	2,975	1,405	1,575	0.4	0.4	0.5
Non-Indigenous	11,530	6,025	5,510	1.6	1.6	1.6
English and French	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	265	105	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	265	140	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,360	775	590	0.2	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	625,115	330,890	294,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	106,565	51,780	54,785	17.0	15.6	18.6
Worked outside Canada	1,450	1,150	290	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	78,405	60,795	17,605	12.5	18.4	6.0
Usual place of work	438,705	217,160	221,550	70.2	65.6	75.3
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	438,705	217,160	221,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	328,415	157,380	171,035	74.9	72.5	77.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	46,100	22,990	23,115	10.5	10.6	10.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	61,140	34,635	26,500	13.9	15.9	12.0
Commute to a different province or territory	3,055	2,150	900	0.7	1.0	0.4
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	517,110	277,950	239,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	445,070	244,870	200,200	86.1	88.1	83.7
Car, truck or van - as a driver	401,745	229,310	172,435	77.7	82.5	72.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	43,325	15,560	27,765	8.4	5.6	11.6
Public transit	29,345	12,095	17,250	5.7	4.4	7.2
Walked	27,440	12,330	15,105	5.3	4.4	6.3
Bicycle	5,395	3,720	1,680	1.0	1.3	0.7
Other method	9,855	4,935	4,925	1.9	1.8	2.1
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	517,110	277,950	239,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	187,385	91,055	96,330	36.2	32.8	40.3
15 to 29 minutes	191,315	103,060	88,255	37.0	37.1	36.9
30 to 44 minutes	90,020	53,555	36,465	17.4	19.3	15.2
45 to 59 minutes	25,475	14,980	10,495	4.9	5.4	4.4
60 minutes and over	22,915	15,300	7,615	4.4	5.5	3.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	517,110	277,950	239,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	26,980	19,745	7,235	5.2	7.1	3.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	87,745	57,035	30,705	17.0	20.5	12.8
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	143,110	78,985	64,125	27.7	28.4	26.8
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	116,395	50,465	65,930	22.5	18.2	27.6
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	59,845	26,620	33,220	11.6	9.6	13.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	83,035	45,100	37,940	16.1	16.2	15.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	302,080	155,205	146,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	30,475	15,430	15,050	10.1	9.9	10.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	271,605	139,775	131,830	89.9	90.1	89.8
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	217,225	111,805	105,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	23,030	11,620	11,405	10.6	10.4	10.8
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	14,755	7,340	7,415	6.8	6.6	7.0
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	8,280	4,285	3,990	3.8	3.8	3.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	194,195	100,175	94,020	89.4	89.6	89.2

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed January 18, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

Language selection

Search and menus

Search

Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Symbol legend

Note(s):

Census Profile, 2021 Census of PopulationProfile table

Add a geography

Add or remove data

Symbol legend

Source

How to cite

Note(s):

Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table