Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Nova ScotiaMore information: [Province]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	969,383	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	923,598	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.0	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	476,007	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	428,228	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	18.4	...	...	18.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	52,824.71	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	969,380	471,730	497,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	136,710	70,165	66,540	14.1	14.9	13.4
0 to 4 years	40,340	20,610	19,735	4.2	4.4	4.0
5 to 9 years	47,070	24,055	23,015	4.9	5.1	4.6
10 to 14 years	49,300	25,505	23,795	5.1	5.4	4.8
15 to 64 years	617,345	302,720	314,625	63.7	64.2	63.2
15 to 19 years	48,180	24,770	23,410	5.0	5.3	4.7
20 to 24 years	58,005	30,115	27,890	6.0	6.4	5.6
25 to 29 years	60,430	30,375	30,050	6.2	6.4	6.0
30 to 34 years	59,575	29,295	30,285	6.1	6.2	6.1
35 to 39 years	57,755	27,960	29,790	6.0	5.9	6.0
40 to 44 years	56,420	26,900	29,515	5.8	5.7	5.9
45 to 49 years	59,200	28,415	30,785	6.1	6.0	6.2
50 to 54 years	63,775	30,595	33,175	6.6	6.5	6.7
55 to 59 years	77,080	37,205	39,870	8.0	7.9	8.0
60 to 64 years	76,935	37,085	39,850	7.9	7.9	8.0
65 years and over	215,325	98,845	116,480	22.2	21.0	23.4
65 to 69 years	68,395	32,735	35,665	7.1	6.9	7.2
70 to 74 years	59,435	28,295	31,140	6.1	6.0	6.3
75 to 79 years	39,325	18,400	20,925	4.1	3.9	4.2
80 to 84 years	25,130	11,095	14,040	2.6	2.4	2.8
85 years and over	23,035	8,325	14,715	2.4	1.8	3.0
85 to 89 years	14,595	5,860	8,740	1.5	1.2	1.8
90 to 94 years	6,345	2,050	4,300	0.7	0.4	0.9
95 to 99 years	1,805	375	1,435	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	290	50	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.1	14.9	13.4	14.1	14.9	13.4
15 to 64 years	63.7	64.2	63.2	63.7	64.2	63.2
65 years and over	22.2	21.0	23.4	22.2	21.0	23.4
85 years and over	2.4	1.8	3.0	2.4	1.8	3.0
Average age of the population	44.2	43.2	45.2	44.2	43.2	45.2
Median age of the population	45.6	44.4	46.8	45.6	44.4	46.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	428,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	272,980	...	...	63.7	...	...
Semi-detached house	21,605	...	...	5.0	...	...
Row house	11,220	...	...	2.6	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	13,165	...	...	3.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	64,575	...	...	15.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	28,650	...	...	6.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	700	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	15,345	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	428,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	131,850	...	...	30.8	...	...
2 persons	166,475	...	...	38.9	...	...
3 persons	61,700	...	...	14.4	...	...
4 persons	45,700	...	...	10.7	...	...
5 or more persons	22,500	...	...	5.3	...	...
Number of persons in private households	955,855	465,820	490,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.2	...	...	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	832,670	401,565	431,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	471,570	235,255	236,320	56.6	58.6	54.8
Married	372,690	185,900	186,785	44.8	46.3	43.3
Living common-law	98,885	49,350	49,530	11.9	12.3	11.5
Living common law - Never married	69,735	34,845	34,890	8.4	8.7	8.1
Living common law - Separated	5,510	2,835	2,670	0.7	0.7	0.6
Living common law - Divorced	20,870	10,580	10,285	2.5	2.6	2.4
Living common law - Widowed	2,765	1,090	1,675	0.3	0.3	0.4
Not married and not living common-law	361,105	166,315	194,785	43.4	41.4	45.2
Not married and not living common law - Never married	230,425	122,570	107,850	27.7	30.5	25.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	25,025	10,930	14,095	3.0	2.7	3.3
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	52,000	20,725	31,275	6.2	5.2	7.3
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	53,655	12,090	41,565	6.4	3.0	9.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	280,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	166,340	...	...	59.3	...	...
3 persons	56,715	...	...	20.2	...	...
4 persons	41,255	...	...	14.7	...	...
5 or more persons	16,030	...	...	5.7	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	280,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	231,690	...	...	82.6	...	...
Married couples	182,255	...	...	65.0	...	...
With children⁶	78,455	...	...	28.0	...	...
Without children	103,795	...	...	37.0	...	...
Common-law couples	49,435	...	...	17.6	...	...
With children⁶	17,320	...	...	6.2	...	...
Without children	32,120	...	...	11.5	...	...
Total one-parent families	48,645	...	...	17.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	38,280	...	...	13.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	10,370	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	955,855	465,820	490,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	753,775	371,150	382,630	78.9	79.7	78.1
Married spouses or common-law partners	463,385	231,305	232,080	48.5	49.7	47.4
Parents in one-parent families	48,645	10,365	38,275	5.1	2.2	7.8
Children⁶	241,745	129,475	112,270	25.3	27.8	22.9
In a two-parent family	167,950	89,310	78,640	17.6	19.2	16.0
In a one-parent family	73,800	40,170	33,630	7.7	8.6	6.9
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	202,080	94,675	107,405	21.1	20.3	21.9
Living alone	131,850	58,495	73,355	13.8	12.6	15.0
Living with other relatives⁷	20,715	8,710	12,005	2.2	1.9	2.4
Living with non-relatives only	49,515	27,470	22,050	5.2	5.9	4.5
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	428,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	253,030	...	...	59.1	...	...
Couple-family households	214,615	...	...	50.1	...	...
With children⁶	88,670	...	...	20.7	...	...
Without children	125,945	...	...	29.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	38,415	...	...	9.0	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	8,620	...	...	2.0	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,570	...	...	0.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	11,175	...	...	2.6	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	21,980	...	...	5.1	...	...
One-person households	131,850	...	...	30.8	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	819,310	395,750	423,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	792,265	382,635	409,625	96.7	96.7	96.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	42,800	34,000	38,000	42,800	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	792,675	382,860	409,815	96.7	96.7	96.8
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600	37,200	31,000	33,600	37,200	31,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	688,495	339,905	348,595	84.0	85.9	82.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,000	37,600	27,000	32,000	37,600	27,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	543,545	276,155	267,390	66.3	69.8	63.1
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	38,000	29,200	33,200	38,000	29,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	644,215	293,140	351,070	78.6	74.1	82.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,000	12,300	11,900	12,000	12,300	11,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	109,425	57,315	52,110	13.4	14.5	12.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,240	6,550	5,880	6,240	6,550	5,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	202,185	97,505	104,675	24.7	24.6	24.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	819,315	395,805	423,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	792,355	382,420	409,930	96.7	96.6	96.8
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,480	53,850	41,560	47,480	53,850	41,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	792,780	382,655	410,125	96.8	96.7	96.8
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,160	43,360	35,240	39,160	43,360	35,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	689,525	339,995	349,530	84.2	85.9	82.5
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,120	50,080	36,320	43,120	50,080	36,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	543,575	276,135	267,445	66.3	69.8	63.1
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,120	48,800	37,280	43,120	48,800	37,280
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	643,520	292,110	351,415	78.5	73.8	83.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,260	12,160	12,350	12,260	12,160	12,350
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	109,585	57,200	52,385	13.4	14.5	12.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,850	8,340	7,300	7,850	8,340	7,300
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	201,560	96,700	104,860	24.6	24.4	24.8
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,910	8,790	9,010	8,910	8,790	9,010
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	819,315	395,805	423,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	253,470	134,925	118,540	30.9	34.1	28.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,600	62,400	52,400	57,600	62,400	52,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	66,200	72,000	59,650	66,200	72,000	59,650
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	221,675	105,650	116,030	27.1	26.7	27.4
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,600	19,000	14,700	16,600	19,000	14,700
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,080	29,600	20,960	25,080	29,600	20,960
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.0	82.8	74.6	79.0	82.8	74.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	62.3	65.4	58.5	62.3	65.4	58.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	21.0	17.2	25.5	21.0	17.2	25.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.6	4.7	6.6	5.6	4.7	6.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.8	4.1	5.6	4.8	4.1	5.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	819,310	395,755	423,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	27,050	13,115	13,935	3.3	3.3	3.3
With total income	792,265	382,635	409,630	96.7	96.7	96.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	65,365	28,385	36,980	8.3	7.4	9.0
$10,000 to $19,999	102,030	40,305	61,730	12.9	10.5	15.1
$20,000 to $29,999	140,270	60,610	79,660	17.7	15.8	19.4
$30,000 to $39,999	111,240	49,815	61,425	14.0	13.0	15.0
$40,000 to $49,999	96,235	44,300	51,940	12.1	11.6	12.7
$50,000 to $59,999	72,270	36,525	35,745	9.1	9.5	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	52,910	29,860	23,050	6.7	7.8	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	40,055	23,620	16,435	5.1	6.2	4.0
$80,000 to $89,999	32,100	18,350	13,755	4.1	4.8	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	23,205	13,035	10,175	2.9	3.4	2.5
$100,000 and over	56,580	37,845	18,735	7.1	9.9	4.6
$100,000 to $149,999	40,070	25,970	14,095	5.1	6.8	3.4
$150,000 and over	16,510	11,875	4,635	2.1	3.1	1.1
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	819,310	395,755	423,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	26,635	12,890	13,745	3.3	3.3	3.2
With after-tax income	792,670	382,860	409,810	96.7	96.7	96.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	69,720	29,525	40,190	8.8	7.7	9.8
$10,000 to $19,999	107,780	43,060	64,715	13.6	11.2	15.8
$20,000 to $29,999	164,470	72,415	92,055	20.7	18.9	22.5
$30,000 to $39,999	136,500	62,655	73,845	17.2	16.4	18.0
$40,000 to $49,999	107,015	53,055	53,955	13.5	13.9	13.2
$50,000 to $59,999	72,850	40,725	32,125	9.2	10.6	7.8
$60,000 to $69,999	50,395	28,870	21,520	6.4	7.5	5.3
$70,000 to $79,999	32,395	18,070	14,325	4.1	4.7	3.5
$80,000 to $89,999	18,025	11,265	6,760	2.3	2.9	1.6
$90,000 to $99,999	10,385	6,855	3,535	1.3	1.8	0.9
$100,000 and over	23,150	16,360	6,785	2.9	4.3	1.7
$100,000 to $124,999	12,080	8,410	3,670	1.5	2.2	0.9
$125,000 and over	11,065	7,945	3,115	1.4	2.1	0.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	819,310	395,755	423,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	275,765	119,595	156,170	33.7	30.2	36.9
With employment income	543,550	276,155	267,390	66.3	69.8	63.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	77,555	37,160	40,400	14.3	13.5	15.1
$5,000 to $9,999	45,840	20,175	25,660	8.4	7.3	9.6
$10,000 to $19,999	71,750	32,760	38,985	13.2	11.9	14.6
$20,000 to $29,999	58,530	27,440	31,095	10.8	9.9	11.6
$30,000 to $39,999	54,505	25,820	28,680	10.0	9.3	10.7
$40,000 to $49,999	51,660	24,210	27,450	9.5	8.8	10.3
$50,000 to $59,999	40,920	22,085	18,835	7.5	8.0	7.0
$60,000 to $69,999	33,355	19,520	13,835	6.1	7.1	5.2
$70,000 to $79,999	27,430	16,135	11,295	5.0	5.8	4.2
$80,000 to $89,999	24,060	13,375	10,690	4.4	4.8	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	17,820	9,985	7,840	3.3	3.6	2.9
$100,000 and over	40,125	27,495	12,630	7.4	10.0	4.7
$100,000 to $124,999	20,670	13,250	7,420	3.8	4.8	2.8
$125,000 and over	19,460	14,245	5,210	3.6	5.2	1.9
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	819,310	395,750	423,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	776,185	373,815	402,365	94.7	94.5	95.0
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	41,600	30,800	35,600	41,600	30,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	777,055	373,920	403,140	94.8	94.5	95.2
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,800	36,400	28,200	31,800	36,400	28,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	684,380	337,255	347,120	83.5	85.2	82.0
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	38,800	27,400	32,800	38,800	27,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	549,215	278,025	271,190	67.0	70.3	64.0
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	38,800	29,000	33,600	38,800	29,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	573,480	253,385	320,090	70.0	64.0	75.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,600	8,800	8,400	8,600	8,800	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	95,990	50,870	45,125	11.7	12.9	10.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,050	7,850	6,160	7,050	7,850	6,160
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	819,315	395,805	423,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	776,340	373,615	402,725	94.8	94.4	95.1
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,640	53,150	38,680	45,640	53,150	38,680
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	777,120	373,720	403,405	94.8	94.4	95.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,520	42,640	32,760	37,520	42,640	32,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	684,995	337,060	347,935	83.6	85.2	82.2
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,720	51,650	36,040	43,720	51,650	36,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	549,145	277,905	271,245	67.0	70.2	64.0
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,520	50,240	36,600	43,520	50,240	36,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	573,240	252,615	320,625	70.0	63.8	75.7
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,580	9,670	9,500	9,580	9,670	9,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	96,890	51,150	45,745	11.8	12.9	10.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,290	8,740	7,790	8,290	8,740	7,790
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	819,315	395,805	423,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	251,785	133,965	117,825	30.7	33.8	27.8
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	53,600	59,600	48,000	53,600	59,600	48,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	62,500	69,000	55,050	62,500	69,000	55,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	209,605	99,920	109,690	25.6	25.2	25.9
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,600	24,400	18,200	20,600	24,400	18,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,840	37,480	24,760	30,840	37,480	24,760
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	84.6	87.6	80.4	84.6	87.6	80.4
Employment income (%)	67.4	70.4	63.7	67.4	70.4	63.7
Government transfers (%)	15.5	12.3	19.6	15.5	12.3	19.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	428,225	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...	71,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	62,400	...	...	62,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	131,850	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,400	...	...	36,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	32,400	...	...	32,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	296,380	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	428,230	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	87,900	...	...	87,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...	72,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	131,820	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,240	...	...	45,240	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,760	...	...	37,760	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	296,405	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,800	...	...	106,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	428,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	4,790	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,660	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	8,695	...	...	2.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	7,735	...	...	1.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	24,065	...	...	5.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	17,035	...	...	4.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	17,825	...	...	4.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	19,870	...	...	4.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	19,565	...	...	4.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	18,950	...	...	4.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	35,540	...	...	8.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	33,315	...	...	7.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	30,505	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	27,540	...	...	6.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	24,515	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	135,620	...	...	31.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	46,745	...	...	10.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	31,570	...	...	7.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	33,750	...	...	7.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	23,565	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	428,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	5,335	...	...	1.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,750	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	8,855	...	...	2.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	8,370	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	25,970	...	...	6.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	20,455	...	...	4.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	21,680	...	...	5.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	23,815	...	...	5.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	22,985	...	...	5.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	21,995	...	...	5.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	42,410	...	...	9.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	39,910	...	...	9.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	34,775	...	...	8.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	29,630	...	...	6.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	24,180	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	95,105	...	...	22.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	42,740	...	...	10.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	24,600	...	...	5.7	...	...
$150,000 and over	27,775	...	...	6.5	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	279,100	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	127,845	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	97,300	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...	124,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	45,215	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,000	...	...	60,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	55,200	...	...	55,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	181,370	85,960	95,405	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	35,200	32,800	34,000	35,200	32,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	30,800	31,600	30,200	30,800	31,600	30,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	279,025	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,400	...	...	107,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	88,100	...	...	88,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	127,670	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,300	...	...	79,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	97,420	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	139,400	...	...	139,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,500	...	...	112,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	45,155	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,100	...	...	69,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,750	...	...	60,750	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	181,300	85,865	95,440	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,200	43,960	40,640	42,200	43,960	40,640
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	36,480	34,840	35,600	36,480	34,840
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	955,855	465,825	490,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	165,120	84,795	80,330	17.3	18.2	16.4
0 to 5 years	49,490	25,290	24,200	5.2	5.4	4.9
18 to 64 years	584,500	285,155	299,345	61.1	61.2	61.1
65 years and over	206,230	95,870	110,370	21.6	20.6	22.5
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	142,180	65,125	77,055	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	28,510	14,770	13,740	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	9,780	5,045	4,740	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	73,130	34,155	38,980	...	...	...
65 years and over	40,540	16,205	24,330	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.9	14.0	15.7	14.9	14.0	15.7
0 to 17 years (%)	17.3	17.4	17.1	17.3	17.4	17.1
0 to 5 years (%)	19.8	19.9	19.6	19.8	19.9	19.6
18 to 64 years (%)	12.5	12.0	13.0	12.5	12.0	13.0
65 years and over (%)	19.7	16.9	22.0	19.7	16.9	22.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	943,185	459,735	483,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	161,185	82,805	78,380	17.1	18.0	16.2
0 to 5 years	48,270	24,665	23,605	5.1	5.4	4.9
18 to 64 years	577,035	281,610	295,425	61.2	61.3	61.1
65 years and over	204,965	95,315	109,645	21.7	20.7	22.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	44,075	22,435	21,645	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	7,000	3,610	3,390	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	2,180	1,165	1,020	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	34,085	17,580	16,500	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,000	1,250	1,750	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.7	4.9	4.5	4.7	4.9	4.5
0 to 17 years (%)	4.3	4.4	4.3	4.3	4.4	4.3
0 to 5 years (%)	4.5	4.7	4.3	4.5	4.7	4.3
18 to 64 years (%)	5.9	6.2	5.6	5.9	6.2	5.6
65 years and over (%)	1.5	1.3	1.6	1.5	1.3	1.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	955,855	465,825	490,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	572,455	272,985	299,475	59.9	58.6	61.1
In bottom decile	125,755	58,940	66,810	13.2	12.7	13.6
In second decile	125,480	58,055	67,425	13.1	12.5	13.8
In third decile	113,675	54,280	59,395	11.9	11.7	12.1
In fourth decile	107,485	52,275	55,210	11.2	11.2	11.3
In fifth decile	100,065	49,435	50,630	10.5	10.6	10.3
In top half of the distribution	383,400	192,835	190,560	40.1	41.4	38.9
In sixth decile	94,675	47,270	47,410	9.9	10.1	9.7
In seventh decile	88,660	44,545	44,110	9.3	9.6	9.0
In eighth decile	80,810	40,600	40,215	8.5	8.7	8.2
In ninth decile	67,810	34,260	33,555	7.1	7.4	6.8
In top decile	51,445	26,165	25,280	5.4	5.6	5.2
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	955,855	...	...	955,855	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.327	...	...	0.327	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.456	...	...	0.456	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.282	...	...	0.282	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	958,990	467,355	491,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	856,200	422,260	433,945	89.3	90.4	88.3
French only	605	265	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	98,940	43,315	55,625	10.3	9.3	11.3
Neither English nor French	3,245	1,515	1,730	0.3	0.3	0.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	958,990	467,355	491,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	926,860	451,840	475,020	96.6	96.7	96.6
French	26,775	13,020	13,760	2.8	2.8	2.8
English and French	2,320	1,100	1,225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Neither English nor French	3,030	1,395	1,630	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	958,990	467,355	491,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	941,105	458,730	482,375	98.1	98.2	98.1
Official languages	878,890	427,130	451,760	91.6	91.4	91.9
English	851,545	413,905	437,640	88.8	88.6	89.0
French	27,340	13,220	14,125	2.9	2.8	2.9
Non-official languages	62,220	31,605	30,615	6.5	6.8	6.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	3,230	1,525	1,705	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algonquian languages	3,175	1,500	1,675	0.3	0.3	0.3
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	3,145	1,480	1,660	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mi'kmaq	3,145	1,480	1,660	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	58,990	30,080	28,905	6.2	6.4	5.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,935	4,810	4,130	0.9	1.0	0.8
Berber languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	270	140	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	8,645	4,655	3,985	0.9	1.0	0.8
Amharic	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	7,960	4,300	3,660	0.8	0.9	0.7
Aramaic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	225	125	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	230	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	965	450	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	950	440	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,885	1,625	2,265	0.4	0.3	0.5
Bikol	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	230	85	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	90	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,240	1,380	1,865	0.3	0.3	0.4
Waray-Waray	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	120	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	3,385	1,975	1,410	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kannada	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,975	1,185	790	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tamil	555	295	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	750	445	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	28,150	14,700	13,450	2.9	3.1	2.7
Albanian	335	165	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,030	1,870	2,160	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baltic languages	85	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,945	1,840	2,105	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	185	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	870	405	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	1,735	795	945	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	580	285	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	240	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	190	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	330	150	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	5,580	2,735	2,845	0.6	0.6	0.6
Frisian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,245	1,560	1,680	0.3	0.3	0.3
German	3,050	1,465	1,585	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pennsylvania German	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	165	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,890	935	960	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	235	115	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	1,395	690	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	400	210	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	150	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	710	355	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	12,325	7,030	5,295	1.3	1.5	1.1
Indo-Aryan languages	10,555	6,110	4,445	1.1	1.3	0.9
Assamese	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	890	515	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	1,160	745	415	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hindi	2,035	1,165	865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	170	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	410	200	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,550	2,680	1,865	0.5	0.6	0.4
Rohingya	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	250	125	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	965	520	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,760	910	845	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	220	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	105	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,435	735	700	0.1	0.2	0.1
Dari	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,135	590	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,025	2,470	2,555	0.5	0.5	0.5
Catalan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	730	405	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	1,305	640	665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	300	150	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	2,680	1,270	1,410	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	395	100	290	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	2,340	1,000	1,340	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,025	520	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	80	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	215	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	215	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	130	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	125	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	215	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	170	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,380	4,145	4,240	0.9	0.9	0.9
Chinese languages	8,350	4,125	4,225	0.9	0.9	0.9
Hakka	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	6,730	3,335	3,395	0.7	0.7	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,250	595	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	220	125	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	155	45	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	145	40	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	465	275	195	0.0	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	345	210	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	425	185	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	290	130	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	17,880	8,625	9,255	1.9	1.8	1.9
English and French	6,640	2,945	3,695	0.7	0.6	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	9,805	4,975	4,830	1.0	1.1	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	315	140	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	375	175	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	745	385	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	958,990	467,355	491,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	863,700	420,555	443,145	90.1	90.0	90.1
French	9,795	4,680	5,120	1.0	1.0	1.0
Non-official language	17,340	8,855	8,490	1.8	1.9	1.7
Indigenous³⁹	1,125	540	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	16,220	8,310	7,910	1.7	1.8	1.6
English and French	16,185	7,225	8,955	1.7	1.5	1.8
English and non-official language(s)	48,020	24,140	23,880	5.0	5.2	4.9
French and non-official language(s)	180	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,475	1,170	1,305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	1,290	655	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	958,990	467,355	491,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	945,155	460,495	484,660	98.6	98.5	98.6
Official languages	908,700	441,805	466,895	94.8	94.5	95.0
English	896,020	435,780	460,240	93.4	93.2	93.6
French	12,680	6,025	6,655	1.3	1.3	1.4
Non-official languages	36,450	18,690	17,760	3.8	4.0	3.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	2,065	995	1,070	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquian languages	2,050	990	1,060	0.2	0.2	0.2
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	2,045	995	1,055	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq	2,045	990	1,055	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	34,385	17,690	16,695	3.6	3.8	3.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,575	2,855	2,715	0.6	0.6	0.6
Berber languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	200	105	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	155	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	5,365	2,750	2,615	0.6	0.6	0.5
Amharic	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,940	2,530	2,410	0.5	0.5	0.5
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	170	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	665	320	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	660	315	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,125	1,025	1,100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,845	895	955	0.2	0.2	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,315	1,320	1,000	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kannada	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,435	835	595	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamil	390	205	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	440	255	190	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	14,470	7,615	6,855	1.5	1.6	1.4
Albanian	145	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,745	825	920	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baltic languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,735	825	915	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belarusian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	1,060	505	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	240	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,540	740	800	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,020	495	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	970	470	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	450	215	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	260	120	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	8,375	4,660	3,710	0.9	1.0	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages	7,160	4,050	3,105	0.7	0.9	0.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	580	305	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	695	410	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	1,210	695	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	315	155	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,510	2,060	1,450	0.4	0.4	0.3
Rohingya	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	130	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	595	305	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,210	605	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	165	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	990	490	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	790	395	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,360	1,175	1,175	0.2	0.3	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	770	380	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	1,305	650	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	120	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	1,810	815	1,005	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	370	175	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	350	190	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	280	150	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,085	3,100	2,990	0.6	0.7	0.6
Chinese languages	6,085	3,095	2,990	0.6	0.7	0.6
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	5,185	2,640	2,540	0.5	0.6	0.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	695	335	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	145	85	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	230	120	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	160	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	13,840	6,860	6,980	1.4	1.5	1.4
English and French	2,645	1,210	1,435	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	10,725	5,435	5,290	1.1	1.2	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	210	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	958,990	467,355	491,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	902,315	439,745	462,575	94.1	94.1	94.1
English	17,980	9,075	8,900	1.9	1.9	1.8
French	11,345	4,995	6,350	1.2	1.1	1.3
Non-official language	20,845	10,180	10,665	2.2	2.2	2.2
Indigenous³⁹	1,960	890	1,070	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-Indigenous	18,890	9,290	9,595	2.0	2.0	2.0
English and French	315	145	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	2,420	1,305	1,110	0.3	0.3	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	1,285	605	680	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,415	1,265	1,150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	955,855	465,855	490,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	952,595	464,200	488,395	99.7	99.6	99.7
English	951,945	463,930	488,015	99.6	99.6	99.6
French	99,300	43,375	55,920	10.4	9.3	11.4
Non-official languages	93,440	46,815	46,625	9.8	10.0	9.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	5,930	2,720	3,210	0.6	0.6	0.7
Algonquian languages	5,780	2,665	3,120	0.6	0.6	0.6
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5,660	2,615	3,035	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mi'kmaq	5,650	2,620	3,030	0.6	0.6	0.6
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	60	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	15	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	25	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	87,610	44,125	43,485	9.2	9.5	8.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,180	7,235	5,940	1.4	1.6	1.2
Berber languages	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	310	180	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	120	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	195	110	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	12,880	7,075	5,805	1.3	1.5	1.2
Amharic	245	140	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	11,745	6,505	5,240	1.2	1.4	1.1
Aramaic languages	80	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	805	400	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,250	640	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,230	625	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	6,005	2,580	3,420	0.6	0.6	0.7
Bikol	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	205	85	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	390	160	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	225	70	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	145	45	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	5,595	2,425	3,170	0.6	0.5	0.6
Waray-Waray	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	260	90	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	570	255	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	5,060	2,935	2,120	0.5	0.6	0.4
Kannada	380	200	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	2,705	1,575	1,130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tamil	1,570	935	640	0.2	0.2	0.1
Telugu	1,265	740	520	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	45,840	23,400	22,440	4.8	5.0	4.6
Albanian	495	245	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	65	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	5,595	2,735	2,860	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baltic languages	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	5,465	2,685	2,780	0.6	0.6	0.6
Belarusian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	310	175	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,105	515	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	2,790	1,420	1,370	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	920	450	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	255	115	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	460	185	275	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbian	385	215	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	165	60	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	600	295	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	1,035	495	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Irish	190	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	635	275	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	100	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	9,805	4,730	5,075	1.0	1.0	1.0
Frisian	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	6,770	3,330	3,440	0.7	0.7	0.7
German	6,665	3,290	3,375	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	200	85	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,765	1,320	1,445	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	455	240	215	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dutch	2,015	950	1,065	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	200	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	730	355	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	260	140	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	245	135	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	200	65	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,125	545	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	17,345	9,790	7,555	1.8	2.1	1.5
Indo-Aryan languages	15,420	8,775	6,650	1.6	1.9	1.4
Assamese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,225	665	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	1,475	925	545	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hindi	10,115	5,745	4,370	1.1	1.2	0.9
Kacchi	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	450	215	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	430	230	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,730	3,870	2,860	0.7	0.8	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	380	190	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,810	990	820	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	90	65	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,125	1,130	995	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	360	180	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	215	125	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,570	830	745	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	155	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,280	680	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	12,180	5,695	6,485	1.3	1.2	1.3
Catalan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,120	1,050	1,065	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	1,770	900	870	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	360	145	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	8,675	3,955	4,720	0.9	0.8	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	65	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,305	580	735	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	2,825	1,180	1,650	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,110	1,565	1,540	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	185	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	105	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	430	190	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	135	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	715	405	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	1,045	505	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	495	280	210	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	370	210	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	110	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	255	175	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	1,765	660	1,105	0.2	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	1,505	530	975	0.2	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	290	140	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,850	4,920	4,930	1.0	1.1	1.0
Chinese languages	9,775	4,870	4,905	1.0	1.0	1.0
Hakka	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	8,525	4,285	4,240	0.9	0.9	0.9
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,805	800	1,005	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	225	120	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	70	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	200	75	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	185	65	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	925	540	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	680	380	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	70	50	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	520	225	300	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	375	160	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	250	125	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	955,855	465,855	490,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	52,430	25,175	27,250	5.5	5.4	5.6
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	50,245	24,140	26,100	5.3	5.2	5.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	28,050	13,405	14,650	2.9	2.9	3.0
Métis	21,090	10,255	10,835	2.2	2.2	2.2
Inuk (Inuit)	1,100	485	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	885	435	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,300	600	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	903,430	440,680	462,750	94.5	94.6	94.4
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	955,855	465,855	490,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	18,450	8,810	9,640	1.9	1.9	2.0
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	937,405	457,045	480,360	98.1	98.1	98.0
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	428,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	285,995	...	...	66.8	...	...
Renter	139,415	...	...	32.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	2,820	...	...	0.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	428,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	16,130	...	...	3.8	...	...
Not condominium	412,095	...	...	96.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	428,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	2,070	...	...	0.5	...	...
1 bedroom	52,160	...	...	12.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	117,275	...	...	27.4	...	...
3 bedrooms	162,095	...	...	37.9	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	94,630	...	...	22.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	428,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	106,425	...	...	24.9	...	...
5 rooms	68,795	...	...	16.1	...	...
6 rooms	68,430	...	...	16.0	...	...
7 rooms	58,805	...	...	13.7	...	...
8 or more rooms	125,765	...	...	29.4	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	428,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	423,980	...	...	99.0	...	...
More than one person per room	4,250	...	...	1.0	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	428,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	413,020	...	...	96.4	...	...
Not suitable	15,210	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	428,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	110,850	...	...	25.9	...	...
1961 to 1980	116,750	...	...	27.3	...	...
1981 to 1990	59,840	...	...	14.0	...	...
1991 to 2000	52,820	...	...	12.3	...	...
2001 to 2005	23,290	...	...	5.4	...	...
2006 to 2010	22,740	...	...	5.3	...	...
2011 to 2015	19,850	...	...	4.6	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	22,085	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	428,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	393,015	...	...	91.8	...	...
Major repairs needed	35,215	...	...	8.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	428,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	226,285	...	...	52.8	...	...
Two-maintainer household	187,565	...	...	43.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	14,380	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	428,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	14,490	...	...	3.4	...	...
25 to 34 years	56,105	...	...	13.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	62,340	...	...	14.6	...	...
45 to 54 years	70,065	...	...	16.4	...	...
55 to 64 years	89,710	...	...	20.9	...	...
65 to 74 years	78,645	...	...	18.4	...	...
75 to 84 years	42,555	...	...	9.9	...	...
85 years and over	14,330	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	421,920	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	346,445	...	...	82.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	75,475	...	...	17.9	...	...
30% to less than 100%	66,865	...	...	15.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	428,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	114,325	...	...	26.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	65,710	...	...	15.3	...	...
Not suitable only	11,185	...	...	2.6	...	...
Major repairs needed only	26,055	...	...	6.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,210	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	7,345	...	...	1.7	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,610	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	200	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	313,900	...	...	73.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	413,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	41,465	...	...	10.0	...	...
Not in core need	371,845	...	...	90.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	283,280	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	54.3	...	...	54.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	9.7	...	...	9.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.0	...	...	5.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	870	...	...	870	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,070	...	...	1,070	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	250,000	...	...	250,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	295,600	...	...	295,600	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	138,920	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.3	...	...	11.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.7	...	...	34.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.7	...	...	20.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,000	...	...	1,000	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,083	...	...	1,083	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	2,820	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	4.4	...	...	4.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	184	...	...	184	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	245	...	...	245	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	955,860	465,855	490,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	21,315	10,085	11,230	2.2	2.2	2.3
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	20,960	9,940	11,025	2.2	2.1	2.3
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	16,710	7,915	8,790	1.7	1.7	1.8
Métis single ancestry	3,730	1,795	1,935	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuit single ancestry	520	225	300	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	355	145	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	290	115	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	44,500	21,075	23,425	4.7	4.5	4.8
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	43,525	20,615	22,910	4.6	4.4	4.7
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	29,010	13,605	15,410	3.0	2.9	3.1
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	13,390	6,420	6,970	1.4	1.4	1.4
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,125	590	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	975	460	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	820	390	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	105	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	890,045	434,700	455,345	93.1	93.3	92.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	955,860	465,855	490,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	903,570	438,325	465,245	94.5	94.1	94.9
Canadian citizens aged under 18	157,470	81,155	76,320	16.5	17.4	15.6
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	746,105	357,175	388,930	78.1	76.7	79.4
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	52,285	27,530	24,755	5.5	5.9	5.1
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	955,860	465,855	490,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	861,945	417,905	444,035	90.2	89.7	90.6
Immigrants⁸¹	71,565	35,430	36,140	7.5	7.6	7.4
Before 1980	16,790	8,030	8,760	1.8	1.7	1.8
1980 to 1990	5,465	2,635	2,825	0.6	0.6	0.6
1991 to 2000	6,685	3,255	3,430	0.7	0.7	0.7
2001 to 2010	12,375	6,140	6,230	1.3	1.3	1.3
2011 to 2021⁸²	30,255	15,370	14,890	3.2	3.3	3.0
2011 to 2015	8,875	4,325	4,545	0.9	0.9	0.9
2016 to 2021	21,385	11,040	10,345	2.2	2.4	2.1
Non-permanent residents⁸³	22,345	12,525	9,820	2.3	2.7	2.0
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	71,565	35,425	36,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	8,390	4,120	4,270	11.7	11.6	11.8
5 to 14 years	13,180	6,980	6,205	18.4	19.7	17.2
15 to 24 years	10,940	5,265	5,675	15.3	14.9	15.7
25 to 44 years	32,955	15,760	17,195	46.0	44.5	47.6
45 years and over	6,095	3,300	2,795	8.5	9.3	7.7
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	71,565	35,425	36,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	12,150	5,780	6,370	17.0	16.3	17.6
Brazil	440	205	230	0.6	0.6	0.6
Colombia	270	125	140	0.4	0.4	0.4
El Salvador	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyana	255	110	140	0.4	0.3	0.4
Haiti	55	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Jamaica	760	395	365	1.1	1.1	1.0
Mexico	350	185	165	0.5	0.5	0.5
Peru	115	55	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	290	155	130	0.4	0.4	0.4
United States of America	7,570	3,435	4,130	10.6	9.7	11.4
Other places of birth in Americas	1,960	1,045	915	2.7	2.9	2.5
Europe	23,295	11,615	11,685	32.6	32.8	32.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	265	130	135	0.4	0.4	0.4
Croatia	250	110	140	0.3	0.3	0.4
France	485	260	220	0.7	0.7	0.6
Germany	2,370	1,165	1,210	3.3	3.3	3.3
Greece	300	130	165	0.4	0.4	0.5
Hungary	215	105	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	490	280	205	0.7	0.8	0.6
Netherlands	1,465	795	670	2.0	2.2	1.9
Poland	765	340	425	1.1	1.0	1.2
Portugal	235	135	95	0.3	0.4	0.3
Romania	315	135	175	0.4	0.4	0.5
Russian Federation	710	330	375	1.0	0.9	1.0
Serbia⁸⁶	155	70	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	615	335	280	0.9	0.9	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	11,935	5,930	6,000	16.7	16.7	16.6
Other places of birth in Europe	2,745	1,355	1,385	3.8	3.8	3.8
Africa	6,575	3,545	3,035	9.2	10.0	8.4
Algeria	75	55	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	265	145	115	0.4	0.4	0.3
Egypt	970	525	450	1.4	1.5	1.2
Eritrea	120	85	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ethiopia	275	160	115	0.4	0.5	0.3
Morocco	150	60	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	1,745	890	860	2.4	2.5	2.4
Somalia	130	80	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	705	360	350	1.0	1.0	1.0
Other places of birth in Africa	2,135	1,175	965	3.0	3.3	2.7
Asia	28,940	14,155	14,785	40.4	40.0	40.9
Afghanistan	125	65	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	1,045	530	510	1.5	1.5	1.4
Iraq	435	235	200	0.6	0.7	0.6
Lebanon	1,565	880	685	2.2	2.5	1.9
Syria⁸⁹	2,415	1,265	1,155	3.4	3.6	3.2
Turkey	315	180	135	0.4	0.5	0.4
China⁹⁰	4,320	1,995	2,330	6.0	5.6	6.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	355	145	205	0.5	0.4	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	1,220	540	685	1.7	1.5	1.9
Taiwan	180	75	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
Philippines	4,760	2,040	2,715	6.7	5.8	7.5
Viet Nam	675	325	350	0.9	0.9	1.0
Bangladesh	540	280	260	0.8	0.8	0.7
India	5,605	2,950	2,655	7.8	8.3	7.3
Pakistan	900	480	420	1.3	1.4	1.2
Sri Lanka	375	190	185	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other places of birth in Asia	4,100	1,975	2,125	5.7	5.6	5.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	605	335	270	0.8	0.9	0.7
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	21,385	11,045	10,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,110	1,155	955	9.9	10.5	9.2
Brazil	265	135	125	1.2	1.2	1.2
Colombia	45	25	20	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	325	170	160	1.5	1.5	1.5
Mexico	85	60	25	0.4	0.5	0.2
United States of America	880	475	400	4.1	4.3	3.9
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Americas	490	280	210	2.3	2.5	2.0
Europe	2,145	1,205	945	10.0	10.9	9.1
France	80	45	35	0.4	0.4	0.3
Germany	185	105	80	0.9	1.0	0.8
Ireland⁹⁶	115	70	40	0.5	0.6	0.4
Italy	40	25	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
Russian Federation	205	100	105	1.0	0.9	1.0
Ukraine	265	145	120	1.2	1.3	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	735	455	275	3.4	4.1	2.7
Other places of birth in Europe	530	260	270	2.5	2.4	2.6
Africa	3,395	1,830	1,570	15.9	16.6	15.2
Algeria	30	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burundi	20	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cameroon	20	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	160	85	75	0.7	0.8	0.7
Côte d'Ivoire	40	15	25	0.2	0.1	0.2
Egypt	375	215	160	1.8	1.9	1.5
Eritrea	50	45	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Ethiopia	100	55	40	0.5	0.5	0.4
Morocco	45	25	25	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	1,440	705	735	6.7	6.4	7.1
Somalia	95	65	30	0.4	0.6	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	220	115	110	1.0	1.0	1.1
Sudan⁹⁷	155	110	50	0.7	1.0	0.5
Tunisia	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	615	350	270	2.9	3.2	2.6
Asia	13,620	6,770	6,850	63.7	61.3	66.2
Afghanistan	30	20	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bangladesh	350	185	165	1.6	1.7	1.6
China⁹⁰	2,045	985	1,055	9.6	8.9	10.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	45	30	20	0.2	0.3	0.2
India	3,665	1,915	1,755	17.1	17.3	17.0
Iran⁸⁸	220	105	115	1.0	1.0	1.1
Iraq	95	30	65	0.4	0.3	0.6
Israel	180	80	100	0.8	0.7	1.0
Japan	40	0	35	0.2	0.0	0.3
Jordan	170	85	85	0.8	0.8	0.8
Korea, South⁹²	580	240	340	2.7	2.2	3.3
Lebanon	170	95	80	0.8	0.9	0.8
Nepal	65	35	30	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pakistan	370	220	150	1.7	2.0	1.5
Philippines	2,325	1,080	1,245	10.9	9.8	12.0
Saudi Arabia	225	125	100	1.1	1.1	1.0
Sri Lanka	60	20	35	0.3	0.2	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	2,140	1,125	1,015	10.0	10.2	9.8
Turkey	110	55	55	0.5	0.5	0.5
United Arab Emirates	110	40	75	0.5	0.4	0.7
Viet Nam	205	105	100	1.0	1.0	1.0
Other places of birth in Asia	410	190	220	1.9	1.7	2.1
Oceania and other⁹³	110	85	25	0.5	0.8	0.2
Australia	75	55	15	0.4	0.5	0.1
Other places of birth⁹⁸	40	30	10	0.2	0.3	0.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	955,855	465,855	490,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	102,490	51,935	50,560	10.7	11.1	10.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	75,240	37,030	38,210	7.9	7.9	7.8
Third generation or more¹⁰²	778,125	376,890	401,235	81.4	80.9	81.9
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	54,775	27,390	27,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	34,640	17,820	16,820	63.2	65.1	61.4
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	14,670	8,960	5,715	26.8	32.7	20.9
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	19,970	8,855	11,110	36.5	32.3	40.6
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	12,730	5,650	7,075	23.2	20.6	25.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	7,000	3,745	3,260	12.8	13.7	11.9
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	410	180	225	0.7	0.7	0.8
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	54,775	27,390	27,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,025	610	410	1.9	2.2	1.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	8,380	4,430	3,950	15.3	16.2	14.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,305	1,245	1,060	4.2	4.5	3.9
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,995	2,655	2,340	9.1	9.7	8.5
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	430	145	285	0.8	0.5	1.0
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	37,650	18,305	19,340	68.7	66.8	70.6
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	955,855	465,850	490,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	93,430	47,885	45,545	9.8	10.3	9.3
South Asian	21,655	12,310	9,345	2.3	2.6	1.9
Chinese	11,600	5,595	6,005	1.2	1.2	1.2
Black	28,220	14,040	14,180	3.0	3.0	2.9
Filipino	6,615	2,910	3,705	0.7	0.6	0.8
Arab	10,610	5,855	4,750	1.1	1.3	1.0
Latin American	2,915	1,440	1,470	0.3	0.3	0.3
Southeast Asian	2,400	1,170	1,230	0.3	0.3	0.3
West Asian	1,875	1,010	865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	2,845	1,210	1,635	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japanese	985	420	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	970	490	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	2,750	1,430	1,320	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	862,425	417,970	444,455	90.2	89.7	90.7
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	955,855	465,855	490,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	151,300	74,015	77,290	15.8	15.9	15.8
English	217,910	104,045	113,870	22.8	22.3	23.2
Irish	195,665	91,305	104,360	20.5	19.6	21.3
Scottish	257,205	122,970	134,230	26.9	26.4	27.4
French, n.o.s.¹²²	113,635	54,010	59,630	11.9	11.6	12.2
German	86,860	41,315	45,540	9.1	8.9	9.3
Chinese	11,515	5,535	5,980	1.2	1.2	1.2
Italian	16,575	8,270	8,305	1.7	1.8	1.7
Indian (India)	14,310	7,975	6,335	1.5	1.7	1.3
Ukrainian	9,630	4,575	5,055	1.0	1.0	1.0
Dutch	27,375	12,940	14,440	2.9	2.8	2.9
Polish	11,295	5,685	5,610	1.2	1.2	1.1
Québécois	1,815	915	900	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	32,185	15,630	16,555	3.4	3.4	3.4
Filipino	5,790	2,535	3,255	0.6	0.5	0.7
French Canadian	6,065	2,810	3,250	0.6	0.6	0.7
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	57,655	27,830	29,825	6.0	6.0	6.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	13,635	6,455	7,175	1.4	1.4	1.5
Métis	18,310	8,760	9,545	1.9	1.9	1.9
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	45,180	22,400	22,780	4.7	4.8	4.6
Russian	4,490	2,105	2,385	0.5	0.5	0.5
Norwegian	6,010	2,775	3,235	0.6	0.6	0.7
Welsh	18,140	8,525	9,615	1.9	1.8	2.0
Portuguese	2,990	1,430	1,565	0.3	0.3	0.3
American	6,880	3,375	3,500	0.7	0.7	0.7
Spanish	4,015	1,840	2,180	0.4	0.4	0.4
Swedish	4,065	1,720	2,345	0.4	0.4	0.5
Hungarian	2,985	1,450	1,540	0.3	0.3	0.3
Acadian	49,205	22,790	26,410	5.1	4.9	5.4
Pakistani	1,285	665	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	8,335	4,160	4,180	0.9	0.9	0.9
Jewish	3,655	1,800	1,855	0.4	0.4	0.4
Punjabi	1,715	965	750	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	1,375	720	655	0.1	0.2	0.1
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,445	1,805	1,645	0.4	0.4	0.3
Greek	3,175	1,630	1,550	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jamaican	1,860	990	875	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	3,115	1,495	1,620	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,320	550	770	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	2,545	1,075	1,470	0.3	0.2	0.3
Romanian	1,270	605	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanese	7,285	3,745	3,535	0.8	0.8	0.7
Iranian	1,205	615	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	2,460	1,195	1,260	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	3,730	1,770	1,960	0.4	0.4	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	6,290	2,975	3,310	0.7	0.6	0.7
Sikh	1,090	640	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	1,995	995	1,000	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belgian	2,975	1,440	1,535	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	200	80	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	1,500	885	615	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mexican	935	490	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mennonite	710	360	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	2,905	1,310	1,595	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	1,295	565	725	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	530	280	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,000	445	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	1,125	490	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,045	610	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	21,305	10,140	11,160	2.2	2.2	2.3
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	3,995	1,875	2,115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Muslim	780	425	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	1,390	800	595	0.1	0.2	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	860	460	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	380	190	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	785	370	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	525	275	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	280	110	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	1,065	520	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	2,650	1,450	1,200	0.3	0.3	0.2
Guyanese	530	255	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	240	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	4,420	2,060	2,360	0.5	0.4	0.5
Serbian	425	240	190	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ojibway	735	295	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	7,540	3,565	3,975	0.8	0.8	0.8
Hong Konger	230	100	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	1,405	725	680	0.1	0.2	0.1
Persian	440	210	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	510	270	240	0.1	0.1	0.0
Turkish	665	360	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	1,800	885	915	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bangladeshi	735	395	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	705	345	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	1,070	515	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	300	165	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	615	260	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,710	815	895	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	200	115	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	300	135	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	305	170	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	120	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Caribbean	775	360	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	695	370	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,935	1,035	905	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	520	205	315	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquin	300	130	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	600	260	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	825	420	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	685	310	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	545	290	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	760	425	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	265	125	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congolese	375	175	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	25,505	12,430	13,075	2.7	2.7	2.7
Ethiopian	345	175	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	250	100	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peruvian	195	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	985	495	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	60	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	510	260	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	510	275	230	0.1	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	140	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	225	120	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,130	1,055	1,075	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Brunswicker	1,380	620	760	0.1	0.1	0.2
Gujarati	265	165	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	5,760	2,815	2,945	0.6	0.6	0.6
Israeli	475	265	220	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mohawk	515	225	290	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	455	205	250	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	380	195	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	250	130	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	235	145	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	705	325	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	1,270	605	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	310	170	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	75	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	380	195	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	255	115	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	295	165	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	210	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	175	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	495	220	275	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bengali	210	120	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	115	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	280	120	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	465	260	210	0.0	0.1	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	2,110	980	1,130	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Columbian	190	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	130	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	100	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	325	125	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	295	160	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	890	445	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	200	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	190	85	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	230	115	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	310	155	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	190	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	350	145	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	165	60	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	230	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	260	155	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	125	90	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	165	60	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	140	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	180	110	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	115	20	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	155	90	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	245	140	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	215	115	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	7,830	3,730	4,100	0.8	0.8	0.8
Rwandan	90	60	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	315	180	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	80	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	390	190	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	810	450	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Caribbean	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	220	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	515	235	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Senegalese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	75	55	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	90	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	110	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	90	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	165	105	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	115	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	160	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	445	255	190	0.0	0.1	0.0
Basque	255	155	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	250	110	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	120	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	65	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	695	265	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maliseet	255	120	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	3,805	1,735	2,075	0.4	0.4	0.4
Malagasy	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	955,855	465,855	490,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,955	1,300	1,655	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian	556,115	256,255	299,860	58.2	55.0	61.2
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	45,030	21,690	23,340	4.7	4.7	4.8
Anabaptist	815	415	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	73,015	33,060	39,955	7.6	7.1	8.2
Baptist	53,800	24,480	29,320	5.6	5.3	6.0
Catholic	245,305	115,030	130,275	25.7	24.7	26.6
Christian Orthodox	4,325	2,195	2,125	0.5	0.5	0.4
Jehovah's Witness	3,740	1,630	2,105	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	1,685	740	945	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lutheran	6,175	2,970	3,205	0.6	0.6	0.7
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	5,460	2,445	3,015	0.6	0.5	0.6
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	7,525	3,320	4,205	0.8	0.7	0.9
Presbyterian	16,935	7,550	9,385	1.8	1.6	1.9
Reformed	505	260	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	71,620	31,090	40,525	7.5	6.7	8.3
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	20,185	9,370	10,815	2.1	2.0	2.2
Hindu	8,460	4,895	3,565	0.9	1.1	0.7
Jewish	2,195	1,130	1,070	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	14,715	8,025	6,690	1.5	1.7	1.4
Sikh	4,735	2,620	2,115	0.5	0.6	0.4
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,090	485	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	6,195	2,570	3,625	0.6	0.6	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	359,395	188,580	170,820	37.6	40.5	34.9
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	948,430	461,880	486,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	832,560	405,570	426,995	87.8	87.8	87.8
Movers	115,865	56,315	59,550	12.2	12.2	12.2
Non-migrants	69,070	33,450	35,620	7.3	7.2	7.3
Migrants	46,795	22,865	23,935	4.9	5.0	4.9
Internal migrants	40,825	19,945	20,880	4.3	4.3	4.3
Intraprovincial migrants	17,815	8,400	9,415	1.9	1.8	1.9
Interprovincial migrants	23,015	11,550	11,465	2.4	2.5	2.4
External migrants	5,970	2,920	3,050	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	915,520	445,160	470,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	581,165	282,815	298,350	63.5	63.5	63.4
Movers	334,365	162,345	172,020	36.5	36.5	36.6
Non-migrants	155,120	74,805	80,315	16.9	16.8	17.1
Migrants	179,245	87,545	91,695	19.6	19.7	19.5
Internal migrants	143,135	68,580	74,555	15.6	15.4	15.9
Intraprovincial migrants	76,050	35,460	40,590	8.3	8.0	8.6
Interprovincial migrants	67,085	33,120	33,970	7.3	7.4	7.2
External migrants	36,110	18,965	17,145	3.9	4.3	3.6
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	819,310	395,805	423,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	157,255	86,485	70,770	19.2	21.9	16.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	662,060	309,320	352,740	80.8	78.1	83.3
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	507,465	245,000	262,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	60,130	36,560	23,565	11.8	14.9	9.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	447,335	208,440	238,895	88.2	85.1	91.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	819,315	395,805	423,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	137,525	73,150	64,375	16.8	18.5	15.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	220,205	108,970	111,240	26.9	27.5	26.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	461,580	213,690	247,895	56.3	54.0	58.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	262,860	128,430	134,425	32.1	32.4	31.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	70,140	50,285	19,855	8.6	12.7	4.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	37,420	21,935	15,485	4.6	5.5	3.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	32,720	28,355	4,365	4.0	7.2	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	173,685	70,510	103,170	21.2	17.8	24.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,035	7,630	11,400	2.3	1.9	2.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	198,725	85,255	113,470	24.3	21.5	26.8
Bachelor's degree	131,470	55,740	75,730	16.0	14.1	17.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	12,185	5,260	6,920	1.5	1.3	1.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	5,045	2,600	2,450	0.6	0.7	0.6
Master's degree	43,285	17,675	25,610	5.3	4.5	6.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	6,745	3,985	2,760	0.8	1.0	0.7
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	507,465	245,005	262,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	50,650	29,980	20,670	10.0	12.2	7.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	124,015	64,040	59,975	24.4	26.1	22.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	332,805	150,985	181,820	65.6	61.6	69.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	181,530	89,105	92,430	35.8	36.4	35.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	44,840	32,580	12,255	8.8	13.3	4.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	23,700	14,200	9,500	4.7	5.8	3.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	21,145	18,385	2,760	4.2	7.5	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	125,220	51,865	73,355	24.7	21.2	27.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,470	4,655	6,815	2.3	1.9	2.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	151,270	61,885	89,385	29.8	25.3	34.1
Bachelor's degree	100,175	41,230	58,940	19.7	16.8	22.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	9,025	3,680	5,340	1.8	1.5	2.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,840	1,715	2,130	0.8	0.7	0.8
Master's degree	33,605	12,785	20,825	6.6	5.2	7.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,625	2,475	2,155	0.9	1.0	0.8
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	819,315	395,805	423,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	357,735	182,120	175,620	43.7	46.0	41.5
Education	32,930	8,240	24,690	4.0	2.1	5.8
13. Education	32,930	8,240	24,690	4.0	2.1	5.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	11,875	5,620	6,245	1.4	1.4	1.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,640	1,165	470	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	10,235	4,455	5,780	1.2	1.1	1.4
Humanities	21,855	8,850	13,000	2.7	2.2	3.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,250	310	940	0.2	0.1	0.2
23. English language and literature/letters	6,125	1,930	4,195	0.7	0.5	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	5,015	1,845	3,165	0.6	0.5	0.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	620	265	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,510	860	650	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,365	1,390	975	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	3,915	2,050	1,865	0.5	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,055	205	850	0.1	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	46,965	14,270	32,695	5.7	3.6	7.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	715	185	530	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,635	1,690	2,945	0.6	0.4	0.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	10,015	850	9,160	1.2	0.2	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	6,710	2,155	4,555	0.8	0.5	1.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,060	410	650	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	9,695	2,495	7,200	1.2	0.6	1.7
45. Social sciences	14,135	6,485	7,650	1.7	1.6	1.8
Business, management and public administration	101,875	33,235	68,645	12.4	8.4	16.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	210	20	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	7,570	1,505	6,065	0.9	0.4	1.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	94,100	31,705	62,395	11.5	8.0	14.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	19,060	9,100	9,965	2.3	2.3	2.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	8,440	3,485	4,960	1.0	0.9	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,585	1,895	2,685	0.6	0.5	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	410	85	320	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	5,030	3,405	1,625	0.6	0.9	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	600	225	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	18,170	11,610	6,560	2.2	2.9	1.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	14,910	10,200	4,705	1.8	2.6	1.1
25. Library science	1,320	210	1,110	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,670	1,020	650	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	270	175	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	96,510	89,105	7,405	11.8	22.5	1.7
04. Architecture and related services	1,825	1,085	745	0.2	0.3	0.2
14. Engineering	15,205	12,550	2,655	1.9	3.2	0.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	21,045	18,775	2,265	2.6	4.7	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	25,495	24,860	635	3.1	6.3	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	21,920	21,295	625	2.7	5.4	0.1
48. Precision production	11,010	10,540	470	1.3	2.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	9,905	5,160	4,745	1.2	1.3	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	5,965	2,615	3,350	0.7	0.7	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,945	2,550	1,390	0.5	0.6	0.3
Health and related fields	70,550	11,530	59,020	8.6	2.9	13.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,330	2,105	2,225	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	64,255	8,350	55,905	7.8	2.1	13.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	180	35	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,775	1,035	740	0.2	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	31,815	16,945	14,875	3.9	4.3	3.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	17,520	4,465	13,045	2.1	1.1	3.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	250	220	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	730	690	45	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	4,760	3,625	1,135	0.6	0.9	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	8,560	7,945	620	1.0	2.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	75	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	507,465	245,000	262,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	174,660	94,015	80,645	34.4	38.4	30.7
Education	20,200	4,425	15,770	4.0	1.8	6.0
13. Education	20,200	4,425	15,770	4.0	1.8	6.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	9,295	4,430	4,860	1.8	1.8	1.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,250	865	390	0.2	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	8,045	3,570	4,475	1.6	1.5	1.7
Humanities	15,170	5,930	9,240	3.0	2.4	3.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	865	210	655	0.2	0.1	0.2
23. English language and literature/letters	4,320	1,320	2,990	0.9	0.5	1.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,570	1,310	2,260	0.7	0.5	0.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	420	180	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,090	615	475	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,350	755	590	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	2,785	1,410	1,380	0.5	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	770	130	645	0.2	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	37,160	10,305	26,855	7.3	4.2	10.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	515	135	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,995	1,410	2,585	0.8	0.6	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	8,070	615	7,460	1.6	0.3	2.8
22. Legal professions and studies	5,285	1,405	3,875	1.0	0.6	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	780	305	470	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	7,590	1,820	5,765	1.5	0.7	2.2
45. Social sciences	10,925	4,615	6,315	2.2	1.9	2.4
Business, management and public administration	73,450	24,240	49,215	14.5	9.9	18.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	145	20	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,700	1,010	4,690	1.1	0.4	1.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	67,610	23,210	44,400	13.3	9.5	16.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	13,285	5,930	7,350	2.6	2.4	2.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	6,020	2,365	3,650	1.2	1.0	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,235	1,275	1,960	0.6	0.5	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	340	60	280	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	3,415	2,130	1,285	0.7	0.9	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	280	105	180	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	14,780	9,615	5,160	2.9	3.9	2.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	12,590	8,695	3,895	2.5	3.5	1.5
25. Library science	855	125	730	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,090	645	445	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	240	155	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	67,440	61,470	5,970	13.3	25.1	2.3
04. Architecture and related services	1,330	705	625	0.3	0.3	0.2
14. Engineering	11,245	9,095	2,150	2.2	3.7	0.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	14,625	12,825	1,805	2.9	5.2	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	17,745	17,230	520	3.5	7.0	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	15,140	14,660	480	3.0	6.0	0.2
48. Precision production	7,350	6,970	380	1.4	2.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	7,525	3,555	3,970	1.5	1.5	1.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	4,460	1,695	2,760	0.9	0.7	1.1
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,065	1,860	1,205	0.6	0.8	0.5
Health and related fields	50,935	8,650	42,285	10.0	3.5	16.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,230	1,565	1,665	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	46,265	6,410	39,860	9.1	2.6	15.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	155	30	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,285	650	630	0.3	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	23,515	12,415	11,105	4.6	5.1	4.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	12,840	3,235	9,605	2.5	1.3	3.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	190	170	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	405	375	30	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	3,795	2,860	940	0.7	1.2	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,290	5,775	515	1.2	2.4	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	60	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	507,465	245,000	262,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	174,660	94,015	80,645	34.4	38.4	30.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	332,805	150,985	181,820	65.6	61.6	69.3
Location of study inside Canada	301,970	136,275	165,700	59.5	55.6	63.1
Same as province or territory of residence	233,890	103,055	130,835	46.1	42.1	49.8
Different than province or territory of residence	68,085	33,220	34,865	13.4	13.6	13.3
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	30,835	14,715	16,120	6.1	6.0	6.1
Americas	6,980	3,290	3,690	1.4	1.3	1.4
United States of America	5,280	2,490	2,790	1.0	1.0	1.1
Mexico	290	130	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	100	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	230	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	465	230	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peru	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	370	160	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	7,560	3,830	3,730	1.5	1.6	1.4
Belgium	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	280	130	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	790	410	380	0.2	0.2	0.1
Netherlands	230	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	175	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	160	55	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	140	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	400	185	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	285	140	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	250	120	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,820	2,040	1,780	0.8	0.8	0.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	675	325	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Africa	2,050	1,060	995	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigeria	680	350	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	530	270	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	330	155	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	425	230	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	13,500	6,155	7,345	2.7	2.5	2.8
Iran⁸⁸	410	180	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	290	140	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	300	180	120	0.1	0.1	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	260	120	135	0.1	0.0	0.1
Turkey	145	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,530	715	810	0.3	0.3	0.3
Taiwan	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	180	20	160	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	945	320	620	0.2	0.1	0.2
Philippines	2,835	1,045	1,790	0.6	0.4	0.7
Viet Nam	195	70	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	225	90	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	175	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	4,860	2,620	2,235	1.0	1.1	0.9
Pakistan	340	155	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	560	215	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oceania	735	380	360	0.1	0.2	0.1
Australia	600	285	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealand	140	95	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	819,315	395,805	423,510	...	...	...
In the labour force	487,260	249,805	237,455	...	...	...
Employed	425,190	218,955	206,235	...	...	...
Unemployed	62,070	30,845	31,225	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	332,055	146,005	186,050	...	...	...
Participation rate	59.5	63.1	56.1	59.5	63.1	56.1
Employment rate	51.9	55.3	48.7	51.9	55.3	48.7
Unemployment rate	12.7	12.3	13.1	12.7	12.3	13.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	819,315	395,805	423,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	323,335	143,255	180,080	39.5	36.2	42.5
Worked	495,980	252,555	243,430	60.5	63.8	57.5
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	260,795	139,605	121,190	31.8	35.3	28.6
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	235,185	112,945	122,240	28.7	28.5	28.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.7	40.9	40.5	40.7	40.9	40.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	487,260	249,805	237,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	10,965	5,685	5,285	2.3	2.3	2.2
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	476,290	244,120	232,175	97.7	97.7	97.8
Employee	421,080	210,355	210,730	86.4	84.2	88.7
Permanent position	337,140	168,845	168,295	69.2	67.6	70.9
Temporary position	83,945	41,510	42,435	17.2	16.6	17.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	22,645	9,880	12,770	4.6	4.0	5.4
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	61,295	31,630	29,665	12.6	12.7	12.5
Self-employed¹⁹²	55,210	33,765	21,450	11.3	13.5	9.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	487,260	249,805	237,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	10,965	5,685	5,285	2.3	2.3	2.2
All occupations¹⁹¹	476,290	244,120	232,175	97.7	97.7	97.8
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	5,065	3,155	1,915	1.0	1.3	0.8
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	73,305	21,325	51,980	15.0	8.5	21.9
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	32,455	24,710	7,745	6.7	9.9	3.3
3 Health occupations	45,420	7,935	37,485	9.3	3.2	15.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	66,135	23,980	42,150	13.6	9.6	17.8
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	13,070	5,820	7,250	2.7	2.3	3.1
6 Sales and service occupations	123,130	53,525	69,605	25.3	21.4	29.3
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	80,775	74,590	6,190	16.6	29.9	2.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	17,745	14,730	3,015	3.6	5.9	1.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	19,200	14,355	4,845	3.9	5.7	2.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	487,260	249,805	237,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	10,965	5,685	5,285	2.3	2.3	2.2
All industries¹⁹¹	476,290	244,120	232,175	97.7	97.7	97.8
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	17,880	13,890	3,990	3.7	5.6	1.7
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	3,065	2,730	335	0.6	1.1	0.1
22 Utilities	3,655	2,685	970	0.8	1.1	0.4
23 Construction	35,720	31,760	3,960	7.3	12.7	1.7
31-33 Manufacturing	31,210	22,855	8,355	6.4	9.1	3.5
41 Wholesale trade	11,400	8,170	3,230	2.3	3.3	1.4
44-45 Retail trade	58,985	26,950	32,040	12.1	10.8	13.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	19,930	15,510	4,420	4.1	6.2	1.9
51 Information and cultural industries	8,260	4,695	3,565	1.7	1.9	1.5
52 Finance and insurance	16,490	6,485	10,000	3.4	2.6	4.2
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	6,570	3,490	3,080	1.3	1.4	1.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	31,400	17,375	14,025	6.4	7.0	5.9
55 Management of companies and enterprises	655	280	370	0.1	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	21,530	12,935	8,600	4.4	5.2	3.6
61 Educational services	38,425	11,695	26,730	7.9	4.7	11.3
62 Health care and social assistance	70,595	12,720	57,875	14.5	5.1	24.4
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	9,045	4,445	4,600	1.9	1.8	1.9
72 Accommodation and food services	30,010	12,680	17,330	6.2	5.1	7.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	19,395	9,340	10,060	4.0	3.7	4.2
91 Public administration	42,070	23,425	18,635	8.6	9.4	7.8
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	530,410	270,085	260,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	506,775	259,550	247,230	95.5	96.1	95.0
French	3,405	1,290	2,115	0.6	0.5	0.8
Non-official language	1,180	645	540	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous³⁹	310	170	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	870	475	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and French	13,145	5,475	7,670	2.5	2.0	2.9
English and non-official language(s)	5,605	2,990	2,610	1.1	1.1	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	270	120	155	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	530,410	270,085	260,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	527,715	268,845	258,865	99.5	99.5	99.4
Official languages	525,370	267,545	257,825	99.0	99.1	99.0
English	519,550	265,385	254,165	98.0	98.3	97.6
French	5,825	2,165	3,660	1.1	0.8	1.4
Non-official languages	2,340	1,295	1,045	0.4	0.5	0.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	675	345	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	675	345	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	670	340	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq	670	340	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,670	955	710	0.3	0.4	0.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	125	105	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	125	105	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	115	90	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	680	355	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	330	155	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	265	120	150	0.0	0.0	0.1
German	265	120	145	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	120	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	165	105	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	120	85	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	550	340	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	550	340	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	440	280	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,700	1,240	1,460	0.5	0.5	0.6
English and French	1,650	680	970	0.3	0.3	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	1,030	555	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	530,410	270,085	260,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	513,950	262,660	251,290	96.9	97.3	96.5
English	3,510	1,480	2,035	0.7	0.5	0.8
French	9,110	3,940	5,170	1.7	1.5	2.0
Non-official language	3,290	1,715	1,575	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indigenous³⁹	655	275	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	2,635	1,440	1,200	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and French	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	225	95	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	270	160	115	0.1	0.1	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	425,195	218,955	206,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	88,135	39,780	48,360	20.7	18.2	23.4
Worked outside Canada	1,040	810	235	0.2	0.4	0.1
No fixed workplace address	57,310	44,135	13,175	13.5	20.2	6.4
Usual place of work	278,705	134,235	144,470	65.5	61.3	70.1
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	278,705	134,230	144,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	201,500	96,490	105,005	72.3	71.9	72.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	47,015	20,630	26,385	16.9	15.4	18.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	25,755	14,375	11,380	9.2	10.7	7.9
Commute to a different province or territory	4,435	2,735	1,700	1.6	2.0	1.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	336,015	178,365	157,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	293,665	157,980	135,690	87.4	88.6	86.1
Car, truck or van - as a driver	267,755	146,570	121,185	79.7	82.2	76.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	25,910	11,410	14,505	7.7	6.4	9.2
Public transit	13,895	6,205	7,695	4.1	3.5	4.9
Walked	18,975	8,950	10,025	5.6	5.0	6.4
Bicycle	1,605	1,160	445	0.5	0.7	0.3
Other method	7,870	4,075	3,795	2.3	2.3	2.4
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	336,015	178,365	157,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	128,935	62,025	66,915	38.4	34.8	42.4
15 to 29 minutes	123,315	65,805	57,510	36.7	36.9	36.5
30 to 44 minutes	51,690	29,915	21,775	15.4	16.8	13.8
45 to 59 minutes	15,840	9,320	6,525	4.7	5.2	4.1
60 minutes and over	16,230	11,310	4,920	4.8	6.3	3.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	336,015	178,365	157,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	21,490	15,255	6,230	6.4	8.6	4.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	65,525	39,600	25,925	19.5	22.2	16.4
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	98,970	52,175	46,805	29.5	29.3	29.7
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	70,820	30,385	40,430	21.1	17.0	25.6
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	33,295	14,565	18,730	9.9	8.2	11.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	45,920	26,390	19,525	13.7	14.8	12.4
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	168,465	86,570	81,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	16,800	8,370	8,425	10.0	9.7	10.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	151,660	78,195	73,465	90.0	90.3	89.7
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	124,910	64,325	60,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,745	6,365	6,385	10.2	9.9	10.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	8,070	3,915	4,155	6.5	6.1	6.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,680	2,450	2,230	3.7	3.8	3.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	112,165	57,965	54,200	89.8	90.1	89.5

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed January 16, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

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