Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	New Westminster, City (CY)More information: British Columbia [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	78,916	...	...
Population, 2016¹	70,996	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	11.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	37,737	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	36,099	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	5,052.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	15.62	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	78,915	38,875	40,045
0 to 14 years	9,925	5,150	4,780
0 to 4 years	3,585	1,815	1,765
5 to 9 years	3,195	1,655	1,540
10 to 14 years	3,150	1,675	1,470
15 to 64 years	56,305	28,015	28,295
15 to 19 years	3,000	1,545	1,450
20 to 24 years	4,415	2,205	2,210
25 to 29 years	6,695	3,255	3,440
30 to 34 years	7,770	3,930	3,835
35 to 39 years	7,190	3,685	3,510
40 to 44 years	5,680	2,865	2,820
45 to 49 years	5,165	2,555	2,610
50 to 54 years	5,570	2,710	2,865
55 to 59 years	5,640	2,775	2,865
60 to 64 years	5,175	2,495	2,685
65 years and over	12,680	5,710	6,970
65 to 69 years	4,255	2,075	2,175
70 to 74 years	3,365	1,550	1,815
75 to 79 years	2,145	945	1,205
80 to 84 years	1,375	600	780
85 years and over	1,545	545	1,000
85 to 89 years	880	350	535
90 to 94 years	485	155	335
95 to 99 years	145	35	115
100 years and over	25	5	20
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.6	13.2	11.9
15 to 64 years	71.3	72.1	70.7
65 years and over	16.1	14.7	17.4
85 years and over	2.0	1.4	2.5
Average age of the population	41.9	41.0	42.8
Median age of the population	40.4	39.6	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	36,100	...	...
Single-detached house	4,995	...	...
Semi-detached house	215	...	...
Row house	2,060	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,665	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	12,565	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	12,525	...	...
Other single-attached house	40	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	25	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	36,095	...	...
1 person	13,275	...	...
2 persons	12,340	...	...
3 persons	4,935	...	...
4 persons	3,620	...	...
5 or more persons	1,920	...	...
Number of persons in private households	78,055	38,500	39,555
Average household size	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	68,990	33,720	35,265
Married or living common-law	37,905	19,085	18,820
Married	30,255	15,155	15,100
Living common-law	7,655	3,925	3,725
Living common law - Never married	6,090	3,120	2,965
Living common law - Separated	245	150	100
Living common law - Divorced	1,200	605	595
Living common law - Widowed	120	45	70
Not married and not living common-law	31,085	14,640	16,445
Not married and not living common law - Never married	21,155	11,295	9,855
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,860	795	1,065
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,120	1,975	3,140
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	2,950	575	2,380
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	21,325	...	...
2 persons	12,020	...	...
3 persons	4,685	...	...
4 persons	3,640	...	...
5 or more persons	980	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	21,320	...	...
Total couple families	18,375	...	...
Married couples	14,550	...	...
With children⁶	7,705	...	...
Without children	6,845	...	...
Common-law couples	3,825	...	...
With children⁶	760	...	...
Without children	3,065	...	...
Total one-parent families	2,945	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	2,400	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	550	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	78,055	38,500	39,555
Total - Persons in census families	57,760	28,705	29,055
Married spouses or common-law partners	36,750	18,525	18,230
Parents in one-parent families	2,945	545	2,400
Children⁶	18,060	9,635	8,425
In a two-parent family	14,065	7,460	6,610
In a one-parent family	3,995	2,180	1,820
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	20,295	9,795	10,500
Living alone	13,280	6,350	6,930
Living with other relatives⁷	2,320	905	1,420
Living with non-relatives only	4,700	2,545	2,155
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	36,100	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	18,430	...	...
Couple-family households	16,110	...	...
With children⁶	7,290	...	...
Without children	8,820	...	...
One-parent-family households	2,320	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	900	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	190	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,070	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,225	...	...
One-person households	13,280	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	68,130	33,350	34,780
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	66,335	32,540	33,795
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	50,000	40,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	66,355	32,550	33,805
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	44,400	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	60,005	29,810	30,195
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	48,400	36,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	51,030	26,030	24,995
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,200	50,800	40,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	54,320	25,140	29,180
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,000	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,395	2,860	3,535
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,440	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	18,595	9,105	9,495
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,500	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	68,135	33,280	34,855
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	66,265	32,405	33,860
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,900	61,450	48,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	66,315	32,435	33,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,760	49,600	42,040
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	59,930	29,630	30,300
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,700	59,200	44,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	51,030	25,985	25,040
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,950	60,050	45,560
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	54,205	25,095	29,115
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,930	9,480	10,320
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,375	2,930	3,440
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,650	5,770	7,410
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	18,465	9,055	9,415
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,120	9,160	9,080
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	68,130	33,280	34,850
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	25,945	14,160	11,785
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000	71,000	61,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	76,000	83,100	67,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	19,420	9,115	10,305
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,600	24,800	19,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,480	35,280	28,120
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.2	88.0	81.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	74.2	78.4	69.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	14.8	11.9	18.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.6	4.9	6.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.6	4.2	5.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	68,130	33,350	34,780
Without total income	1,795	810	985
With total income	66,330	32,540	33,795
Under $10,000 (including loss)	5,475	2,360	3,115
$10,000 to $19,999	6,210	2,720	3,495
$20,000 to $29,999	9,360	4,040	5,315
$30,000 to $39,999	8,395	3,705	4,690
$40,000 to $49,999	7,550	3,510	4,040
$50,000 to $59,999	6,705	3,170	3,530
$60,000 to $69,999	5,305	2,680	2,625
$70,000 to $79,999	4,255	2,355	1,895
$80,000 to $89,999	3,260	1,855	1,410
$90,000 to $99,999	2,515	1,455	1,055
$100,000 and over	7,310	4,690	2,620
$100,000 to $149,999	5,305	3,240	2,070
$150,000 and over	2,005	1,450	550
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	68,130	33,350	34,780
Without after-tax income	1,780	805	975
With after-tax income	66,355	32,550	33,800
Under $10,000 (including loss)	5,615	2,420	3,200
$10,000 to $19,999	6,445	2,825	3,620
$20,000 to $29,999	10,745	4,710	6,030
$30,000 to $39,999	9,870	4,445	5,425
$40,000 to $49,999	9,040	4,280	4,760
$50,000 to $59,999	7,360	3,660	3,700
$60,000 to $69,999	5,320	2,920	2,400
$70,000 to $79,999	3,865	2,210	1,655
$80,000 to $89,999	2,740	1,555	1,190
$90,000 to $99,999	1,675	1,030	645
$100,000 and over	3,690	2,495	1,190
$100,000 to $124,999	2,120	1,360	765
$125,000 and over	1,570	1,140	425
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	68,130	33,350	34,780
Without employment income	17,100	7,320	9,785
With employment income	51,025	26,035	24,995
Under $5,000 (including loss)	5,390	2,455	2,935
$5,000 to $9,999	3,570	1,555	2,010
$10,000 to $19,999	5,320	2,385	2,940
$20,000 to $29,999	4,260	1,960	2,300
$30,000 to $39,999	4,455	2,100	2,355
$40,000 to $49,999	5,020	2,390	2,630
$50,000 to $59,999	4,835	2,350	2,485
$60,000 to $69,999	4,105	2,175	1,935
$70,000 to $79,999	3,305	1,915	1,390
$80,000 to $89,999	2,610	1,530	1,085
$90,000 to $99,999	2,170	1,245	930
$100,000 and over	5,980	3,980	2,000
$100,000 to $124,999	3,010	1,860	1,150
$125,000 and over	2,970	2,125	850
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	68,130	33,350	34,780
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,370	31,495	32,875
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	48,000	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,515	31,525	32,990
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	42,400	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	59,200	29,360	29,835
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	48,400	36,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	51,930	26,245	25,685
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,000	49,200	38,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	41,545	17,900	23,640
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,040	1,660	4,160
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,885	1,685	2,205
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,440	4,520	6,450
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	68,135	33,280	34,855
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,110	31,250	32,855
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,450	59,800	45,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,275	31,290	32,985
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,640	48,800	38,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	59,040	29,145	29,895
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,900	59,950	44,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	51,870	26,140	25,725
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,900	59,650	44,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	41,210	17,805	23,400
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,230	6,860	7,520
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,965	1,695	2,265
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,260	5,960	8,240
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	68,130	33,280	34,850
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	25,735	14,025	11,705
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,200	65,500	56,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,000	78,100	62,450
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	18,290	8,495	9,800
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,600	35,200	25,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	38,480	44,720	33,080
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.2	93.4	88.2
Employment income (%)	80.0	83.4	75.8
Government transfers (%)	8.9	6.5	11.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.5	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	36,095	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	13,280	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	22,820	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	36,095	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	100,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	13,290	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	58,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,720	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	22,810	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	125,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	36,095	...	...
Under $5,000	550	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	210	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	315	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	785	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,460	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,120	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,185	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,335	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,315	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,370	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,740	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,665	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,430	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,350	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,050	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,210	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,245	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,075	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,770	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,120	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	36,095	...	...
Under $5,000	590	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	215	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	330	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	815	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,545	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,310	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,405	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,620	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,590	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,655	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,270	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,045	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,745	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,445	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,175	...	...
$100,000 and over	11,350	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,165	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,830	...	...
$150,000 and over	4,360	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	21,240	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	9,105	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	8,455	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	2,740	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	17,975	8,890	9,085
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,000	45,600	42,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	40,800	38,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	21,195	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,000	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,550	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	154,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	2,630	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	88,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	17,900	8,875	9,025
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	53,450	55,450	51,450
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,320	46,360	44,320
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	78,060	38,505	39,555
0 to 17 years	11,650	6,020	5,630
0 to 5 years	4,250	2,165	2,080
18 to 64 years	54,295	26,920	27,375
65 years and over	12,115	5,560	6,550
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	7,900	3,745	4,155
0 to 17 years	1,185	595	580
0 to 5 years	415	190	225
18 to 64 years	4,775	2,335	2,440
65 years and over	1,940	815	1,125
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.1	9.7	10.5
0 to 17 years (%)	10.1	9.9	10.4
0 to 5 years (%)	9.8	8.7	10.9
18 to 64 years (%)	8.8	8.7	8.9
65 years and over (%)	16.0	14.6	17.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	78,055	38,500	39,555
0 to 17 years	11,655	6,025	5,630
0 to 5 years	4,250	2,170	2,085
18 to 64 years	54,290	26,920	27,370
65 years and over	12,110	5,560	6,555
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,415	2,705	2,710
0 to 17 years	675	335	335
0 to 5 years	215	95	120
18 to 64 years	3,940	2,010	1,935
65 years and over	800	360	440
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.9	7.0	6.9
0 to 17 years (%)	5.8	5.6	6.0
0 to 5 years (%)	5.0	4.3	5.7
18 to 64 years (%)	7.3	7.5	7.1
65 years and over (%)	6.6	6.5	6.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	78,060	38,500	39,555
In bottom half of the distribution	34,930	16,755	18,175
In bottom decile	7,655	3,685	3,970
In second decile	6,575	3,075	3,500
In third decile	6,685	3,145	3,535
In fourth decile	6,855	3,320	3,530
In fifth decile	7,165	3,520	3,640
In top half of the distribution	43,125	21,745	21,375
In sixth decile	7,560	3,705	3,850
In seventh decile	8,285	4,110	4,175
In eighth decile	8,835	4,520	4,320
In ninth decile	9,740	4,945	4,790
In top decile	8,705	4,465	4,245
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	78,055	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.315	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.407	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.282	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	78,270	38,560	39,705
English only	70,460	35,085	35,370
French only	35	15	15
English and French	5,555	2,555	2,995
Neither English nor French	2,230	905	1,325
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	78,270	38,560	39,705
English	74,875	37,050	37,825
French	755	410	350
English and French	465	225	240
Neither English nor French	2,170	880	1,290
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	78,270	38,560	39,705
Single responses	73,820	36,500	37,325
Official languages	45,425	23,265	22,160
English	44,680	22,875	21,810
French	745	395	350
Non-official languages	28,390	13,230	15,160
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	5	10
Algonquian languages	10	5	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	5	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	5
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	28,375	13,225	15,150
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,380	740	640
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	45	25	20
Bilen	5	5	5
Oromo	25	15	10
Somali	15	5	5
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Semitic languages	1,335	715	615
Amharic	195	95	100
Arabic	655	345	315
Aramaic languages	10	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	30	20	10
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	440	250	190
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	530	235	290
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	5	10
Vietnamese	510	230	280
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,995	1,665	2,330
Bikol	15	5	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	20	25
Cebuano	130	55	80
Fijian	5	5	5
Hiligaynon	80	35	45
Ilocano	175	65	110
Indonesian	145	70	75
Kankanaey	20	10	10
Kinaray-a	5	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45	20	30
Pangasinan	30	15	20
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,270	1,360	1,915
Waray-Waray	5	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Creole languages	20	10	10
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Dravidian languages	365	205	160
Kannada	20	10	10
Malayalam	85	50	35
Tamil	165	85	80
Telugu	95	60	35
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	13,365	6,535	6,830
Albanian	75	40	35
Armenian	25	10	15
Balto-Slavic languages	2,925	1,410	1,510
Baltic languages	25	15	10
Latvian	10	5	10
Lithuanian	15	5	5
Slavic languages	2,900	1,400	1,500
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	155	75	75
Czech	75	35	40
Macedonian	15	10	5
Polish	405	190	215
Russian	1,010	475	530
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	925	465	460
Bosnian	110	60	55
Croatian	165	75	95
Serbian	630	320	305
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Slovak	115	60	60
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	0
Ukrainian	195	90	110
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	15	5	10
Irish	5	5	5
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Germanic languages	790	385	410
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	445	210	235
German	430	200	225
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	10	10
Yiddish	5	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	245	120	120
Afrikaans	50	25	20
Dutch	185	90	95
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	0	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	5
Scandinavian languages	95	50	45
Danish	40	25	15
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	25	5	15
Swedish	30	15	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	100	55	45
Indo-Iranian languages	5,305	2,605	2,705
Indo-Aryan languages	4,205	2,050	2,155
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	155	75	75
Gujarati	180	100	85
Hindi	735	355	380
Kacchi	30	5	25
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	5	5	5
Marathi	50	25	25
Nepali	35	15	20
Oriya languages	10	5	5
Odia	0	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,815	1,365	1,445
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	50	25	25
Urdu	110	60	55
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Iranian languages	1,100	545	550
Baluchi	5	0	5
Kurdish	105	70	40
Parsi	5	5	0
Pashto	55	35	25
Persian languages	920	440	480
Dari	320	155	165
Iranian Persian	500	235	265
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	105	50	55
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,130	2,025	2,105
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	305	155	150
Portuguese	1,325	645	680
Romanian	605	295	305
Spanish	1,890	930	965
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	570	180	390
Korean	1,410	575	830
Mongolian	5	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	150	85	65
Akan (Twi)	45	25	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	5	5	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	15	10	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	5	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	10	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	10	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0
Swahili	20	15	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	0	0
Yoruba	5	0	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	15	15
Dinka	10	10	5
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	40	20	15
American Sign Language	30	20	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,000	2,715	3,280
Chinese languages	5,925	2,675	3,255
Hakka	45	25	25
Mandarin	2,955	1,325	1,625
Min Dong	0	0	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	175	80	95
Wu (Shanghainese)	70	35	40
Yue (Cantonese)	2,645	1,200	1,445
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	65	35	30
Burmese	15	5	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	45	25	20
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	70	20	55
Lao	15	5	10
Thai	60	15	45
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	160	90	75
Azerbaijani	15	5	10
Kazakh	5	0	0
Turkish	125	70	50
Uyghur	5	5	5
Uzbek	5	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Uralic languages	285	125	155
Estonian	5	0	5
Finnish	45	15	30
Hungarian	235	115	120
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Multiple responses	4,450	2,065	2,385
English and French	285	150	140
English and non-official language(s)	3,595	1,670	1,930
French and non-official language(s)	60	35	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	35	45
Multiple non-official languages	425	175	250
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	78,270	38,560	39,705
English	48,150	24,415	23,735
French	130	60	65
Non-official language	8,005	3,745	4,250
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	8,005	3,745	4,250
English and French	655	335	320
English and non-official language(s)	20,065	9,410	10,655
French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	500	225	275
Multiple non-official languages	755	365	390
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	78,270	38,560	39,705
Single responses	73,800	36,490	37,310
Official languages	57,590	28,765	28,825
English	57,400	28,675	28,720
French	190	90	100
Non-official languages	16,210	7,725	8,485
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	16,210	7,725	8,485
Afro-Asiatic languages	900	490	415
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	25	15	15
Bilen	5	5	5
Oromo	10	5	5
Somali	10	5	5
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Semitic languages	870	470	405
Amharic	135	70	65
Arabic	360	180	180
Aramaic languages	5	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	15	10	5
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	360	210	145
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	275	125	145
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	0
Vietnamese	270	125	145
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,050	920	1,130
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Cebuano	60	30	30
Fijian	5	0	0
Hiligaynon	35	15	15
Ilocano	85	35	45
Indonesian	45	25	25
Kankanaey	10	5	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	15
Pangasinan	15	5	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,745	780	965
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Creole languages	10	5	5
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	5	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	250	125	120
Kannada	5	5	0
Malayalam	50	25	25
Tamil	135	60	70
Telugu	55	35	20
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	7,305	3,585	3,720
Albanian	30	15	15
Armenian	15	10	5
Balto-Slavic languages	1,505	735	765
Baltic languages	5	0	5
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	5	0	5
Slavic languages	1,500	735	765
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	65	35	35
Czech	15	5	10
Macedonian	5	0	5
Polish	150	75	75
Russian	655	315	335
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	490	240	250
Bosnian	40	20	20
Croatian	60	25	35
Serbian	380	195	190
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Slovak	40	20	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	75	35	40
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	5	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	50	20	25
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	25	10	15
German	20	10	15
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25	10	10
Afrikaans	15	5	10
Dutch	10	5	5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	5	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	30	15	10
Indo-Iranian languages	3,245	1,585	1,665
Indo-Aryan languages	2,555	1,250	1,305
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	95	50	50
Gujarati	75	40	35
Hindi	395	195	200
Kacchi	10	0	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	35	15	20
Nepali	25	10	15
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,825	880	945
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	10
Urdu	55	35	25
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Iranian languages	695	335	355
Baluchi	5	0	5
Kurdish	60	35	25
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	40	25	15
Persian languages	580	270	310
Dari	200	95	105
Iranian Persian	320	150	170
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	60	25	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,435	1,200	1,235
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	45	20	25
Portuguese	1,005	500	505
Romanian	340	165	175
Spanish	1,040	520	525
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	240	95	140
Korean	990	425	560
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	40	20	25
Akan (Twi)	15	10	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	0	0
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	5	0	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0
Dinka	5	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	55	25	30
American Sign Language	40	20	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,905	1,820	2,090
Chinese languages	3,860	1,795	2,065
Hakka	15	5	5
Mandarin	2,205	1,035	1,175
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	65	30	35
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	20	20
Yue (Cantonese)	1,520	700	820
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	40	20	20
Burmese	5	0	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	40	20	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	5	10
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	15	5	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	90	40	50
Azerbaijani	10	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	65	35	30
Uyghur	5	0	5
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Uralic languages	75	35	45
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	5
Hungarian	70	30	40
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	4,470	2,075	2,400
English and French	110	60	55
English and non-official language(s)	4,205	1,945	2,265
French and non-official language(s)	5	0	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	15
Multiple non-official languages	115	55	60
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	78,270	38,565	39,705
None	59,950	29,915	30,035
English	6,565	3,170	3,400
French	580	295	290
Non-official language	8,720	4,030	4,695
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10
Non-Indigenous	8,715	4,025	4,685
English and French	60	30	25
English and non-official language(s)	980	480	500
French and non-official language(s)	305	130	170
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10
Multiple non-official languages	1,090	500	590
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	78,055	38,505	39,555
Official languages	75,760	37,500	38,260
English	75,740	37,480	38,255
French	5,530	2,575	2,955
Non-official languages	37,025	17,490	19,535
Indigenous languages³⁹	45	25	20
Algonquian languages	30	15	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	15	15	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	15	15	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	10	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	0	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	36,995	17,475	19,520
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,035	1,065	970
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	15	10	10
Hausa	15	10	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	50	25	25
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	40	25	20
Somali	10	0	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,985	1,045	945
Amharic	425	235	195
Arabic	1,020	505	510
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	130	85	45
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	680	380	300
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	615	270	345
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	0	15
Vietnamese	590	265	325
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	5,395	2,245	3,150
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	10	20
Cebuano	195	95	100
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	200	85	115
Ilocano	410	165	245
Indonesian	200	105	95
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	20	10	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	80	30	50
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	75	35	45
Pangasinan	50	15	30
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	5,055	2,075	2,980
Waray-Waray	35	10	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25
Creole languages	75	30	45
Haitian Creole	10	10	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	10	0	10
Morisyen	10	10	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Dravidian languages	750	410	340
Kannada	65	35	25
Malayalam	105	60	45
Tamil	480	240	240
Telugu	225	140	80
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	18,490	9,210	9,275
Albanian	105	50	60
Armenian	25	15	10
Balto-Slavic languages	3,725	1,865	1,865
Baltic languages	35	35	0
Latvian	15	15	0
Lithuanian	25	20	0
Slavic languages	3,690	1,835	1,855
Belarusian	10	10	0
Bulgarian	175	85	95
Czech	155	80	75
Macedonian	25	15	10
Polish	525	255	270
Russian	1,490	730	760
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,155	590	560
Bosnian	200	120	80
Croatian	335	165	165
Serbian	940	485	460
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	0	20
Slovak	160	80	80
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	0
Ukrainian	525	235	295
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	40	35	0
Irish	25	20	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	15	15	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,390	725	665
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	980	530	450
German	960	520	435
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	15	10	0
Yiddish	15	10	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	310	145	165
Afrikaans	95	50	40
Dutch	210	90	120
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	15	0	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	160	85	70
Danish	55	40	20
Icelandic	10	0	0
Norwegian	40	10	25
Swedish	50	30	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	215	105	100
Indo-Iranian languages	7,525	3,735	3,795
Indo-Aryan languages	6,470	3,195	3,270
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	190	100	95
Gujarati	395	170	230
Hindi	2,915	1,470	1,445
Kacchi	65	15	45
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	30	0	25
Marathi	170	85	85
Nepali	90	30	60
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,960	1,945	2,010
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	40	25	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	115	65	50
Urdu	340	195	140
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	55	35	20
Iranian languages	1,170	605	570
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	70	40	30
Parsi	20	0	15
Pashto	75	55	15
Persian languages	1,085	560	530
Dari	390	210	175
Iranian Persian	600	285	315
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	125	65	55
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,155	3,030	3,130
Catalan	10	0	0
Italian	625	295	330
Portuguese	1,525	770	755
Romanian	690	360	335
Spanish	3,745	1,825	1,920
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	0	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Japanese	1,060	455	605
Korean	1,520	630	890
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	390	205	185
Akan (Twi)	70	40	30
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	45	30	20
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	10	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	10	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	15	15	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	0
Swahili	120	70	55
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	55	25	30
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	15	20
Dinka	20	10	15
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	215	95	120
American Sign Language	205	85	115
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,380	3,365	4,025
Chinese languages	7,225	3,275	3,940
Hakka	115	55	60
Mandarin	4,725	2,115	2,610
Min Dong	15	0	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	450	185	265
Wu (Shanghainese)	95	50	50
Yue (Cantonese)	3,660	1,680	1,980
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	0	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	155	85	75
Burmese	25	10	15
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	125	75	50
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	160	70	90
Lao	20	0	20
Thai	145	70	75
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	375	205	165
Azerbaijani	80	40	45
Kazakh	30	10	15
Turkish	275	160	110
Uyghur	15	0	10
Uzbek	10	10	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	310	135	180
Estonian	10	0	0
Finnish	75	30	45
Hungarian	230	100	130
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	78,055	38,500	39,555
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,425	1,130	1,295
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	2,340	1,095	1,245
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,275	545	735
Métis	1,015	535	480
Inuk (Inuit)	45	20	25
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	60	25	30
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	30	0	25
Non-Indigenous identity	75,630	37,370	38,255
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	78,055	38,500	39,555
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	845	355	490
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	77,210	38,145	39,070
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	36,095	...	...
Owner	19,740	...	...
Renter	16,360	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	36,095	...	...
Condominium	16,735	...	...
Not condominium	19,365	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	36,095	...	...
No bedrooms	960	...	...
1 bedroom	12,280	...	...
2 bedrooms	13,415	...	...
3 bedrooms	4,970	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	4,470	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	36,095	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	22,670	...	...
5 rooms	4,740	...	...
6 rooms	2,510	...	...
7 rooms	1,910	...	...
8 or more rooms	4,265	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	36,095	...	...
One person or fewer per room	34,595	...	...
More than one person per room	1,505	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	36,095	...	...
Suitable	32,700	...	...
Not suitable	3,400	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	36,095	...	...
1960 or before	6,715	...	...
1961 to 1980	8,100	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,395	...	...
1991 to 2000	5,325	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,460	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,605	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,410	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,090	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	36,095	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	33,640	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,460	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	36,095	...	...
One-maintainer household	19,265	...	...
Two-maintainer household	14,975	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,865	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	36,095	...	...
15 to 24 years	950	...	...
25 to 34 years	6,785	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,190	...	...
45 to 54 years	6,470	...	...
55 to 64 years	6,715	...	...
65 to 74 years	4,760	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,300	...	...
85 years and over	925	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	35,975	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	25,350	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,630	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,530	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	36,100	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	14,840	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,240	...	...
Not suitable only	2,470	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,530	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	675	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	670	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	210	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	50	...	...
Acceptable housing	21,260	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	34,875	...	...
In core need	6,980	...	...
Not in core need	27,895	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	19,740	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,700	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,866	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	700,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	862,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	16,355	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	30.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,350	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,398	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	78,055	38,500	39,555
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	750	350	405
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	730	340	395
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	580	265	310
Métis single ancestry	155	70	80
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	15	0	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,065	1,000	1,065
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,020	980	1,040
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,200	565	635
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	770	385	385
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	50	25	20
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	50	25	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	20	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	75,240	37,150	38,085
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	78,060	38,500	39,555
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	65,700	32,600	33,105
Canadian citizens aged under 18	10,635	5,575	5,060
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	55,065	27,020	28,045
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	12,355	5,905	6,455
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	78,060	38,500	39,555
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	44,760	22,765	21,990
Immigrants⁸¹	29,265	13,685	15,580
Before 1980	4,065	1,935	2,125
1980 to 1990	2,825	1,390	1,430
1991 to 2000	6,600	3,010	3,590
2001 to 2010	7,295	3,330	3,970
2011 to 2021⁸²	8,475	4,015	4,460
2011 to 2015	3,425	1,615	1,810
2016 to 2021	5,050	2,400	2,645
Non-permanent residents⁸³	4,040	2,050	1,985
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	29,265	13,685	15,585
Under 5 years	2,080	1,060	1,020
5 to 14 years	4,985	2,545	2,445
15 to 24 years	5,130	2,410	2,725
25 to 44 years	14,230	6,365	7,865
45 years and over	2,830	1,300	1,530
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	29,265	13,685	15,585
Americas	3,020	1,380	1,640
Brazil	540	245	290
Colombia	220	95	130
El Salvador	240	120	120
Guyana	60	20	40
Haiti	10	10	0
Jamaica	115	50	60
Mexico	370	165	205
Peru	65	20	45
Trinidad and Tobago	110	35	75
United States of America	785	365	415
Other places of birth in Americas	510	255	260
Europe	5,830	2,925	2,900
Bosnia and Herzegovina	315	175	145
Croatia	125	60	70
France	95	25	65
Germany	305	165	140
Greece	50	35	15
Hungary	110	30	75
Italy	200	120	85
Netherlands	125	45	85
Poland	340	160	180
Portugal	125	60	65
Romania	580	285	300
Russian Federation	400	180	220
Serbia⁸⁶	355	185	175
Ukraine	425	210	220
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,285	675	605
Other places of birth in Europe	985	520	465
Africa	1,865	975	890
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	35	25	0
Egypt	80	45	35
Eritrea	480	290	190
Ethiopia	290	150	140
Morocco	80	30	50
Nigeria	80	35	50
Somalia	25	0	15
South Africa, Republic of	200	100	95
Other places of birth in Africa	590	285	305
Asia	17,845	8,030	9,815
Afghanistan	270	155	110
Iran⁸⁸	470	215	255
Iraq	215	120	95
Lebanon	65	30	35
Syria⁸⁹	90	35	55
Turkey	95	50	45
China⁹⁰	2,880	1,240	1,635
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,250	615	635
Korea, South⁹²	1,085	480	605
Taiwan	725	290	435
Philippines	5,050	2,090	2,960
Viet Nam	435	205	235
Bangladesh	75	30	45
India	3,135	1,540	1,590
Pakistan	170	105	65
Sri Lanka	180	95	85
Other places of birth in Asia	1,665	730	935
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	710	375	335
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,050	2,400	2,650
Americas	815	385	425
Brazil	385	175	205
Colombia	65	30	35
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Mexico	115	60	50
United States of America	145	75	65
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	0	15
Other places of birth in Americas	95	40	50
Europe	680	365	315
France	10	0	0
Germany	40	10	30
Ireland⁹⁶	75	55	20
Italy	10	0	10
Russian Federation	65	35	35
Ukraine	125	60	65
United Kingdom⁸⁷	90	65	25
Other places of birth in Europe	265	135	125
Africa	670	380	285
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	10	0	0
Eritrea	355	220	140
Ethiopia	105	55	45
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	55	30	25
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	20	15	0
Sudan⁹⁷	25	0	20
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	75	40	35
Asia	2,820	1,235	1,585
Afghanistan	70	40	25
Bangladesh	15	0	10
China⁹⁰	540	215	320
Hong Kong⁹¹	70	20	45
India	800	400	405
Iran⁸⁸	65	25	40
Iraq	45	15	30
Israel	40	30	0
Japan	55	15	35
Jordan	15	10	10
Korea, South⁹²	200	65	135
Lebanon	15	0	10
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	30	20	10
Philippines	445	205	240
Saudi Arabia	40	25	15
Sri Lanka	30	10	20
Syria⁸⁹	75	30	50
Turkey	30	20	10
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0
Viet Nam	75	25	55
Other places of birth in Asia	175	45	125
Oceania and other⁹³	65	30	35
Australia	65	30	30
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	78,055	38,500	39,555
First generation¹⁰⁰	34,100	16,115	17,990
Second generation¹⁰¹	19,025	9,715	9,315
Third generation or more¹⁰²	24,925	12,670	12,250
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	25,200	11,745	13,455
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	14,825	7,025	7,800
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	6,490	3,390	3,095
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	8,335	3,635	4,700
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	6,920	2,820	4,100
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,225	1,805	1,420
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	230	95	130
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	25,200	11,745	13,455
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	835	490	350
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,205	1,155	2,050
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	750	320	430
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,855	815	1,040
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	115	40	80
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	18,440	8,925	9,515
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	78,055	38,500	39,555
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	36,550	17,375	19,170
South Asian	8,105	4,035	4,070
Chinese	8,530	3,950	4,575
Black	2,695	1,425	1,270
Filipino	6,775	2,950	3,830
Arab	640	325	315
Latin American	2,560	1,235	1,320
Southeast Asian	1,290	620	670
West Asian	1,135	600	535
Korean	1,555	655	905
Japanese	990	370	620
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	640	385	255
Multiple visible minorities	1,635	830	805
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	41,510	21,125	20,385
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	78,060	38,500	39,555
Canadian	5,540	2,890	2,655
English	12,705	6,480	6,225
Irish	9,065	4,495	4,575
Scottish	10,815	5,260	5,550
French, n.o.s.¹²²	4,045	2,135	1,910
German	6,325	3,175	3,150
Chinese	8,275	3,860	4,415
Italian	2,730	1,365	1,365
Indian (India)	4,890	2,460	2,430
Ukrainian	3,280	1,550	1,735
Dutch	1,980	1,065	915
Polish	2,365	1,100	1,265
Québécois	80	45	35
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,340	1,250	1,090
Filipino	6,265	2,775	3,500
French Canadian	655	305	355
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,025	575	455
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	825	380	445
Métis	980	480	495
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,175	615	565
Russian	2,090	1,015	1,070
Norwegian	1,835	800	1,035
Welsh	1,355	680	675
Portuguese	885	420	465
American	1,000	515	485
Spanish	1,425	655	770
Swedish	1,165	485	685
Hungarian	810	375	440
Acadian	105	75	30
Pakistani	185	90	95
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	705	370	335
Jewish	540	250	290
Punjabi	1,310	660	655
Vietnamese	905	425	480
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	335	155	185
Greek	405	190	210
Jamaican	235	125	110
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,060	530	530
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	280	150	130
Korean	1,585	685	895
Romanian	845	440	405
Lebanese	180	100	80
Iranian	525	270	255
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	250	140	115
Danish	530	295	235
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	225	85	135
Sikh	885	435	455
Austrian	650	285	365
Belgian	265	135	130
Haitian	10	0	0
Hindu	315	150	165
Mexican	770	365	405
Mennonite	230	100	125
Swiss	305	175	130
Finnish	490	250	240
Sri Lankan	180	90	90
Croatian	355	185	170
Japanese	1,275	540	735
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	505	230	275
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	25	10	20
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	410	205	205
Muslim	190	100	90
Egyptian	170	95	75
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	470	245	225
Tamil	175	90	85
Icelandic	435	200	235
Colombian	290	150	140
Moroccan	20	0	15
Czech	430	235	200
Syrian	60	40	25
Guyanese	40	25	15
Afghan	345	180	160
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	190	60	125
Serbian	830	460	370
Ojibway	80	55	25
Newfoundlander	45	25	20
Hong Konger	555	265	290
Ontarian	40	20	20
Persian	260	145	110
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	125	85	40
Turkish	245	145	100
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	60	30	30
Bangladeshi	85	30	50
Algerian	0	0	0
Brazilian	800	390	410
Nigerian	100	50	50
Armenian	95	50	45
Slovak	290	135	150
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	200	95	105
Somali	50	25	30
Taiwanese	830	375	455
Iraqi	115	60	55
Salvadorean	255	120	140
African Caribbean	30	10	20
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	255	100	150
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	100	45	55
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	95	30	60
Algonquin	20	0	20
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	35	25	10
Lithuanian	75	45	30
South African	145	60	90
Australian	260	145	115
Palestinian	85	25	60
Chilean	135	75	55
Congolese	20	10	15
Nova Scotian	30	20	10
Ethiopian	260	160	105
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	170	85	85
Peruvian	100	40	55
Yoruba	45	20	25
Cambodian (Khmer)	40	20	20
Berber	20	0	15
Albanian	105	55	55
Maltese	40	15	25
Macedonian	55	35	20
Slovenian	80	50	35
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	130	55	75
New Brunswicker	0	0	0
Gujarati	30	10	15
Eritrean	355	215	140
African Canadian	60	15	45
Israeli	75	55	25
Mohawk	30	15	15
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	75	40	35
Bulgarian	190	110	85
Albertan	45	25	20
Ghanaian	45	30	10
Barbadian	50	35	15
African American	40	15	25
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	50	40	10
Tunisian	15	10	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	220	115	110
Cuban	70	45	25
Bosnian	250	140	115
Venezuelan	75	25	50
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	85	45	40
Bengali	65	25	40
Cameroonian	15	10	0
Guatemalan	115	50	70
Indonesian	295	140	150
Laotian	50	25	20
Ilocano	145	55	90
Northern Irish	90	50	45
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	125	45	85
British Columbian	255	135	115
Ecuadorian	20	15	10
Franco Ontarian	15	10	10
Argentinian	55	25	30
Estonian	60	20	35
Kurdish	105	55	45
Fijian	360	205	155
Jatt	130	70	65
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	55	45	15
Coptic	20	20	0
Thai	120	55	65
Dominican	30	25	10
Nepali	45	15	35
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	25	20	0
Byelorussian	85	55	30
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	20	0	20
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	30	20	10
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	40	25	15
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	35	15	15
New Zealander	45	35	10
Sudanese	30	20	15
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	20	20	0
Malaysian	170	105	60
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	15	10	0
Huron (Wendat)	10	10	0
Saskatchewanian	45	20	25
Buddhist	30	15	15
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	15	0	10
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	70	30	45
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	45	25	25
Burundian	25	15	0
Tigrinya	245	145	105
Nicaraguan	75	25	50
Mauritian	20	0	15
Kenyan	40	15	30
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	25	15	15
Jordanian	0	0	0
Manitoban	25	20	0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	10	15	0
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	35	10	25
Mayan	75	40	30
Honduran	30	20	10
Cherokee	40	15	20
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	10	0	10
United Empire Loyalist	20	15	10
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	90	50	35
Sicilian	0	0	0
Pashtun	40	30	15
Malay	140	50	85
Goan	15	0	10
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	135	80	50
Zimbabwean	40	20	20
Burmese	55	25	30
Mongolian	60	25	35
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	75	40	40
Oromo	75	45	25
Tanzanian	20	10	10
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	25	10	0
Uruguayan	10	10	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	35	15	25
Igorot	60	25	40
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	50	35	20
Roma	25	15	10
Costa Rican	50	25	30
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	15	0	10
Singaporean	125	65	55
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	45	30	20
Amhara	40	15	25
Paraguayan	10	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	78,055	38,500	39,555
Buddhist	1,455	665	790
Christian	30,345	14,100	16,245
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	6,905	3,265	3,640
Anabaptist	200	100	100
Anglican	1,500	610	890
Baptist	670	280	390
Catholic	13,255	6,295	6,960
Christian Orthodox	2,655	1,335	1,325
Jehovah's Witness	275	140	135
Latter Day Saints	80	30	50
Lutheran	640	270	375
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	120	55	70
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	555	270	290
Presbyterian	560	210	350
Reformed	95	50	50
United Church	1,285	515	770
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,545	690	855
Hindu	2,000	1,035	970
Jewish	255	145	110
Muslim	2,655	1,350	1,305
Sikh	3,750	1,835	1,915
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	20	0	15
Other religions and spiritual traditions	980	415	570
No religion and secular perspectives	36,595	18,960	17,635
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	77,335	38,160	39,170
Non-movers	65,105	32,110	32,995
Movers	12,225	6,055	6,175
Non-migrants	5,085	2,520	2,565
Migrants	7,135	3,535	3,605
Internal migrants	6,035	3,015	3,010
Intraprovincial migrants	5,110	2,545	2,565
Interprovincial migrants	920	470	445
External migrants	1,110	515	595
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	74,360	36,645	37,715
Non-movers	39,160	19,120	20,040
Movers	35,195	17,525	17,675
Non-migrants	8,430	4,250	4,180
Migrants	26,765	13,270	13,495
Internal migrants	20,000	10,010	9,980
Intraprovincial migrants	17,345	8,615	8,735
Interprovincial migrants	2,650	1,405	1,250
External migrants	6,770	3,260	3,515
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	68,135	33,280	34,850
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,210	4,390	3,815
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	59,925	28,885	31,035
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	48,635	24,035	24,600
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,705	2,185	1,515
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	44,930	21,850	23,085
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	68,130	33,280	34,855
No certificate, diploma or degree	7,100	3,700	3,400
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	17,960	9,225	8,735
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	43,070	20,355	22,720
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,185	9,480	9,705
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,375	3,140	1,235
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,095	1,255	835
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,285	1,885	400
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,080	5,255	6,825
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,725	1,080	1,650
Bachelor's degree or higher	23,890	10,875	13,005
Bachelor's degree	15,815	7,160	8,650
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,820	705	1,115
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	415	170	245
Master's degree	5,090	2,405	2,685
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	745	430	310
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	48,635	24,035	24,595
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,010	1,790	1,220
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,645	5,940	4,710
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	34,975	16,305	18,670
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	14,465	7,150	7,315
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,995	2,160	830
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,400	825	575
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,595	1,335	255
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,435	4,175	5,260
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,035	820	1,215
Bachelor's degree or higher	20,510	9,155	11,355
Bachelor's degree	13,605	6,040	7,565
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,535	595	945
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	345	125	225
Master's degree	4,445	2,080	2,370
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	575	320	260
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	68,130	33,275	34,855
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	25,060	12,925	12,135
Education	2,570	580	1,990
13. Education	2,570	580	1,990
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,495	1,225	1,265
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	425	270	150
50. Visual and performing arts	2,070	955	1,115
Humanities	2,465	925	1,540
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	380	105	280
23. English language and literature/letters	750	225	530
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	580	225	355
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	25	35
38. Philosophy and religious studies	185	110	75
39. Theology and religious vocations	135	75	60
54. History	305	165	140
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	75	0	70
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,695	2,075	3,625
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	80	10	65
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	775	265	510
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	660	100	560
22. Legal professions and studies	850	295	560
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	170	55	115
42. Psychology	1,015	280	730
45. Social sciences	2,155	1,070	1,085
Business, management and public administration	9,185	3,705	5,480
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	455	135	320
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,715	3,570	5,150
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,845	955	890
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	855	385	475
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	375	190	175
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	40	10	30
40. Physical sciences	530	355	180
41. Science technologies/technicians	45	15	25
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,635	1,770	865
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,235	1,610	620
25. Library science	130	20	115
27. Mathematics and statistics	245	130	115
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	25	15	10
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,670	6,535	1,130
04. Architecture and related services	420	255	165
14. Engineering	2,825	2,230	595
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,445	1,220	225
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,440	1,370	65
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,030	965	60
48. Precision production	515	490	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	710	350	360
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	415	205	215
03. Natural resources and conservation	295	150	145
Health and related fields	5,850	1,255	4,600
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	450	225	225
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,265	985	4,285
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	130	40	90
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,945	965	975
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,315	480	835
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	280	175	100
49. Transportation and materials moving	350	305	40
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	48,630	24,035	24,600
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	13,660	7,730	5,930
Education	1,845	385	1,460
13. Education	1,845	385	1,460
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,035	1,030	1,010
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	330	215	115
50. Visual and performing arts	1,705	810	895
Humanities	1,975	705	1,265
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	305	65	240
23. English language and literature/letters	635	180	455
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	460	190	270
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	15	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	140	80	65
39. Theology and religious vocations	90	55	35
54. History	240	120	120
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	60	0	55
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,860	1,765	3,100
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	15	60
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	690	235	455
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	525	85	440
22. Legal professions and studies	750	235	515
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	150	50	100
42. Psychology	850	230	615
45. Social sciences	1,835	925	910
Business, management and public administration	7,635	3,065	4,570
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	335	80	250
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,290	2,980	4,315
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,420	665	755
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	720	295	430
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	255	110	150
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	40	10	30
40. Physical sciences	380	240	135
41. Science technologies/technicians	25	15	10
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,365	1,610	755
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,060	1,490	565
25. Library science	100	20	80
27. Mathematics and statistics	190	95	95
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	10	10
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,055	5,060	1,000
04. Architecture and related services	350	200	150
14. Engineering	2,480	1,920	555
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,080	905	175
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,095	1,035	65
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	710	670	35
48. Precision production	345	325	25
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	565	265	305
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	320	145	175
03. Natural resources and conservation	240	110	130
Health and related fields	4,745	1,000	3,740
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	365	175	190
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,270	805	3,470
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	105	30	75
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,475	755	720
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,000	390	610
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	205	140	70
49. Transportation and materials moving	270	225	35
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	48,630	24,035	24,600
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	13,660	7,730	5,930
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	34,975	16,305	18,670
Location of study inside Canada	23,730	11,260	12,470
Same as province or territory of residence	19,690	9,090	10,600
Different than province or territory of residence	4,035	2,165	1,870
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	11,245	5,045	6,200
Americas	2,470	1,205	1,265
United States of America	1,105	565	540
Mexico	350	145	200
Cuba	20	20	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Brazil	710	345	365
Colombia	125	50	75
Peru	15	0	15
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	20	20
Other locations of study in Americas	105	55	50
Europe	2,360	1,200	1,155
Belgium	0	0	0
France	120	60	55
Germany	70	45	20
Netherlands	15	10	0
Switzerland	25	20	0
Hungary	30	0	25
Moldova¹⁸³	20	15	0
Poland	65	25	40
Romania	295	145	150
Russian Federation	255	120	140
Ukraine	275	105	170
Ireland⁹⁶	115	80	35
United Kingdom⁸⁷	535	300	235
Bosnia and Herzegovina	60	25	35
Italy	35	15	20
Serbia⁸⁶	130	70	65
Other locations of study in Europe	315	165	150
Africa	375	200	180
Nigeria	50	25	25
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	20	0	20
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	55	40	15
South Africa, Republic of	85	30	50
Other locations of study in Africa	165	100	65
Asia	5,780	2,300	3,480
Iran⁸⁸	205	85	120
Iraq	50	25	30
Israel	15	0	10
Lebanon	35	15	20
Syria⁸⁹	40	20	20
Turkey	65	45	20
China⁹⁰	800	350	445
Taiwan	170	40	135
Hong Kong⁹¹	105	45	55
Japan	205	45	165
Korea, South⁹²	435	160	265
Philippines	2,060	740	1,320
Viet Nam	50	15	35
Bangladesh	20	0	20
Sri Lanka	70	40	30
India	1,110	515	595
Pakistan	25	15	15
Other locations of study in Asia	330	145	185
Oceania	265	145	120
Australia	200	110	95
New Zealand	60	35	25
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	68,130	33,280	34,855
In the labour force	47,565	24,475	23,085
Employed	43,600	22,530	21,070
Unemployed	3,965	1,940	2,020
Not in the labour force	20,565	8,805	11,765
Participation rate	69.8	73.5	66.2
Employment rate	64.0	67.7	60.5
Unemployment rate	8.3	7.9	8.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	68,130	33,275	34,855
Did not work¹⁸⁶	21,045	9,085	11,960
Worked	47,085	24,190	22,895
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	26,490	14,495	11,995
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	20,605	9,695	10,905
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.7	42.4	40.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	47,565	24,480	23,090
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	955	385	565
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	46,610	24,090	22,520
Employee	40,890	20,585	20,305
Permanent position	34,960	17,845	17,120
Temporary position	5,925	2,745	3,180
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,205	1,055	1,155
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	3,720	1,690	2,030
Self-employed¹⁹²	5,720	3,505	2,215
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	47,565	24,480	23,090
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	955	385	565
All occupations¹⁹¹	46,610	24,090	22,520
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	375	280	100
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	9,205	3,025	6,180
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,205	3,910	1,295
3 Health occupations	3,500	720	2,780
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,450	1,785	3,665
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,550	1,260	1,290
6 Sales and service occupations	11,050	5,130	5,920
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,485	6,730	755
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	435	325	110
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,360	930	430
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	47,565	24,480	23,090
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	955	385	565
All industries¹⁹¹	46,610	24,090	22,520
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	185	105	80
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	105	65	45
22 Utilities	370	200	170
23 Construction	3,785	3,175	610
31-33 Manufacturing	2,880	1,950	925
41 Wholesale trade	1,765	1,145	615
44-45 Retail trade	4,795	2,325	2,465
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,960	2,240	720
51 Information and cultural industries	2,290	1,530	765
52 Finance and insurance	1,890	905	985
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	835	425	415
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,115	2,785	2,335
55 Management of companies and enterprises	120	65	50
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,090	1,095	995
61 Educational services	3,425	1,215	2,210
62 Health care and social assistance	5,820	1,145	4,670
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,010	460	550
72 Accommodation and food services	2,635	1,170	1,470
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,045	855	1,190
91 Public administration	2,490	1,240	1,250
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	50,370	25,735	24,635
English	46,160	23,770	22,390
French	45	10	35
Non-official language	750	325	425
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	750	325	425
English and French	505	235	270
English and non-official language(s)	2,755	1,305	1,450
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	50	40
Multiple non-official languages	65	45	20
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	50,370	25,735	24,635
Single responses	49,825	25,485	24,335
Official languages	48,460	24,845	23,615
English	48,335	24,800	23,540
French	125	45	75
Non-official languages	1,360	640	725
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,360	640	725
Afro-Asiatic languages	30	20	10
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	30	20	10
Amharic	10	0	0
Arabic	10	10	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	15	10	10
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	15	10	10
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	40	0	35
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35	0	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	330	175	160
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	10	15
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	25	10	15
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	10	0	0
Russian	15	0	15
Serbo-Croatian	10	10	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	10	10	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	135	75	55
Indo-Aryan languages	125	70	55
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	10	0	10
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	115	70	45
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	15	0	10
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	15	0	10
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	15	0	10
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	160	85	80
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	35	0	30
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	130	85	50
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	55	0	45
Korean	170	95	75
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	20	10	15
American Sign Language	20	10	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	675	315	365
Chinese languages	675	315	365
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	420	175	245
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	250	135	120
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	10	0	10
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	10	0	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	545	255	295
English and French	65	35	30
English and non-official language(s)	460	200	260
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	50,370	25,735	24,635
None	47,420	24,305	23,120
English	535	260	270
French	380	175	205
Non-official language	1,530	765	760
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,525	765	760
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	105	55	55
French and non-official language(s)	70	35	35
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	340	145	195
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	43,600	22,535	21,070
Worked at home	11,460	5,715	5,750
Worked outside Canada	165	110	50
No fixed workplace address	5,440	4,115	1,325
Usual place of work	26,540	12,595	13,945
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	26,540	12,595	13,945
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	5,940	2,230	3,705
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	20,335	10,195	10,140
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	205	140	65
Commute to a different province or territory	65	30	30
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	31,975	16,710	15,270
Car, truck or van	21,830	12,310	9,520
Car, truck or van - as a driver	20,240	11,750	8,490
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,590	565	1,025
Public transit	7,180	3,145	4,035
Walked	2,015	715	1,300
Bicycle	300	255	50
Other method	650	285	365
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	31,975	16,710	15,270
Less than 15 minutes	5,340	2,390	2,955
15 to 29 minutes	10,650	5,755	4,890
30 to 44 minutes	9,160	5,040	4,120
45 to 59 minutes	4,105	2,150	1,955
60 minutes and over	2,720	1,370	1,350
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	31,975	16,710	15,270
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,175	1,520	650
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,530	3,390	2,140
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,925	4,015	3,915
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	6,750	3,020	3,735
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	4,890	2,220	2,670
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,705	2,540	2,165
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	11,860	6,125	5,735
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	630	315	310
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,225	5,810	5,425
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	8,035	4,180	3,855
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	445	230	215
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	200	100	100
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	245	130	115
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	7,590	3,950	3,640

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed March 14, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

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