Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	NepeanMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	132,769	...	...
Population, 2016¹	119,110	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	11.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	46,765	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	45,673	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	774.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	171.54	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	132,770	64,780	67,990
0 to 14 years	25,605	12,995	12,610
0 to 4 years	6,860	3,450	3,410
5 to 9 years	8,935	4,590	4,345
10 to 14 years	9,815	4,960	4,860
15 to 64 years	89,095	43,570	45,520
15 to 19 years	9,480	4,855	4,630
20 to 24 years	8,450	4,385	4,060
25 to 29 years	7,965	4,045	3,920
30 to 34 years	8,345	4,020	4,320
35 to 39 years	9,220	4,310	4,915
40 to 44 years	9,300	4,265	5,035
45 to 49 years	9,935	4,720	5,215
50 to 54 years	9,585	4,725	4,855
55 to 59 years	9,315	4,600	4,715
60 to 64 years	7,495	3,635	3,855
65 years and over	18,070	8,215	9,860
65 to 69 years	5,820	2,760	3,055
70 to 74 years	4,885	2,250	2,630
75 to 79 years	3,215	1,480	1,730
80 to 84 years	2,050	925	1,130
85 years and over	2,105	800	1,305
85 to 89 years	1,295	540	755
90 to 94 years	650	205	440
95 to 99 years	145	50	100
100 years and over	15	0	10
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19.3	20.1	18.5
15 to 64 years	67.1	67.3	67.0
65 years and over	13.6	12.7	14.5
85 years and over	1.6	1.2	1.9
Average age of the population	38.6	37.8	39.4
Median age of the population	38.4	37.6	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	45,670	...	...
Single-detached house	22,915	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,355	...	...
Row house	16,215	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	50	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,170	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	730	...	...
Other single-attached house	5	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	230	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	45,670	...	...
1 person	7,980	...	...
2 persons	13,965	...	...
3 persons	8,580	...	...
4 persons	9,235	...	...
5 or more persons	5,910	...	...
Number of persons in private households	131,410	64,370	67,030
Average household size	2.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	107,165	51,785	55,380
Married or living common-law	64,225	31,980	32,240
Married	55,735	27,770	27,965
Living common-law	8,490	4,215	4,280
Living common law - Never married	6,140	3,030	3,110
Living common law - Separated	435	235	205
Living common law - Divorced	1,780	890	890
Living common law - Widowed	135	60	80
Not married and not living common-law	42,945	19,805	23,135
Not married and not living common law - Never married	30,710	16,175	14,530
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,705	1,045	1,665
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,310	1,715	3,595
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,220	875	3,345
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	37,205	...	...
2 persons	15,275	...	...
3 persons	8,490	...	...
4 persons	9,130	...	...
5 or more persons	4,305	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	37,210	...	...
Total couple families	31,450	...	...
Married couples	27,200	...	...
With children⁶	17,665	...	...
Without children	9,540	...	...
Common-law couples	4,245	...	...
With children⁶	1,660	...	...
Without children	2,580	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,760	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,540	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,225	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	131,405	64,375	67,035
Total - Persons in census families	115,805	57,210	58,600
Married spouses or common-law partners	62,890	31,380	31,510
Parents in one-parent families	5,760	1,225	4,535
Children⁶	47,155	24,605	22,550
In a two-parent family	37,700	19,640	18,055
In a one-parent family	9,455	4,960	4,495
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	15,600	7,165	8,430
Living alone	7,980	3,300	4,685
Living with other relatives⁷	3,455	1,350	2,100
Living with non-relatives only	4,160	2,510	1,650
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	45,670	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	32,115	...	...
Couple-family households	27,730	...	...
With children⁶	17,215	...	...
Without children	10,520	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,380	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,870	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	300	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,710	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,700	...	...
One-person households	7,985	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	105,820	51,385	54,430
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	100,495	48,755	51,745
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,400	57,200	45,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	100,550	48,780	51,770
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	49,600	40,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	92,470	45,835	46,635
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,200	55,200	40,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,695	39,465	38,230
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,800	55,200	43,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	88,220	41,695	46,525
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,000	3,360	7,650
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,485	3,150	4,330
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,760	5,480	6,000
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	26,285	12,575	13,710
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	105,685	51,320	54,370
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	100,515	48,810	51,705
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,200	71,700	53,250
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	100,540	48,825	51,715
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,160	57,550	45,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	92,330	45,820	46,505
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,200	69,500	49,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,610	39,610	38,000
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	58,900	67,400	50,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,920	41,625	46,290
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,950	7,560	10,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,145	3,040	4,110
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,170	5,615	8,330
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	26,085	12,495	13,590
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,120	9,040	9,190
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	105,690	51,315	54,370
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	42,485	23,225	19,255
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	76,500	83,000	70,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	86,100	94,800	75,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,180	12,455	14,730
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,800	18,000	15,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,960	31,480	24,980
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	87.4	91.0	82.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	73.2	76.4	69.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	12.6	9.0	17.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.5	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.3	3.5	5.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.8	3.2	4.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	105,820	51,390	54,435
Without total income	5,325	2,630	2,690
With total income	100,495	48,755	51,740
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,995	3,975	5,025
$10,000 to $19,999	10,040	4,260	5,780
$20,000 to $29,999	11,615	5,070	6,545
$30,000 to $39,999	9,990	4,375	5,620
$40,000 to $49,999	9,135	3,970	5,165
$50,000 to $59,999	8,560	3,720	4,845
$60,000 to $69,999	7,745	3,535	4,210
$70,000 to $79,999	6,765	3,395	3,365
$80,000 to $89,999	5,785	3,100	2,680
$90,000 to $99,999	4,815	2,630	2,185
$100,000 and over	17,060	10,730	6,325
$100,000 to $149,999	12,420	7,335	5,080
$150,000 and over	4,635	3,390	1,245
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	105,820	51,390	54,435
Without after-tax income	5,270	2,605	2,665
With after-tax income	100,550	48,785	51,770
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,455	4,115	5,335
$10,000 to $19,999	10,450	4,440	6,010
$20,000 to $29,999	13,175	5,820	7,360
$30,000 to $39,999	11,925	5,305	6,625
$40,000 to $49,999	11,095	4,830	6,265
$50,000 to $59,999	10,485	4,820	5,665
$60,000 to $69,999	8,505	4,255	4,250
$70,000 to $79,999	7,170	3,875	3,295
$80,000 to $89,999	6,065	3,230	2,835
$90,000 to $99,999	4,110	2,420	1,690
$100,000 and over	8,120	5,680	2,440
$100,000 to $124,999	4,640	3,065	1,575
$125,000 and over	3,480	2,615	870
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	105,820	51,390	54,435
Without employment income	28,125	11,920	16,205
With employment income	77,690	39,470	38,225
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,465	4,485	4,975
$5,000 to $9,999	5,745	2,585	3,155
$10,000 to $19,999	7,705	3,575	4,130
$20,000 to $29,999	5,735	2,675	3,055
$30,000 to $39,999	5,305	2,490	2,810
$40,000 to $49,999	5,560	2,580	2,975
$50,000 to $59,999	5,705	2,575	3,130
$60,000 to $69,999	5,615	2,650	2,965
$70,000 to $79,999	4,725	2,390	2,335
$80,000 to $89,999	4,470	2,470	2,000
$90,000 to $99,999	4,105	2,195	1,915
$100,000 and over	13,560	8,790	4,770
$100,000 to $124,999	7,045	4,135	2,910
$125,000 and over	6,520	4,655	1,865
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	105,820	51,385	54,430
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	97,620	47,265	50,350
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,400	56,000	43,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	97,655	47,275	50,385
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	48,400	38,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	90,355	44,735	45,615
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,200	55,200	41,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,875	38,890	37,985
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,000	54,400	42,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	82,540	39,045	43,500
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,300	745	3,080
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,445	2,075	3,370
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,040	5,400	6,500
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	105,685	51,320	54,370
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	97,440	47,225	50,220
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,150	68,500	50,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	97,490	47,225	50,265
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,600	55,100	42,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	90,005	44,625	45,380
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,750	68,600	49,080
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,520	38,885	37,630
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,450	66,900	49,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	82,160	38,950	43,210
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,795	4,452	7,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,240	2,060	3,180
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,820	6,355	8,760
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	105,690	51,315	54,370
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	42,140	23,030	19,110
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	72,000	79,500	65,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	81,000	89,400	70,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,980	11,370	13,605
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,000	23,600	20,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,400	37,160	30,240
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.8	94.6	88.0
Employment income (%)	77.6	80.4	74.0
Government transfers (%)	8.3	5.4	12.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	45,675	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	7,985	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	56,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	37,695	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	45,650	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	137,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	112,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	8,065	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	72,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	59,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	37,590	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	150,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	124,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	45,675	...	...
Under $5,000	295	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	170	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	220	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	285	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	525	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	500	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	640	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	750	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	830	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	870	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,055	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,450	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,755	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,815	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,810	...	...
$100,000 and over	27,710	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,680	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,335	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	7,720	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,975	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	45,675	...	...
Under $5,000	355	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	160	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	230	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	300	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	570	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	580	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	760	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	945	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	995	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,140	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,840	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,210	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,495	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,460	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,435	...	...
$100,000 and over	23,190	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,225	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,535	...	...
$150,000 and over	10,430	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	36,610	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	131,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,805	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	19,395	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	158,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,290	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	12,140	5,815	6,330
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	54,800	54,400	54,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,600	47,200	48,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	36,515	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	150,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,775	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	133,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	19,385	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	175,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,250	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	97,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	84,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	12,250	5,940	6,310
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	61,450	62,750	60,250
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,040	51,750	50,440
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	131,405	64,375	67,035
0 to 17 years	31,395	15,940	15,455
0 to 5 years	8,425	4,235	4,190
18 to 64 years	83,165	40,545	42,620
65 years and over	16,845	7,890	8,960
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	7,900	3,670	4,225
0 to 17 years	2,620	1,335	1,285
0 to 5 years	740	385	350
18 to 64 years	4,165	1,920	2,245
65 years and over	1,115	415	695
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	6.0	5.7	6.3
0 to 17 years (%)	8.4	8.4	8.3
0 to 5 years (%)	8.8	9.1	8.4
18 to 64 years (%)	5.0	4.7	5.3
65 years and over (%)	6.6	5.3	7.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	131,410	64,370	67,035
0 to 17 years	31,400	15,940	15,460
0 to 5 years	8,430	4,240	4,190
18 to 64 years	83,165	40,545	42,620
65 years and over	16,845	7,885	8,955
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,120	2,490	2,625
0 to 17 years	1,380	665	720
0 to 5 years	380	165	210
18 to 64 years	3,280	1,650	1,635
65 years and over	455	180	280
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.9	3.9	3.9
0 to 17 years (%)	4.4	4.2	4.6
0 to 5 years (%)	4.5	4.0	5.0
18 to 64 years (%)	4.0	4.1	3.8
65 years and over (%)	2.7	2.3	3.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	131,405	64,375	67,035
In bottom half of the distribution	45,890	22,090	23,795
In bottom decile	7,410	3,580	3,825
In second decile	7,690	3,680	4,015
In third decile	9,055	4,425	4,635
In fourth decile	10,220	4,890	5,330
In fifth decile	11,510	5,525	5,990
In top half of the distribution	85,520	42,280	43,240
In sixth decile	12,910	6,235	6,680
In seventh decile	14,470	7,035	7,435
In eighth decile	17,555	8,680	8,875
In ninth decile	20,555	10,250	10,305
In top decile	20,025	10,080	9,945
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	131,410	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.303	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.383	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.264	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	131,800	64,510	67,285
English only	91,225	46,170	45,050
French only	610	255	355
English and French	37,255	17,015	20,245
Neither English nor French	2,710	1,075	1,635
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	131,800	64,510	67,285
English	117,265	57,950	59,320
French	8,770	4,030	4,740
English and French	3,130	1,500	1,625
Neither English nor French	2,630	1,030	1,605
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	131,800	64,510	67,285
Single responses	123,155	60,365	62,790
Official languages	85,265	42,195	43,065
English	77,530	38,615	38,915
French	7,735	3,580	4,150
Non-official languages	37,890	18,165	19,725
Indigenous languages³⁹	45	15	25
Algonquian languages	15	10	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	0	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	0	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	5	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	25	10	15
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	25	10	15
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	37,850	18,150	19,700
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,925	3,905	4,025
Berber languages	75	40	30
Kabyle	45	25	25
Tamazight	20	15	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Chadic languages	10	5	10
Hausa	10	0	5
Mina	10	5	0
Coptic	10	5	0
Cushitic languages	655	260	390
Bilen	15	5	10
Oromo	10	5	5
Somali	625	250	375
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	7,180	3,595	3,590
Amharic	225	105	120
Arabic	6,695	3,355	3,335
Aramaic languages	20	10	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	70	35	30
Maltese	0	5	0
Tigrigna	165	80	80
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,640	735	900
Khmer (Cambodian)	210	85	120
Vietnamese	1,425	645	780
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,550	625	930
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	5	15
Cebuano	65	20	45
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	40	15	15
Ilocano	160	70	95
Indonesian	35	20	20
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	5	0	5
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,180	465	715
Waray-Waray	10	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10
Creole languages	340	160	185
Haitian Creole	235	105	130
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	5
Krio	15	5	5
Morisyen	40	20	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Dravidian languages	1,460	725	735
Kannada	40	20	20
Malayalam	290	150	135
Tamil	930	450	480
Telugu	200	105	95
Tulu	5	5	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	15,045	7,315	7,730
Albanian	120	65	55
Armenian	40	20	20
Balto-Slavic languages	2,740	1,225	1,515
Baltic languages	30	10	20
Latvian	15	5	10
Lithuanian	15	10	10
Slavic languages	2,710	1,215	1,495
Belarusian	5	5	0
Bulgarian	100	50	45
Czech	100	45	55
Macedonian	10	5	10
Polish	640	295	345
Russian	1,040	465	570
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	590	265	325
Bosnian	105	50	55
Croatian	165	70	95
Serbian	305	135	170
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Slovak	80	25	50
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	10
Ukrainian	135	60	80
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	5	10
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	5	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	760	350	410
Frisian	0	5	0
High German languages	475	210	270
German	425	185	240
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	30	15	15
Yiddish	30	10	15
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	220	110	110
Afrikaans	15	5	10
Dutch	195	100	95
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	5	0	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	0
Scandinavian languages	55	30	30
Danish	25	5	15
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	15	10	10
Swedish	15	10	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	445	230	215
Indo-Iranian languages	6,790	3,420	3,375
Indo-Aryan languages	5,405	2,740	2,665
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	735	355	375
Gujarati	550	305	250
Hindi	755	385	375
Kacchi	30	10	20
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	25	15	15
Marathi	100	50	50
Nepali	200	95	110
Oriya languages	25	10	10
Odia	15	10	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,415	755	660
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	25	10	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	295	140	155
Urdu	1,215	595	615
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Iranian languages	1,385	680	705
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	130	60	70
Parsi	5	0	5
Pashto	160	80	75
Persian languages	1,090	530	555
Dari	515	255	260
Iranian Persian	505	240	260
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	35	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,130	2,000	2,130
Catalan	5	5	0
Italian	1,240	625	615
Portuguese	770	385	380
Romanian	335	170	170
Spanish	1,785	815	965
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Japanese	85	20	70
Korean	605	285	320
Mongolian	5	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	710	350	365
Akan (Twi)	80	35	45
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	10	5
Éwé	10	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0
Ga	5	5	0
Ganda	15	5	10
Gikuyu	10	5	10
Igbo	35	20	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	100	35	60
Lingala	10	5	5
Luba-Kasai	5	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	10	5	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	95	50	45
Shona	15	5	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0
Swahili	100	55	50
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	20	15	10
Yoruba	105	55	50
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	70	35	30
Nilo-Saharan languages	40	20	20
Dinka	10	5	5
Nuer	5	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	30	20	15
American Sign Language	20	15	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,725	3,655	4,065
Chinese languages	7,635	3,610	4,020
Hakka	35	15	20
Mandarin	5,335	2,510	2,825
Min Dong	10	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	110	55	60
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	20	35
Yue (Cantonese)	2,020	980	1,040
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	25	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	75	40	35
Burmese	25	10	15
Kuki-Chin languages	5	5	5
Karenic languages	35	20	15
S'gaw Karen	35	20	15
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Tai-Kadai languages	135	60	75
Lao	85	40	45
Thai	55	25	30
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	330	180	150
Azerbaijani	15	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	285	160	125
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	15	10	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Uralic languages	200	90	115
Estonian	10	0	5
Finnish	15	5	10
Hungarian	175	75	100
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Multiple responses	8,645	4,145	4,495
English and French	2,205	1,070	1,130
English and non-official language(s)	4,975	2,410	2,565
French and non-official language(s)	495	210	280
English, French and non-official language(s)	530	260	270
Multiple non-official languages	440	195	245
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	131,800	64,510	67,285
English	81,185	40,370	40,810
French	2,190	1,025	1,170
Non-official language	10,220	4,820	5,405
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	10,220	4,820	5,400
English and French	6,410	2,975	3,430
English and non-official language(s)	26,720	13,015	13,705
French and non-official language(s)	485	210	275
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,855	1,740	2,115
Multiple non-official languages	730	350	375
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	131,800	64,510	67,285
Single responses	122,340	59,935	62,400
Official languages	100,585	49,465	51,125
English	96,930	47,790	49,135
French	3,665	1,675	1,990
Non-official languages	21,750	10,470	11,275
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	10
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	10	0	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	21,735	10,470	11,265
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,640	2,240	2,395
Berber languages	40	20	20
Kabyle	25	15	10
Tamazight	15	5	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	0	0
Hausa	5	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	295	120	180
Bilen	5	5	5
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	290	115	175
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	4,295	2,100	2,195
Amharic	125	55	65
Arabic	4,055	1,985	2,070
Aramaic languages	10	5	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	20	10	10
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	90	40	50
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,035	470	570
Khmer (Cambodian)	100	45	55
Vietnamese	940	425	510
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	855	390	465
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	0
Cebuano	40	20	20
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	10	5
Ilocano	100	45	50
Indonesian	15	5	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	660	295	360
Waray-Waray	10	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Creole languages	165	70	95
Haitian Creole	105	40	60
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	10	5	5
Morisyen	20	15	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	965	475	485
Kannada	15	5	5
Malayalam	160	90	70
Tamil	670	320	350
Telugu	120	60	55
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	7,575	3,715	3,855
Albanian	55	25	25
Armenian	20	10	10
Balto-Slavic languages	1,300	600	700
Baltic languages	5	0	5
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	1,295	595	700
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	45	25	20
Czech	35	20	15
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	200	95	105
Russian	660	305	360
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	285	130	155
Bosnian	55	30	30
Croatian	50	20	25
Serbian	175	80	95
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Slovak	5	0	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	5
Ukrainian	45	20	30
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	55	30	25
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	30	15	20
German	30	15	20
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20	5	10
Afrikaans	15	10	5
Dutch	0	0	5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	5	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	125	60	60
Indo-Iranian languages	4,185	2,095	2,095
Indo-Aryan languages	3,360	1,710	1,660
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	430	200	230
Gujarati	315	180	135
Hindi	445	230	215
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	5	5
Marathi	60	30	30
Nepali	135	65	70
Oriya languages	10	5	5
Odia	10	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,015	540	480
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	170	75	90
Urdu	760	375	385
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	820	390	435
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	75	30	50
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	95	50	50
Persian languages	650	310	340
Dari	285	135	145
Iranian Persian	320	155	165
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	45	20	25
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,835	890	945
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	230	110	120
Portuguese	475	240	230
Romanian	170	85	85
Spanish	960	455	505
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	25	5	20
Korean	405	190	220
Mongolian	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	190	75	115
Akan (Twi)	40	10	30
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	5	0	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	0	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	15	20
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	30	15	15
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	20	10	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	5	5
Yoruba	25	15	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	65	40	30
American Sign Language	50	30	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,460	2,605	2,855
Chinese languages	5,405	2,580	2,825
Hakka	20	10	10
Mandarin	4,005	1,915	2,095
Min Dong	10	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	15	15
Wu (Shanghainese)	45	25	25
Yue (Cantonese)	1,260	600	660
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	40	20	20
Burmese	10	0	10
Kuki-Chin languages	5	0	5
Karenic languages	25	10	10
S'gaw Karen	25	10	10
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5
Tai-Kadai languages	55	30	30
Lao	35	20	15
Thai	25	10	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	195	115	85
Azerbaijani	5	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	180	105	70
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Uralic languages	60	30	35
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	60	30	35
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	9,460	4,575	4,890
English and French	1,580	760	820
English and non-official language(s)	7,085	3,460	3,620
French and non-official language(s)	255	110	140
English, French and non-official language(s)	435	190	245
Multiple non-official languages	105	40	60
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	131,800	64,510	67,285
None	101,060	49,850	51,205
English	10,205	4,985	5,225
French	4,790	2,200	2,595
Non-official language	11,175	5,355	5,820
Indigenous³⁹	25	10	15
Non-Indigenous	11,150	5,340	5,805
English and French	595	285	315
English and non-official language(s)	1,270	605	670
French and non-official language(s)	1,550	695	855
English, French and non-official language(s)	70	35	40
Multiple non-official languages	1,075	515	565
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	131,290	64,300	66,990
Official languages	128,500	63,200	65,310
English	127,860	62,910	64,955
French	37,640	17,110	20,530
Non-official languages	52,320	24,905	27,415
Indigenous languages³⁹	105	60	45
Algonquian languages	75	35	35
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	15	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	15	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	20	15	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	10	0
Mi'kmaq	10	10	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	35	10	25
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	35	10	25
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	35	10	20
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	10	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	20	10	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	10	10	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	52,250	24,860	27,385
Afro-Asiatic languages	12,315	6,125	6,190
Berber languages	65	25	40
Kabyle	50	20	30
Tamazight	20	10	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	45	25	20
Hausa	35	15	20
Mina	10	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	1,050	450	600
Bilen	20	15	10
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	1,025	430	595
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	11,385	5,740	5,650
Amharic	450	235	215
Arabic	10,595	5,325	5,265
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	310	165	145
Maltese	10	10	0
Tigrigna	215	105	110
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,090	935	1,150
Khmer (Cambodian)	340	130	210
Vietnamese	1,775	820	960
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,065	845	1,220
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	105	40	65
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	40	25	15
Ilocano	325	145	175
Indonesian	65	35	35
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	15	0	10
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	55	20	35
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	0	15
Pangasinan	10	10	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,870	760	1,115
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	65	25	40
Creole languages	885	410	475
Haitian Creole	600	270	330
Jamaican English Creole	35	20	15
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	115	70	50
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	100	45	55
Creole languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30
Dravidian languages	2,075	1,020	1,050
Kannada	105	50	55
Malayalam	415	235	180
Tamil	1,390	650	735
Telugu	320	140	180
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	21,455	10,175	11,285
Albanian	175	75	100
Armenian	65	30	35
Balto-Slavic languages	3,330	1,490	1,840
Baltic languages	50	25	30
Latvian	20	0	15
Lithuanian	35	20	15
Slavic languages	3,295	1,475	1,820
Belarusian	10	0	10
Bulgarian	95	45	40
Czech	150	50	95
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	865	385	480
Russian	1,390	650	740
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	705	325	380
Bosnian	190	90	105
Croatian	325	155	165
Serbian	300	130	170
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Slovak	95	35	65
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	0	15
Ukrainian	345	150	200
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	40	10	25
Irish	25	0	20
Scottish Gaelic	10	10	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,425	675	755
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,050	490	565
German	1,005	470	535
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	15	0	0
Yiddish	45	20	25
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	300	130	170
Afrikaans	100	50	50
Dutch	190	75	115
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0
Scandinavian languages	95	70	30
Danish	20	10	15
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	30	25	0
Swedish	50	40	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	550	295	255
Indo-Iranian languages	9,580	4,780	4,800
Indo-Aryan languages	8,160	4,070	4,090
Assamese	15	0	10
Bengali	1,005	480	525
Gujarati	840	460	375
Hindi	3,670	1,885	1,775
Kacchi	35	20	15
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	75	40	35
Marathi	215	110	100
Nepali	205	105	95
Oriya languages	45	15	30
Odia	35	15	25
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,515	1,355	1,155
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	40	25	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	405	185	215
Urdu	1,970	940	1,030
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	105	65	40
Iranian languages	1,575	785	790
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	180	80	100
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	220	115	105
Persian languages	1,320	665	655
Dari	660	340	320
Iranian Persian	655	320	330
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	20	20
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,970	3,115	3,850
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	2,085	1,005	1,080
Portuguese	1,000	495	505
Romanian	435	215	220
Spanish	3,850	1,605	2,245
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Japanese	320	140	175
Korean	790	370	420
Mongolian	35	10	20
Niger-Congo languages	1,950	950	995
Akan (Twi)	195	85	110
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	40	20	20
Éwé	25	10	15
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	35	15	20
Ganda	35	10	20
Gikuyu	25	10	10
Igbo	240	135	105
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	160	65	90
Lingala	225	90	140
Luba-Kasai	40	20	20
Mòoré	10	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	10	10	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	175	70	95
Shona	40	20	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	440	245	195
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	50	20	30
Yoruba	370	180	195
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	295	155	140
Nilo-Saharan languages	80	35	45
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55	20	35
African, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Sign languages	265	100	165
American Sign Language	200	75	130
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	50	20	35
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,310	4,430	4,880
Chinese languages	9,220	4,380	4,840
Hakka	100	45	55
Mandarin	6,920	3,230	3,690
Min Dong	10	0	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	220	85	135
Wu (Shanghainese)	80	40	45
Yue (Cantonese)	3,265	1,550	1,715
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	15	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	90	50	40
Burmese	40	20	20
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	60	35	20
S'gaw Karen	60	35	20
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	185	85	105
Lao	80	35	40
Thai	120	55	60
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	430	235	200
Azerbaijani	15	15	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	415	220	190
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Uralic languages	240	100	140
Estonian	20	0	15
Finnish	10	10	0
Hungarian	210	90	115
Other languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	131,290	64,300	66,990
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,740	1,260	1,475
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	2,630	1,180	1,450
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,360	655	710
Métis	1,150	475	670
Inuk (Inuit)	120	50	70
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	35	25	0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	70	50	20
Non-Indigenous identity	128,550	63,040	65,515
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	131,290	64,300	66,990
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	650	305	345
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	130,640	63,995	66,645
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	45,650	...	...
Owner	36,330	...	...
Renter	9,325	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	45,650	...	...
Condominium	6,495	...	...
Not condominium	39,160	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	45,650	...	...
No bedrooms	45	...	...
1 bedroom	990	...	...
2 bedrooms	6,015	...	...
3 bedrooms	22,280	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	16,320	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	45,650	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	5,975	...	...
5 rooms	6,580	...	...
6 rooms	7,885	...	...
7 rooms	8,230	...	...
8 or more rooms	16,980	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	7.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	45,650	...	...
One person or fewer per room	44,495	...	...
More than one person per room	1,160	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	45,650	...	...
Suitable	43,205	...	...
Not suitable	2,450	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	45,650	...	...
1960 or before	1,580	...	...
1961 to 1980	9,990	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,495	...	...
1991 to 2000	5,840	...	...
2001 to 2005	5,375	...	...
2006 to 2010	6,020	...	...
2011 to 2015	5,720	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,625	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	45,650	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	44,325	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,330	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	45,650	...	...
One-maintainer household	18,755	...	...
Two-maintainer household	24,220	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,670	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	45,650	...	...
15 to 24 years	730	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,575	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,340	...	...
45 to 54 years	10,790	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,710	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,875	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,860	...	...
85 years and over	780	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	45,550	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	38,190	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	7,360	...	...
30% to less than 100%	6,680	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	45,655	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	10,275	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	6,590	...	...
Not suitable only	1,885	...	...
Major repairs needed only	950	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	470	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	285	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	80	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	20	...	...
Acceptable housing	35,380	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	44,870	...	...
In core need	3,430	...	...
Not in core need	41,440	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	36,315	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	66.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	11.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,620	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,652	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	600,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	646,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,310	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	19.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,800	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,756	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	131,290	64,295	66,990
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	685	320	365
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	675	315	365
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	370	180	185
Métis single ancestry	250	105	145
Inuit single ancestry	50	20	25
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	10	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	10	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,385	1,570	1,815
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,310	1,535	1,770
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,345	1,115	1,230
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	875	395	485
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	85	30	60
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	75	30	45
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	75	30	45
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	127,220	62,410	64,810
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	131,285	64,300	66,990
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	118,110	57,825	60,290
Canadian citizens aged under 18	28,595	14,440	14,155
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	89,520	43,380	46,135
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	13,175	6,475	6,700
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	131,285	64,300	66,990
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	88,025	43,560	44,465
Immigrants⁸¹	40,245	19,120	21,125
Before 1980	5,025	2,515	2,505
1980 to 1990	4,525	2,160	2,360
1991 to 2000	9,085	4,305	4,785
2001 to 2010	9,460	4,225	5,235
2011 to 2021⁸²	12,155	5,915	6,240
2011 to 2015	5,250	2,485	2,770
2016 to 2021	6,905	3,430	3,470
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3,010	1,610	1,400
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	40,250	19,125	21,130
Under 5 years	4,000	2,135	1,865
5 to 14 years	7,145	3,675	3,470
15 to 24 years	6,830	3,005	3,825
25 to 44 years	18,600	8,630	9,975
45 years and over	3,680	1,680	2,000
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	40,250	19,125	21,130
Americas	4,580	1,995	2,585
Brazil	280	145	135
Colombia	285	125	155
El Salvador	415	180	235
Guyana	170	80	90
Haiti	500	215	285
Jamaica	490	175	315
Mexico	135	55	85
Peru	55	40	15
Trinidad and Tobago	270	105	165
United States of America	1,005	420	585
Other places of birth in Americas	980	460	520
Europe	6,270	2,970	3,305
Bosnia and Herzegovina	245	130	115
Croatia	115	55	60
France	160	75	85
Germany	345	150	195
Greece	115	65	45
Hungary	40	15	30
Italy	595	335	265
Netherlands	145	55	95
Poland	555	245	310
Portugal	220	105	110
Romania	325	150	170
Russian Federation	445	195	245
Serbia⁸⁶	105	35	65
Ukraine	295	140	160
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,605	835	775
Other places of birth in Europe	965	380	580
Africa	5,585	2,750	2,830
Algeria	250	130	120
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	245	125	120
Egypt	1,000	525	475
Eritrea	130	65	65
Ethiopia	345	160	190
Morocco	260	105	155
Nigeria	635	335	295
Somalia	460	155	305
South Africa, Republic of	195	100	95
Other places of birth in Africa	2,065	1,050	1,015
Asia	23,740	11,375	12,365
Afghanistan	470	235	235
Iran⁸⁸	530	265	260
Iraq	505	245	260
Lebanon	1,160	640	520
Syria⁸⁹	990	540	450
Turkey	155	85	65
China⁹⁰	5,125	2,310	2,815
Hong Kong⁹¹	725	380	350
Korea, South⁹²	425	210	215
Taiwan	190	80	105
Philippines	1,945	775	1,165
Viet Nam	1,260	570	690
Bangladesh	685	335	345
India	3,755	1,890	1,860
Pakistan	1,085	515	575
Sri Lanka	990	445	545
Other places of birth in Asia	3,750	1,845	1,900
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	70	30	40
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,900	3,430	3,470
Americas	575	260	315
Brazil	140	75	65
Colombia	65	30	35
Haiti	30	15	15
Jamaica	25	10	20
Mexico	0	0	0
United States of America	195	80	115
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	10	10
Other places of birth in Americas	100	45	55
Europe	460	225	240
France	40	20	15
Germany	20	10	0
Ireland⁹⁶	10	0	10
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	100	40	55
Ukraine	55	25	30
United Kingdom⁸⁷	125	60	65
Other places of birth in Europe	115	60	55
Africa	1,330	640	685
Algeria	25	20	10
Burundi	50	25	30
Cameroon	35	15	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	55	25	25
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	205	125	85
Eritrea	40	15	25
Ethiopia	30	10	20
Morocco	55	20	30
Nigeria	350	165	185
Somalia	50	20	35
South Africa, Republic of	30	20	10
Sudan⁹⁷	50	25	25
Tunisia	45	15	25
Other places of birth in Africa	310	145	160
Asia	4,530	2,300	2,230
Afghanistan	120	60	60
Bangladesh	105	40	60
China⁹⁰	785	355	430
Hong Kong⁹¹	30	10	25
India	1,090	595	495
Iran⁸⁸	85	40	40
Iraq	65	30	40
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	10	0	10
Jordan	105	60	40
Korea, South⁹²	40	20	20
Lebanon	125	80	45
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	135	75	65
Philippines	195	90	110
Saudi Arabia	205	105	105
Sri Lanka	90	45	45
Syria⁸⁹	725	380	345
Turkey	55	35	25
United Arab Emirates	170	85	85
Viet Nam	95	35	60
Other places of birth in Asia	290	165	130
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	131,290	64,300	66,990
First generation¹⁰⁰	45,045	21,580	23,470
Second generation¹⁰¹	30,920	15,440	15,480
Third generation or more¹⁰²	55,325	27,280	28,035
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	35,225	16,605	18,620
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	18,675	9,430	9,250
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,620	4,790	2,830
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,055	4,640	6,420
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	9,225	3,570	5,650
Refugees¹⁰⁸	6,910	3,435	3,480
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	410	165	245
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	35,225	16,605	18,620
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,400	1,140	1,260
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,685	1,135	1,550
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,220	635	585
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,455	1,355	1,100
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	175	80	100
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	26,290	12,270	14,025
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	131,290	64,300	66,990
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	53,715	26,235	27,485
South Asian	11,980	5,950	6,030
Chinese	10,240	4,945	5,300
Black	9,120	4,440	4,675
Filipino	2,690	1,145	1,540
Arab	9,885	5,050	4,830
Latin American	2,070	945	1,130
Southeast Asian	2,780	1,295	1,485
West Asian	1,550	785	765
Korean	895	460	435
Japanese	240	120	125
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	450	195	255
Multiple visible minorities	1,820	905	920
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	77,570	38,065	39,505
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	131,285	64,300	66,990
Canadian	14,225	7,070	7,160
English	19,210	9,490	9,715
Irish	22,720	10,800	11,920
Scottish	18,860	9,455	9,400
French, n.o.s.¹²²	14,055	6,925	7,120
German	8,540	4,405	4,130
Chinese	10,295	4,950	5,345
Italian	6,755	3,305	3,450
Indian (India)	5,945	2,925	3,020
Ukrainian	2,835	1,360	1,475
Dutch	3,120	1,515	1,605
Polish	3,980	1,940	2,040
Québécois	465	235	230
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,390	2,115	2,280
Filipino	2,695	1,135	1,555
French Canadian	3,200	1,510	1,695
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,900	910	990
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,185	630	555
Métis	1,210	540	675
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,775	900	870
Russian	1,660	780	880
Norwegian	810	450	360
Welsh	1,890	915	975
Portuguese	1,195	620	580
American	1,225	570	650
Spanish	1,350	615	735
Swedish	720	335	385
Hungarian	1,045	515	530
Acadian	770	380	390
Pakistani	1,430	665	765
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,280	615	665
Jewish	1,435	725	710
Punjabi	935	480	455
Vietnamese	2,090	970	1,120
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,790	1,935	1,860
Greek	1,215	675	540
Jamaican	925	480	445
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,050	475	580
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	150	50	100
Korean	920	495	435
Romanian	715	365	350
Lebanese	2,715	1,285	1,435
Iranian	640	315	330
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	565	320	240
Danish	540	275	270
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	355	140	210
Sikh	485	245	240
Austrian	630	315	315
Belgian	440	220	220
Haitian	715	345	370
Hindu	725	360	370
Mexican	310	130	180
Mennonite	80	45	35
Swiss	340	125	210
Finnish	420	250	175
Sri Lankan	845	405	445
Croatian	495	265	235
Japanese	335	170	170
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	805	445	360
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	185	100	90
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	310	135	175
Muslim	870	370	500
Egyptian	1,585	825	760
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	445	200	245
Tamil	800	395	405
Icelandic	95	40	50
Colombian	325	150	175
Moroccan	345	130	215
Czech	385	145	240
Syrian	1,065	550	515
Guyanese	310	135	175
Afghan	780	405	370
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	510	250	260
Serbian	320	140	180
Ojibway	115	60	55
Newfoundlander	305	165	140
Hong Konger	295	160	135
Ontarian	580	275	305
Persian	160	85	70
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	285	125	160
Turkish	455	245	210
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	140	55	85
Bangladeshi	740	345	395
Algerian	305	125	185
Brazilian	300	155	145
Nigerian	545	295	255
Armenian	190	95	95
Slovak	330	140	190
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	230	80	140
Somali	1,175	515	660
Taiwanese	245	135	110
Iraqi	470	225	245
Salvadorean	375	165	210
African Caribbean	415	185	235
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	315	160	155
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	945	490	450
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	365	145	220
Algonquin	385	175	205
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	125	40	85
Lithuanian	295	150	145
South African	200	90	115
Australian	100	60	40
Palestinian	1,140	580	555
Chilean	160	80	80
Congolese	365	195	170
Nova Scotian	160	105	55
Ethiopian	430	245	185
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	150	55	95
Peruvian	115	75	40
Yoruba	300	150	155
Cambodian (Khmer)	520	215	305
Berber	130	70	65
Albanian	220	105	115
Maltese	125	70	55
Macedonian	35	20	10
Slovenian	145	70	75
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	155	70	85
New Brunswicker	60	0	50
Gujarati	165	105	65
Eritrean	275	150	125
African Canadian	185	100	85
Israeli	120	45	70
Mohawk	150	55	90
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	85	50	40
Bulgarian	160	90	75
Albertan	55	30	25
Ghanaian	280	140	140
Barbadian	115	30	85
African American	85	30	55
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	70	45	25
Tunisian	125	50	75
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	210	105	105
Cuban	235	110	125
Bosnian	225	130	95
Venezuelan	160	65	100
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	105	35	65
Bengali	220	120	100
Cameroonian	165	105	65
Guatemalan	50	25	25
Indonesian	100	55	40
Laotian	170	75	100
Ilocano	120	60	60
Northern Irish	110	50	60
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	130	70	60
British Columbian	15	10	10
Ecuadorian	55	15	40
Franco Ontarian	275	105	165
Argentinian	70	25	45
Estonian	95	35	55
Kurdish	160	65	100
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	75	40	35
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	55	35	25
Coptic	250	110	145
Thai	170	70	100
Dominican	90	65	25
Nepali	205	105	95
Kabyle	60	30	35
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	275	135	140
Byelorussian	90	45	45
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	40	15	25
Abenaki	20	15	0
Moldovan	70	40	25
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	85	15	70
New Zealander	50	20	25
Sudanese	230	105	125
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	20	15	10
Malaysian	85	40	40
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	120	65	55
Huron (Wendat)	45	25	20
Saskatchewanian	30	0	25
Buddhist	90	45	45
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	25	15	10
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	30	25	0
Ivorian	20	20	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	25	10	15
Burundian	180	85	95
Tigrinya	20	15	0
Nicaraguan	55	35	30
Mauritian	75	45	30
Kenyan	65	35	40
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	60	15	45
Jordanian	460	220	240
Manitoban	15	0	10
Cape Bretoner	30	10	20
Rwandan	135	65	70
Grenadian	45	35	10
Malayali	185	100	85
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	240	115	125
Mayan	30	15	10
Honduran	30	10	25
Cherokee	20	0	10
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	30	10	20
Indo-Caribbean	40	15	25
Flemish	45	35	15
United Empire Loyalist	55	10	50
Senegalese	50	20	30
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	15	0	15
Pashtun	35	20	15
Malay	0	0	0
Goan	55	25	30
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	65	25	40
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	30	20	15
Burmese	50	10	45
Mongolian	50	20	25
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	70	45	20
Indo-Guyanese	15	0	15
Ugandan	140	90	50
Oromo	20	15	10
Tanzanian	75	35	45
Yemeni	135	75	65
Central African	35	15	15
Libyan	290	150	140
Basque	30	15	15
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	60	40	25
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	60	40	20
Igorot	40	25	15
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	50	20	35
Prince Edward Islander	15	0	10
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	15	10	10
Telugu	55	20	40
Roma	10	10	0
Costa Rican	10	0	10
African Nova Scotian	65	40	30
Malagasy	50	25	30
Kashmiri	20	0	15
Singaporean	25	10	20
Karen	55	35	20
Edo	60	40	25
Tajik	55	25	30
Amhara	85	50	40
Paraguayan	10	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	131,290	64,300	66,990
Buddhist	2,170	930	1,240
Christian	65,485	30,700	34,790
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,700	4,155	4,545
Anabaptist	15	0	10
Anglican	4,830	2,165	2,660
Baptist	1,115	505	605
Catholic	36,165	17,000	19,165
Christian Orthodox	2,890	1,445	1,445
Jehovah's Witness	350	155	200
Latter Day Saints	230	115	115
Lutheran	630	280	350
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	365	150	215
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,995	870	1,125
Presbyterian	1,115	545	570
Reformed	270	130	145
United Church	4,230	1,930	2,300
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,595	1,245	1,350
Hindu	4,465	2,230	2,240
Jewish	1,785	870	915
Muslim	16,430	8,050	8,385
Sikh	1,715	920	800
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	45	20	20
Other religions and spiritual traditions	750	355	390
No religion and secular perspectives	38,435	20,225	18,210
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	130,130	63,755	66,375
Non-movers	114,890	56,015	58,875
Movers	15,240	7,735	7,500
Non-migrants	11,250	5,730	5,520
Migrants	3,985	2,005	1,980
Internal migrants	2,765	1,350	1,410
Intraprovincial migrants	1,820	870	955
Interprovincial migrants	940	485	460
External migrants	1,220	655	570
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	124,405	60,745	63,660
Non-movers	76,680	37,085	39,605
Movers	47,720	23,665	24,060
Non-migrants	28,745	14,110	14,640
Migrants	18,975	9,550	9,420
Internal migrants	11,005	5,555	5,445
Intraprovincial migrants	6,110	3,025	3,085
Interprovincial migrants	4,895	2,525	2,365
External migrants	7,970	3,995	3,975
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	105,685	51,315	54,370
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	12,690	6,195	6,495
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	92,995	45,120	47,870
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	70,880	34,305	36,575
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,055	2,065	1,995
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	66,815	32,240	34,580
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	105,685	51,320	54,365
No certificate, diploma or degree	11,825	5,770	6,050
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	24,445	12,410	12,035
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	69,410	33,130	36,280
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,585	13,250	14,335
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,275	2,075	1,200
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,855	1,045	815
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,415	1,030	385
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	21,985	10,160	11,830
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,330	1,020	1,310
Bachelor's degree or higher	41,825	19,885	21,940
Bachelor's degree	26,740	11,970	14,770
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,210	950	1,260
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	835	405	435
Master's degree	9,965	5,165	4,795
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,075	1,390	680
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	70,875	34,300	36,575
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,470	1,780	1,690
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,585	6,765	5,815
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	54,820	25,755	29,070
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,005	10,115	10,890
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,310	1,450	860
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,305	735	570
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,005	710	290
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,065	7,945	9,125
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,625	720	905
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,820	15,640	18,180
Bachelor's degree	21,390	9,420	11,975
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,770	725	1,045
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	625	260	365
Master's degree	8,405	4,205	4,200
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,630	1,035	595
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	105,685	51,315	54,365
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	36,275	18,185	18,095
Education	3,315	625	2,685
13. Education	3,315	625	2,685
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,055	875	1,180
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	340	205	135
50. Visual and performing arts	1,720	670	1,045
Humanities	3,855	1,270	2,585
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	550	120	430
23. English language and literature/letters	960	240	720
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	945	275	665
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	145	50	90
38. Philosophy and religious studies	250	130	115
39. Theology and religious vocations	260	170	80
54. History	600	250	350
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	150	25	130
Social and behavioural sciences and law	11,555	4,165	7,390
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	145	35	115
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,170	505	660
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,285	110	1,175
22. Legal professions and studies	1,670	590	1,080
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	275	110	165
42. Psychology	1,925	430	1,495
45. Social sciences	5,080	2,385	2,705
Business, management and public administration	14,855	6,525	8,330
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	0	25
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,100	305	795
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,725	6,215	7,515
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,850	1,795	2,055
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,005	785	1,225
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	675	280	390
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35	20	20
40. Physical sciences	1,055	695	360
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	20	50
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,120	4,100	2,025
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,925	3,485	1,445
25. Library science	230	45	185
27. Mathematics and statistics	730	425	305
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	235	145	85
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,600	9,805	1,790
04. Architecture and related services	585	355	230
14. Engineering	5,875	4,655	1,215
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,910	2,625	290
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	775	770	10
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,090	1,070	20
48. Precision production	360	335	25
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,115	535	580
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	720	340	380
03. Natural resources and conservation	395	195	200
Health and related fields	8,210	1,910	6,300
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	730	365	370
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,210	1,415	5,795
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	250	130	120
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,875	1,530	1,345
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,465	430	1,035
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	90	75	15
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45	40	0
43. Security and protective services	1,010	740	270
49. Transportation and materials moving	260	240	20
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	70,880	34,305	36,575
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	16,055	8,545	7,510
Education	2,430	425	2,005
13. Education	2,430	425	2,005
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,630	650	980
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	265	150	115
50. Visual and performing arts	1,370	505	865
Humanities	2,895	900	1,995
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	460	90	370
23. English language and literature/letters	715	165	550
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	685	190	500
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	95	30	60
38. Philosophy and religious studies	180	90	95
39. Theology and religious vocations	175	115	60
54. History	485	200	295
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	95	25	70
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,430	3,355	6,075
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	115	30	90
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	955	405	545
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	995	80	915
22. Legal professions and studies	1,420	460	960
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	200	85	115
42. Psychology	1,535	350	1,180
45. Social sciences	4,215	1,935	2,275
Business, management and public administration	11,915	5,025	6,890
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	20
44. Public administration and social service professions	920	255	665
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,975	4,765	6,210
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,905	1,315	1,590
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,580	590	980
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	515	225	290
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	30	20	15
40. Physical sciences	755	470	285
41. Science technologies/technicians	30	10	15
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,210	3,480	1,730
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,340	3,035	1,305
25. Library science	150	30	115
27. Mathematics and statistics	525	295	225
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	195	115	80
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,035	7,555	1,475
04. Architecture and related services	420	250	165
14. Engineering	4,790	3,750	1,040
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,185	1,960	225
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	600	590	10
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	785	770	15
48. Precision production	245	230	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	830	365	470
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	510	210	290
03. Natural resources and conservation	330	145	175
Health and related fields	6,240	1,495	4,755
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	525	255	270
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,540	1,165	4,375
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	165	70	95
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,275	1,195	1,085
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,170	345	830
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	80	65	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30	30	0
43. Security and protective services	795	570	225
49. Transportation and materials moving	200	180	20
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	70,880	34,305	36,575
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	16,055	8,545	7,510
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	54,820	25,755	29,065
Location of study inside Canada	42,505	20,220	22,285
Same as province or territory of residence	35,640	16,780	18,860
Different than province or territory of residence	6,860	3,435	3,425
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	12,315	5,535	6,785
Americas	1,950	955	1,000
United States of America	1,180	635	535
Mexico	65	20	45
Cuba	50	25	30
Haiti	55	30	30
Jamaica	15	10	0
Brazil	235	100	130
Colombia	115	35	70
Peru	10	0	10
Venezuela⁹⁵	50	20	30
Other locations of study in Americas	180	75	105
Europe	2,150	1,090	1,060
Belgium	25	15	15
France	145	90	55
Germany	85	40	40
Netherlands	15	10	0
Switzerland	30	20	10
Hungary	0	0	0
Moldova¹⁸³	50	20	25
Poland	110	30	80
Romania	100	50	50
Russian Federation	205	90	115
Ukraine	160	85	75
Ireland⁹⁶	35	15	25
United Kingdom⁸⁷	795	425	375
Bosnia and Herzegovina	55	25	30
Italy	45	25	20
Serbia⁸⁶	50	30	25
Other locations of study in Europe	235	115	120
Africa	1,395	655	740
Nigeria	230	120	115
Algeria	90	40	50
Morocco	40	0	35
Tunisia	25	10	15
Egypt	495	240	255
South Africa, Republic of	90	45	50
Other locations of study in Africa	435	205	225
Asia	6,610	2,725	3,885
Iran⁸⁸	100	45	60
Iraq	130	60	80
Israel	40	25	15
Lebanon	205	95	110
Syria⁸⁹	200	85	115
Turkey	55	35	20
China⁹⁰	1,405	580	825
Taiwan	20	0	15
Hong Kong⁹¹	55	10	40
Japan	85	40	45
Korea, South⁹²	190	55	140
Philippines	865	295	565
Viet Nam	100	30	65
Bangladesh	245	105	140
Sri Lanka	190	75	120
India	1,680	780	900
Pakistan	375	150	225
Other locations of study in Asia	670	260	405
Oceania	205	105	100
Australia	195	100	95
New Zealand	15	0	10
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	105,685	51,320	54,365
In the labour force	72,665	37,280	35,385
Employed	65,240	33,995	31,245
Unemployed	7,425	3,290	4,135
Not in the labour force	33,020	14,035	18,985
Participation rate	68.8	72.6	65.1
Employment rate	61.7	66.2	57.5
Unemployment rate	10.2	8.8	11.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	105,685	51,320	54,365
Did not work¹⁸⁶	33,360	14,215	19,145
Worked	72,330	37,100	35,225
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	43,350	23,785	19,570
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	28,975	13,320	15,650
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.4	43.4	41.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	72,665	37,280	35,380
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,880	805	1,075
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	70,780	36,470	34,305
Employee	62,830	31,715	31,110
Permanent position	53,060	27,180	25,880
Temporary position	9,765	4,540	5,230
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,530	1,620	1,910
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,235	2,915	3,325
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,955	4,760	3,195
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	72,665	37,280	35,380
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,880	805	1,075
All occupations¹⁹¹	70,780	36,470	34,305
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	855	625	225
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,575	4,965	9,610
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	12,115	9,045	3,070
3 Health occupations	5,380	1,250	4,130
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	11,105	4,025	7,085
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,360	1,015	1,340
6 Sales and service occupations	15,675	7,900	7,785
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,320	6,625	695
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	575	450	125
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	825	575	250
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	72,665	37,280	35,380
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,880	805	1,075
All industries¹⁹¹	70,780	36,470	34,305
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	195	115	80
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	55	55	0
22 Utilities	175	120	55
23 Construction	3,625	3,110	520
31-33 Manufacturing	2,485	1,715	765
41 Wholesale trade	1,610	1,145	460
44-45 Retail trade	7,845	4,195	3,645
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,525	2,005	520
51 Information and cultural industries	1,525	910	620
52 Finance and insurance	2,530	1,225	1,305
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	960	475	490
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	8,310	5,310	2,995
55 Management of companies and enterprises	120	85	35
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,685	1,625	1,065
61 Educational services	5,320	1,600	3,725
62 Health care and social assistance	8,495	1,855	6,640
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,110	565	540
72 Accommodation and food services	3,675	1,800	1,870
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,660	1,205	1,455
91 Public administration	14,885	7,355	7,525
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	76,620	39,240	37,385
English	63,320	33,300	30,015
French	780	260	525
Non-official language	455	235	225
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	455	235	225
English and French	9,800	4,295	5,500
English and non-official language(s)	1,975	1,005	965
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	275	135	145
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	10
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	76,620	39,240	37,385
Single responses	74,955	38,510	36,445
Official languages	74,095	38,100	35,995
English	72,625	37,580	35,040
French	1,475	520	955
Non-official languages	860	405	450
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	860	405	450
Afro-Asiatic languages	140	60	80
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	15	0	15
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	15	0	15
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	120	55	65
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	115	55	65
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	70	30	40
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	0	10
Vietnamese	55	25	35
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	10	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	10	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	95	50	45
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	10	0	10
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	10	0	10
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	10	0	10
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	10	0	10
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	40	15	20
Indo-Aryan languages	35	10	20
Bengali	10	10	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	15	0	10
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	10	0	10
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	40	30	0
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	30	25	0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	25	0	20
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	505	250	255
Chinese languages	500	245	255
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	335	160	175
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	165	85	80
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,670	725	940
English and French	1,325	555	775
English and non-official language(s)	315	170	145
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	25
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	76,620	39,240	37,385
None	66,160	34,495	31,660
English	1,030	410	620
French	7,835	3,500	4,335
Non-official language	1,220	640	575
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,215	640	575
English and French	10	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	35	15	25
French and non-official language(s)	185	100	85
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	140	60	80
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	65,240	33,995	31,245
Worked at home	27,705	13,715	13,995
Worked outside Canada	260	195	70
No fixed workplace address	5,895	4,420	1,475
Usual place of work	31,380	15,670	15,710
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	31,380	15,670	15,710
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	30,110	14,905	15,200
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	735	460	275
Commute to a different province or territory	540	305	235
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	37,280	20,095	17,185
Car, truck or van	31,160	17,340	13,820
Car, truck or van - as a driver	28,140	16,180	11,955
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,020	1,155	1,870
Public transit	3,465	1,520	1,940
Walked	1,310	550	760
Bicycle	230	160	65
Other method	1,115	520	590
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	37,280	20,095	17,185
Less than 15 minutes	8,445	4,095	4,355
15 to 29 minutes	16,085	8,775	7,315
30 to 44 minutes	8,500	4,935	3,565
45 to 59 minutes	2,270	1,260	1,015
60 minutes and over	1,975	1,035	940
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	37,280	20,095	17,185
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,815	1,295	520
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,875	4,040	2,835
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,735	4,915	4,815
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,070	3,965	4,100
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	4,780	2,380	2,405
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,000	3,490	2,515
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	32,060	16,280	15,780
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,325	4,250	4,075
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	23,740	12,035	11,705
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	24,680	12,560	12,125
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,555	3,360	3,200
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,395	2,200	2,195
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,160	1,160	1,000
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,130	9,200	8,930

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed November 14, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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