Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Mississauga, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	717,961	...	...
Population, 2016¹	721,599	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	- 0.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	254,089	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	244,575	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,452.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	292.74	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	717,960	351,545	366,415
0 to 14 years	109,320	55,990	53,325
0 to 4 years	31,595	16,160	15,435
5 to 9 years	36,740	18,705	18,040
10 to 14 years	40,980	21,125	19,855
15 to 64 years	489,245	241,065	248,185
15 to 19 years	44,665	23,245	21,425
20 to 24 years	51,660	27,075	24,585
25 to 29 years	51,740	26,945	24,795
30 to 34 years	48,420	24,160	24,265
35 to 39 years	46,900	22,775	24,130
40 to 44 years	44,290	20,520	23,770
45 to 49 years	46,350	21,480	24,865
50 to 54 years	51,670	24,380	27,295
55 to 59 years	55,175	26,900	28,280
60 to 64 years	48,360	23,595	24,770
65 years and over	119,400	54,490	64,910
65 to 69 years	37,880	18,130	19,755
70 to 74 years	30,975	14,455	16,520
75 to 79 years	21,165	9,710	11,455
80 to 84 years	14,710	6,675	8,030
85 years and over	14,670	5,520	9,150
85 to 89 years	9,115	3,680	5,440
90 to 94 years	4,285	1,535	2,750
95 to 99 years	1,125	275	845
100 years and over	155	35	120
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.2	15.9	14.6
15 to 64 years	68.1	68.6	67.7
65 years and over	16.6	15.5	17.7
85 years and over	2.0	1.6	2.5
Average age of the population	41.1	40.1	42.1
Median age of the population	40.8	39.2	42.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	244,575	...	...
Single-detached house	90,660	...	...
Semi-detached house	26,855	...	...
Row house	34,455	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,895	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	17,545	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	66,830	...	...
Other single-attached house	80	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	255	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	244,575	...	...
1 person	47,335	...	...
2 persons	67,705	...	...
3 persons	47,360	...	...
4 persons	47,210	...	...
5 or more persons	34,965	...	...
Number of persons in private households	712,825	349,900	362,925
Average household size	2.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	608,645	295,555	313,090
Married or living common-law	342,985	171,345	171,645
Married	316,235	157,940	158,295
Living common-law	26,750	13,405	13,345
Living common law - Never married	18,380	9,205	9,180
Living common law - Separated	1,320	750	570
Living common law - Divorced	6,410	3,165	3,245
Living common law - Widowed	645	285	360
Not married and not living common-law	265,660	124,210	141,445
Not married and not living common law - Never married	190,760	102,375	88,390
Not married and not living common law - Separated	14,180	5,415	8,760
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	30,475	10,680	19,800
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	30,240	5,740	24,500
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	200,800	...	...
2 persons	81,180	...	...
3 persons	50,845	...	...
4 persons	48,155	...	...
5 or more persons	20,620	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	200,800	...	...
Total couple families	165,710	...	...
Married couples	152,350	...	...
With children⁶	100,340	...	...
Without children	52,010	...	...
Common-law couples	13,355	...	...
With children⁶	5,330	...	...
Without children	8,025	...	...
Total one-parent families	35,090	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	28,715	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	6,380	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	712,825	349,895	362,925
Total - Persons in census families	617,560	306,115	311,450
Married spouses or common-law partners	331,415	165,705	165,710
Parents in one-parent families	35,095	6,380	28,715
Children⁶	251,055	134,030	117,025
In a two-parent family	196,690	104,545	92,145
In a one-parent family	54,365	29,485	24,875
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	95,265	43,785	51,480
Living alone	47,335	20,450	26,890
Living with other relatives⁷	23,355	8,670	14,680
Living with non-relatives only	24,575	14,665	9,910
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	244,575	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	158,795	...	...
Couple-family households	133,805	...	...
With children⁶	87,100	...	...
Without children	46,705	...	...
One-parent-family households	24,990	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	15,945	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	3,305	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	9,850	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	9,350	...	...
One-person households	47,335	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	603,590	293,945	309,645
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	571,335	278,075	293,260
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	43,200	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	571,620	278,205	293,415
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	39,200	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	502,730	251,855	250,870
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,800	29,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	416,025	214,690	201,345
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	43,600	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	518,755	250,215	268,540
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,800	6,000	9,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	53,615	22,615	30,995
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	188,245	93,920	94,330
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	8,000	9,700
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	603,595	293,930	309,665
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	571,305	278,290	293,015
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,150	61,900	46,840
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	571,595	278,435	293,165
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,640	49,760	39,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	502,720	252,405	250,315
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,120	59,450	42,720
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	416,030	215,060	200,970
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,450	59,600	44,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	519,055	250,380	268,675
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,110	8,880	11,260
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	53,365	22,595	30,765
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,300	5,845	6,630
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	187,375	93,085	94,290
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,660	9,550	9,770
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	603,590	293,930	309,665
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	200,090	111,360	88,735
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,500	72,000	61,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,300	89,800	72,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	156,125	74,510	81,615
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,600	18,200	15,300
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,320	30,120	24,740
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.0	87.0	78.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.6	74.4	65.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.0	12.9	22.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.5	5.6	7.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.9	5.2	6.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	603,590	293,950	309,645
Without total income	32,255	15,870	16,385
With total income	571,340	278,080	293,260
Under $10,000 (including loss)	59,240	25,220	34,025
$10,000 to $19,999	72,465	32,655	39,815
$20,000 to $29,999	91,495	41,225	50,275
$30,000 to $39,999	68,405	30,690	37,715
$40,000 to $49,999	56,785	25,965	30,820
$50,000 to $59,999	47,345	22,500	24,850
$60,000 to $69,999	37,410	18,550	18,860
$70,000 to $79,999	29,075	15,260	13,820
$80,000 to $89,999	23,260	13,145	10,110
$90,000 to $99,999	18,555	10,620	7,940
$100,000 and over	67,295	42,255	25,040
$100,000 to $149,999	45,390	27,065	18,320
$150,000 and over	21,910	15,190	6,720
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	603,590	293,950	309,645
Without after-tax income	31,970	15,740	16,230
With after-tax income	571,625	278,205	293,415
Under $10,000 (including loss)	61,165	25,970	35,200
$10,000 to $19,999	75,560	34,230	41,330
$20,000 to $29,999	101,790	45,725	56,070
$30,000 to $39,999	79,410	36,350	43,055
$40,000 to $49,999	66,680	31,555	35,125
$50,000 to $59,999	51,360	25,250	26,110
$60,000 to $69,999	37,625	19,915	17,710
$70,000 to $79,999	27,845	15,825	12,020
$80,000 to $89,999	22,560	12,335	10,225
$90,000 to $99,999	13,935	8,305	5,630
$100,000 and over	33,685	22,750	10,935
$100,000 to $124,999	17,235	11,235	6,000
$125,000 and over	16,455	11,515	4,940
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	603,590	293,950	309,645
Without employment income	187,565	79,260	108,305
With employment income	416,030	214,685	201,340
Under $5,000 (including loss)	59,875	28,915	30,965
$5,000 to $9,999	37,860	17,075	20,785
$10,000 to $19,999	47,080	22,425	24,650
$20,000 to $29,999	34,425	16,740	17,685
$30,000 to $39,999	33,370	16,010	17,360
$40,000 to $49,999	34,265	16,470	17,795
$50,000 to $59,999	32,040	15,975	16,060
$60,000 to $69,999	27,140	14,165	12,975
$70,000 to $79,999	21,620	11,860	9,755
$80,000 to $89,999	18,350	10,780	7,570
$90,000 to $99,999	15,430	8,980	6,455
$100,000 and over	54,580	35,290	19,295
$100,000 to $124,999	26,110	15,370	10,740
$125,000 and over	28,470	19,920	8,555
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	603,590	293,945	309,645
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	555,325	269,545	285,775
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	42,000	32,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	555,470	269,570	285,905
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	37,600	30,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	493,325	246,865	246,465
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	42,400	31,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	414,210	213,365	200,845
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,400	35,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	485,020	233,245	251,770
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,360	830	3,080
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	29,645	11,520	18,120
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,800	5,480	6,040
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	603,595	293,930	309,665
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	555,320	269,620	285,705
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,200	58,950	43,920
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	555,460	269,645	285,815
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,000	47,280	37,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	493,010	246,895	246,115
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,650	59,750	43,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	414,475	213,590	200,885
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,550	59,650	45,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	485,385	233,615	251,770
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,125	4,864	7,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	29,625	11,445	18,180
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,500	6,640	8,040
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	603,590	293,930	309,665
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	197,530	109,850	87,675
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	67,000	56,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,000	84,500	67,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	145,220	69,305	75,915
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	25,200	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,920	37,680	30,440
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.6	92.8	85.4
Employment income (%)	76.6	80.2	72.0
Government transfers (%)	10.5	7.1	14.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.5	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	244,575	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	47,335	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	197,235	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	244,575	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	126,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	104,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	47,355	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	58,650	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	197,220	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	142,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	244,575	...	...
Under $5,000	3,095	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,215	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,050	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,945	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	6,680	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	5,605	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	5,840	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,465	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	6,580	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	6,690	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	14,570	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	14,810	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	14,860	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	14,345	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	13,790	...	...
$100,000 and over	125,035	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	31,045	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	24,255	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	33,085	...	...
$200,000 and over	36,655	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	244,575	...	...
Under $5,000	3,450	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,275	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,090	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,165	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,100	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,270	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,615	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,375	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	7,860	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	8,230	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	17,505	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	17,755	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	17,855	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	17,180	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	15,815	...	...
$100,000 and over	105,040	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	32,890	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	24,375	...	...
$150,000 and over	47,775	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	192,130	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	48,770	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	105,670	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	30,410	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	71,910	35,115	36,800
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	40,400	38,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,000	36,400	35,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	191,900	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	142,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	48,565	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	117,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	105,835	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	166,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	30,225	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	71,855	35,350	36,500
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,120	52,350	49,960
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,680	42,920	42,440
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	712,825	349,900	362,930
0 to 17 years	135,865	69,835	66,030
0 to 5 years	38,655	19,720	18,935
18 to 64 years	461,865	226,785	235,080
65 years and over	115,095	53,280	61,820
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	66,740	31,335	35,405
0 to 17 years	16,105	8,330	7,770
0 to 5 years	4,885	2,495	2,390
18 to 64 years	37,080	17,675	19,400
65 years and over	13,560	5,330	8,230
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.4	9.0	9.8
0 to 17 years (%)	11.9	11.9	11.8
0 to 5 years (%)	12.6	12.6	12.6
18 to 64 years (%)	8.0	7.8	8.3
65 years and over (%)	11.8	10.0	13.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	712,825	349,895	362,925
0 to 17 years	135,865	69,840	66,025
0 to 5 years	38,655	19,720	18,935
18 to 64 years	461,865	226,780	235,085
65 years and over	115,100	53,275	61,820
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	41,965	21,280	20,685
0 to 17 years	8,615	4,465	4,155
0 to 5 years	2,640	1,355	1,290
18 to 64 years	28,650	14,830	13,820
65 years and over	4,700	1,985	2,715
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.9	6.1	5.7
0 to 17 years (%)	6.3	6.4	6.3
0 to 5 years (%)	6.8	6.9	6.8
18 to 64 years (%)	6.2	6.5	5.9
65 years and over (%)	4.1	3.7	4.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	712,825	349,900	362,930
In bottom half of the distribution	313,175	151,265	161,910
In bottom decile	61,650	30,120	31,530
In second decile	59,710	28,095	31,610
In third decile	61,960	29,800	32,160
In fourth decile	63,455	30,765	32,690
In fifth decile	66,405	32,480	33,915
In top half of the distribution	399,650	198,630	201,020
In sixth decile	70,015	34,345	35,670
In seventh decile	73,495	36,290	37,205
In eighth decile	78,265	38,865	39,395
In ninth decile	86,475	42,975	43,500
In top decile	91,405	46,155	45,250
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	712,825	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.343	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.450	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.297	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	714,840	350,580	364,250
English only	641,785	320,635	321,140
French only	535	210	330
English and French	47,965	20,490	27,475
Neither English nor French	24,550	9,245	15,300
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	714,840	350,580	364,250
English	676,630	335,215	341,410
French	7,395	3,300	4,090
English and French	6,705	3,035	3,665
Neither English nor French	24,110	9,025	15,080
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	714,840	350,580	364,250
Single responses	654,950	321,420	333,530
Official languages	326,820	163,730	163,090
English	320,640	160,955	159,690
French	6,180	2,775	3,405
Non-official languages	328,130	157,695	170,435
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	10
Algonquian languages	5	0	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	328,120	157,690	170,430
Afro-Asiatic languages	37,470	18,825	18,640
Berber languages	50	30	25
Kabyle	20	10	10
Tamazight	15	10	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Chadic languages	40	20	20
Hausa	35	20	20
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	155	75	80
Cushitic languages	1,070	445	620
Bilen	10	5	5
Oromo	20	10	10
Somali	1,025	425	605
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Semitic languages	36,160	18,255	17,900
Amharic	360	165	190
Arabic	33,265	16,865	16,405
Aramaic languages	1,505	740	765
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,030	505	525
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	375	180	190
Aramaic, n.o.s.	100	50	50
Harari	40	20	20
Hebrew	50	30	20
Maltese	685	320	370
Tigrigna	235	125	115
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	10,440	4,730	5,715
Khmer (Cambodian)	75	40	35
Vietnamese	10,355	4,685	5,670
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	0	10
Austronesian languages	21,720	9,175	12,545
Bikol	95	35	60
Bisaya, n.o.s.	190	70	120
Cebuano	515	205	310
Fijian	5	0	5
Hiligaynon	295	115	180
Ilocano	755	330	430
Indonesian	920	425	490
Kankanaey	15	5	5
Kinaray-a	10	5	10
Malagasy languages	5	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Malay	45	20	25
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	285	135	145
Pangasinan	55	25	30
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	18,325	7,705	10,620
Waray-Waray	65	25	40
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	145	60	85
Creole languages	695	320	375
Haitian Creole	50	25	25
Jamaican English Creole	20	10	10
Krio	10	0	10
Morisyen	370	175	190
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	125	55	70
Creole languages, n.i.e.	125	50	75
Dravidian languages	17,630	8,905	8,730
Kannada	800	385	410
Malayalam	3,480	1,795	1,680
Tamil	10,275	5,070	5,205
Telugu	2,940	1,580	1,360
Tulu	95	50	50
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Georgian	50	25	25
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	189,030	92,165	96,860
Albanian	2,485	1,245	1,245
Armenian	525	255	275
Balto-Slavic languages	46,030	21,540	24,495
Baltic languages	540	230	320
Latvian	95	35	60
Lithuanian	450	190	260
Slavic languages	45,490	21,310	24,180
Belarusian	30	15	15
Bulgarian	990	485	505
Czech	530	235	290
Macedonian	1,060	510	550
Polish	22,070	10,175	11,895
Russian	4,615	2,035	2,575
Rusyn	10	5	5
Serbo-Croatian	8,955	4,420	4,540
Bosnian	1,125	555	565
Croatian	4,075	1,960	2,110
Serbian	3,645	1,845	1,800
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	110	50	60
Slovak	590	265	325
Slovene (Slovenian)	670	290	375
Ukrainian	5,960	2,865	3,095
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Celtic languages	15	10	10
Irish	5	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0
Welsh	5	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Germanic languages	3,070	1,330	1,740
Frisian	5	0	5
High German languages	2,215	955	1,260
German	2,170	935	1,235
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	45	20	30
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	610	285	325
Afrikaans	95	40	50
Dutch	490	230	260
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	5	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	5
Scandinavian languages	240	90	150
Danish	125	50	75
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	20	10	15
Swedish	95	30	65
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Greek	2,065	1,010	1,055
Indo-Iranian languages	92,180	46,790	45,390
Indo-Aryan languages	85,835	43,600	42,235
Assamese	45	25	25
Bengali	4,020	1,965	2,050
Gujarati	7,260	3,635	3,625
Hindi	11,685	5,970	5,710
Kacchi	280	130	150
Kashmiri	75	40	40
Konkani	715	350	360
Marathi	1,990	1,010	985
Nepali	895	475	415
Oriya languages	235	125	110
Odia	155	90	70
Oriya, n.o.s.	80	40	45
Punjabi (Panjabi)	20,690	10,845	9,845
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	595	305	290
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,105	525	580
Urdu	35,995	18,070	17,930
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	245	125	120
Iranian languages	6,325	3,180	3,150
Baluchi	30	15	10
Kurdish	250	140	110
Parsi	5	0	0
Pashto	1,170	615	555
Persian languages	4,875	2,410	2,465
Dari	2,220	1,080	1,140
Iranian Persian	2,230	1,120	1,110
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	420	205	215
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Italic (Romance) languages	42,635	19,990	22,645
Catalan	15	10	5
Italian	10,260	4,950	5,310
Portuguese	14,050	6,570	7,485
Romanian	2,530	1,200	1,330
Spanish	15,765	7,255	8,510
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Japanese	750	265	485
Korean	4,370	2,000	2,370
Mongolian	35	15	20
Niger-Congo languages	2,090	940	1,155
Akan (Twi)	630	270	360
Bamanankan	5	0	0
Edo	70	25	40
Éwé	50	20	25
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	10	5
Ga	50	20	25
Ganda	45	25	20
Gikuyu	45	15	30
Igbo	190	100	90
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	15
Lingala	20	5	10
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	20	10	10
Ndebele	10	5	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	35	15	25
Shona	50	20	35
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15	5	5
Swahili	255	115	145
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	15	5	10
Yoruba	385	185	195
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	165	70	95
Nilo-Saharan languages	55	40	20
Dinka	5	5	0
Nuer	20	10	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	130	70	60
American Sign Language	110	55	55
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	40,325	18,620	21,705
Chinese languages	39,910	18,415	21,490
Hakka	250	115	130
Mandarin	23,180	10,740	12,440
Min Dong	45	25	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	885	395	490
Wu (Shanghainese)	280	130	150
Yue (Cantonese)	14,830	6,810	8,020
Chinese, n.o.s.	410	190	220
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	35	10	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	400	190	205
Burmese	110	55	55
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	265	125	140
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages	305	115	190
Lao	145	70	75
Thai	155	45	110
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Turkic languages	1,435	765	665
Azerbaijani	45	15	25
Kazakh	5	0	0
Turkish	1,235	665	565
Uyghur	80	40	40
Uzbek	45	25	15
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Uralic languages	1,570	705	865
Estonian	105	55	55
Finnish	105	35	65
Hungarian	1,360	620	740
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Multiple responses	59,890	29,160	30,725
English and French	2,500	1,140	1,365
English and non-official language(s)	50,705	24,930	25,770
French and non-official language(s)	960	440	520
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,400	625	775
Multiple non-official languages	4,325	2,030	2,295
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	714,840	350,580	364,250
English	339,600	169,550	170,055
French	1,660	785	875
Non-official language	92,650	43,395	49,250
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	92,645	43,395	49,250
English and French	6,065	2,620	3,450
English and non-official language(s)	257,535	126,595	130,945
French and non-official language(s)	500	215	280
English, French and non-official language(s)	8,490	3,615	4,870
Multiple non-official languages	8,335	3,805	4,530
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	714,840	350,580	364,250
Single responses	642,395	315,100	327,300
Official languages	445,105	220,205	224,900
English	442,265	218,885	223,385
French	2,840	1,325	1,515
Non-official languages	197,295	94,895	102,395
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	197,290	94,895	102,400
Afro-Asiatic languages	22,565	11,015	11,550
Berber languages	25	15	15
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	15	5	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	25	15	10
Hausa	25	15	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	90	40	50
Cushitic languages	505	210	295
Bilen	5	5	0
Oromo	10	5	0
Somali	485	205	285
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	21,920	10,730	11,185
Amharic	135	60	75
Arabic	20,380	10,005	10,375
Aramaic languages	1,095	520	575
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	730	345	380
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	270	130	140
Aramaic, n.o.s.	100	50	50
Harari	20	10	10
Hebrew	15	10	5
Maltese	165	80	90
Tigrigna	95	45	50
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	7,495	3,435	4,060
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	10	5
Vietnamese	7,475	3,425	4,045
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	11,880	5,400	6,485
Bikol	25	5	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	95	40	55
Cebuano	265	115	150
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	160	70	90
Ilocano	350	160	190
Indonesian	385	175	215
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	155	70	85
Pangasinan	10	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,335	4,710	5,630
Waray-Waray	20	10	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30
Creole languages	430	205	230
Haitian Creole	25	10	15
Jamaican English Creole	15	10	10
Krio	5	0	5
Morisyen	295	140	155
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	65	30	35
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10
Dravidian languages	11,535	5,700	5,835
Kannada	440	230	215
Malayalam	2,075	1,055	1,025
Tamil	7,195	3,460	3,730
Telugu	1,765	925	840
Tulu	40	20	20
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Georgian	15	10	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	107,145	52,170	54,970
Albanian	1,240	605	635
Armenian	275	125	150
Balto-Slavic languages	25,395	12,040	13,355
Baltic languages	190	80	110
Latvian	15	5	10
Lithuanian	175	75	100
Slavic languages	25,205	11,960	13,245
Belarusian	10	5	5
Bulgarian	560	275	285
Czech	160	70	85
Macedonian	535	250	280
Polish	12,460	5,830	6,625
Russian	3,060	1,420	1,640
Rusyn	10	5	5
Serbo-Croatian	4,535	2,230	2,305
Bosnian	580	280	300
Croatian	1,765	845	920
Serbian	2,150	1,080	1,065
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	40	15	20
Slovak	225	95	125
Slovene (Slovenian)	130	60	70
Ukrainian	3,520	1,710	1,810
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	5
Irish	5	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	5	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	265	115	150
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	185	75	110
German	180	75	105
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	60	30	30
Afrikaans	25	15	10
Dutch	30	15	15
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	25	10	15
Danish	5	0	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	15	10	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	705	330	375
Indo-Iranian languages	59,885	30,070	29,815
Indo-Aryan languages	56,140	28,265	27,880
Assamese	35	15	20
Bengali	2,540	1,215	1,330
Gujarati	4,335	2,085	2,250
Hindi	6,860	3,475	3,385
Kacchi	130	55	75
Kashmiri	30	15	10
Konkani	140	60	80
Marathi	1,175	600	575
Nepali	575	305	275
Oriya languages	120	65	55
Odia	75	45	35
Oriya, n.o.s.	50	25	25
Punjabi (Panjabi)	14,860	7,820	7,035
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	315	165	150
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	560	265	295
Urdu	24,310	12,050	12,260
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	145	70	75
Iranian languages	3,740	1,810	1,935
Baluchi	15	5	5
Kurdish	150	80	70
Parsi	5	0	0
Pashto	695	340	355
Persian languages	2,880	1,385	1,500
Dari	1,300	630	670
Iranian Persian	1,315	620	685
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	270	130	140
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Italic (Romance) languages	19,370	8,880	10,490
Catalan	5	5	5
Italian	2,825	1,195	1,630
Portuguese	5,925	2,760	3,165
Romanian	1,245	595	645
Spanish	9,365	4,320	5,040
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	440	190	255
Korean	3,145	1,470	1,675
Mongolian	20	10	10
Niger-Congo languages	760	345	415
Akan (Twi)	295	125	165
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	5	10
Éwé	15	10	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5
Ga	20	10	10
Ganda	15	10	5
Gikuyu	5	5	0
Igbo	65	35	35
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	5
Lingala	25	10	10
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	10	5	5
Ndebele	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	5
Shona	15	5	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	80	40	45
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	135	60	75
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	25	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	15	10	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	280	160	115
American Sign Language	210	115	90
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	75	45	25
Sino-Tibetan languages	30,050	14,015	16,040
Chinese languages	29,760	13,875	15,880
Hakka	65	40	30
Mandarin	18,070	8,550	9,515
Min Dong	30	15	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	415	185	235
Wu (Shanghainese)	205	95	110
Yue (Cantonese)	10,705	4,870	5,835
Chinese, n.o.s.	255	120	140
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	295	140	155
Burmese	80	35	40
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	210	100	105
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	135	70	65
Lao	70	40	35
Thai	65	35	30
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	840	435	410
Azerbaijani	20	10	15
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	735	385	345
Uyghur	65	30	35
Uzbek	20	10	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Uralic languages	505	245	260
Estonian	10	0	5
Finnish	15	5	5
Hungarian	485	230	250
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Multiple responses	72,440	35,485	36,955
English and French	1,525	680	850
English and non-official language(s)	68,355	33,655	34,700
French and non-official language(s)	325	150	175
English, French and non-official language(s)	885	375	510
Multiple non-official languages	1,340	620	720
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	714,840	350,585	364,255
None	492,280	242,340	249,940
English	84,240	41,680	42,560
French	6,000	2,525	3,475
Non-official language	101,055	48,865	52,195
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	10
Non-Indigenous	101,040	48,855	52,180
English and French	1,250	540	710
English and non-official language(s)	12,975	6,475	6,505
French and non-official language(s)	3,690	1,555	2,135
English, French and non-official language(s)	195	90	105
Multiple non-official languages	13,150	6,520	6,635
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	712,825	349,875	362,945
Official languages	688,520	340,690	347,835
English	688,000	340,480	347,520
French	48,150	20,240	27,905
Non-official languages	438,795	211,915	226,880
Indigenous languages³⁹	55	30	20
Algonquian languages	40	20	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	10	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	10	10	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	15	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	15	15	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	10	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	438,745	211,880	226,865
Afro-Asiatic languages	54,370	27,465	26,905
Berber languages	100	45	55
Kabyle	25	0	20
Tamazight	35	25	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Chadic languages	125	65	60
Hausa	100	55	50
Mina	25	0	15
Coptic	700	305	395
Cushitic languages	1,785	755	1,030
Bilen	15	0	0
Oromo	60	35	25
Somali	1,705	710	995
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	52,455	26,650	25,810
Amharic	600	300	300
Arabic	49,495	25,250	24,250
Aramaic languages	2,205	1,120	1,085
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,375	715	660
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	585	295	290
Aramaic, n.o.s.	265	120	150
Harari	35	15	20
Hebrew	505	285	225
Maltese	1,005	475	535
Tigrigna	435	190	245
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Austro-Asiatic languages	13,870	6,505	7,365
Khmer (Cambodian)	160	95	65
Vietnamese	13,745	6,425	7,320
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	10	0
Austronesian languages	30,380	12,860	17,520
Bikol	145	55	100
Bisaya, n.o.s.	225	95	130
Cebuano	1,070	405	665
Fijian	15	10	10
Hiligaynon	515	205	305
Ilocano	1,400	595	805
Indonesian	1,220	540	680
Kankanaey	20	15	10
Kinaray-a	50	15	30
Malagasy languages	40	15	25
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Malay	350	195	160
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	410	185	225
Pangasinan	70	30	35
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	28,240	11,900	16,340
Waray-Waray	165	65	100
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	520	220	305
Creole languages	2,370	1,080	1,285
Haitian Creole	205	110	90
Jamaican English Creole	280	105	175
Krio	10	0	10
Morisyen	1,035	515	520
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	745	310	440
Creole languages, n.i.e.	265	110	155
Dravidian languages	27,955	14,220	13,730
Kannada	2,555	1,295	1,260
Malayalam	5,875	2,970	2,905
Tamil	17,180	8,685	8,495
Telugu	5,570	3,100	2,460
Tulu	390	200	185
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	135	50	85
Georgian	130	60	70
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	263,220	129,250	133,975
Albanian	3,590	1,770	1,820
Armenian	760	365	395
Balto-Slavic languages	55,720	26,465	29,255
Baltic languages	560	250	315
Latvian	105	40	65
Lithuanian	455	205	245
Slavic languages	55,330	26,280	29,050
Belarusian	175	80	90
Bulgarian	1,350	700	645
Czech	845	415	430
Macedonian	1,690	775	920
Polish	27,810	13,075	14,730
Russian	9,165	4,250	4,920
Rusyn	30	15	10
Serbo-Croatian	11,745	5,870	5,875
Bosnian	2,100	1,025	1,080
Croatian	6,735	3,300	3,435
Serbian	4,950	2,535	2,415
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	185	85	100
Slovak	645	305	335
Slovene (Slovenian)	995	400	595
Ukrainian	8,620	4,015	4,605
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15
Celtic languages	80	40	40
Irish	55	35	20
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	15	0	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	6,755	3,255	3,500
Frisian	10	10	0
High German languages	5,230	2,570	2,660
German	5,190	2,550	2,640
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	55	15	40
Yiddish	15	15	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,190	590	600
Afrikaans	385	200	190
Dutch	745	360	385
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	55	25	30
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	20	0
Scandinavian languages	525	240	290
Danish	225	105	115
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	65	40	25
Swedish	265	110	150
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20
Greek	3,320	1,695	1,625
Indo-Iranian languages	139,200	70,370	68,830
Indo-Aryan languages	132,170	66,840	65,330
Assamese	100	50	50
Bengali	6,400	3,130	3,275
Gujarati	12,330	6,155	6,175
Hindi	54,740	27,605	27,135
Kacchi	605	265	340
Kashmiri	240	115	125
Konkani	1,975	890	1,085
Marathi	5,100	2,565	2,540
Nepali	1,260	625	635
Oriya languages	435	240	195
Odia	225	125	100
Oriya, n.o.s.	215	115	100
Punjabi (Panjabi)	37,835	19,910	17,925
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	1,355	695	660
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	2,005	955	1,055
Urdu	55,765	27,985	27,775
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	920	475	445
Iranian languages	8,635	4,340	4,295
Baluchi	30	15	15
Kurdish	490	305	180
Parsi	10	0	10
Pashto	2,055	1,080	970
Persian languages	6,505	3,210	3,300
Dari	3,085	1,495	1,590
Iranian Persian	3,105	1,585	1,515
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	480	210	270
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	150	80	70
Italic (Romance) languages	59,405	28,185	31,215
Catalan	15	0	10
Italian	16,055	7,840	8,210
Portuguese	18,895	8,830	10,065
Romanian	3,120	1,545	1,580
Spanish	24,075	11,240	12,835
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	85	60	30
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	110	50	65
Japanese	1,775	810	965
Korean	5,260	2,445	2,815
Mongolian	55	20	30
Niger-Congo languages	6,195	2,805	3,390
Akan (Twi)	1,225	495	730
Bamanankan	20	0	10
Edo	315	130	180
Éwé	100	50	55
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	95	50	45
Ga	195	90	110
Ganda	50	20	30
Gikuyu	110	35	80
Igbo	500	240	260
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	100	30	65
Lingala	190	60	125
Luba-Kasai	10	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	45	15	30
Ndebele	40	20	20
Rundi (Kirundi)	75	20	55
Shona	130	60	75
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	30	10	20
Swahili	1,550	740	810
Wojenaka	15	10	0
Wolof	65	20	40
Yoruba	1,455	730	730
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	685	310	370
Nilo-Saharan languages	65	20	45
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	60	20	40
African, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Sign languages	675	340	335
American Sign Language	585	295	290
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	125	70	55
Sino-Tibetan languages	47,480	22,215	25,265
Chinese languages	47,005	21,970	25,035
Hakka	400	200	200
Mandarin	31,700	14,725	16,980
Min Dong	40	25	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,660	745	920
Wu (Shanghainese)	465	190	275
Yue (Cantonese)	19,900	9,320	10,585
Chinese, n.o.s.	435	195	245
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	15	30
Tibeto-Burman languages	455	235	220
Burmese	115	65	50
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	290	145	145
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Tai-Kadai languages	440	195	250
Lao	210	90	120
Thai	290	115	175
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	2,440	1,330	1,120
Azerbaijani	105	40	60
Kazakh	10	0	10
Turkish	2,245	1,225	1,020
Uyghur	45	30	15
Uzbek	55	40	15
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Uralic languages	1,835	875	965
Estonian	140	70	70
Finnish	145	60	85
Hungarian	1,560	745	810
Other languages, n.i.e.	135	80	60
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	712,825	349,875	362,950
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	3,555	1,795	1,755
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,375	1,715	1,660
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,950	985	975
Métis	1,395	730	670
Inuk (Inuit)	25	0	25
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	55	15	35
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	125	65	60
Non-Indigenous identity	709,270	348,080	361,185
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	712,825	349,875	362,950
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,005	500	500
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	711,820	349,375	362,445
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	244,575	...	...
Owner	172,225	...	...
Renter	72,355	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	244,575	...	...
Condominium	69,070	...	...
Not condominium	175,510	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	244,575	...	...
No bedrooms	1,275	...	...
1 bedroom	31,240	...	...
2 bedrooms	49,850	...	...
3 bedrooms	79,885	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	82,320	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	244,575	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	78,710	...	...
5 rooms	36,265	...	...
6 rooms	35,265	...	...
7 rooms	28,750	...	...
8 or more rooms	65,590	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	244,575	...	...
One person or fewer per room	229,855	...	...
More than one person per room	14,720	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	244,575	...	...
Suitable	216,910	...	...
Not suitable	27,660	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	244,575	...	...
1960 or before	17,730	...	...
1961 to 1980	75,015	...	...
1981 to 1990	47,955	...	...
1991 to 2000	46,745	...	...
2001 to 2005	23,530	...	...
2006 to 2010	15,745	...	...
2011 to 2015	9,550	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	8,300	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	244,575	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	232,950	...	...
Major repairs needed	11,625	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	244,575	...	...
One-maintainer household	110,565	...	...
Two-maintainer household	112,395	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	21,620	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	244,575	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,595	...	...
25 to 34 years	24,745	...	...
35 to 44 years	40,875	...	...
45 to 54 years	51,605	...	...
55 to 64 years	58,260	...	...
65 to 74 years	38,545	...	...
75 to 84 years	19,955	...	...
85 years and over	6,995	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	243,100	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	174,940	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	68,155	...	...
30% to less than 100%	60,495	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	244,575	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	95,180	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	57,695	...	...
Not suitable only	19,345	...	...
Major repairs needed only	6,285	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	6,515	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	3,535	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,390	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	415	...	...
Acceptable housing	149,400	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	235,435	...	...
In core need	35,085	...	...
Not in core need	200,350	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	172,220	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	9.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,800	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,974	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	999,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	72,350	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	28.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,600	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,650	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	712,825	349,880	362,950
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	755	365	390
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	750	360	390
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	490	220	265
Métis single ancestry	255	140	115
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	4,295	2,230	2,060
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	4,200	2,195	2,005
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,050	1,610	1,445
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,135	580	550
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	10
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	90	35	60
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	70	25	45
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	10
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	707,780	347,285	360,495
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	712,825	349,880	362,945
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	600,215	294,035	306,180
Canadian citizens aged under 18	118,190	60,365	57,825
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	482,020	233,670	248,350
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	112,610	55,840	56,770
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	712,825	349,880	362,945
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	306,375	154,210	152,165
Immigrants⁸¹	379,425	181,245	198,175
Before 1980	58,680	27,785	30,890
1980 to 1990	47,340	22,805	24,535
1991 to 2000	83,110	39,565	43,540
2001 to 2010	95,400	45,225	50,175
2011 to 2021⁸²	94,895	45,860	49,040
2011 to 2015	42,390	19,970	22,420
2016 to 2021	52,500	25,885	26,620
Non-permanent residents⁸³	27,030	14,420	12,610
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	379,420	181,245	198,175
Under 5 years	32,680	16,660	16,020
5 to 14 years	63,840	33,265	30,575
15 to 24 years	70,345	31,280	39,065
25 to 44 years	173,645	81,920	91,725
45 years and over	38,915	18,120	20,795
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	379,420	181,245	198,175
Americas	46,530	20,760	25,765
Brazil	1,275	550	730
Colombia	3,385	1,555	1,830
El Salvador	815	390	425
Guyana	6,240	2,705	3,530
Haiti	155	90	70
Jamaica	11,015	4,620	6,390
Mexico	1,390	620	770
Peru	1,335	600	740
Trinidad and Tobago	5,760	2,595	3,165
United States of America	5,580	2,610	2,970
Other places of birth in Americas	9,565	4,415	5,150
Europe	77,850	37,130	40,720
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,385	1,215	1,175
Croatia	3,035	1,510	1,525
France	625	305	325
Germany	2,115	985	1,125
Greece	1,385	695	695
Hungary	690	320	370
Italy	6,805	3,450	3,355
Netherlands	475	235	245
Poland	19,025	8,650	10,380
Portugal	10,415	5,020	5,395
Romania	2,645	1,270	1,375
Russian Federation	1,985	860	1,125
Serbia⁸⁶	1,835	930	905
Ukraine	4,675	2,205	2,475
United Kingdom⁸⁷	9,225	4,530	4,695
Other places of birth in Europe	10,525	4,960	5,565
Africa	25,430	12,395	13,030
Algeria	340	185	155
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	265	145	125
Egypt	8,975	4,605	4,370
Eritrea	255	120	140
Ethiopia	480	215	260
Morocco	460	155	310
Nigeria	2,920	1,510	1,405
Somalia	905	355	555
South Africa, Republic of	1,170	560	605
Other places of birth in Africa	9,660	4,550	5,110
Asia	228,910	110,640	118,270
Afghanistan	2,470	1,270	1,205
Iran⁸⁸	2,675	1,440	1,235
Iraq	8,415	4,260	4,155
Lebanon	3,315	1,595	1,725
Syria⁸⁹	6,705	3,330	3,370
Turkey	985	550	440
China⁹⁰	22,830	10,410	12,415
Hong Kong⁹¹	6,655	3,180	3,475
Korea, South⁹²	4,125	1,910	2,215
Taiwan	1,685	720	960
Philippines	28,670	12,345	16,330
Viet Nam	10,950	5,055	5,890
Bangladesh	3,065	1,535	1,535
India	61,255	30,465	30,790
Pakistan	33,805	17,050	16,755
Sri Lanka	7,785	3,690	4,090
Other places of birth in Asia	23,530	11,845	11,680
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	700	315	390
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	52,505	25,885	26,615
Americas	3,975	1,830	2,150
Brazil	275	100	175
Colombia	310	105	210
Haiti	15	10	10
Jamaica	705	365	340
Mexico	270	135	130
United States of America	1,260	595	665
Venezuela⁹⁵	195	65	135
Other places of birth in Americas	945	465	480
Europe	3,120	1,545	1,575
France	80	45	40
Germany	55	20	35
Ireland⁹⁶	105	70	35
Italy	45	35	15
Russian Federation	185	65	120
Ukraine	610	290	315
United Kingdom⁸⁷	260	150	110
Other places of birth in Europe	1,775	870	910
Africa	4,550	2,270	2,275
Algeria	70	25	40
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	45	25	25
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	105	60	45
Egypt	1,555	790	765
Eritrea	40	15	30
Ethiopia	65	40	25
Morocco	135	50	85
Nigeria	1,275	665	610
Somalia	105	55	55
South Africa, Republic of	165	80	90
Sudan⁹⁷	140	45	90
Tunisia	65	20	40
Other places of birth in Africa	770	390	380
Asia	40,800	20,215	20,590
Afghanistan	355	145	215
Bangladesh	455	230	220
China⁹⁰	2,680	1,140	1,540
Hong Kong⁹¹	95	35	65
India	16,580	8,685	7,900
Iran⁸⁸	260	145	115
Iraq	2,045	1,025	1,025
Israel	50	30	20
Japan	60	15	45
Jordan	315	175	140
Korea, South⁹²	285	105	180
Lebanon	495	240	260
Nepal	225	120	105
Pakistan	4,305	2,135	2,165
Philippines	3,065	1,330	1,730
Saudi Arabia	1,030	490	540
Sri Lanka	400	160	240
Syria⁸⁹	4,375	2,175	2,195
Turkey	290	160	130
United Arab Emirates	1,265	670	595
Viet Nam	745	280	465
Other places of birth in Asia	1,420	715	705
Oceania and other⁹³	65	35	30
Australia	45	25	20
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	15	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	712,825	349,875	362,945
First generation¹⁰⁰	412,535	198,815	213,715
Second generation¹⁰¹	192,000	97,085	94,915
Third generation or more¹⁰²	108,295	53,975	54,320
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	320,745	153,460	167,285
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	179,000	91,230	87,770
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	69,680	45,935	23,745
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	109,320	45,290	64,030
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	89,420	34,500	54,920
Refugees¹⁰⁸	48,575	26,020	22,555
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	3,755	1,710	2,040
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	320,745	153,460	167,285
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	18,860	10,075	8,780
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	21,710	10,255	11,450
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	5,400	2,775	2,630
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	11,195	5,395	5,795
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,775	730	1,050
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	261,805	124,230	137,575
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	712,825	349,875	362,950
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	441,480	215,950	225,520
South Asian	180,800	91,790	89,010
Chinese	52,095	24,770	27,325
Black	49,220	22,640	26,575
Filipino	38,335	17,390	20,945
Arab	42,805	21,920	20,885
Latin American	17,325	7,905	9,415
Southeast Asian	17,165	8,195	8,965
West Asian	8,510	4,305	4,200
Korean	5,825	2,805	3,020
Japanese	2,115	925	1,190
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	10,890	5,220	5,670
Multiple visible minorities	16,410	8,075	8,330
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	271,345	133,925	137,425
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	712,825	349,875	362,945
Canadian	42,315	21,530	20,790
English	46,415	23,000	23,415
Irish	39,785	19,520	20,265
Scottish	36,800	17,910	18,890
French, n.o.s.¹²²	15,425	7,195	8,230
German	19,285	9,635	9,650
Chinese	55,350	26,310	29,045
Italian	38,075	19,230	18,845
Indian (India)	90,560	45,830	44,730
Ukrainian	17,350	8,410	8,940
Dutch	6,125	2,945	3,185
Polish	36,095	17,275	18,820
Québécois	445	235	215
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	12,325	6,035	6,290
Filipino	37,325	17,115	20,210
French Canadian	3,120	1,520	1,600
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	4,980	2,510	2,465
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,615	835	785
Métis	1,460	750	715
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	6,500	3,155	3,345
Russian	6,265	2,795	3,470
Norwegian	1,235	605	630
Welsh	3,880	1,815	2,065
Portuguese	27,845	13,555	14,290
American	3,425	1,620	1,795
Spanish	9,865	4,515	5,350
Swedish	1,420	725	695
Hungarian	3,945	1,850	2,095
Acadian	600	340	265
Pakistani	41,025	20,915	20,110
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	9,710	4,560	5,145
Jewish	2,065	1,000	1,060
Punjabi	10,725	5,625	5,100
Vietnamese	15,010	7,250	7,765
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	16,645	8,490	8,155
Greek	5,890	2,980	2,910
Jamaican	15,860	7,065	8,795
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	9,685	4,670	5,020
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	100	45	55
Korean	6,025	2,890	3,140
Romanian	3,755	1,845	1,910
Lebanese	4,645	2,270	2,375
Iranian	3,165	1,675	1,490
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	6,110	2,960	3,150
Danish	990	535	460
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	540	260	280
Sikh	6,110	3,190	2,920
Austrian	1,940	965	975
Belgian	665	335	330
Haitian	300	160	140
Hindu	11,545	5,960	5,580
Mexican	2,350	1,110	1,240
Mennonite	200	115	85
Swiss	980	490	495
Finnish	995	500	500
Sri Lankan	7,370	3,610	3,765
Croatian	7,955	4,085	3,875
Japanese	2,875	1,315	1,560
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	10,410	5,095	5,315
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	415	205	205
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	725	365	355
Muslim	10,055	5,150	4,910
Egyptian	9,950	5,160	4,795
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	3,455	1,660	1,795
Tamil	6,505	3,305	3,200
Icelandic	200	95	105
Colombian	3,820	1,830	1,985
Moroccan	530	205	325
Czech	1,485	670	815
Syrian	6,385	3,210	3,180
Guyanese	6,165	2,920	3,240
Afghan	4,085	2,055	2,035
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	4,015	1,875	2,140
Serbian	4,680	2,395	2,290
Ojibway	300	165	135
Newfoundlander	750	390	360
Hong Konger	2,595	1,195	1,400
Ontarian	1,060	510	550
Persian	1,685	930	755
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	5,460	2,545	2,910
Turkish	3,150	1,655	1,495
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	45	15	25
Bangladeshi	2,740	1,415	1,330
Algerian	355	190	170
Brazilian	1,630	745	895
Nigerian	2,470	1,225	1,245
Armenian	1,295	600	690
Slovak	1,385	710	670
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,275	605	675
Somali	2,165	935	1,230
Taiwanese	1,415	620	800
Iraqi	5,695	2,875	2,820
Salvadorean	940	440	500
African Caribbean	3,695	1,620	2,075
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	3,210	1,500	1,710
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	4,730	2,425	2,310
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	3,050	1,345	1,705
Algonquin	85	60	30
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	4,120	1,935	2,185
Lithuanian	1,160	535	625
South African	1,030	510	520
Australian	475	255	220
Palestinian	6,080	3,100	2,980
Chilean	1,225	565	660
Congolese	285	130	155
Nova Scotian	365	140	225
Ethiopian	740	360	385
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,565	715	850
Peruvian	1,580	725	855
Yoruba	1,220	650	570
Cambodian (Khmer)	295	140	155
Berber	180	80	95
Albanian	3,830	1,895	1,935
Maltese	2,985	1,500	1,485
Macedonian	2,070	980	1,090
Slovenian	2,470	1,190	1,280
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	300	170	130
New Brunswicker	105	45	60
Gujarati	2,210	1,130	1,080
Eritrean	490	240	250
African Canadian	1,315	665	650
Israeli	360	190	175
Mohawk	180	110	70
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	320	140	185
Bulgarian	1,395	705	700
Albertan	25	15	10
Ghanaian	1,540	745	795
Barbadian	1,380	600	785
African American	780	330	445
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	750	390	360
Tunisian	155	75	75
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,540	780	765
Cuban	965	475	500
Bosnian	2,125	1,065	1,060
Venezuelan	930	420	505
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	440	170	265
Bengali	1,560	780	780
Cameroonian	75	20	55
Guatemalan	565	280	285
Indonesian	1,180	520	660
Laotian	380	140	240
Ilocano	755	405	355
Northern Irish	545	280	265
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	240	145	95
British Columbian	20	15	0
Ecuadorian	1,305	560	745
Franco Ontarian	90	45	45
Argentinian	790	420	375
Estonian	385	195	195
Kurdish	490	260	230
Fijian	220	95	125
Jatt	690	380	310
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	185	100	85
Coptic	3,860	1,895	1,960
Thai	300	125	180
Dominican	560	260	300
Nepali	1,005	480	530
Kabyle	25	0	20
Assyrian	1,120	600	520
Igbo	465	225	235
Byelorussian	535	225	310
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	30	20	10
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	220	105	120
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	80	55	25
New Zealander	85	45	45
Sudanese	945	460	485
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	165	70	95
Malaysian	605	275	330
Plains Cree	40	15	20
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	290	140	150
Huron (Wendat)	55	20	30
Saskatchewanian	35	15	25
Buddhist	705	345	360
Gaspesian	35	20	15
Norman	10	0	10
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	720	310	410
Ivorian	245	130	115
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	10	0	10
Burundian	35	15	15
Tigrinya	25	20	15
Nicaraguan	340	175	165
Mauritian	805	410	400
Kenyan	515	245	280
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	580	255	325
Jordanian	1,360	710	655
Manitoban	45	10	30
Cape Bretoner	50	30	15
Rwandan	100	60	35
Grenadian	665	335	330
Malayali	965	465	490
Chaldean	725	370	355
Sinhalese	840	415	430
Mayan	190	125	70
Honduran	195	85	110
Cherokee	35	20	20
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	65	30	30
Indo-Caribbean	840	375	470
Flemish	75	25	40
United Empire Loyalist	125	65	60
Senegalese	40	15	25
Azerbaijani	110	45	60
Sicilian	175	95	80
Pashtun	1,205	650	555
Malay	510	255	250
Goan	2,125	1,045	1,080
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	135	90	45
Tibetan	310	160	155
Zimbabwean	195	100	100
Burmese	230	105	125
Mongolian	275	170	110
Azorean	640	305	335
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	620	275	345
Ugandan	170	75	100
Oromo	70	50	20
Tanzanian	370	150	215
Yemeni	490	255	230
Central African	45	15	30
Libyan	265	125	145
Basque	90	50	30
Uruguayan	475	195	280
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	350	155	190
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	145	95	55
Igorot	95	50	45
Fulani	85	45	45
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	60	20	40
St. Lucian	235	105	135
Prince Edward Islander	55	35	20
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	125	55	65
Telugu	740	405	335
Roma	160	90	70
Costa Rican	165	85	80
African Nova Scotian	145	55	90
Malagasy	55	20	35
Kashmiri	630	325	305
Singaporean	180	105	85
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	330	170	160
Tajik	330	180	150
Amhara	50	25	25
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	712,825	349,880	362,950
Buddhist	14,300	6,575	7,725
Christian	355,735	166,755	188,980
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	51,655	23,720	27,935
Anabaptist	325	160	170
Anglican	14,605	6,670	7,935
Baptist	5,865	2,680	3,185
Catholic	216,650	102,975	113,675
Christian Orthodox	25,625	12,390	13,235
Jehovah's Witness	1,905	795	1,110
Latter Day Saints	370	155	210
Lutheran	2,235	1,070	1,170
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	955	410	545
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	8,315	3,670	4,650
Presbyterian	5,900	2,600	3,300
Reformed	385	190	195
United Church	10,595	4,650	5,945
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	10,350	4,615	5,730
Hindu	62,520	31,705	30,805
Jewish	1,380	670	710
Muslim	120,965	61,075	59,880
Sikh	24,505	12,645	11,860
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	20	10	10
Other religions and spiritual traditions	4,465	1,895	2,575
No religion and secular perspectives	128,940	68,550	60,390
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	707,075	346,910	360,170
Non-movers	633,415	309,810	323,605
Movers	73,665	37,095	36,565
Non-migrants	40,870	20,605	20,260
Migrants	32,795	16,490	16,305
Internal migrants	20,565	10,300	10,270
Intraprovincial migrants	18,310	9,135	9,180
Interprovincial migrants	2,255	1,165	1,090
External migrants	12,230	6,195	6,035
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	681,500	333,955	347,540
Non-movers	456,750	221,515	235,235
Movers	224,750	112,445	112,305
Non-migrants	95,470	47,010	48,460
Migrants	129,280	65,430	63,845
Internal migrants	66,180	33,250	32,930
Intraprovincial migrants	58,050	29,165	28,880
Interprovincial migrants	8,130	4,080	4,050
External migrants	63,100	32,190	30,910
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	603,590	293,930	309,660
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	85,715	41,455	44,255
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	517,875	252,470	265,405
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	392,425	190,630	201,800
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	31,170	16,370	14,795
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	361,255	174,250	187,005
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	603,595	293,930	309,665
No certificate, diploma or degree	80,295	38,365	41,930
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	152,265	75,105	77,160
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	371,030	180,455	190,575
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	140,395	69,350	71,040
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	22,470	15,685	6,785
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	12,560	8,035	4,525
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	9,915	7,645	2,270
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	99,290	45,265	54,020
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,635	8,405	10,225
Bachelor's degree or higher	230,635	111,100	119,535
Bachelor's degree	150,240	70,305	79,935
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	14,805	7,085	7,720
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	6,385	2,840	3,545
Master's degree	53,970	27,540	26,430
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	5,235	3,325	1,910
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	392,425	190,625	201,800
No certificate, diploma or degree	28,030	14,815	13,215
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	78,470	40,065	38,405
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	285,925	135,740	150,185
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	100,800	48,525	52,275
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	14,275	9,840	4,440
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	7,945	4,985	2,960
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	6,335	4,855	1,480
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	73,650	33,000	40,655
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	12,870	5,690	7,180
Bachelor's degree or higher	185,125	87,220	97,905
Bachelor's degree	117,405	54,135	63,275
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	11,615	5,300	6,320
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	5,270	2,220	3,045
Master's degree	46,915	23,305	23,610
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,925	2,265	1,660
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	603,595	293,925	309,665
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	232,560	113,475	119,090
Education	16,285	2,885	13,400
13. Education	16,285	2,885	13,400
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	11,500	4,615	6,885
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,255	870	390
50. Visual and performing arts	10,245	3,750	6,495
Humanities	20,955	6,080	14,880
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,275	430	1,845
23. English language and literature/letters	5,070	1,090	3,980
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	8,405	2,345	6,060
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	415	165	250
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,165	505	655
39. Theology and religious vocations	875	535	345
54. History	2,110	945	1,160
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	650	65	580
Social and behavioural sciences and law	45,905	15,190	30,720
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	460	90	365
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	5,165	1,940	3,220
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	6,885	605	6,280
22. Legal professions and studies	7,270	2,580	4,695
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	945	300	655
42. Psychology	6,385	1,400	4,985
45. Social sciences	18,800	8,280	10,525
Business, management and public administration	96,290	44,420	51,865
30.16 Accounting and computer science	120	60	60
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,050	855	3,195
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	92,115	43,510	48,610
Physical and life sciences and technologies	20,495	8,910	11,580
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	8,070	2,930	5,140
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	5,710	2,395	3,320
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	485	125	360
40. Physical sciences	5,500	3,210	2,290
41. Science technologies/technicians	725	250	475
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	27,715	18,035	9,680
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	22,495	15,350	7,140
25. Library science	555	65	495
27. Mathematics and statistics	3,920	2,115	1,800
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	750	505	245
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	71,895	60,780	11,110
04. Architecture and related services	3,545	2,195	1,345
14. Engineering	36,150	28,610	7,535
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	13,540	11,765	1,780
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	10	10
46. Construction trades	7,195	7,010	185
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	7,525	7,390	125
48. Precision production	3,925	3,795	125
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,515	2,245	2,270
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,035	1,515	1,520
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,475	730	750
Health and related fields	42,145	10,725	31,420
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,210	1,755	1,460
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	37,475	8,300	29,175
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	85	25	55
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,370	640	730
Personal, protective and transportation services	13,215	6,525	6,695
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,370	2,235	5,140
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	45	40	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	80	80	0
43. Security and protective services	3,740	2,430	1,315
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,975	1,745	230
Other¹⁷⁹	115	45	65
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	392,425	190,625	201,800
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	106,500	54,885	51,620
Education	11,560	1,965	9,595
13. Education	11,560	1,965	9,595
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	8,915	3,535	5,385
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	885	610	275
50. Visual and performing arts	8,035	2,920	5,110
Humanities	15,740	4,380	11,360
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,635	290	1,345
23. English language and literature/letters	3,930	820	3,110
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	6,355	1,685	4,665
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	295	120	175
38. Philosophy and religious studies	875	380	495
39. Theology and religious vocations	600	330	270
54. History	1,580	710	880
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	475	50	425
Social and behavioural sciences and law	35,395	11,250	24,145
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	360	55	310
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,080	1,495	2,580
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,075	425	4,650
22. Legal professions and studies	5,945	1,935	4,000
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	690	225	465
42. Psychology	4,965	1,045	3,925
45. Social sciences	14,285	6,070	8,215
Business, management and public administration	77,165	34,975	42,190
30.16 Accounting and computer science	100	45	55
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,250	675	2,570
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	73,815	34,255	39,565
Physical and life sciences and technologies	14,800	6,070	8,730
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,935	2,075	3,855
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,130	1,695	2,435
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	395	95	300
40. Physical sciences	3,820	2,045	1,775
41. Science technologies/technicians	520	155	365
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	23,755	15,380	8,380
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	19,785	13,395	6,385
25. Library science	365	50	315
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,945	1,495	1,455
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	665	445	220
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	52,980	43,585	9,400
04. Architecture and related services	2,735	1,625	1,105
14. Engineering	28,390	21,810	6,580
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	9,660	8,210	1,460
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	10	10
46. Construction trades	4,845	4,735	115
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	4,905	4,850	55
48. Precision production	2,430	2,345	80
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,300	1,565	1,735
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,120	985	1,135
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,180	585	595
Health and related fields	32,480	8,230	24,245
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,185	1,235	945
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	29,165	6,500	22,665
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	80	30	50
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,040	465	575
Personal, protective and transportation services	9,740	4,790	4,950
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,475	1,620	3,855
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	20	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	35	35	0
43. Security and protective services	2,810	1,865	945
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,395	1,250	150
Other¹⁷⁹	85	20	60
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	392,425	190,625	201,800
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	106,500	54,885	51,620
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	285,925	135,745	150,180
Location of study inside Canada	165,130	78,780	86,350
Same as province or territory of residence	154,900	73,590	81,310
Different than province or territory of residence	10,235	5,190	5,040
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	120,795	56,965	63,830
Americas	14,140	7,285	6,850
United States of America	7,865	4,460	3,405
Mexico	725	310	420
Cuba	335	180	155
Haiti	10	10	0
Jamaica	705	285	425
Brazil	715	310	405
Colombia	1,285	560	725
Peru	305	100	205
Venezuela⁹⁵	430	180	250
Other locations of study in Americas	1,760	900	860
Europe	19,045	9,715	9,330
Belgium	100	60	40
France	445	230	215
Germany	310	195	110
Netherlands	160	100	60
Switzerland	130	75	55
Hungary	140	70	70
Moldova¹⁸³	140	60	85
Poland	4,260	1,915	2,350
Romania	1,195	595	600
Russian Federation	945	440	510
Ukraine	2,345	1,070	1,270
Ireland⁹⁶	300	165	135
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,830	2,785	2,045
Bosnia and Herzegovina	350	185	165
Italy	160	105	60
Serbia⁸⁶	510	280	235
Other locations of study in Europe	2,710	1,390	1,320
Africa	7,200	3,365	3,830
Nigeria	1,080	565	515
Algeria	135	75	55
Morocco	135	35	100
Tunisia	60	30	30
Egypt	4,010	1,895	2,110
South Africa, Republic of	345	170	180
Other locations of study in Africa	1,445	600	845
Asia	79,475	36,085	43,390
Iran⁸⁸	675	280	395
Iraq	2,420	1,075	1,345
Israel	115	65	50
Lebanon	965	460	505
Syria⁸⁹	1,630	785	845
Turkey	345	190	155
China⁹⁰	7,260	3,335	3,925
Taiwan	290	105	180
Hong Kong⁹¹	585	270	315
Japan	385	160	225
Korea, South⁹²	1,295	545	755
Philippines	10,950	4,120	6,830
Viet Nam	635	245	390
Bangladesh	1,020	425	595
Sri Lanka	1,070	450	620
India	33,070	15,960	17,110
Pakistan	12,165	5,510	6,655
Other locations of study in Asia	4,600	2,105	2,495
Oceania	930	510	420
Australia	825	445	380
New Zealand	85	65	25
Other locations of study in Oceania	25	0	15
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	603,595	293,930	309,665
In the labour force	385,915	203,180	182,735
Employed	332,000	178,160	153,840
Unemployed	53,920	25,025	28,900
Not in the labour force	217,670	90,745	126,925
Participation rate	63.9	69.1	59.0
Employment rate	55.0	60.6	49.7
Unemployment rate	14.0	12.3	15.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	603,595	293,925	309,665
Did not work¹⁸⁶	228,605	97,045	131,565
Worked	374,990	196,885	178,105
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	206,735	115,850	90,885
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	168,250	81,035	87,215
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.4	41.4	39.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	385,915	203,180	182,740
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,625	6,740	7,880
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	371,295	196,440	174,860
Employee	315,540	158,960	156,585
Permanent position	265,785	135,880	129,905
Temporary position	49,760	23,075	26,680
Fixed term (1 year or more)	17,885	8,340	9,545
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	31,870	14,740	17,135
Self-employed¹⁹²	55,755	37,480	18,270
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	385,915	203,180	182,740
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,625	6,740	7,880
All occupations¹⁹¹	371,295	196,440	174,860
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	4,955	3,545	1,410
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	82,165	30,460	51,705
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	48,950	36,505	12,445
3 Health occupations	23,720	5,615	18,105
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	34,620	10,620	24,005
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	9,330	4,340	4,985
6 Sales and service occupations	90,300	41,455	48,850
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	56,875	50,440	6,435
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,295	1,860	435
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	18,080	11,595	6,485
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	385,915	203,180	182,740
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,625	6,740	7,880
All industries¹⁹¹	371,295	196,440	174,860
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	690	335	355
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	545	370	180
22 Utilities	1,805	1,230	580
23 Construction	23,065	19,635	3,430
31-33 Manufacturing	34,185	22,925	11,260
41 Wholesale trade	19,520	11,220	8,305
44-45 Retail trade	42,635	21,055	21,585
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	28,765	20,565	8,200
51 Information and cultural industries	9,985	6,130	3,860
52 Finance and insurance	28,545	13,615	14,930
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	8,800	4,805	3,990
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	46,330	27,865	18,460
55 Management of companies and enterprises	2,070	840	1,235
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	17,160	9,250	7,905
61 Educational services	23,330	6,850	16,485
62 Health care and social assistance	36,230	7,465	28,765
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	4,520	2,460	2,055
72 Accommodation and food services	17,960	7,950	10,015
81 Other services (except public administration)	12,585	5,825	6,755
91 Public administration	12,565	6,060	6,495
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	407,720	213,305	194,410
English	372,730	196,180	176,550
French	625	165	460
Non-official language	4,415	2,320	2,095
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	4,415	2,320	2,095
English and French	5,885	2,050	3,835
English and non-official language(s)	23,060	12,160	10,905
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	695	270	425
Multiple non-official languages	290	155	140
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	407,720	213,305	194,410
Single responses	402,080	210,520	191,560
Official languages	393,335	206,105	187,230
English	391,975	205,765	186,205
French	1,360	340	1,025
Non-official languages	8,750	4,420	4,330
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	8,750	4,420	4,330
Afro-Asiatic languages	775	455	325
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	10	10	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	10	10	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	760	440	315
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	730	420	310
Aramaic languages	20	10	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	10	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	555	265	285
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	555	265	285
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	150	60	90
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	140	60	80
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	165	70	100
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	15	10	0
Tamil	130	55	80
Telugu	20	10	15
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	25	0	25
Indo-European languages	3,850	1,975	1,865
Albanian	45	30	15
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,270	585	685
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	1,265	585	685
Bulgarian	15	0	15
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	10	10	0
Polish	690	325	370
Russian	165	60	105
Serbo-Croatian	100	70	30
Bosnian	25	25	0
Croatian	25	10	15
Serbian	45	25	20
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	280	115	160
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	30	10	25
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	30	10	25
German	30	10	25
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	10	0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,600	910	690
Indo-Aryan languages	1,550	880	670
Bengali	20	10	10
Gujarati	50	20	30
Hindi	155	95	65
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	20	10	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	790	505	280
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	510	235	275
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	50	30	20
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	45	25	20
Dari	25	20	0
Iranian Persian	15	0	10
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	0	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	890	440	450
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	30	15	15
Portuguese	335	200	140
Romanian	35	20	20
Spanish	480	205	285
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	35	20	20
Korean	280	135	145
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	45	30	20
American Sign Language	45	30	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,810	1,390	1,420
Chinese languages	2,810	1,390	1,420
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	2,085	990	1,090
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	705	380	320
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	15	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	50	20	30
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	50	20	30
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	5,635	2,785	2,850
English and French	1,205	410	800
English and non-official language(s)	4,275	2,310	1,965
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	30	45
Multiple non-official languages	80	40	40
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	407,720	213,305	194,410
None	382,635	201,070	181,565
English	4,345	1,905	2,440
French	4,090	1,510	2,575
Non-official language	13,100	6,985	6,110
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	13,100	6,985	6,110
English and French	10	0	10
English and non-official language(s)	475	230	245
French and non-official language(s)	465	190	275
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	10	0
Multiple non-official languages	2,590	1,390	1,195
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	331,995	178,160	153,845
Worked at home	111,685	54,295	57,390
Worked outside Canada	1,970	1,415	555
No fixed workplace address	37,480	27,985	9,490
Usual place of work	180,870	94,460	86,405
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	180,870	94,460	86,405
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	106,490	51,600	54,890
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	13,235	8,050	5,185
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	60,820	34,625	26,190
Commute to a different province or territory	325	185	135
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	218,345	122,445	95,900
Car, truck or van	180,545	106,435	74,110
Car, truck or van - as a driver	162,185	100,155	62,030
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	18,365	6,280	12,085
Public transit	24,890	10,415	14,480
Walked	6,350	2,555	3,800
Bicycle	715	535	180
Other method	5,845	2,515	3,335
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	218,345	122,445	95,900
Less than 15 minutes	41,835	19,835	22,000
15 to 29 minutes	83,990	46,080	37,910
30 to 44 minutes	53,060	32,770	20,290
45 to 59 minutes	18,620	11,505	7,115
60 minutes and over	20,845	12,255	8,585
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	218,345	122,445	95,900
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	14,260	10,325	3,935
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	33,810	21,380	12,425
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	48,570	26,455	22,115
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	47,655	23,700	23,950
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	36,895	19,025	17,875
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	37,155	21,555	15,605
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	138,965	71,460	67,505
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,435	5,845	5,585
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	127,535	65,615	61,925
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	104,945	54,040	50,900
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,225	4,725	4,500
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	5,965	3,005	2,955
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,260	1,720	1,540
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	95,720	49,315	46,400

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed March 24, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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