Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	MontréalMore information: Quebec [Population centre]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	3,675,219	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	3,528,651^r	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	1,667,662	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	1,581,599	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,658.5	...	...	2,658.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,382.47	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	3,675,210	1,799,175	1,876,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	607,775	311,165	296,605	16.5	17.3	15.8
0 to 4 years	183,975	94,320	89,655	5.0	5.2	4.8
5 to 9 years	209,705	107,325	102,380	5.7	6.0	5.5
10 to 14 years	214,090	109,525	104,565	5.8	6.1	5.6
15 to 64 years	2,408,540	1,199,730	1,208,815	65.5	66.7	64.4
15 to 19 years	194,615	99,010	95,610	5.3	5.5	5.1
20 to 24 years	228,245	116,055	112,195	6.2	6.5	6.0
25 to 29 years	256,205	129,265	126,940	7.0	7.2	6.8
30 to 34 years	253,745	125,440	128,300	6.9	7.0	6.8
35 to 39 years	257,845	125,950	131,895	7.0	7.0	7.0
40 to 44 years	263,300	129,435	133,865	7.2	7.2	7.1
45 to 49 years	241,590	119,870	121,715	6.6	6.7	6.5
50 to 54 years	234,660	117,840	116,815	6.4	6.5	6.2
55 to 59 years	246,895	123,950	122,950	6.7	6.9	6.6
60 to 64 years	231,445	112,920	118,525	6.3	6.3	6.3
65 years and over	658,895	288,280	370,615	17.9	16.0	19.8
65 to 69 years	192,535	90,625	101,915	5.2	5.0	5.4
70 to 74 years	165,275	75,320	89,960	4.5	4.2	4.8
75 to 79 years	123,745	54,710	69,030	3.4	3.0	3.7
80 to 84 years	84,995	35,270	49,725	2.3	2.0	2.7
85 years and over	92,335	32,355	59,985	2.5	1.8	3.2
85 to 89 years	56,225	21,340	34,885	1.5	1.2	1.9
90 to 94 years	28,565	9,085	19,485	0.8	0.5	1.0
95 to 99 years	6,650	1,750	4,900	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	895	180	720	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.5	17.3	15.8	16.5	17.3	15.8
15 to 64 years	65.5	66.7	64.4	65.5	66.7	64.4
65 years and over	17.9	16.0	19.8	17.9	16.0	19.8
85 years and over	2.5	1.8	3.2	2.5	1.8	3.2
Average age of the population	41.3	40.2	42.3	41.3	40.2	42.3
Median age of the population	40.8	39.6	41.6	40.8	39.6	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	1,581,595	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	429,145	...	...	27.1	...	...
Semi-detached house	77,730	...	...	4.9	...	...
Row house	55,255	...	...	3.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	134,895	...	...	8.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	695,735	...	...	44.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	181,595	...	...	11.5	...	...
Other single-attached house	5,115	...	...	0.3	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	2,130	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	1,581,600	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	558,485	...	...	35.3	...	...
2 persons	495,065	...	...	31.3	...	...
3 persons	220,175	...	...	13.9	...	...
4 persons	199,480	...	...	12.6	...	...
5 or more persons	108,405	...	...	6.9	...	...
Number of persons in private households	3,600,255	1,770,780	1,829,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	3,067,435	1,488,005	1,579,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	1,620,445	812,885	807,560	52.8	54.6	51.1
Married	1,086,920	544,115	542,805	35.4	36.6	34.4
Living common-law	533,525	268,775	264,750	17.4	18.1	16.8
Living common law - Never married	435,650	218,425	217,225	14.2	14.7	13.8
Living common law - Separated	6,385	3,510	2,875	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	83,120	43,005	40,115	2.7	2.9	2.5
Living common law - Widowed	8,370	3,835	4,535	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	1,446,990	675,120	771,870	47.2	45.4	48.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	1,021,640	540,480	481,160	33.3	36.3	30.5
Not married and not living common law - Separated	54,980	23,410	31,570	1.8	1.6	2.0
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	218,225	78,925	139,300	7.1	5.3	8.8
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	152,150	32,300	119,845	5.0	2.2	7.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	965,820	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	478,495	...	...	49.5	...	...
3 persons	207,555	...	...	21.5	...	...
4 persons	193,120	...	...	20.0	...	...
5 or more persons	86,645	...	...	9.0	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	965,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	787,085	...	...	81.5	...	...
Married couples	520,600	...	...	53.9	...	...
With children⁶	298,470	...	...	30.9	...	...
Without children	222,125	...	...	23.0	...	...
Common-law couples	266,485	...	...	27.6	...	...
With children⁶	119,645	...	...	12.4	...	...
Without children	146,840	...	...	15.2	...	...
Total one-parent families	178,735	...	...	18.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	139,515	...	...	14.4	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	39,220	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	3,600,255	1,770,780	1,829,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	2,815,760	1,388,725	1,427,030	78.2	78.4	78.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	1,574,165	789,730	784,435	43.7	44.6	42.9
Parents in one-parent families	178,735	39,215	139,520	5.0	2.2	7.6
Children⁶	1,062,855	559,780	503,075	29.5	31.6	27.5
In a two-parent family	791,970	414,780	377,195	22.0	23.4	20.6
In a one-parent family	270,890	145,000	125,885	7.5	8.2	6.9
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	784,495	382,055	402,435	21.8	21.6	22.0
Living alone	558,485	261,440	297,050	15.5	14.8	16.2
Living with other relatives⁷	82,575	35,680	46,890	2.3	2.0	2.6
Living with non-relatives only	143,440	84,945	58,500	4.0	4.8	3.2
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	1,581,600	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	886,855	...	...	56.1	...	...
Couple-family households	734,305	...	...	46.4	...	...
With children⁶	389,675	...	...	24.6	...	...
Without children	344,630	...	...	21.8	...	...
One-parent-family households	152,550	...	...	9.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	27,780	...	...	1.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	4,270	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	30,750	...	...	1.9	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	73,455	...	...	4.6	...	...
One-person households	558,485	...	...	35.3	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	2,993,185	1,459,995	1,533,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,887,165	1,408,040	1,479,125	96.5	96.4	96.5
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	43,600	37,600	40,400	43,600	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,888,080	1,408,505	1,479,585	96.5	96.5	96.5
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	38,000	34,000	36,000	38,000	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,589,770	1,285,210	1,304,560	86.5	88.0	85.1
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600	39,200	28,600	33,600	39,200	28,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,135,300	1,096,675	1,038,625	71.3	75.1	67.7
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	40,000	32,000	36,000	40,000	32,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,378,655	1,094,015	1,284,640	79.5	74.9	83.8
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,800	9,600	11,900	10,800	9,600	11,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	321,145	158,645	162,500	10.7	10.9	10.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,720	5,520	5,480	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	925,405	482,385	443,025	30.9	33.0	28.9
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	2,993,080	1,460,135	1,532,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,887,040	1,408,530	1,478,510	96.5	96.5	96.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,900	61,000	47,120	53,900	61,000	47,120
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,887,920	1,408,955	1,478,965	96.5	96.5	96.5
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,280	47,440	39,360	43,280	47,440	39,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,588,385	1,285,290	1,303,090	86.5	88.0	85.0
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,960	57,500	40,600	48,960	57,500	40,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,135,355	1,097,030	1,038,325	71.3	75.1	67.7
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,200	56,000	42,000	49,200	56,000	42,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,377,435	1,093,255	1,284,185	79.4	74.9	83.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,110	11,010	13,060	12,110	11,010	13,060
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	321,250	158,805	162,440	10.7	10.9	10.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,930	6,025	7,810	6,930	6,025	7,810
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	923,645	482,440	441,205	30.9	33.0	28.8
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,760	8,690	8,840	8,760	8,690	8,840
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	2,993,075	1,460,135	1,532,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	996,210	535,595	460,620	33.3	36.7	30.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,600	66,500	56,800	61,600	66,500	56,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	76,600	85,500	66,300	76,600	85,500	66,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	897,340	436,290	461,055	30.0	29.9	30.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,400	18,800	16,200	17,400	18,800	16,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,840	31,040	24,800	27,840	31,040	24,800
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.4	86.0	76.0	81.4	86.0	76.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.6	71.6	62.6	67.6	71.6	62.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.5	14.0	24.1	18.5	14.0	24.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.1	1.8	1.4	1.1	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.9	5.3	6.5	5.9	5.3	6.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.2	4.9	5.6	5.2	4.9	5.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	2,993,180	1,459,995	1,533,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	106,015	51,955	54,065	3.5	3.6	3.5
With total income	2,887,160	1,408,045	1,479,120	96.5	96.4	96.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	228,060	105,080	122,975	7.9	7.5	8.3
$10,000 to $19,999	341,235	149,585	191,645	11.8	10.6	13.0
$20,000 to $29,999	483,435	214,870	268,565	16.7	15.3	18.2
$30,000 to $39,999	376,460	175,005	201,450	13.0	12.4	13.6
$40,000 to $49,999	339,100	159,805	179,295	11.7	11.3	12.1
$50,000 to $59,999	270,900	127,970	142,930	9.4	9.1	9.7
$60,000 to $69,999	202,445	101,270	101,180	7.0	7.2	6.8
$70,000 to $79,999	152,905	80,810	72,100	5.3	5.7	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	122,980	65,460	57,515	4.3	4.6	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	87,855	48,175	39,680	3.0	3.4	2.7
$100,000 and over	281,795	180,005	101,790	9.8	12.8	6.9
$100,000 to $149,999	183,235	111,920	71,310	6.3	7.9	4.8
$150,000 and over	98,560	68,080	30,475	3.4	4.8	2.1
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	2,993,180	1,459,995	1,533,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	105,100	51,495	53,605	3.5	3.5	3.5
With after-tax income	2,888,085	1,408,500	1,479,580	96.5	96.5	96.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	240,825	109,235	131,590	8.3	7.8	8.9
$10,000 to $19,999	360,485	159,175	201,310	12.5	11.3	13.6
$20,000 to $29,999	565,265	256,135	309,130	19.6	18.2	20.9
$30,000 to $39,999	461,340	220,125	241,220	16.0	15.6	16.3
$40,000 to $49,999	395,380	190,285	205,095	13.7	13.5	13.9
$50,000 to $59,999	280,980	140,355	140,625	9.7	10.0	9.5
$60,000 to $69,999	195,710	101,515	94,200	6.8	7.2	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	128,860	68,695	60,170	4.5	4.9	4.1
$80,000 to $89,999	80,150	46,475	33,680	2.8	3.3	2.3
$90,000 to $99,999	51,130	30,880	20,250	1.8	2.2	1.4
$100,000 and over	127,945	85,640	42,310	4.4	6.1	2.9
$100,000 to $124,999	62,065	39,505	22,560	2.1	2.8	1.5
$125,000 and over	65,880	46,135	19,750	2.3	3.3	1.3
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	2,993,180	1,459,995	1,533,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	857,885	363,325	494,560	28.7	24.9	32.3
With employment income	2,135,295	1,096,675	1,038,620	71.3	75.1	67.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	293,400	146,380	147,025	13.7	13.3	14.2
$5,000 to $9,999	189,285	87,580	101,705	8.9	8.0	9.8
$10,000 to $19,999	263,945	122,485	141,460	12.4	11.2	13.6
$20,000 to $29,999	205,550	96,030	109,520	9.6	8.8	10.5
$30,000 to $39,999	197,065	96,730	100,330	9.2	8.8	9.7
$40,000 to $49,999	197,085	95,735	101,345	9.2	8.7	9.8
$50,000 to $59,999	165,620	83,910	81,715	7.8	7.7	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	133,590	71,965	61,620	6.3	6.6	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	108,865	60,590	48,275	5.1	5.5	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	96,690	51,705	44,980	4.5	4.7	4.3
$90,000 to $99,999	64,675	38,430	26,240	3.0	3.5	2.5
$100,000 and over	219,540	145,125	74,410	10.3	13.2	7.2
$100,000 to $124,999	97,855	61,455	36,400	4.6	5.6	3.5
$125,000 and over	121,680	83,670	38,010	5.7	7.6	3.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	2,993,185	1,459,995	1,533,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,812,680	1,368,675	1,444,005	94.0	93.7	94.2
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	41,600	34,400	37,600	41,600	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,813,765	1,368,890	1,444,875	94.0	93.8	94.2
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	36,400	31,000	33,600	36,400	31,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,536,920	1,259,105	1,277,815	84.8	86.2	83.3
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,000	30,000	34,800	40,000	30,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,110,045	1,082,140	1,027,900	70.5	74.1	67.0
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,800	32,800	36,400	40,800	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,142,820	960,575	1,182,250	71.6	65.8	77.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,520	3,320	7,950	5,520	3,320	7,950
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	239,445	118,775	120,670	8.0	8.1	7.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,960	4,400	5,640	4,960	4,400	5,640
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	2,993,080	1,460,135	1,532,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,812,765	1,368,820	1,443,945	94.0	93.7	94.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,960	58,500	43,800	50,960	58,500	43,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,813,890	1,369,060	1,444,830	94.0	93.8	94.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,760	45,320	36,480	40,760	45,320	36,480
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,535,495	1,258,705	1,276,790	84.7	86.2	83.3
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,240	58,150	40,480	49,240	58,150	40,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,109,315	1,082,060	1,027,250	70.5	74.1	67.0
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,320	56,450	41,840	49,320	56,450	41,840
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,142,535	959,315	1,183,220	71.6	65.7	77.2
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,630	7,220	9,770	8,630	7,220	9,770
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	239,220	118,400	120,820	8.0	8.1	7.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,310	5,700	8,890	7,310	5,700	8,890
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	2,993,075	1,460,135	1,532,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	987,050	530,340	456,710	33.0	36.3	29.8
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,200	62,400	52,000	57,200	62,400	52,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,300	80,500	60,650	71,300	80,500	60,650
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	830,990	405,255	425,740	27.8	27.8	27.8
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,800	25,200	21,000	22,800	25,200	21,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,360	37,440	29,480	33,360	37,440	29,480
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	87.2	91.4	81.8	87.2	91.4	81.8
Employment income (%)	72.6	76.2	68.0	72.6	76.2	68.0
Government transfers (%)	12.9	8.6	18.3	12.9	8.6	18.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.8	1.7	1.2	0.8	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	1,581,600	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...	75,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...	65,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	558,485	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,000	...	...	40,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	35,600	...	...	35,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	1,023,115	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	1,581,595	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	98,400	...	...	98,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,100	...	...	79,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	558,230	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,720	...	...	50,720	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,520	...	...	41,520	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	1,023,365	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	124,400	...	...	124,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,500	...	...	99,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	1,581,600	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	21,995	...	...	1.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	12,740	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	23,030	...	...	1.5	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	34,890	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	83,955	...	...	5.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	60,885	...	...	3.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	59,795	...	...	3.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	65,065	...	...	4.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	68,885	...	...	4.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	66,700	...	...	4.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	125,660	...	...	7.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	115,235	...	...	7.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	106,145	...	...	6.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	97,565	...	...	6.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	86,080	...	...	5.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	552,975	...	...	35.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	171,080	...	...	10.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	119,320	...	...	7.5	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	135,995	...	...	8.6	...	...
$200,000 and over	126,575	...	...	8.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	1,581,600	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	24,375	...	...	1.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	13,190	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	23,555	...	...	1.5	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	37,300	...	...	2.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	91,410	...	...	5.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	73,985	...	...	4.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	73,585	...	...	4.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	82,000	...	...	5.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	83,030	...	...	5.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	78,325	...	...	5.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	145,220	...	...	9.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	133,125	...	...	8.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	119,345	...	...	7.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	104,625	...	...	6.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	89,855	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	408,685	...	...	25.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	165,175	...	...	10.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	100,110	...	...	6.3	...	...
$150,000 and over	143,395	...	...	9.1	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	969,805	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	349,185	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,500	...	...	76,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	419,620	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...	130,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	171,030	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...	70,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,200	...	...	63,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	701,925	346,380	355,545	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	38,400	36,000	36,800	38,400	36,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	34,000	32,400	33,200	34,000	32,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	969,850	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,300	...	...	126,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,800	...	...	100,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	349,770	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,500	...	...	112,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,100	...	...	89,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	419,870	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	158,000	...	...	158,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,500	...	...	124,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	170,415	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,500	...	...	82,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	701,215	346,175	355,035	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,160	49,000	45,360	47,160	49,000	45,360
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,960	39,800	38,080	38,960	39,800	38,080
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	3,600,255	1,770,785	1,829,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	722,690	369,825	352,865	20.1	20.9	19.3
0 to 5 years	224,925	115,285	109,640	6.2	6.5	6.0
18 to 64 years	2,279,215	1,131,975	1,147,235	63.3	63.9	62.7
65 years and over	598,355	268,980	329,375	16.6	15.2	18.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	451,980	212,060	239,915	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	79,555	40,885	38,675	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	26,685	13,620	13,065	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	260,790	129,860	130,925	...	...	...
65 years and over	111,635	41,315	70,320	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.6	12.0	13.1	12.6	12.0	13.1
0 to 17 years (%)	11.0	11.1	11.0	11.0	11.1	11.0
0 to 5 years (%)	11.9	11.8	11.9	11.9	11.8	11.9
18 to 64 years (%)	11.4	11.5	11.4	11.4	11.5	11.4
65 years and over (%)	18.7	15.4	21.3	18.7	15.4	21.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	3,600,255	1,770,780	1,829,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	722,685	369,820	352,860	20.1	20.9	19.3
0 to 5 years	224,925	115,280	109,645	6.2	6.5	6.0
18 to 64 years	2,279,210	1,131,980	1,147,235	63.3	63.9	62.7
65 years and over	598,355	268,985	329,370	16.6	15.2	18.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	280,880	140,955	139,925	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	41,980	21,465	20,515	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	13,735	7,010	6,725	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	194,965	102,985	91,975	...	...	...
65 years and over	43,935	16,500	27,435	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.8	8.0	7.7	7.8	8.0	7.7
0 to 17 years (%)	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.8
0 to 5 years (%)	6.1	6.1	6.1	6.1	6.1	6.1
18 to 64 years (%)	8.6	9.1	8.0	8.6	9.1	8.0
65 years and over (%)	7.3	6.1	8.3	7.3	6.1	8.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	3,600,255	1,770,785	1,829,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	1,995,260	961,020	1,034,235	55.4	54.3	56.5
In bottom decile	406,630	197,055	209,575	11.3	11.1	11.5
In second decile	385,600	180,355	205,250	10.7	10.2	11.2
In third decile	412,585	198,355	214,225	11.5	11.2	11.7
In fourth decile	403,720	195,800	207,920	11.2	11.1	11.4
In fifth decile	386,730	189,465	197,265	10.7	10.7	10.8
In top half of the distribution	1,604,995	809,760	795,235	44.6	45.7	43.5
In sixth decile	365,260	181,430	183,825	10.1	10.2	10.0
In seventh decile	346,235	173,765	172,470	9.6	9.8	9.4
In eighth decile	321,125	162,175	158,955	8.9	9.2	8.7
In ninth decile	291,225	148,170	143,050	8.1	8.4	7.8
In top decile	281,155	144,220	136,930	7.8	8.1	7.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	3,600,255	...	...	3,600,255	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.359	...	...	0.359	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.482	...	...	0.482	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.303	...	...	0.303	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	3,634,730	1,783,480	1,851,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	331,560	169,900	161,655	9.1	9.5	8.7
French only	1,122,160	505,615	616,545	30.9	28.3	33.3
English and French	2,114,210	1,081,080	1,033,130	58.2	60.6	55.8
Neither English nor French	66,800	26,880	39,920	1.8	1.5	2.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	3,634,730	1,783,480	1,851,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	817,580	411,190	406,395	22.5	23.1	22.0
French	2,478,455	1,206,405	1,272,050	68.2	67.6	68.7
English and French	274,065	140,095	133,975	7.5	7.9	7.2
Neither English nor French	64,625	25,790	38,830	1.8	1.4	2.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	3,634,730	1,783,480	1,851,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	3,412,230	1,671,925	1,740,305	93.9	93.7	94.0
Official languages	2,451,015	1,205,680	1,245,340	67.4	67.6	67.3
English	435,035	219,555	215,485	12.0	12.3	11.6
French	2,015,975	986,120	1,029,855	55.5	55.3	55.6
Non-official languages	961,215	466,245	494,970	26.4	26.1	26.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	565	195	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	275	105	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	235	90	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	30	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	235	60	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	235	60	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	40	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	960,650	466,050	494,600	26.4	26.1	26.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	200,090	104,775	95,315	5.5	5.9	5.1
Berber languages	22,905	12,160	10,735	0.6	0.7	0.6
Kabyle	21,115	11,165	9,955	0.6	0.6	0.5
Tamazight	1,585	890	695	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	200	115	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	585	310	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	260	150	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	325	165	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	305	160	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	885	415	465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	845	395	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	175,410	91,720	83,690	4.8	5.1	4.5
Amharic	635	295	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	170,030	88,965	81,060	4.7	5.0	4.4
Aramaic languages	410	195	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	225	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	3,545	1,855	1,695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	750	385	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	33,660	15,470	18,195	0.9	0.9	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	7,535	3,425	4,105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	26,075	12,010	14,060	0.7	0.7	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	21,800	8,420	13,370	0.6	0.5	0.7
Bikol	125	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	385	150	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	865	320	545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	515	180	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	2,065	830	1,235	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	590	230	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	935	440	500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	615	280	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	320	160	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	215	90	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15,505	5,875	9,630	0.4	0.3	0.5
Waray-Waray	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	315	140	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	57,155	25,685	31,470	1.6	1.4	1.7
Haitian Creole	42,705	18,865	23,840	1.2	1.1	1.3
Jamaican English Creole	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	2,630	1,285	1,345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	100	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	11,250	5,270	5,980	0.3	0.3	0.3
Creole languages, n.i.e.	445	195	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	17,730	9,085	8,645	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kannada	365	215	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,655	870	785	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	13,895	6,845	7,055	0.4	0.4	0.4
Telugu	1,775	1,140	630	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	135	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	503,015	243,630	259,385	13.8	13.7	14.0
Albanian	2,770	1,390	1,375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	16,500	8,015	8,485	0.5	0.4	0.5
Balto-Slavic languages	54,280	24,220	30,060	1.5	1.4	1.6
Baltic languages	545	200	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	180	70	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	365	130	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	53,735	24,025	29,715	1.5	1.3	1.6
Belarusian	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	5,850	2,820	3,030	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	1,010	445	565	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	185	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10,050	4,280	5,765	0.3	0.2	0.3
Russian	26,795	11,890	14,905	0.7	0.7	0.8
Rusyn	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,405	2,150	2,255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	605	295	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	1,685	810	875	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	2,000	985	1,010	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	675	280	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	510	215	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	4,165	1,800	2,360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	85	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	18,780	9,130	9,650	0.5	0.5	0.5
Frisian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	16,150	7,825	8,325	0.4	0.4	0.4
German	6,820	3,075	3,745	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	405	200	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	8,925	4,550	4,375	0.2	0.3	0.2
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,755	870	885	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	120	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	1,460	740	715	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	175	70	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	805	400	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	235	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	390	195	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	32,645	15,845	16,800	0.9	0.9	0.9
Indo-Iranian languages	93,320	48,630	44,690	2.6	2.7	2.4
Indo-Aryan languages	59,715	31,780	27,940	1.6	1.8	1.5
Assamese	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	11,695	5,985	5,705	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	6,925	3,585	3,340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	5,115	2,910	2,210	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	475	265	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	405	210	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	22,920	12,510	10,410	0.6	0.7	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	640	325	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	10,810	5,590	5,220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	260	150	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	33,585	16,845	16,740	0.9	0.9	0.9
Baluchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	750	430	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,410	760	645	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	31,280	15,575	15,705	0.9	0.9	0.8
Dari	8,530	4,310	4,225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	20,245	10,030	10,215	0.6	0.6	0.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	2,500	1,235	1,265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	284,585	136,310	148,270	7.8	7.6	8.0
Catalan	230	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	85,560	40,930	44,635	2.4	2.3	2.4
Portuguese	32,165	15,330	16,835	0.9	0.9	0.9
Romanian	31,145	14,870	16,275	0.9	0.8	0.9
Spanish	135,315	64,990	70,320	3.7	3.6	3.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,230	665	1,565	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	6,150	2,655	3,495	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mongolian	205	85	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	20,155	9,995	10,165	0.6	0.6	0.5
Akan (Twi)	890	445	445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	1,045	550	495	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	570	305	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	1,885	950	940	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	120	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,725	785	940	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lingala	2,295	1,025	1,275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	240	125	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,175	995	1,180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	100	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	230	155	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,305	625	685	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	595	280	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	2,565	1,365	1,195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	760	400	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	3,175	1,640	1,540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	520	280	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	410	225	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	605	295	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	420	195	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	80,660	37,040	43,625	2.2	2.1	2.4
Chinese languages	80,415	36,930	43,480	2.2	2.1	2.3
Hakka	430	180	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	52,340	23,900	28,440	1.4	1.3	1.5
Min Dong	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,495	1,110	1,385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	755	345	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	23,040	10,725	12,320	0.6	0.6	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,250	625	625	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	195	85	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	70	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	3,835	1,660	2,180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	3,170	1,490	1,680	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	640	155	485	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	8,190	4,205	3,990	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	370	225	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	7,355	3,760	3,595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	185	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	125	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	4,375	1,980	2,395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	120	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	215	75	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	4,040	1,860	2,185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	130	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	222,500	111,555	110,945	6.1	6.3	6.0
English and French	71,870	36,655	35,210	2.0	2.1	1.9
English and non-official language(s)	43,230	21,440	21,785	1.2	1.2	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	74,590	36,990	37,600	2.1	2.1	2.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	24,790	12,690	12,100	0.7	0.7	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	8,020	3,770	4,245	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	3,634,730	1,783,480	1,851,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	450,990	226,055	224,935	12.4	12.7	12.2
French	1,866,700	912,135	954,565	51.4	51.1	51.6
Non-official language	299,165	142,360	156,800	8.2	8.0	8.5
Indigenous³⁹	100	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	299,065	142,315	156,750	8.2	8.0	8.5
English and French	286,580	147,055	139,525	7.9	8.2	7.5
English and non-official language(s)	177,705	88,260	89,440	4.9	4.9	4.8
French and non-official language(s)	293,395	139,420	153,975	8.1	7.8	8.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	242,555	119,910	122,645	6.7	6.7	6.6
Multiple non-official languages	17,635	8,275	9,355	0.5	0.5	0.5
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	3,634,730	1,783,480	1,851,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	3,364,170	1,650,650	1,713,520	92.6	92.6	92.6
Official languages	2,818,635	1,387,495	1,431,140	77.5	77.8	77.3
English	647,400	323,770	323,630	17.8	18.2	17.5
French	2,171,235	1,063,730	1,107,505	59.7	59.6	59.8
Non-official languages	545,540	263,150	282,385	15.0	14.8	15.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	195	80	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	90	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	75	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	545,345	263,075	282,270	15.0	14.8	15.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	101,125	51,605	49,520	2.8	2.9	2.7
Berber languages	9,475	4,975	4,500	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kabyle	8,765	4,595	4,165	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tamazight	570	310	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	220	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	405	190	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	385	175	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	90,830	46,240	44,585	2.5	2.6	2.4
Amharic	310	145	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	88,265	44,965	43,295	2.4	2.5	2.3
Aramaic languages	290	140	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	135	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,475	735	735	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	465	240	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	22,695	10,545	12,150	0.6	0.6	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	4,375	1,975	2,400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	18,295	8,555	9,735	0.5	0.5	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	12,195	5,260	6,935	0.3	0.3	0.4
Bikol	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	195	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	495	210	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	290	120	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	1,155	500	655	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	240	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	295	160	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	9,125	3,875	5,250	0.3	0.2	0.3
Waray-Waray	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	25,120	10,970	14,150	0.7	0.6	0.8
Haitian Creole	18,315	7,775	10,545	0.5	0.4	0.6
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	1,410	675	740	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5,165	2,415	2,750	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	185	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	13,475	6,765	6,710	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	190	105	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,145	610	535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	11,050	5,370	5,675	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	1,075	665	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	286,705	138,245	148,455	7.9	7.8	8.0
Albanian	1,615	795	815	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	12,140	5,780	6,360	0.3	0.3	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	32,200	15,145	17,055	0.9	0.8	0.9
Baltic languages	130	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	32,070	15,090	16,975	0.9	0.8	0.9
Belarusian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	3,985	1,960	2,025	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	295	135	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	4,025	1,760	2,265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	19,395	9,155	10,240	0.5	0.5	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,940	935	1,000	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	310	150	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	620	285	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	965	485	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	170	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	135	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,990	940	1,055	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	30	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	9,125	4,675	4,450	0.3	0.3	0.2
Frisian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	8,715	4,480	4,230	0.2	0.3	0.2
German	1,020	475	545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	7,650	3,985	3,665	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	260	125	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	180	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	130	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	14,840	6,815	8,020	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	68,770	35,215	33,560	1.9	2.0	1.8
Indo-Aryan languages	44,075	23,080	20,990	1.2	1.3	1.1
Assamese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	8,480	4,215	4,265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	4,550	2,325	2,225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	3,320	1,810	1,510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	95	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	230	125	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	265	135	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	18,615	10,115	8,505	0.5	0.6	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	370	195	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	7,925	4,005	3,920	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	24,685	12,125	12,565	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	405	210	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,040	555	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	23,155	11,315	11,840	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dari	6,020	2,995	3,030	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	15,420	7,505	7,920	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,710	815	895	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	147,960	69,785	78,170	4.1	3.9	4.2
Catalan	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	25,575	10,855	14,725	0.7	0.6	0.8
Portuguese	16,115	7,645	8,470	0.4	0.4	0.5
Romanian	19,680	9,630	10,050	0.5	0.5	0.5
Spanish	86,430	41,580	44,845	2.4	2.3	2.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	970	390	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	4,475	2,000	2,470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	5,985	2,895	3,090	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	445	215	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	300	145	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	615	315	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	485	205	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	725	320	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	775	365	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	100	70	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	460	235	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	145	55	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	980	525	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	440	200	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	175	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	150	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	1,110	620	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	215	115	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	640	345	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	250	165	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	62,330	29,325	33,010	1.7	1.6	1.8
Chinese languages	62,200	29,265	32,940	1.7	1.6	1.8
Hakka	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	43,085	20,355	22,730	1.2	1.1	1.2
Min Dong	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,455	650	805	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	515	250	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	16,220	7,550	8,670	0.4	0.4	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	760	380	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,980	930	1,050	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	1,775	850	920	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	200	75	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	5,435	2,720	2,715	0.1	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	160	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	5,055	2,530	2,525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,325	585	740	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,280	565	720	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	270,560	132,830	137,730	7.4	7.4	7.4
English and French	87,655	44,105	43,550	2.4	2.5	2.4
English and non-official language(s)	52,510	25,545	26,965	1.4	1.4	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	93,075	44,975	48,095	2.6	2.5	2.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	34,640	16,950	17,695	1.0	1.0	1.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,680	1,255	1,430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	3,634,725	1,783,480	1,851,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	2,821,605	1,381,225	1,440,375	77.6	77.4	77.8
English	213,110	109,100	104,005	5.9	6.1	5.6
French	192,735	94,345	98,390	5.3	5.3	5.3
Non-official language	219,825	105,365	114,460	6.0	5.9	6.2
Indigenous³⁹	235	90	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	219,595	105,275	114,320	6.0	5.9	6.2
English and French	54,300	27,450	26,845	1.5	1.5	1.5
English and non-official language(s)	61,730	31,100	30,625	1.7	1.7	1.7
French and non-official language(s)	49,115	23,710	25,405	1.4	1.3	1.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,490	3,260	3,230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	15,825	7,915	7,905	0.4	0.4	0.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	3,600,025	1,770,730	1,829,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	3,533,570	1,743,765	1,789,810	98.2	98.5	97.8
English	2,430,015	1,244,840	1,185,175	67.5	70.3	64.8
French	3,206,155	1,575,170	1,630,985	89.1	89.0	89.2
Non-official languages	1,461,465	708,880	752,575	40.6	40.0	41.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,125	455	665	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	505	240	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	365	160	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	220	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	115	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	105	30	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	115	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	440	115	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	435	110	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	80	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,460,545	708,540	752,005	40.6	40.0	41.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	334,205	173,315	160,895	9.3	9.8	8.8
Berber languages	35,495	18,665	16,830	1.0	1.1	0.9
Kabyle	31,930	16,735	15,190	0.9	0.9	0.8
Tamazight	3,195	1,745	1,445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	815	425	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	1,870	985	885	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hausa	820	480	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	1,055	500	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	1,140	580	560	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,345	635	705	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,290	605	685	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	316,230	163,950	152,285	8.8	9.3	8.3
Amharic	995	490	500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	297,230	154,330	142,900	8.3	8.7	7.8
Aramaic languages	740	350	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	165	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	505	230	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	18,305	9,430	8,875	0.5	0.5	0.5
Maltese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	960	470	485	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	115	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	44,755	20,955	23,805	1.2	1.2	1.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	11,065	5,120	5,945	0.3	0.3	0.3
Vietnamese	34,415	16,195	18,220	1.0	0.9	1.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	34,685	13,680	21,010	1.0	0.8	1.1
Bikol	275	120	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	555	240	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,590	540	1,045	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,030	385	650	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	3,670	1,515	2,155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	1,140	485	660	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	85	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	1,820	920	900	0.1	0.1	0.0
Merina	1,295	660	635	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	530	265	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	505	235	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	420	190	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	190	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	29,835	11,410	18,425	0.8	0.6	1.0
Waray-Waray	185	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,295	515	775	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	121,695	55,510	66,190	3.4	3.1	3.6
Haitian Creole	107,895	48,775	59,110	3.0	2.8	3.2
Jamaican English Creole	305	155	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5,825	2,950	2,870	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sango	320	170	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	16,560	7,720	8,835	0.5	0.4	0.5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,180	955	1,220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages	24,415	12,530	11,885	0.7	0.7	0.6
Kannada	875	500	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	2,305	1,210	1,100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	19,450	9,640	9,810	0.5	0.5	0.5
Telugu	3,090	1,940	1,150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	235	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	784,620	381,025	403,590	21.8	21.5	22.1
Albanian	3,710	1,910	1,795	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	21,360	10,400	10,960	0.6	0.6	0.6
Balto-Slavic languages	75,495	35,315	40,185	2.1	2.0	2.2
Baltic languages	870	360	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	315	130	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	555	230	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	74,875	35,045	39,825	2.1	2.0	2.2
Belarusian	285	120	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	7,050	3,440	3,615	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	1,615	745	870	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	395	175	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	13,300	5,910	7,390	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	46,170	21,760	24,410	1.3	1.2	1.3
Rusyn	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	5,990	2,960	3,030	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	1,025	510	515	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	2,995	1,475	1,520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	2,775	1,355	1,420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	1,150	525	625	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	665	275	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	8,255	3,670	4,590	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	415	235	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	180	100	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	115	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	45,845	23,095	22,750	1.3	1.3	1.2
Frisian	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	40,995	20,860	20,130	1.1	1.2	1.1
German	28,335	14,475	13,855	0.8	0.8	0.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	555	240	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	12,635	6,410	6,220	0.4	0.4	0.3
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,770	1,850	1,920	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	460	215	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	3,005	1,510	1,500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	350	150	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	2,275	1,115	1,160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	620	285	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	470	250	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	1,310	670	645	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	125	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	47,725	23,400	24,330	1.3	1.3	1.3
Indo-Iranian languages	124,720	65,235	59,490	3.5	3.7	3.3
Indo-Aryan languages	85,475	45,540	39,935	2.4	2.6	2.2
Assamese	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	15,430	7,900	7,530	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	10,335	5,440	4,895	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	33,800	18,130	15,670	0.9	1.0	0.9
Kacchi	360	150	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	225	125	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	1,080	575	500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	670	355	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	32,980	17,905	15,075	0.9	1.0	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	225	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,465	780	685	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	19,900	10,575	9,325	0.6	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	735	425	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	41,575	20,980	20,585	1.2	1.2	1.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,285	745	540	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	115	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	2,050	1,120	925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	38,790	19,505	19,285	1.1	1.1	1.1
Dari	10,485	5,455	5,030	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	25,055	12,500	12,555	0.7	0.7	0.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	3,645	1,785	1,860	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	190	105	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	150	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	501,035	238,565	262,470	13.9	13.5	14.3
Catalan	890	530	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	149,950	72,935	77,015	4.2	4.1	4.2
Portuguese	50,045	25,040	25,005	1.4	1.4	1.4
Romanian	38,165	18,370	19,795	1.1	1.0	1.1
Spanish	300,785	140,635	160,140	8.4	7.9	8.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	725	395	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	210	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	6,735	3,215	3,520	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	8,210	3,530	4,680	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	280	105	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	48,565	24,330	24,235	1.3	1.4	1.3
Akan (Twi)	2,090	1,120	965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	2,425	1,245	1,180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	300	150	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	1,460	855	600	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	4,030	2,060	1,970	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	340	205	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	635	365	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	2,890	1,360	1,530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	10,660	5,050	5,610	0.3	0.3	0.3
Luba-Kasai	870	410	465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	940	500	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	3,450	1,565	1,890	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	295	180	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	505	330	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5,525	2,680	2,845	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	1,405	705	705	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	6,685	3,570	3,115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	2,720	1,380	1,345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	11,185	5,730	5,450	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,035	540	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,020	540	485	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	595	330	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	3,720	1,640	2,085	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	940	405	535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	2,520	1,050	1,475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	575	350	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	97,440	45,235	52,205	2.7	2.6	2.9
Chinese languages	97,135	45,120	52,020	2.7	2.5	2.8
Hakka	760	345	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	72,370	33,370	39,000	2.0	1.9	2.1
Min Dong	60	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	3,885	1,660	2,225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,165	515	650	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	32,155	14,660	17,495	0.9	0.8	1.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,320	690	630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	215	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	300	105	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	100	10	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	155	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	5,675	2,525	3,150	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	4,550	2,150	2,405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	1,775	655	1,125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	15,865	7,895	7,970	0.4	0.4	0.4
Azerbaijani	835	480	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	14,530	7,205	7,325	0.4	0.4	0.4
Uyghur	300	130	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	275	135	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	310	145	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	6,305	2,775	3,530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	180	70	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	380	175	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	5,750	2,530	3,220	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	650	340	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	3,600,025	1,770,730	1,829,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	35,225	16,470	18,750	1.0	0.9	1.0
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	32,715	15,300	17,410	0.9	0.9	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian)	19,140	8,785	10,355	0.5	0.5	0.6
Métis	12,580	6,160	6,420	0.3	0.3	0.4
Inuk (Inuit)	990	350	635	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	645	295	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,865	875	990	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	3,564,805	1,754,260	1,810,545	99.0	99.1	99.0
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	3,600,025	1,770,730	1,829,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	7,600	3,560	4,035	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	3,592,425	1,767,170	1,825,255	99.8	99.8	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	1,581,595	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	821,220	...	...	51.9	...	...
Renter	760,380	...	...	48.1	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	1,581,595	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	316,840	...	...	20.0	...	...
Not condominium	1,264,760	...	...	80.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	1,581,595	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	21,885	...	...	1.4	...	...
1 bedroom	344,605	...	...	21.8	...	...
2 bedrooms	505,175	...	...	31.9	...	...
3 bedrooms	452,175	...	...	28.6	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	257,755	...	...	16.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	1,581,595	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	716,475	...	...	45.3	...	...
5 rooms	268,900	...	...	17.0	...	...
6 rooms	154,420	...	...	9.8	...	...
7 rooms	141,060	...	...	8.9	...	...
8 or more rooms	300,745	...	...	19.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.3	...	...	5.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	1,581,595	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,545,115	...	...	97.7	...	...
More than one person per room	36,485	...	...	2.3	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	1,581,595	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	1,482,030	...	...	93.7	...	...
Not suitable	99,570	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	1,581,595	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	398,945	...	...	25.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	486,500	...	...	30.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	214,220	...	...	13.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	149,040	...	...	9.4	...	...
2001 to 2005	84,230	...	...	5.3	...	...
2006 to 2010	87,210	...	...	5.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	77,155	...	...	4.9	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	84,305	...	...	5.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	1,581,595	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	1,471,490	...	...	93.0	...	...
Major repairs needed	110,100	...	...	7.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	1,581,595	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	879,930	...	...	55.6	...	...
Two-maintainer household	649,345	...	...	41.1	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	52,320	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	1,581,595	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	51,925	...	...	3.3	...	...
25 to 34 years	242,470	...	...	15.3	...	...
35 to 44 years	296,735	...	...	18.8	...	...
45 to 54 years	290,640	...	...	18.4	...	...
55 to 64 years	297,510	...	...	18.8	...	...
65 to 74 years	227,025	...	...	14.4	...	...
75 to 84 years	128,745	...	...	8.1	...	...
85 years and over	46,545	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	1,572,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,251,495	...	...	79.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	320,625	...	...	20.4	...	...
30% to less than 100%	286,915	...	...	18.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	1,581,595	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	482,500	...	...	30.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	282,810	...	...	17.9	...	...
Not suitable only	76,575	...	...	4.8	...	...
Major repairs needed only	76,460	...	...	4.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	13,010	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	23,665	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	8,840	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,145	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	1,099,100	...	...	69.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	1,538,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	125,775	...	...	8.2	...	...
Not in core need	1,412,635	...	...	91.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	821,130	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	64.3	...	...	64.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	13.4	...	...	13.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,330	...	...	1,330	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,452	...	...	1,452	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	448,000	...	...	448,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	524,500	...	...	524,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	760,370	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.9	...	...	7.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.0	...	...	28.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.4	...	...	14.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	890	...	...	890	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	989	...	...	989	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	3,600,020	1,770,730	1,829,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	23,805	10,760	13,050	0.7	0.6	0.7
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	23,410	10,575	12,830	0.7	0.6	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	20,220	9,185	11,030	0.6	0.5	0.6
Métis single ancestry	2,620	1,205	1,410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	570	185	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	400	180	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	280	140	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	110	25	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	61,410	28,230	33,175	1.7	1.6	1.8
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	60,955	28,060	32,890	1.7	1.6	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	54,995	25,295	29,695	1.5	1.4	1.6
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,270	2,510	2,760	0.1	0.1	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	695	255	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	455	170	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	400	150	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	3,514,805	1,731,740	1,783,070	97.6	97.8	97.5
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	3,600,025	1,770,730	1,829,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	3,198,035	1,567,155	1,630,880	88.8	88.5	89.2
Canadian citizens aged under 18	664,330	339,720	324,605	18.5	19.2	17.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	2,533,700	1,227,435	1,306,265	70.4	69.3	71.4
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	401,990	203,575	198,415	11.2	11.5	10.8
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	3,600,025	1,770,730	1,829,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	2,458,135	1,209,280	1,248,850	68.3	68.3	68.3
Immigrants⁸¹	982,605	475,065	507,540	27.3	26.8	27.7
Before 1980	154,655	74,110	80,545	4.3	4.2	4.4
1980 to 1990	106,550	52,625	53,925	3.0	3.0	2.9
1991 to 2000	160,970	77,295	83,675	4.5	4.4	4.6
2001 to 2010	250,550	120,350	130,200	7.0	6.8	7.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	309,875	150,680	159,195	8.6	8.5	8.7
2011 to 2015	152,540	73,565	78,975	4.2	4.2	4.3
2016 to 2021	157,335	77,115	80,220	4.4	4.4	4.4
Non-permanent residents⁸³	159,290	86,390	72,905	4.4	4.9	4.0
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	982,600	475,065	507,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	85,240	43,090	42,155	8.7	9.1	8.3
5 to 14 years	161,005	81,290	79,715	16.4	17.1	15.7
15 to 24 years	176,570	78,825	97,745	18.0	16.6	19.3
25 to 44 years	485,185	237,555	247,635	49.4	50.0	48.8
45 years and over	74,600	34,300	40,300	7.6	7.2	7.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	982,600	475,065	507,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	213,785	98,280	115,505	21.8	20.7	22.8
Brazil	6,820	3,195	3,625	0.7	0.7	0.7
Colombia	17,770	8,135	9,635	1.8	1.7	1.9
El Salvador	9,810	4,930	4,880	1.0	1.0	1.0
Guyana	2,135	970	1,160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	77,875	34,455	43,415	7.9	7.3	8.6
Jamaica	3,850	1,585	2,265	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mexico	13,440	6,245	7,200	1.4	1.3	1.4
Peru	12,035	5,480	6,555	1.2	1.2	1.3
Trinidad and Tobago	3,330	1,480	1,850	0.3	0.3	0.4
United States of America	16,995	8,635	8,360	1.7	1.8	1.6
Other places of birth in Americas	49,725	23,165	26,565	5.1	4.9	5.2
Europe	232,865	113,935	118,930	23.7	24.0	23.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,180	595	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	1,365	720	640	0.1	0.2	0.1
France	58,550	30,985	27,565	6.0	6.5	5.4
Germany	5,355	2,575	2,780	0.5	0.5	0.5
Greece	15,420	7,295	8,120	1.6	1.5	1.6
Hungary	2,510	1,200	1,310	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	40,870	19,990	20,885	4.2	4.2	4.1
Netherlands	975	570	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	7,860	3,350	4,510	0.8	0.7	0.9
Portugal	13,885	6,625	7,260	1.4	1.4	1.4
Romania	23,600	11,050	12,550	2.4	2.3	2.5
Russian Federation	9,820	4,065	5,755	1.0	0.9	1.1
Serbia⁸⁶	1,130	550	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	7,915	3,535	4,375	0.8	0.7	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	8,475	4,445	4,025	0.9	0.9	0.8
Other places of birth in Europe	33,950	16,385	17,565	3.5	3.4	3.5
Africa	234,835	119,170	115,660	23.9	25.1	22.8
Algeria	64,865	33,215	31,655	6.6	7.0	6.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	9,710	4,535	5,180	1.0	1.0	1.0
Egypt	18,820	9,645	9,180	1.9	2.0	1.8
Eritrea	550	270	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	855	405	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	58,685	29,300	29,390	6.0	6.2	5.8
Nigeria	1,750	945	800	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somalia	485	245	240	0.0	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	740	440	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	78,370	40,175	38,195	8.0	8.5	7.5
Asia	299,825	142,945	156,885	30.5	30.1	30.9
Afghanistan	7,595	3,835	3,760	0.8	0.8	0.7
Iran⁸⁸	18,555	9,130	9,430	1.9	1.9	1.9
Iraq	3,295	1,725	1,565	0.3	0.4	0.3
Lebanon	38,045	20,245	17,800	3.9	4.3	3.5
Syria⁸⁹	24,255	12,265	11,990	2.5	2.6	2.4
Turkey	6,680	3,400	3,275	0.7	0.7	0.6
China⁹⁰	47,235	20,995	26,235	4.8	4.4	5.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	4,680	2,280	2,405	0.5	0.5	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	4,480	1,970	2,515	0.5	0.4	0.5
Taiwan	2,225	915	1,315	0.2	0.2	0.3
Philippines	28,425	10,865	17,560	2.9	2.3	3.5
Viet Nam	23,340	10,610	12,730	2.4	2.2	2.5
Bangladesh	8,505	4,265	4,240	0.9	0.9	0.8
India	23,545	12,010	11,540	2.4	2.5	2.3
Pakistan	10,420	5,505	4,920	1.1	1.2	1.0
Sri Lanka	10,610	5,185	5,425	1.1	1.1	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	37,940	17,750	20,185	3.9	3.7	4.0
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,295	735	560	0.1	0.2	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	157,335	77,115	80,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	24,240	11,745	12,495	15.4	15.2	15.6
Brazil	1,800	805	1,000	1.1	1.0	1.2
Colombia	2,730	1,260	1,475	1.7	1.6	1.8
Haiti	7,600	3,710	3,895	4.8	4.8	4.9
Jamaica	170	90	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexico	1,930	950	980	1.2	1.2	1.2
United States of America	3,375	1,805	1,570	2.1	2.3	2.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,465	585	880	0.9	0.8	1.1
Other places of birth in Americas	5,170	2,540	2,630	3.3	3.3	3.3
Europe	24,425	12,600	11,825	15.5	16.3	14.7
France	14,620	7,835	6,780	9.3	10.2	8.5
Germany	370	195	175	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	85	70	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italy	555	340	220	0.4	0.4	0.3
Russian Federation	1,115	425	695	0.7	0.6	0.9
Ukraine	1,260	565	695	0.8	0.7	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	690	420	265	0.4	0.5	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	5,730	2,745	2,985	3.6	3.6	3.7
Africa	49,615	24,305	25,305	31.5	31.5	31.5
Algeria	12,570	6,060	6,510	8.0	7.9	8.1
Burundi	1,155	590	565	0.7	0.8	0.7
Cameroon	5,485	2,625	2,855	3.5	3.4	3.6
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	2,230	1,005	1,225	1.4	1.3	1.5
Côte d'Ivoire	2,960	1,480	1,485	1.9	1.9	1.9
Egypt	2,140	1,120	1,025	1.4	1.5	1.3
Eritrea	290	160	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ethiopia	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	7,605	3,530	4,070	4.8	4.6	5.1
Nigeria	840	465	380	0.5	0.6	0.5
Somalia	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	145	85	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudan⁹⁷	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	4,950	2,505	2,445	3.1	3.2	3.0
Other places of birth in Africa	8,975	4,550	4,425	5.7	5.9	5.5
Asia	58,655	28,195	30,465	37.3	36.6	38.0
Afghanistan	1,595	785	805	1.0	1.0	1.0
Bangladesh	1,130	530	595	0.7	0.7	0.7
China⁹⁰	9,870	4,315	5,560	6.3	5.6	6.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	7,960	4,185	3,780	5.1	5.4	4.7
Iran⁸⁸	3,890	1,785	2,100	2.5	2.3	2.6
Iraq	505	300	205	0.3	0.4	0.3
Israel	355	185	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japan	265	60	200	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jordan	460	230	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	1,195	510	680	0.8	0.7	0.8
Lebanon	3,140	1,690	1,445	2.0	2.2	1.8
Nepal	205	125	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Pakistan	1,780	945	835	1.1	1.2	1.0
Philippines	7,200	3,040	4,160	4.6	3.9	5.2
Saudi Arabia	1,255	735	525	0.8	1.0	0.7
Sri Lanka	685	305	385	0.4	0.4	0.5
Syria⁸⁹	11,475	5,930	5,545	7.3	7.7	6.9
Turkey	675	380	300	0.4	0.5	0.4
United Arab Emirates	895	465	430	0.6	0.6	0.5
Viet Nam	1,385	550	835	0.9	0.7	1.0
Other places of birth in Asia	2,615	1,085	1,530	1.7	1.4	1.9
Oceania and other⁹³	400	265	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Australia	250	160	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth⁹⁸	150	105	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	3,600,025	1,770,735	1,829,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,175,840	577,455	598,390	32.7	32.6	32.7
Second generation¹⁰¹	678,110	341,415	336,695	18.8	19.3	18.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	1,746,070	851,860	894,210	48.5	48.1	48.9
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	827,945	400,950	427,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	459,310	236,705	222,605	55.5	59.0	52.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	219,565	130,185	89,385	26.5	32.5	20.9
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	239,745	106,525	133,220	29.0	26.6	31.2
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	219,770	88,115	131,655	26.5	22.0	30.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	135,120	69,635	65,485	16.3	17.4	15.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	13,750	6,490	7,260	1.7	1.6	1.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	827,945	400,950	427,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	79,105	41,790	37,310	9.6	10.4	8.7
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	75,970	36,565	39,405	9.2	9.1	9.2
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	19,895	10,570	9,325	2.4	2.6	2.2
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	37,360	21,095	16,265	4.5	5.3	3.8
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	7,420	2,895	4,525	0.9	0.7	1.1
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	608,200	288,040	320,160	73.5	71.8	75.0
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	3,600,025	1,770,730	1,829,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,103,500	543,145	560,350	30.7	30.7	30.6
South Asian	118,775	62,345	56,430	3.3	3.5	3.1
Chinese	101,415	46,450	54,965	2.8	2.6	3.0
Black	322,720	156,255	166,470	9.0	8.8	9.1
Filipino	39,295	16,610	22,685	1.1	0.9	1.2
Arab	240,285	125,150	115,135	6.7	7.1	6.3
Latin American	131,400	64,045	67,355	3.6	3.6	3.7
Southeast Asian	59,250	28,225	31,030	1.6	1.6	1.7
West Asian	38,635	19,440	19,190	1.1	1.1	1.0
Korean	8,835	4,050	4,790	0.2	0.2	0.3
Japanese	4,035	1,625	2,410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	9,335	4,615	4,715	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	29,510	14,330	15,175	0.8	0.8	0.8
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	2,496,525	1,227,585	1,268,940	69.3	69.3	69.4
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	3,600,025	1,770,730	1,829,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	651,840	314,365	337,475	18.1	17.8	18.4
English	90,155	44,935	45,220	2.5	2.5	2.5
Irish	176,905	84,405	92,495	4.9	4.8	5.1
Scottish	94,660	45,435	49,225	2.6	2.6	2.7
French, n.o.s.¹²²	671,060	336,250	334,815	18.6	19.0	18.3
German	62,820	30,180	32,645	1.7	1.7	1.8
Chinese	108,530	49,945	58,595	3.0	2.8	3.2
Italian	247,200	122,390	124,805	6.9	6.9	6.8
Indian (India)	56,680	29,665	27,015	1.6	1.7	1.5
Ukrainian	28,145	13,465	14,675	0.8	0.8	0.8
Dutch	11,960	5,865	6,095	0.3	0.3	0.3
Polish	45,640	22,115	23,535	1.3	1.2	1.3
Québécois	272,850	134,900	137,950	7.6	7.6	7.5
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	23,530	11,785	11,750	0.7	0.7	0.6
Filipino	37,935	16,025	21,910	1.1	0.9	1.2
French Canadian	164,200	79,260	84,945	4.6	4.5	4.6
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	44,655	22,555	22,095	1.2	1.3	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	37,655	17,305	20,350	1.0	1.0	1.1
Métis	8,615	4,030	4,585	0.2	0.2	0.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	43,460	22,010	21,450	1.2	1.2	1.2
Russian	38,765	18,080	20,685	1.1	1.0	1.1
Norwegian	3,940	1,905	2,035	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	6,695	3,280	3,410	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	47,680	23,645	24,035	1.3	1.3	1.3
American	22,555	10,735	11,815	0.6	0.6	0.6
Spanish	55,015	27,020	28,000	1.5	1.5	1.5
Swedish	4,090	1,955	2,140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	17,955	8,635	9,320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Acadian	27,170	12,375	14,800	0.8	0.7	0.8
Pakistani	15,640	8,270	7,365	0.4	0.5	0.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	54,140	26,690	27,445	1.5	1.5	1.5
Jewish	52,950	26,645	26,300	1.5	1.5	1.4
Punjabi	8,410	4,870	3,545	0.2	0.3	0.2
Vietnamese	39,860	19,120	20,745	1.1	1.1	1.1
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	89,140	46,800	42,345	2.5	2.6	2.3
Greek	62,480	31,305	31,175	1.7	1.8	1.7
Jamaican	9,175	4,310	4,865	0.3	0.2	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	13,740	6,295	7,455	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,695	795	895	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	9,070	4,155	4,915	0.3	0.2	0.3
Romanian	39,450	19,150	20,300	1.1	1.1	1.1
Lebanese	67,155	34,720	32,430	1.9	2.0	1.8
Iranian	23,240	11,490	11,750	0.6	0.6	0.6
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	27,180	13,510	13,675	0.8	0.8	0.7
Danish	3,055	1,435	1,625	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	8,200	3,740	4,460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sikh	5,035	2,690	2,340	0.1	0.2	0.1
Austrian	7,455	3,550	3,905	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belgian	23,755	11,745	12,005	0.7	0.7	0.7
Haitian	137,585	64,510	73,075	3.8	3.6	4.0
Hindu	8,405	4,530	3,875	0.2	0.3	0.2
Mexican	24,715	12,140	12,580	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mennonite	475	235	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	10,600	5,280	5,315	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	1,875	815	1,055	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sri Lankan	11,875	5,895	5,985	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatian	4,605	2,280	2,315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	5,675	2,380	3,290	0.2	0.1	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,800	1,450	1,350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	5,010	2,195	2,815	0.1	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	2,160	1,105	1,050	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	13,965	7,260	6,705	0.4	0.4	0.4
Egyptian	26,795	13,860	12,930	0.7	0.8	0.7
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	21,130	10,620	10,510	0.6	0.6	0.6
Tamil	7,405	3,545	3,865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	605	350	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	24,295	11,470	12,825	0.7	0.6	0.7
Moroccan	68,535	34,760	33,780	1.9	2.0	1.8
Czech	4,240	2,005	2,230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	27,465	13,650	13,810	0.8	0.8	0.8
Guyanese	2,770	1,295	1,475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	10,515	5,515	5,000	0.3	0.3	0.3
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	11,460	5,495	5,965	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	3,205	1,575	1,630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	370	175	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	750	395	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	1,795	800	995	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ontarian	1,855	920	935	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	7,475	3,940	3,530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	4,725	2,405	2,320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	13,410	6,705	6,700	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	1,435	505	925	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	10,475	5,320	5,160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algerian	58,060	29,870	28,190	1.6	1.7	1.5
Brazilian	11,090	5,335	5,755	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigerian	2,540	1,225	1,320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	28,395	13,970	14,425	0.8	0.8	0.8
Slovak	2,930	1,380	1,545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	6,025	2,880	3,145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	1,390	670	720	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	3,185	1,465	1,725	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	3,695	1,930	1,760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	14,550	7,230	7,320	0.4	0.4	0.4
African Caribbean	8,000	3,675	4,325	0.2	0.2	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,965	1,325	1,640	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	5,200	2,805	2,395	0.1	0.2	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	7,485	3,190	4,300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquin	4,890	2,255	2,635	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	2,815	1,235	1,580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	4,115	1,840	2,275	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	830	410	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	1,205	620	590	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	5,855	3,105	2,750	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chilean	11,375	5,635	5,740	0.3	0.3	0.3
Congolese	14,945	7,265	7,675	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nova Scotian	810	390	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	1,180	610	575	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	5,205	2,600	2,605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	16,180	7,605	8,580	0.4	0.4	0.5
Yoruba	2,375	1,280	1,100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	14,720	6,945	7,775	0.4	0.4	0.4
Berber	31,355	16,600	14,755	0.9	0.9	0.8
Albanian	3,925	2,030	1,895	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	605	320	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	565	275	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	1,890	865	1,025	0.1	0.0	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	3,575	1,970	1,600	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	2,210	1,025	1,185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	1,290	685	605	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	715	360	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	2,200	1,070	1,130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	6,335	3,255	3,075	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mohawk	2,795	1,310	1,485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,135	540	590	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	7,855	3,865	3,990	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	225	85	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	2,845	1,520	1,330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	4,095	2,030	2,070	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	2,355	1,200	1,160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,385	755	635	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	18,340	9,985	8,355	0.5	0.6	0.5
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	2,240	1,065	1,175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	7,060	3,605	3,450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	840	430	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	7,235	3,330	3,905	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	3,730	1,635	2,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	1,270	600	675	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	4,305	2,115	2,190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	11,850	5,855	5,995	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guatemalan	7,760	3,940	3,820	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	1,465	640	820	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	5,930	2,935	2,990	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ilocano	1,360	650	710	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	645	320	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	915	455	460	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	145	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	1,955	925	1,030	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	1,420	755	665	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	4,600	2,315	2,280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	640	325	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	2,265	1,290	975	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	595	290	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	1,920	960	955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	4,485	2,325	2,150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	2,030	730	1,300	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	8,760	4,075	4,690	0.2	0.2	0.3
Nepali	595	330	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	17,355	8,930	8,425	0.5	0.5	0.5
Assyrian	760	355	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	780	475	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	2,150	1,020	1,135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	175	105	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	4,070	1,765	2,310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	8,230	4,055	4,180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	2,770	1,330	1,440	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	370	225	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	450	200	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	6,785	3,285	3,505	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	95	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	710	330	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	8,750	4,625	4,125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Huron (Wendat)	3,385	1,630	1,760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	1,165	525	645	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	4,655	2,085	2,570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	3,585	1,775	1,805	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	400	170	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	5,765	2,830	2,940	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saulteaux	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	3,590	1,670	1,920	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	395	220	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	1,995	1,035	960	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	4,405	2,340	2,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	355	165	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	2,760	1,120	1,640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jordanian	1,245	705	545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	210	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	95	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	3,330	1,580	1,755	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	1,275	495	780	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	420	225	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	260	115	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	460	215	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	2,685	1,415	1,270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	3,365	1,595	1,770	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	340	155	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	390	185	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	865	430	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	4,995	2,515	2,480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	895	455	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	1,625	860	765	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	730	395	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	405	190	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	270	125	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	2,615	1,310	1,305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibetan	210	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	290	155	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	305	135	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	855	390	465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	1,365	610	755	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	740	350	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	4,265	2,145	2,125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	165	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	145	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	255	135	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	680	370	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	2,995	1,425	1,570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	875	440	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	1,865	980	885	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	1,480	825	660	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	970	505	465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	1,220	670	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	340	130	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	4,040	2,055	1,990	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	3,935	2,000	1,935	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	420	175	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	575	195	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	3,155	1,740	1,415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	270	170	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	365	180	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	1,170	650	520	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	335	160	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	2,895	1,405	1,485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	280	155	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	150	90	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	420	195	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	500	220	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	200	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	3,600,025	1,770,730	1,829,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	41,255	18,330	22,925	1.1	1.0	1.3
Christian	2,027,890	955,535	1,072,355	56.3	54.0	58.6
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	222,160	107,800	114,360	6.2	6.1	6.3
Anabaptist	460	190	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	20,050	9,045	11,005	0.6	0.5	0.6
Baptist	21,315	9,935	11,380	0.6	0.6	0.6
Catholic	1,507,115	709,175	797,940	41.9	40.0	43.6
Christian Orthodox	130,440	63,140	67,295	3.6	3.6	3.7
Jehovah's Witness	12,575	5,180	7,395	0.3	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	2,755	1,245	1,510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	3,060	1,390	1,665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,550	730	820	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	24,525	10,740	13,790	0.7	0.6	0.8
Presbyterian	5,045	2,375	2,675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Reformed	575	275	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	9,180	3,815	5,365	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	67,090	30,510	36,575	1.9	1.7	2.0
Hindu	44,935	23,775	21,160	1.2	1.3	1.2
Jewish	81,050	39,545	41,500	2.3	2.2	2.3
Muslim	355,540	183,295	172,245	9.9	10.4	9.4
Sikh	22,435	11,920	10,520	0.6	0.7	0.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	265	110	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	14,530	6,775	7,765	0.4	0.4	0.4
No religion and secular perspectives	1,012,115	531,440	480,670	28.1	30.0	26.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	3,565,860	1,753,325	1,812,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	3,146,630	1,544,020	1,602,610	88.2	88.1	88.4
Movers	419,235	209,300	209,925	11.8	11.9	11.6
Non-migrants	259,475	130,270	129,205	7.3	7.4	7.1
Migrants	159,760	79,035	80,725	4.5	4.5	4.5
Internal migrants	121,930	59,745	62,190	3.4	3.4	3.4
Intraprovincial migrants	109,010	53,100	55,910	3.1	3.0	3.1
Interprovincial migrants	12,920	6,640	6,275	0.4	0.4	0.3
External migrants	37,825	19,290	18,535	1.1	1.1	1.0
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	3,416,735	1,676,810	1,739,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	2,004,610	976,540	1,028,075	58.7	58.2	59.1
Movers	1,412,125	700,270	711,855	41.3	41.8	40.9
Non-migrants	620,020	306,025	313,990	18.1	18.3	18.0
Migrants	792,110	394,245	397,865	23.2	23.5	22.9
Internal migrants	545,225	267,000	278,230	16.0	15.9	16.0
Intraprovincial migrants	505,415	247,120	258,295	14.8	14.7	14.8
Interprovincial migrants	39,815	19,880	19,935	1.2	1.2	1.1
External migrants	246,880	127,245	119,635	7.2	7.6	6.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,993,080	1,460,135	1,532,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	521,095	266,715	254,375	17.4	18.3	16.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	2,471,980	1,193,420	1,278,570	82.6	81.7	83.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,974,010	976,555	997,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	227,115	127,285	99,835	11.5	13.0	10.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,746,895	849,270	897,620	88.5	87.0	90.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,993,080	1,460,135	1,532,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	465,925	232,700	233,225	15.6	15.9	15.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	616,780	305,930	310,845	20.6	21.0	20.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,910,370	921,505	988,865	63.8	63.1	64.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	969,755	480,710	489,040	32.4	32.9	31.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	338,205	195,690	142,515	11.3	13.4	9.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	243,325	124,845	118,480	8.1	8.6	7.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	94,880	70,840	24,040	3.2	4.9	1.6
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	505,840	231,175	274,660	16.9	15.8	17.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	125,705	53,850	71,860	4.2	3.7	4.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	940,620	440,785	499,830	31.4	30.2	32.6
Bachelor's degree	560,095	254,515	305,580	18.7	17.4	19.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	92,265	41,795	50,470	3.1	2.9	3.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	24,450	11,760	12,690	0.8	0.8	0.8
Master's degree	224,470	110,165	114,305	7.5	7.5	7.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	39,335	22,555	16,780	1.3	1.5	1.1
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,974,010	976,560	997,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	189,165	104,790	84,370	9.6	10.7	8.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	313,260	165,475	147,790	15.9	16.9	14.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,471,590	706,285	765,300	74.5	72.3	76.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	697,175	349,675	347,495	35.3	35.8	34.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	258,230	146,755	111,475	13.1	15.0	11.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	187,075	93,910	93,165	9.5	9.6	9.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	71,150	52,845	18,310	3.6	5.4	1.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	346,225	162,285	183,940	17.5	16.6	18.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	92,715	40,635	52,080	4.7	4.2	5.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	774,410	356,615	417,800	39.2	36.5	41.9
Bachelor's degree	455,345	205,315	250,030	23.1	21.0	25.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	76,310	33,475	42,840	3.9	3.4	4.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	18,895	8,065	10,825	1.0	0.8	1.1
Master's degree	192,545	92,850	99,695	9.8	9.5	10.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	31,320	16,905	14,410	1.6	1.7	1.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,993,075	1,460,135	1,532,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	1,082,705	538,635	544,075	36.2	36.9	35.5
Education	110,985	23,945	87,040	3.7	1.6	5.7
13. Education	110,985	23,945	87,040	3.7	1.6	5.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	99,375	46,235	53,145	3.3	3.2	3.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	12,800	9,075	3,725	0.4	0.6	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	86,570	37,160	49,410	2.9	2.5	3.2
Humanities	122,405	46,580	75,825	4.1	3.2	4.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	21,920	5,160	16,760	0.7	0.4	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	11,485	3,545	7,940	0.4	0.2	0.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	51,130	20,840	30,285	1.7	1.4	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,205	430	780	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	6,420	3,835	2,575	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	3,690	2,235	1,460	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	9,540	5,180	4,360	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	17,010	5,355	11,660	0.6	0.4	0.8
Social and behavioural sciences and law	241,695	84,880	156,815	8.1	5.8	10.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,015	850	2,170	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	34,635	11,640	22,995	1.2	0.8	1.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	33,840	3,375	30,475	1.1	0.2	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	45,325	17,705	27,620	1.5	1.2	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	5,920	1,700	4,210	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	33,385	7,870	25,515	1.1	0.5	1.7
45. Social sciences	85,575	41,735	43,835	2.9	2.9	2.9
Business, management and public administration	461,015	194,680	266,330	15.4	13.3	17.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	415	185	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	20,105	4,730	15,370	0.7	0.3	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	440,490	189,765	250,730	14.7	13.0	16.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	90,100	46,385	43,720	3.0	3.2	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	33,935	13,625	20,305	1.1	0.9	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	16,390	8,720	7,660	0.5	0.6	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	10,365	5,075	5,295	0.3	0.3	0.3
40. Physical sciences	25,690	16,930	8,760	0.9	1.2	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	3,725	2,025	1,700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	105,860	74,795	31,070	3.5	5.1	2.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	87,630	65,655	21,970	2.9	4.5	1.4
25. Library science	5,830	1,280	4,550	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	10,240	6,280	3,960	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	2,165	1,570	590	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	340,405	292,655	47,745	11.4	20.0	3.1
04. Architecture and related services	19,750	10,830	8,920	0.7	0.7	0.6
14. Engineering	122,365	97,130	25,235	4.1	6.7	1.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	59,755	51,830	7,930	2.0	3.5	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	56,990	54,640	2,350	1.9	3.7	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	51,895	50,245	1,650	1.7	3.4	0.1
48. Precision production	29,560	27,950	1,610	1.0	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	21,495	10,550	10,945	0.7	0.7	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	15,165	7,240	7,920	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	6,330	3,305	3,025	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	220,100	48,795	171,300	7.4	3.3	11.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	12,430	6,165	6,270	0.4	0.4	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	199,200	38,490	160,710	6.7	2.6	10.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	400	150	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	8,065	3,990	4,075	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	96,665	51,925	44,740	3.2	3.6	2.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	54,430	17,045	37,385	1.8	1.2	2.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	85	80	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	400	375	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	20,655	15,635	5,015	0.7	1.1	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	21,095	18,790	2,310	0.7	1.3	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	260	85	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,974,010	976,555	997,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	502,425	270,270	232,155	25.5	27.7	23.3
Education	77,605	16,060	61,545	3.9	1.6	6.2
13. Education	77,605	16,060	61,545	3.9	1.6	6.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	78,160	36,780	41,380	4.0	3.8	4.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	10,250	7,205	3,045	0.5	0.7	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	67,910	29,575	38,335	3.4	3.0	3.8
Humanities	80,440	30,790	49,655	4.1	3.2	5.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	16,515	3,855	12,660	0.8	0.4	1.3
23. English language and literature/letters	8,590	2,635	5,955	0.4	0.3	0.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	29,490	12,670	16,820	1.5	1.3	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	800	255	545	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	4,505	2,695	1,810	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,135	1,380	755	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	6,895	3,780	3,110	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	11,515	3,520	7,995	0.6	0.4	0.8
Social and behavioural sciences and law	188,655	63,905	124,755	9.6	6.5	12.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,405	685	1,715	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	29,245	9,625	19,620	1.5	1.0	2.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	27,330	2,390	24,935	1.4	0.2	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	35,760	13,035	22,725	1.8	1.3	2.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	4,225	1,245	2,980	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	24,815	5,470	19,345	1.3	0.6	1.9
45. Social sciences	64,880	31,455	33,425	3.3	3.2	3.4
Business, management and public administration	368,085	152,360	215,725	18.6	15.6	21.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	310	145	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	15,620	3,615	12,005	0.8	0.4	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	352,160	148,605	203,555	17.8	15.2	20.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	59,110	29,835	29,275	3.0	3.1	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	27,550	11,035	16,515	1.4	1.1	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	8,020	4,195	3,830	0.4	0.4	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	2,345	1,315	1,030	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	18,610	11,855	6,750	0.9	1.2	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	2,575	1,430	1,145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	88,265	62,975	25,290	4.5	6.4	2.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	75,360	56,685	18,675	3.8	5.8	1.9
25. Library science	4,120	910	3,205	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	7,350	4,395	2,955	0.4	0.5	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,435	980	450	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	268,755	227,400	41,350	13.6	23.3	4.1
04. Architecture and related services	16,245	8,655	7,590	0.8	0.9	0.8
14. Engineering	103,955	81,390	22,565	5.3	8.3	2.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	45,060	38,695	6,370	2.3	4.0	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	43,315	41,335	1,985	2.2	4.2	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	38,900	37,495	1,405	2.0	3.8	0.1
48. Precision production	21,190	19,805	1,380	1.1	2.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	17,970	8,465	9,505	0.9	0.9	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	12,640	5,765	6,870	0.6	0.6	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	5,330	2,700	2,630	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	168,255	36,875	131,385	8.5	3.8	13.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	9,970	4,830	5,140	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	151,785	29,230	122,560	7.7	3.0	12.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	345	115	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	6,155	2,700	3,450	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	76,080	40,790	35,290	3.9	4.2	3.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	42,155	12,840	29,315	2.1	1.3	2.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	65	55	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	220	210	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	16,565	12,540	4,035	0.8	1.3	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	17,075	15,150	1,920	0.9	1.6	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	210	50	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	1,974,010	976,555	997,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	502,425	270,270	232,155	25.5	27.7	23.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	1,471,585	706,285	765,295	74.5	72.3	76.7
Location of study inside Canada	1,143,355	542,365	600,990	57.9	55.5	60.3
Same as province or territory of residence	1,099,695	520,440	579,250	55.7	53.3	58.1
Different than province or territory of residence	43,660	21,920	21,745	2.2	2.2	2.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	328,235	163,925	164,310	16.6	16.8	16.5
Americas	61,960	30,905	31,060	3.1	3.2	3.1
United States of America	17,205	9,645	7,565	0.9	1.0	0.8
Mexico	7,145	3,190	3,955	0.4	0.3	0.4
Cuba	2,355	1,240	1,110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	8,145	4,410	3,740	0.4	0.5	0.4
Jamaica	170	100	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	6,170	2,925	3,255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	7,875	3,600	4,275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Peru	2,690	1,150	1,540	0.1	0.1	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	3,110	1,325	1,790	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	7,085	3,320	3,770	0.4	0.3	0.4
Europe	102,725	54,615	48,110	5.2	5.6	4.8
Belgium	2,655	1,375	1,275	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	54,955	30,370	24,590	2.8	3.1	2.5
Germany	1,680	930	745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	695	410	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	1,400	825	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	295	160	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	4,525	2,170	2,355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	1,275	490	790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	9,005	4,645	4,360	0.5	0.5	0.4
Russian Federation	4,395	2,020	2,375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	3,695	1,680	2,015	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	370	245	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	7,070	3,800	3,270	0.4	0.4	0.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	175	100	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	1,890	1,090	800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	205	80	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	8,440	4,230	4,215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Africa	74,675	38,830	35,845	3.8	4.0	3.6
Nigeria	1,650	855	795	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	27,340	14,085	13,255	1.4	1.4	1.3
Morocco	15,640	8,010	7,630	0.8	0.8	0.8
Tunisia	7,110	3,875	3,235	0.4	0.4	0.3
Egypt	5,840	2,975	2,875	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	455	215	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	16,630	8,820	7,820	0.8	0.9	0.8
Asia	87,060	38,575	48,485	4.4	4.0	4.9
Iran⁸⁸	8,690	4,015	4,675	0.4	0.4	0.5
Iraq	655	320	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	1,175	580	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	8,890	4,325	4,565	0.5	0.4	0.5
Syria⁸⁹	5,620	2,620	2,995	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkey	1,070	615	460	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	18,610	8,240	10,370	0.9	0.8	1.0
Taiwan	580	225	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	375	165	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	1,110	390	725	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	2,030	720	1,320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	11,920	3,805	8,120	0.6	0.4	0.8
Viet Nam	1,490	525	965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	2,400	1,240	1,155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	920	375	545	0.0	0.0	0.1
India	13,010	6,510	6,500	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pakistan	2,100	1,035	1,060	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	6,405	2,880	3,525	0.3	0.3	0.4
Oceania	1,810	1,000	805	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australia	1,430	800	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealand	285	155	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	2,993,080	1,460,135	1,532,940	...	...	...
In the labour force	1,980,465	1,020,420	960,045	...	...	...
Employed	1,806,840	929,405	877,430	...	...	...
Unemployed	173,625	91,015	82,615	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	1,012,610	439,715	572,895	...	...	...
Participation rate	66.2	69.9	62.6	66.2	69.9	62.6
Employment rate	60.4	63.7	57.2	60.4	63.7	57.2
Unemployment rate	8.8	8.9	8.6	8.8	8.9	8.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	2,993,075	1,460,135	1,532,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	1,022,150	442,860	579,290	34.2	30.3	37.8
Worked	1,970,925	1,017,275	953,650	65.8	69.7	62.2
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	1,020,995	551,505	469,485	34.1	37.8	30.6
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	949,930	465,765	484,165	31.7	31.9	31.6
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.6	41.1	40.1	40.6	41.1	40.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	1,980,465	1,020,420	960,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	48,875	23,375	25,500	2.5	2.3	2.7
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	1,931,585	997,045	934,540	97.5	97.7	97.3
Employee	1,685,000	843,465	841,540	85.1	82.7	87.7
Permanent position	1,410,145	716,690	693,460	71.2	70.2	72.2
Temporary position	274,855	126,780	148,080	13.9	12.4	15.4
Fixed term (1 year or more)	108,125	47,185	60,935	5.5	4.6	6.3
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	166,735	79,590	87,145	8.4	7.8	9.1
Self-employed¹⁹²	246,585	153,585	93,005	12.5	15.1	9.7
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	1,980,465	1,020,420	960,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	48,875	23,375	25,500	2.5	2.3	2.7
All occupations¹⁹¹	1,931,585	997,045	934,540	97.5	97.7	97.3
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	37,455	27,175	10,285	1.9	2.7	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	386,370	139,170	247,200	19.5	13.6	25.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	196,220	148,240	47,980	9.9	14.5	5.0
3 Health occupations	155,750	34,320	121,430	7.9	3.4	12.6
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	247,395	75,940	171,455	12.5	7.4	17.9
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	87,685	44,200	43,480	4.4	4.3	4.5
6 Sales and service occupations	487,860	243,780	244,075	24.6	23.9	25.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	244,880	222,515	22,360	12.4	21.8	2.3
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	11,990	9,380	2,605	0.6	0.9	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	75,995	52,315	23,680	3.8	5.1	2.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	1,980,465	1,020,420	960,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	48,875	23,375	25,500	2.5	2.3	2.7
All industries¹⁹¹	1,931,585	997,045	934,540	97.5	97.7	97.3
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	6,515	3,955	2,560	0.3	0.4	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	3,030	2,140	890	0.2	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	13,775	8,925	4,850	0.7	0.9	0.5
23 Construction	99,330	83,345	15,990	5.0	8.2	1.7
31-33 Manufacturing	172,325	117,650	54,675	8.7	11.5	5.7
41 Wholesale trade	80,175	48,855	31,330	4.0	4.8	3.3
44-45 Retail trade	226,385	112,700	113,680	11.4	11.0	11.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	105,635	80,805	24,835	5.3	7.9	2.6
51 Information and cultural industries	64,355	39,180	25,175	3.2	3.8	2.6
52 Finance and insurance	97,720	46,510	51,205	4.9	4.6	5.3
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	34,845	19,565	15,285	1.8	1.9	1.6
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	207,245	118,795	88,445	10.5	11.6	9.2
55 Management of companies and enterprises	3,710	1,795	1,915	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	84,565	50,605	33,960	4.3	5.0	3.5
61 Educational services	162,125	52,685	109,440	8.2	5.2	11.4
62 Health care and social assistance	261,545	58,060	203,490	13.2	5.7	21.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	35,735	18,625	17,115	1.8	1.8	1.8
72 Accommodation and food services	103,920	54,480	49,440	5.2	5.3	5.1
81 Other services (except public administration)	78,105	33,760	44,350	3.9	3.3	4.6
91 Public administration	90,535	44,620	45,915	4.6	4.4	4.8
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	2,103,140	1,083,360	1,019,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	256,750	141,435	115,315	12.2	13.1	11.3
French	968,575	477,610	490,965	46.1	44.1	48.1
Non-official language	11,425	5,630	5,795	0.5	0.5	0.6
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	11,415	5,630	5,780	0.5	0.5	0.6
English and French	795,310	421,980	373,330	37.8	39.0	36.6
English and non-official language(s)	16,720	9,390	7,325	0.8	0.9	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	11,310	5,285	6,025	0.5	0.5	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	42,405	21,630	20,780	2.0	2.0	2.0
Multiple non-official languages	655	405	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	2,103,140	1,083,360	1,019,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,906,410	979,960	926,455	90.6	90.5	90.8
Official languages	1,885,545	969,385	916,155	89.7	89.5	89.8
English	486,990	263,685	223,310	23.2	24.3	21.9
French	1,398,550	705,700	692,850	66.5	65.1	67.9
Non-official languages	20,865	10,570	10,300	1.0	1.0	1.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	20,830	10,570	10,265	1.0	1.0	1.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,210	1,230	985	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,180	1,210	970	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,015	1,145	870	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	150	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,470	620	840	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	235	90	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,230	530	700	0.1	0.0	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	100	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	290	135	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	290	135	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	155	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,605	4,975	4,630	0.5	0.5	0.5
Albanian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	310	200	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	880	325	555	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	880	325	555	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	120	35	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	655	255	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,185	580	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,140	555	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	980	475	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	420	180	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,425	1,370	1,060	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	1,890	1,045	845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	110	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,455	855	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	160	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	535	325	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	510	295	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	165	100	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	330	185	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,345	2,310	2,035	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	410	215	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	370	140	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	210	130	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	3,335	1,815	1,525	0.2	0.2	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	165	30	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	355	155	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	170	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	135	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,055	3,120	2,940	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	6,055	3,120	2,940	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,895	2,010	1,885	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,075	1,065	1,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	120	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	196,730	103,405	93,330	9.4	9.5	9.2
English and French	182,550	96,075	86,475	8.7	8.9	8.5
English and non-official language(s)	5,040	2,815	2,225	0.2	0.3	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	3,830	1,735	2,095	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,225	2,740	2,480	0.2	0.3	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	2,103,140	1,083,360	1,019,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,420,315	721,450	698,865	67.5	66.6	68.5
English	414,705	220,950	193,760	19.7	20.4	19.0
French	216,220	114,105	102,120	10.3	10.5	10.0
Non-official language	23,470	12,185	11,285	1.1	1.1	1.1
Indigenous³⁹	115	40	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	23,355	12,150	11,205	1.1	1.1	1.1
English and French	1,880	930	950	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	14,525	7,080	7,445	0.7	0.7	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	9,075	5,070	4,010	0.4	0.5	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	270	150	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,680	1,450	1,230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	1,806,840	929,405	877,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	492,010	244,105	247,905	27.2	26.3	28.3
Worked outside Canada	4,780	3,195	1,585	0.3	0.3	0.2
No fixed workplace address	178,820	130,400	48,420	9.9	14.0	5.5
Usual place of work	1,131,230	551,705	579,525	62.6	59.4	66.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	1,131,230	551,710	579,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	603,650	277,190	326,455	53.4	50.2	56.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	157,090	77,085	80,005	13.9	14.0	13.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	367,415	195,355	172,060	32.5	35.4	29.7
Commute to a different province or territory	3,075	2,070	1,005	0.3	0.4	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	1,310,050	682,105	627,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	946,880	523,695	423,185	72.3	76.8	67.4
Car, truck or van - as a driver	886,240	501,230	385,010	67.6	73.5	61.3
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	60,640	22,465	38,175	4.6	3.3	6.1
Public transit	232,380	96,415	135,965	17.7	14.1	21.7
Walked	81,550	34,395	47,155	6.2	5.0	7.5
Bicycle	26,755	16,500	10,255	2.0	2.4	1.6
Other method	22,480	11,095	11,385	1.7	1.6	1.8
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	1,310,050	682,105	627,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	269,890	125,195	144,700	20.6	18.4	23.0
15 to 29 minutes	475,090	248,270	226,825	36.3	36.4	36.1
30 to 44 minutes	332,390	187,730	144,655	25.4	27.5	23.0
45 to 59 minutes	126,535	66,100	60,435	9.7	9.7	9.6
60 minutes and over	106,140	54,810	51,330	8.1	8.0	8.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	1,310,050	682,105	627,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	97,070	74,675	22,395	7.4	10.9	3.6
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	210,660	125,170	85,490	16.1	18.4	13.6
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	334,530	154,465	180,065	25.5	22.6	28.7
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	271,140	119,200	151,940	20.7	17.5	24.2
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	182,455	83,725	98,730	13.9	12.3	15.7
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	214,200	124,880	89,325	16.4	18.3	14.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	735,560	376,405	359,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	178,305	91,860	86,445	24.2	24.4	24.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	557,260	284,545	272,710	75.8	75.6	75.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	537,755	275,010	262,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	136,275	70,195	66,075	25.3	25.5	25.1
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	107,765	55,665	52,105	20.0	20.2	19.8
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	28,510	14,530	13,980	5.3	5.3	5.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	401,480	204,820	196,660	74.7	74.5	74.8

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed December 6, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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