Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	OntarioMore information: [Province]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	14,223,942	...	...
Population, 2016¹	13,448,494	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.8	...	...
Total private dwellings²	5,929,250	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	5,491,201	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	15.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	892,411.76	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	14,223,945	6,970,855	7,253,085
0 to 14 years	2,251,795	1,155,630	1,096,160
0 to 4 years	683,515	350,035	333,480
5 to 9 years	764,430	392,380	372,050
10 to 14 years	803,850	413,215	390,635
15 to 64 years	9,334,440	4,616,340	4,718,100
15 to 19 years	801,455	413,485	387,970
20 to 24 years	895,600	465,525	430,075
25 to 29 years	975,400	497,185	478,215
30 to 34 years	981,210	487,465	493,745
35 to 39 years	948,030	463,170	484,860
40 to 44 years	890,160	427,860	462,295
45 to 49 years	894,580	430,580	464,005
50 to 54 years	941,270	455,420	485,845
55 to 59 years	1,040,160	507,700	532,465
60 to 64 years	966,575	467,955	498,625
65 years and over	2,637,710	1,198,880	1,438,825
65 to 69 years	813,215	386,325	426,890
70 to 74 years	691,280	325,435	365,840
75 to 79 years	469,485	217,485	252,000
80 to 84 years	325,110	143,070	182,045
85 years and over	338,620	126,565	212,050
85 to 89 years	205,480	83,875	121,605
90 to 94 years	101,430	34,715	66,710
95 to 99 years	28,000	7,235	20,770
100 years and over	3,705	745	2,965
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.8	16.6	15.1
15 to 64 years	65.6	66.2	65.0
65 years and over	18.5	17.2	19.8
85 years and over	2.4	1.8	2.9
Average age of the population	41.8	40.7	42.8
Median age of the population	41.6	40.0	42.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	5,491,200	...	...
Single-detached house	2,942,990	...	...
Semi-detached house	303,260	...	...
Row house	505,265	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	181,030	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	548,785	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	984,665	...	...
Other single-attached house	10,220	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	14,985	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	5,491,205	...	...
1 person	1,452,540	...	...
2 persons	1,798,040	...	...
3 persons	872,480	...	...
4 persons	825,445	...	...
5 or more persons	542,700	...	...
Number of persons in private households	14,031,750	6,887,760	7,143,995
Average household size	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	11,972,145	5,815,220	6,156,925
Married or living common-law	6,769,725	3,384,485	3,385,240
Married	5,738,390	2,866,825	2,871,565
Living common-law	1,031,340	517,665	513,670
Living common law - Never married	727,825	366,175	361,650
Living common law - Separated	55,440	29,445	25,995
Living common law - Divorced	220,445	110,510	109,935
Living common law - Widowed	27,625	11,535	16,095
Not married and not living common-law	5,202,420	2,430,735	2,771,690
Not married and not living common law - Never married	3,515,215	1,885,705	1,629,515
Not married and not living common law - Separated	333,775	139,675	194,100
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	695,630	266,865	428,765
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	657,800	138,495	519,305
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	3,969,670	...	...
2 persons	1,936,595	...	...
3 persons	877,660	...	...
4 persons	811,380	...	...
5 or more persons	344,035	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	3,969,670	...	...
Total couple families	3,291,560	...	...
Married couples	2,776,165	...	...
With children⁶	1,571,480	...	...
Without children	1,204,680	...	...
Common-law couples	515,395	...	...
With children⁶	189,835	...	...
Without children	325,560	...	...
Total one-parent families	678,110	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	538,450	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	139,660	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	14,031,750	6,887,760	7,143,995
Total - Persons in census families	11,601,460	5,741,475	5,859,990
Married spouses or common-law partners	6,583,120	3,292,585	3,290,525
Parents in one-parent families	678,110	139,660	538,450
Children⁶	4,340,235	2,309,225	2,031,005
In a two-parent family	3,281,460	1,736,630	1,544,825
In a one-parent family	1,058,775	572,595	486,185
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	2,430,295	1,146,280	1,284,010
Living alone	1,452,540	651,180	801,365
Living with other relatives⁷	388,780	155,465	233,320
Living with non-relatives only	588,970	339,640	249,325
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	5,491,200	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	3,347,195	...	...
Couple-family households	2,841,660	...	...
With children⁶	1,517,365	...	...
Without children	1,324,295	...	...
One-parent-family households	505,535	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	221,120	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	45,215	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	184,430	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	240,700	...	...
One-person households	1,452,540	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	11,782,845	5,733,680	6,049,160
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,294,815	5,485,375	5,809,440
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	46,000	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,300,805	5,488,490	5,812,320
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	41,200	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,010,415	4,968,685	5,041,730
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	43,200	29,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,153,180	4,198,670	3,954,510
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	43,600	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,239,835	4,910,535	5,329,295
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,900	6,850	10,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,054,225	467,500	586,725
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,520	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,327,770	1,623,900	1,703,870
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	11,782,820	5,733,360	6,049,460
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,296,770	5,486,720	5,810,050
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,350	64,900	48,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,302,690	5,489,710	5,812,980
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,280	51,900	41,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,011,345	4,970,240	5,041,105
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,700	62,350	43,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,153,185	4,198,665	3,954,515
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,600	60,500	44,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,242,610	4,912,020	5,330,580
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,640	9,440	11,740
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,052,985	466,380	586,605
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,640	6,120	7,060
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,321,155	1,619,825	1,701,335
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,300	9,150	9,450
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	11,782,825	5,733,365	6,049,460
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	3,865,695	2,145,810	1,719,885
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	67,000	72,000	61,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,400	90,700	72,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	3,112,160	1,451,440	1,660,720
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,400	19,400	16,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,520	32,760	24,820
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.8	87.0	77.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.4	71.4	62.3
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.1	13.0	22.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.5	4.5	6.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.9	4.2	5.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	11,782,845	5,733,685	6,049,165
Without total income	488,030	248,310	239,725
With total income	11,294,815	5,485,375	5,809,440
Under $10,000 (including loss)	977,950	423,650	554,300
$10,000 to $19,999	1,383,475	596,755	786,720
$20,000 to $29,999	1,752,040	763,295	988,745
$30,000 to $39,999	1,388,215	609,735	778,480
$40,000 to $49,999	1,190,885	547,655	643,230
$50,000 to $59,999	985,270	468,060	517,205
$60,000 to $69,999	782,980	396,770	386,210
$70,000 to $79,999	612,620	331,080	281,545
$80,000 to $89,999	477,445	271,290	206,150
$90,000 to $99,999	385,830	218,395	167,435
$100,000 and over	1,358,115	858,695	499,415
$100,000 to $149,999	897,615	538,590	359,025
$150,000 and over	460,495	320,105	140,395
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	11,782,845	5,733,685	6,049,165
Without after-tax income	482,035	245,195	236,845
With after-tax income	11,300,805	5,488,490	5,812,315
Under $10,000 (including loss)	1,025,995	440,280	585,715
$10,000 to $19,999	1,442,850	625,100	817,750
$20,000 to $29,999	1,967,040	859,195	1,107,840
$30,000 to $39,999	1,621,120	733,430	887,690
$40,000 to $49,999	1,384,490	655,400	729,090
$50,000 to $59,999	1,068,365	535,895	532,470
$60,000 to $69,999	782,135	422,645	359,495
$70,000 to $79,999	572,210	325,895	246,315
$80,000 to $89,999	457,650	249,665	207,980
$90,000 to $99,999	280,640	169,480	111,160
$100,000 and over	698,310	471,495	226,815
$100,000 to $124,999	344,450	223,970	120,480
$125,000 and over	353,860	247,525	106,335
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	11,782,845	5,733,685	6,049,165
Without employment income	3,629,670	1,535,015	2,094,650
With employment income	8,153,175	4,198,665	3,954,510
Under $5,000 (including loss)	1,218,885	604,555	614,330
$5,000 to $9,999	688,670	304,845	383,825
$10,000 to $19,999	928,840	424,990	503,850
$20,000 to $29,999	696,570	325,510	371,065
$30,000 to $39,999	677,110	320,720	356,390
$40,000 to $49,999	672,005	320,925	351,080
$50,000 to $59,999	611,665	307,370	304,290
$60,000 to $69,999	519,955	278,350	241,605
$70,000 to $79,999	419,875	237,375	182,500
$80,000 to $89,999	352,235	207,090	145,150
$90,000 to $99,999	316,750	176,135	140,615
$100,000 and over	1,050,620	690,800	359,820
$100,000 to $124,999	489,720	295,720	194,005
$125,000 and over	560,895	395,080	165,810
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	11,782,845	5,733,680	6,049,160
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	11,051,405	5,357,685	5,693,725
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	44,800	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	11,055,345	5,358,275	5,697,070
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	40,000	31,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	9,877,245	4,895,500	4,981,740
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	44,400	31,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	8,159,090	4,190,670	3,968,420
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	44,400	34,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	9,643,335	4,616,005	5,027,335
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,200	1,010	4,920
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	723,990	308,550	415,450
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	5,360	5,960
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	11,782,820	5,733,360	6,049,460
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	11,053,285	5,358,015	5,695,270
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,800	62,850	45,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	11,057,080	5,358,540	5,698,545
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,080	50,120	38,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	9,878,270	4,896,015	4,982,255
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,250	63,150	43,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	8,160,870	4,191,675	3,969,185
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,700	60,850	44,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	9,644,415	4,616,310	5,028,100
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,150	5,990	8,210
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	725,250	308,485	416,760
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,340	6,410	8,030
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	11,782,825	5,733,365	6,049,460
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	3,830,200	2,124,710	1,705,495
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,800	68,500	56,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,800	86,600	66,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	2,925,680	1,365,355	1,560,325
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	26,200	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,640	39,840	30,040
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	88.4	91.8	84.0
Employment income (%)	72.4	75.8	67.8
Government transfers (%)	11.6	8.2	16.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	5,491,205	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	1,452,540	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	4,038,660	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	5,491,200	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	95,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	1,451,915	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	57,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,320	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	4,039,285	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	137,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	5,491,200	...	...
Under $5,000	61,515	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	30,860	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	63,360	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	96,980	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	186,250	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	168,345	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	158,810	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	175,890	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	182,900	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	182,945	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	370,350	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	364,585	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	350,520	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	332,395	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	310,400	...	...
$100,000 and over	2,455,095	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	662,625	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	500,495	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	630,420	...	...
$200,000 and over	661,550	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	5,491,200	...	...
Under $5,000	69,645	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	32,100	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	65,025	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	101,865	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	197,995	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	190,225	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	183,505	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	204,300	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	215,785	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	217,105	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	440,280	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	430,860	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	409,865	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	385,295	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	343,595	...	...
$100,000 and over	2,003,770	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	685,485	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	472,130	...	...
$150,000 and over	846,155	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	3,875,790	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	1,361,615	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	1,770,030	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	610,815	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	2,041,505	990,815	1,050,690
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,800	40,000	38,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	36,000	35,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	3,873,665	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	137,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	1,359,275	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	119,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	1,773,005	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	168,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	607,780	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	2,039,230	985,390	1,053,840
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,800	54,250	49,480
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,440	44,880	42,120
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	14,031,755	6,887,755	7,143,995
0 to 17 years	2,726,265	1,400,695	1,325,570
0 to 5 years	831,185	425,620	405,560
18 to 64 years	8,795,220	4,328,780	4,466,440
65 years and over	2,510,270	1,158,280	1,351,985
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	1,420,525	664,975	755,550
0 to 17 years	314,150	161,695	152,455
0 to 5 years	102,930	52,570	50,360
18 to 64 years	803,215	385,100	418,120
65 years and over	303,160	118,180	184,980
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.1	9.7	10.6
0 to 17 years (%)	11.5	11.5	11.5
0 to 5 years (%)	12.4	12.4	12.4
18 to 64 years (%)	9.1	8.9	9.4
65 years and over (%)	12.1	10.2	13.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	13,977,120	6,860,325	7,116,790
0 to 17 years	2,709,120	1,391,825	1,317,290
0 to 5 years	825,865	422,885	402,980
18 to 64 years	8,763,785	4,313,030	4,450,755
65 years and over	2,504,220	1,155,470	1,348,745
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	738,795	379,035	359,760
0 to 17 years	126,035	64,885	61,150
0 to 5 years	39,415	20,100	19,315
18 to 64 years	541,410	283,705	257,710
65 years and over	71,350	30,450	40,900
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.3	5.5	5.1
0 to 17 years (%)	4.7	4.7	4.6
0 to 5 years (%)	4.8	4.8	4.8
18 to 64 years (%)	6.2	6.6	5.8
65 years and over (%)	2.9	2.6	3.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	14,031,755	6,887,760	7,143,995
In bottom half of the distribution	6,516,085	3,131,205	3,384,880
In bottom decile	1,318,120	643,165	674,955
In second decile	1,283,940	594,495	689,440
In third decile	1,292,030	618,405	673,625
In fourth decile	1,296,710	628,155	668,555
In fifth decile	1,325,280	646,975	678,300
In top half of the distribution	7,515,670	3,756,555	3,759,115
In sixth decile	1,365,960	672,380	693,580
In seventh decile	1,415,070	700,525	714,550
In eighth decile	1,482,300	739,210	743,095
In ninth decile	1,581,535	794,505	787,030
In top decile	1,670,800	849,940	820,865
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	14,031,755	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.357	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.470	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.308	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.9	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	14,099,790	6,917,920	7,181,870
English only	12,196,575	6,083,990	6,112,590
French only	39,310	17,190	22,125
English and French	1,519,365	678,385	840,975
Neither English nor French	344,545	138,355	206,185
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	14,099,790	6,917,920	7,181,870
English	13,179,535	6,510,015	6,669,520
French	484,425	227,550	256,875
English and French	98,270	45,480	52,790
Neither English nor French	337,560	134,870	202,685
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	14,099,790	6,917,920	7,181,870
Single responses	13,430,605	6,594,620	6,835,990
Official languages	9,642,770	4,785,140	4,857,635
English	9,179,655	4,566,580	4,613,080
French	463,120	218,560	244,550
Non-official languages	3,787,835	1,809,480	1,978,355
Indigenous languages³⁹	14,475	6,735	7,740
Algonquian languages	13,545	6,360	7,185
Blackfoot	5	5	5
Cree-Innu languages	2,815	1,365	1,455
Atikamekw	10	0	5
Cree languages	2,800	1,360	1,440
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	125	55	70
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	60	20	35
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	550	240	315
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	35	20	15
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	50	25	15
Cree, n.o.s.	1,975	985	990
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	5
Naskapi	15	5	5
Eastern Algonquian languages	70	35	30
Mi'kmaq	60	25	30
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	10	5	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10,645	4,955	5,690
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	35	15	25
Oji-Cree	4,240	2,015	2,225
Ojibway languages	6,365	2,920	3,445
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	280	130	145
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	65	25	40
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	25	15	10
Ojibway, n.o.s.	6,000	2,745	3,250
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Athabaskan languages	30	20	15
Northern Athabaskan languages	30	15	15
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Gwich'in	0	5	0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	5	5
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	5	5	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	5	0	5
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	510	200	310
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	10	5	5
Inuinnaqtun	5	0	5
Inuvialuktun	5	0	0
Inuktitut	505	195	305
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Iroquoian languages	270	100	165
Cayuga	35	15	15
Mohawk	190	75	115
Oneida	40	10	25
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	20	5	15
Salish languages	10	5	5
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	10	5	5
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	5	5	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Tsimshian languages	10	5	5
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	5
Nisga'a	0	0	5
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	65	30	35
Non-Indigenous languages	3,773,365	1,802,745	1,970,620
Afro-Asiatic languages	310,765	156,145	154,620
Berber languages	855	480	370
Kabyle	580	315	265
Tamazight	215	130	80
Berber languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25
Chadic languages	635	350	280
Hausa	560	315	245
Mina	70	35	35
Coptic	535	265	275
Cushitic languages	27,575	12,405	15,170
Bilen	930	495	440
Oromo	1,540	760	785
Somali	24,700	10,945	13,755
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	405	215	190
Semitic languages	281,160	142,645	138,515
Amharic	12,490	5,745	6,740
Arabic	214,230	109,870	104,360
Aramaic languages	24,105	11,685	12,420
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15,665	7,535	8,125
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	7,480	3,655	3,820
Aramaic, n.o.s.	960	485	475
Harari	970	430	540
Hebrew	11,630	6,255	5,375
Maltese	4,120	1,950	2,175
Tigrigna	13,360	6,585	6,775
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	255	130	125
Austro-Asiatic languages	84,300	37,815	46,485
Khmer (Cambodian)	7,065	3,170	3,900
Vietnamese	77,085	34,585	42,505
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	140	60	80
Austronesian languages	208,395	83,860	124,535
Bikol	685	300	385
Bisaya, n.o.s.	2,735	1,115	1,625
Cebuano	5,900	2,290	3,615
Fijian	40	20	20
Hiligaynon	3,775	1,460	2,315
Ilocano	14,680	5,995	8,680
Indonesian	5,440	2,345	3,095
Kankanaey	375	160	215
Kinaray-a	275	115	160
Malagasy languages	125	55	70
Merina	30	10	15
Malagasy, n.o.s.	95	40	50
Malay	540	220	325
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,910	875	1,040
Pangasinan	750	320	430
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	168,845	67,675	101,175
Waray-Waray	590	240	355
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,710	690	1,020
Creole languages	11,690	5,335	6,355
Haitian Creole	5,160	2,260	2,905
Jamaican English Creole	435	220	210
Krio	290	115	170
Morisyen	1,990	955	1,035
Sango	45	25	25
Creole, n.o.s.	2,690	1,255	1,435
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,080	500	580
Dravidian languages	185,145	93,855	91,285
Kannada	4,335	2,215	2,115
Malayalam	32,805	17,970	14,835
Tamil	126,640	61,665	64,970
Telugu	20,715	11,690	9,030
Tulu	415	205	210
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	235	105	130
Georgian	1,650	890	760
Hmong-Mien languages	480	225	255
Indo-European languages	2,119,610	1,032,375	1,087,230
Albanian	20,720	10,295	10,425
Armenian	14,680	7,060	7,620
Balto-Slavic languages	377,895	172,690	205,205
Baltic languages	7,425	3,050	4,370
Latvian	3,050	1,250	1,800
Lithuanian	4,370	1,800	2,570
Slavic languages	370,475	169,640	200,840
Belarusian	440	200	240
Bulgarian	8,565	4,050	4,520
Czech	9,060	4,035	5,025
Macedonian	13,620	6,490	7,130
Polish	106,275	47,780	58,495
Russian	104,310	46,870	57,440
Rusyn	225	105	115
Serbo-Croatian	77,145	37,410	39,740
Bosnian	7,140	3,495	3,650
Croatian	28,385	13,465	14,925
Serbian	40,465	19,915	20,555
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	1,160	545	610
Slovak	8,675	3,910	4,765
Slovene (Slovenian)	5,520	2,350	3,175
Ukrainian	36,340	16,285	20,055
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	285	150	135
Celtic languages	795	390	405
Irish	225	120	105
Scottish Gaelic	170	85	85
Welsh	320	140	175
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35
Germanic languages	167,265	78,455	88,810
Frisian	970	465	505
High German languages	102,915	47,630	55,285
German	89,075	40,865	48,205
Pennsylvania German	8,895	4,435	4,460
Swiss German	2,390	1,125	1,265
Yiddish	2,555	1,200	1,350
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	56,725	27,350	29,375
Afrikaans	2,865	1,460	1,405
Dutch	41,240	19,735	21,505
Low German, n.o.s.	1,930	965	970
Low Saxon	440	210	230
Plautdietsch	8,610	4,275	4,340
Vlaams (Flemish)	1,630	700	930
Scandinavian languages	6,440	2,905	3,530
Danish	3,370	1,545	1,830
Icelandic	175	80	95
Norwegian	800	350	445
Swedish	2,090	930	1,160
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	225	105	115
Greek	47,970	23,270	24,700
Indo-Iranian languages	884,995	452,190	432,805
Indo-Aryan languages	715,085	367,815	347,270
Assamese	325	150	175
Bengali	54,990	27,905	27,085
Gujarati	95,785	50,450	45,340
Hindi	87,035	45,590	41,445
Kacchi	3,880	1,760	2,120
Kashmiri	460	230	230
Konkani	2,595	1,260	1,340
Marathi	9,460	4,875	4,585
Nepali	12,430	6,280	6,155
Oriya languages	1,325	690	630
Odia	830	445	380
Oriya, n.o.s.	490	245	245
Punjabi (Panjabi)	260,075	135,000	125,075
Rohingya	290	145	145
Sindhi	2,670	1,375	1,300
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	11,040	5,400	5,645
Urdu	170,955	85,745	85,210
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,760	955	805
Iranian languages	169,765	84,295	85,470
Baluchi	335	185	150
Kurdish	9,120	4,850	4,275
Parsi	330	180	145
Pashto	12,780	6,585	6,195
Persian languages	146,700	72,240	74,460
Dari	34,340	16,650	17,685
Iranian Persian	97,135	47,970	49,165
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15,230	7,615	7,615
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	495	260	240
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	145	85	65
Italic (Romance) languages	605,070	287,915	317,155
Catalan	285	140	140
Italian	194,125	92,875	101,255
Portuguese	153,750	73,670	80,080
Romanian	38,955	18,100	20,850
Spanish	217,245	102,760	114,490
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	710	370	345
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	205	105	100
Japanese	12,880	4,245	8,635
Korean	75,220	34,160	41,065
Mongolian	535	235	305
Niger-Congo languages	42,470	19,960	22,515
Akan (Twi)	9,325	4,405	4,915
Bamanankan	185	100	85
Edo	1,165	475	685
Éwé	485	235	245
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	480	245	230
Ga	510	235	275
Ganda	1,195	560	635
Gikuyu	460	180	280
Igbo	2,385	1,220	1,170
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,920	845	1,075
Lingala	825	350	475
Luba-Kasai	135	55	80
Mòoré	60	30	30
Mwani	345	180	165
Ndebele	335	155	180
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,705	1,225	1,480
Shona	1,580	710	875
Soninke	195	115	75
Sotho-Tswana languages	230	85	150
Swahili	6,445	3,010	3,440
Wojenaka	60	35	30
Wolof	460	240	220
Yoruba	7,335	3,560	3,775
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	3,655	1,710	1,940
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,935	955	985
Dinka	325	165	160
Nuer	320	150	170
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,125	555	570
African, n.o.s.	165	80	80
Sign languages	2,775	1,480	1,300
American Sign Language	2,360	1,235	1,125
Quebec Sign Language	35	20	15
Sign languages, n.i.e.	385	225	160
Sino-Tibetan languages	632,250	291,600	340,655
Chinese languages	621,980	286,570	335,410
Hakka	6,215	2,860	3,350
Mandarin	327,470	150,700	176,770
Min Dong	1,015	525	495
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10,290	4,630	5,660
Wu (Shanghainese)	4,190	1,890	2,300
Yue (Cantonese)	267,425	123,440	143,990
Chinese, n.o.s.	5,080	2,385	2,690
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	300	140	160
Tibeto-Burman languages	10,000	4,905	5,095
Burmese	1,540	755	790
Kuki-Chin languages	440	200	240
Karenic languages	1,765	875	895
S'gaw Karen	1,530	755	775
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	235	115	120
Tibetan	5,785	2,845	2,940
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	460	230	230
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	275	130	145
Tai-Kadai languages	8,265	3,360	4,905
Lao	4,570	2,175	2,390
Thai	3,535	1,120	2,420
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	165	65	100
Turkic languages	32,270	17,020	15,250
Azerbaijani	2,870	1,545	1,325
Kazakh	255	115	135
Turkish	26,740	14,190	12,550
Uyghur	720	360	360
Uzbek	1,080	520	565
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	610	290	320
Uralic languages	42,270	19,005	23,265
Estonian	3,450	1,510	1,940
Finnish	7,650	3,210	4,445
Hungarian	31,170	14,290	16,875
Other languages, n.i.e.	460	220	240
Multiple responses	669,185	323,300	345,885
English and French	96,260	45,030	51,235
English and non-official language(s)	494,610	242,470	252,140
French and non-official language(s)	15,710	7,085	8,620
English, French and non-official language(s)	16,770	7,725	9,045
Multiple non-official languages	45,835	20,990	24,845
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	14,099,790	6,917,920	7,181,870
English	9,630,975	4,782,040	4,848,935
French	188,560	89,335	99,230
Non-official language	1,124,950	528,060	596,895
Indigenous³⁹	2,630	1,260	1,375
Non-Indigenous	1,122,315	526,805	595,515
English and French	274,675	124,275	150,400
English and non-official language(s)	2,647,980	1,289,510	1,358,470
French and non-official language(s)	14,065	6,055	8,010
English, French and non-official language(s)	117,430	51,870	65,565
Multiple non-official languages	101,145	46,775	54,370
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	14,099,790	6,917,920	7,181,870
Single responses	13,384,695	6,573,230	6,811,465
Official languages	11,165,425	5,509,035	5,656,395
English	10,910,560	5,389,445	5,521,125
French	254,870	119,590	135,275
Non-official languages	2,219,265	1,064,195	1,155,070
Indigenous languages³⁹	5,710	2,820	2,890
Algonquian languages	5,430	2,695	2,735
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	1,230	620	605
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	1,220	620	605
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	30	15	15
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	10	5
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	135	50	85
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	10	5
Cree, n.o.s.	1,015	530	485
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	5	0	5
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	10	5
Mi'kmaq	20	10	5
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	4,185	2,060	2,120
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	5	5
Oji-Cree	1,985	995	985
Ojibway languages	2,195	1,065	1,125
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	95	50	50
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	25	10	15
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	2,070	1,005	1,065
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	15	5	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	5	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	5	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	5	5	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	10	0	10
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	150	65	90
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	150	65	90
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	75	30	45
Cayuga	10	5	10
Mohawk	50	20	25
Oneida	15	5	10
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	15	5	10
Salish languages	5	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	5	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Non-Indigenous languages	2,213,555	1,061,375	1,152,180
Afro-Asiatic languages	181,660	88,245	93,420
Berber languages	365	195	170
Kabyle	220	115	100
Tamazight	100	55	45
Berber languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20
Chadic languages	355	180	170
Hausa	325	165	155
Mina	30	10	15
Coptic	255	125	130
Cushitic languages	16,105	7,125	8,980
Bilen	800	440	355
Oromo	840	385	455
Somali	14,230	6,180	8,050
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	230	115	115
Semitic languages	164,590	80,620	83,970
Amharic	6,405	2,865	3,545
Arabic	124,865	61,605	63,260
Aramaic languages	18,120	8,680	9,440
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	11,870	5,645	6,225
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5,550	2,685	2,865
Aramaic, n.o.s.	705	345	355
Harari	515	225	290
Hebrew	4,925	2,505	2,415
Maltese	770	350	420
Tigrigna	8,870	4,335	4,535
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	120	60	60
Austro-Asiatic languages	55,990	25,430	30,560
Khmer (Cambodian)	3,855	1,705	2,150
Vietnamese	52,080	23,700	28,380
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	55	25	30
Austronesian languages	115,225	50,755	64,470
Bikol	255	115	140
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,355	600	760
Cebuano	3,140	1,380	1,760
Fijian	20	15	5
Hiligaynon	1,960	860	1,100
Ilocano	8,105	3,635	4,465
Indonesian	1,990	930	1,055
Kankanaey	210	100	110
Kinaray-a	110	55	60
Malagasy languages	45	15	35
Merina	15	0	15
Malagasy, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Malay	130	65	65
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	990	455	535
Pangasinan	250	115	140
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	95,635	41,970	53,660
Waray-Waray	230	90	140
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	785	355	435
Creole languages	6,165	2,705	3,460
Haitian Creole	2,640	1,115	1,525
Jamaican English Creole	195	75	115
Krio	140	60	85
Morisyen	1,425	685	735
Sango	30	15	15
Creole, n.o.s.	1,325	565	760
Creole languages, n.i.e.	420	195	225
Dravidian languages	129,245	64,385	64,855
Kannada	2,165	1,110	1,055
Malayalam	20,855	11,325	9,535
Tamil	93,165	44,735	48,425
Telugu	12,805	7,095	5,710
Tulu	145	65	75
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	110	55	60
Georgian	1,040	570	475
Hmong-Mien languages	185	85	95
Indo-European languages	1,136,460	553,970	582,490
Albanian	9,880	4,875	5,005
Armenian	8,590	4,035	4,545
Balto-Slavic languages	181,290	84,870	96,420
Baltic languages	1,640	700	940
Latvian	535	225	310
Lithuanian	1,105	470	630
Slavic languages	179,650	84,175	95,475
Belarusian	145	70	75
Bulgarian	4,100	1,955	2,140
Czech	2,555	1,180	1,375
Macedonian	5,535	2,590	2,945
Polish	45,800	21,280	24,515
Russian	66,045	30,625	35,420
Rusyn	120	70	50
Serbo-Croatian	35,980	17,375	18,610
Bosnian	3,450	1,670	1,780
Croatian	9,990	4,660	5,335
Serbian	22,145	10,850	11,295
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	400	195	205
Slovak	3,070	1,470	1,600
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,000	420	580
Ukrainian	15,235	7,100	8,135
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	65	40	30
Celtic languages	140	75	65
Irish	65	35	25
Scottish Gaelic	25	10	15
Welsh	45	15	25
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Germanic languages	40,600	19,895	20,700
Frisian	85	45	45
High German languages	28,670	14,000	14,665
German	20,680	10,015	10,670
Pennsylvania German	7,180	3,590	3,590
Swiss German	560	280	280
Yiddish	250	115	130
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	11,190	5,540	5,650
Afrikaans	1,175	595	580
Dutch	4,055	2,000	2,050
Low German, n.o.s.	1,265	630	640
Low Saxon	185	85	100
Plautdietsch	4,415	2,185	2,235
Vlaams (Flemish)	95	40	50
Scandinavian languages	620	300	315
Danish	210	90	115
Icelandic	30	15	20
Norwegian	70	30	35
Swedish	310	160	145
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20
Greek	19,065	8,615	10,455
Indo-Iranian languages	601,605	304,195	297,410
Indo-Aryan languages	487,535	248,975	238,560
Assamese	145	75	70
Bengali	34,830	17,260	17,570
Gujarati	63,145	32,735	30,405
Hindi	52,420	27,250	25,175
Kacchi	1,655	725	925
Kashmiri	145	65	75
Konkani	640	295	345
Marathi	4,975	2,540	2,440
Nepali	8,910	4,555	4,355
Oriya languages	655	345	310
Odia	420	220	200
Oriya, n.o.s.	230	125	110
Punjabi (Panjabi)	198,670	103,170	95,495
Rohingya	220	105	110
Sindhi	1,390	700	690
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5,795	2,870	2,925
Urdu	113,020	55,810	57,215
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	930	470	455
Iranian languages	114,005	55,190	58,815
Baluchi	195	105	90
Kurdish	5,560	2,815	2,740
Parsi	170	80	90
Pashto	8,670	4,315	4,360
Persian languages	99,095	47,705	51,395
Dari	21,150	10,030	11,120
Iranian Persian	67,320	32,510	34,810
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10,625	5,160	5,465
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	310	170	135
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30
Italic (Romance) languages	275,210	127,365	147,850
Catalan	105	50	55
Italian	58,670	24,180	34,495
Portuguese	74,745	35,620	39,120
Romanian	17,755	8,280	9,480
Spanish	123,690	59,125	64,570
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	240	110	130
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	90	45	40
Japanese	5,875	2,485	3,390
Korean	53,585	24,865	28,720
Mongolian	290	145	145
Niger-Congo languages	16,065	7,275	8,785
Akan (Twi)	4,370	1,945	2,425
Bamanankan	80	40	40
Edo	270	105	170
Éwé	120	50	65
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	220	110	115
Ga	170	70	100
Ganda	345	160	180
Gikuyu	70	35	35
Igbo	660	330	330
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	775	330	445
Lingala	330	135	190
Luba-Kasai	35	10	25
Mòoré	10	5	5
Mwani	80	40	35
Ndebele	115	55	60
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,375	630	750
Shona	450	195	250
Soninke	105	60	40
Sotho-Tswana languages	55	20	35
Swahili	2,775	1,250	1,525
Wojenaka	35	25	15
Wolof	165	80	80
Yoruba	2,640	1,200	1,435
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	835	400	435
Nilo-Saharan languages	820	380	440
Dinka	125	55	70
Nuer	185	80	110
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	460	220	240
African, n.o.s.	45	25	20
Sign languages	5,010	2,900	2,115
American Sign Language	3,920	2,240	1,680
Quebec Sign Language	50	30	20
Sign languages, n.i.e.	1,035	625	410
Sino-Tibetan languages	469,325	219,365	249,965
Chinese languages	461,870	215,705	246,165
Hakka	2,540	1,170	1,370
Mandarin	253,860	120,260	133,600
Min Dong	650	310	340
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,890	2,195	2,700
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,765	1,300	1,465
Yue (Cantonese)	193,955	88,915	105,040
Chinese, n.o.s.	3,090	1,495	1,595
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	110	55	55
Tibeto-Burman languages	7,310	3,585	3,720
Burmese	960	460	505
Kuki-Chin languages	305	140	165
Karenic languages	1,275	640	630
S'gaw Karen	1,105	555	550
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	170	85	80
Tibetan	4,540	2,245	2,300
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	225	110	115
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	145	70	80
Tai-Kadai languages	3,995	1,875	2,120
Lao	2,395	1,145	1,245
Thai	1,520	700	820
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	85	35	55
Turkic languages	19,965	10,165	9,800
Azerbaijani	1,445	715	730
Kazakh	40	20	20
Turkish	17,160	8,770	8,390
Uyghur	490	250	240
Uzbek	580	285	300
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	250	125	130
Uralic languages	12,465	5,690	6,780
Estonian	485	180	300
Finnish	1,140	500	640
Hungarian	10,835	5,000	5,835
Other languages, n.i.e.	195	90	100
Multiple responses	715,095	344,690	370,405
English and French	59,725	27,005	32,720
English and non-official language(s)	624,265	303,790	320,480
French and non-official language(s)	6,475	2,810	3,665
English, French and non-official language(s)	12,185	5,465	6,715
Multiple non-official languages	12,445	5,620	6,825
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	14,099,790	6,917,915	7,181,870
None	11,528,735	5,680,910	5,847,825
English	903,960	442,585	461,380
French	189,420	84,900	104,520
Non-official language	1,136,770	544,150	592,620
Indigenous³⁹	9,310	4,115	5,190
Non-Indigenous	1,127,465	540,035	587,425
English and French	16,580	7,565	9,020
English and non-official language(s)	140,865	70,400	70,470
French and non-official language(s)	52,565	22,740	29,820
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,920	1,450	1,465
Multiple non-official languages	127,975	63,220	64,755
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	14,031,755	6,887,570	7,144,185
Official languages	13,688,615	6,750,410	6,938,210
English	13,650,230	6,733,550	6,916,680
French	1,550,545	690,530	860,020
Non-official languages	5,058,180	2,428,200	2,629,980
Indigenous languages³⁹	29,850	13,765	16,080
Algonquian languages	26,775	12,415	14,355
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5,205	2,540	2,670
Atikamekw	15	0	15
Cree languages	5,155	2,520	2,640
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	335	180	150
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	10	10	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	200	70	130
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	1,165	510	655
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	135	50	90
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	95	60	35
Cree, n.o.s.	3,340	1,685	1,650
Innu (Montagnais)	20	15	10
Naskapi	20	10	15
Eastern Algonquian languages	295	120	170
Mi'kmaq	250	105	150
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	35	15	20
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	21,560	9,880	11,680
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	135	65	70
Oji-Cree	6,260	2,945	3,315
Ojibway languages	15,530	7,035	8,500
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	1,295	510	785
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	210	80	130
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	115	65	55
Ojibway, n.o.s.	14,155	6,465	7,690
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	95	55	35
Athabaskan languages	115	65	50
Northern Athabaskan languages	105	60	45
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	50	30	20
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	15	10	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	15	10	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	25	10	10
Tlingit	10	10	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	1,000	445	550
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	25	15	10
Inuinnaqtun	25	15	10
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	970	425	540
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Iroquoian languages	1,625	650	980
Cayuga	210	85	125
Mohawk	1,220	465	755
Oneida	210	105	110
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	35	10	20
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	135	45	85
Salish languages	65	45	20
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	25	10	15
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	10	10	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0
Siouan languages	65	50	20
Assiniboine	20	15	0
Dakota	15	0	10
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	30	25	0
Tsimshian languages	25	10	20
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	0	10
Nisga'a	20	10	10
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	20	20	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	10	10	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	70	30	45
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	245	125	120
Non-Indigenous languages	5,029,345	2,414,910	2,614,440
Afro-Asiatic languages	481,620	242,565	239,050
Berber languages	1,570	845	725
Kabyle	950	490	460
Tamazight	475	270	205
Berber languages, n.i.e.	215	125	95
Chadic languages	2,210	1,060	1,140
Hausa	2,005	955	1,045
Mina	200	105	95
Coptic	2,130	1,000	1,130
Cushitic languages	41,520	19,095	22,425
Bilen	1,335	750	585
Oromo	2,950	1,400	1,550
Somali	36,825	16,695	20,135
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	815	445	370
Semitic languages	443,215	225,035	218,175
Amharic	22,815	11,015	11,800
Arabic	342,860	175,790	167,075
Aramaic languages	33,950	16,770	17,175
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	21,640	10,590	11,045
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	11,170	5,565	5,605
Aramaic, n.o.s.	1,685	860	820
Harari	1,610	720	890
Hebrew	47,380	24,020	23,360
Maltese	6,055	2,840	3,210
Tigrigna	19,755	9,645	10,105
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	685	410	270
Austro-Asiatic languages	115,355	52,805	62,550
Khmer (Cambodian)	10,085	4,540	5,535
Vietnamese	105,800	48,475	57,325
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	275	100	180
Austronesian languages	292,100	117,695	174,400
Bikol	1,345	565	785
Bisaya, n.o.s.	3,410	1,370	2,040
Cebuano	11,100	4,270	6,835
Fijian	210	110	100
Hiligaynon	6,435	2,535	3,900
Ilocano	26,205	10,300	15,905
Indonesian	8,175	3,680	4,495
Kankanaey	620	255	365
Kinaray-a	310	130	180
Malagasy languages	270	115	150
Merina	35	0	30
Malagasy, n.o.s.	235	110	125
Malay	4,370	1,965	2,410
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	3,390	1,395	1,990
Pangasinan	1,610	650	960
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	271,450	108,415	163,035
Waray-Waray	1,810	705	1,105
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	6,850	2,845	4,005
Creole languages	36,585	16,590	19,990
Haitian Creole	14,220	6,345	7,875
Jamaican English Creole	3,385	1,515	1,870
Krio	650	240	410
Morisyen	5,645	2,735	2,910
Sango	270	105	165
Creole, n.o.s.	10,235	4,450	5,785
Creole languages, n.i.e.	4,065	1,960	2,105
Dravidian languages	272,060	139,105	132,950
Kannada	12,930	6,720	6,215
Malayalam	48,025	26,105	21,915
Tamil	192,890	96,245	96,645
Telugu	38,190	21,290	16,905
Tulu	1,225	655	570
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	685	285	395
Georgian	2,170	1,110	1,060
Hmong-Mien languages	555	280	275
Indo-European languages	2,941,400	1,441,975	1,499,430
Albanian	26,725	13,445	13,275
Armenian	19,610	9,460	10,150
Balto-Slavic languages	470,080	219,210	250,870
Baltic languages	9,715	4,055	5,665
Latvian	4,215	1,830	2,385
Lithuanian	5,520	2,240	3,280
Slavic languages	462,520	216,100	246,420
Belarusian	1,630	685	950
Bulgarian	11,310	5,545	5,765
Czech	13,130	6,040	7,090
Macedonian	21,070	10,020	11,045
Polish	134,980	61,800	73,180
Russian	155,340	72,230	83,115
Rusyn	295	155	140
Serbo-Croatian	102,885	50,515	52,365
Bosnian	13,895	6,925	6,970
Croatian	48,075	23,410	24,670
Serbian	58,045	28,685	29,355
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	1,850	950	905
Slovak	11,725	5,340	6,385
Slovene (Slovenian)	7,235	3,205	4,025
Ukrainian	58,355	26,140	32,215
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	500	255	250
Celtic languages	4,115	2,125	1,990
Irish	2,345	1,300	1,045
Scottish Gaelic	715	330	375
Welsh	810	360	450
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	285	160	125
Germanic languages	257,270	123,000	134,270
Frisian	1,750	895	855
High German languages	175,485	84,625	90,855
German	158,120	75,990	82,125
Pennsylvania German	10,370	5,150	5,220
Swiss German	3,485	1,670	1,815
Yiddish	6,100	2,995	3,105
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	78,435	37,515	40,920
Afrikaans	9,255	4,785	4,470
Dutch	55,040	25,820	29,215
Low German, n.o.s.	2,185	1,095	1,095
Low Saxon	595	275	310
Plautdietsch	10,245	5,150	5,095
Vlaams (Flemish)	2,040	910	1,135
Scandinavian languages	12,565	5,670	6,895
Danish	5,175	2,265	2,905
Icelandic	390	165	220
Norwegian	2,385	1,175	1,210
Swedish	5,340	2,460	2,885
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	480	255	225
Greek	76,320	37,385	38,945
Indo-Iranian languages	1,244,895	639,965	604,930
Indo-Aryan languages	1,049,480	542,040	507,440
Assamese	725	355	370
Bengali	76,980	39,455	37,525
Gujarati	143,240	75,090	68,150
Hindi	436,125	227,165	208,965
Kacchi	8,140	3,695	4,450
Kashmiri	1,085	570	515
Konkani	6,745	3,165	3,585
Marathi	24,775	12,710	12,065
Nepali	17,110	8,645	8,465
Oriya languages	2,545	1,320	1,225
Odia	1,430	775	655
Oriya, n.o.s.	1,130	560	575
Punjabi (Panjabi)	397,865	208,905	188,955
Rohingya	370	155	215
Sindhi	5,595	2,940	2,655
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	21,630	10,975	10,655
Urdu	295,175	149,300	145,875
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5,965	3,315	2,650
Iranian languages	210,370	105,605	104,765
Baluchi	520	285	235
Kurdish	13,870	7,530	6,340
Parsi	525	310	215
Pashto	20,790	10,880	9,910
Persian languages	183,830	91,790	92,040
Dari	47,640	23,410	24,235
Iranian Persian	122,305	61,280	61,015
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	16,615	8,475	8,140
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	1,040	510	535
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	1,300	715	580
Italic (Romance) languages	922,975	437,590	485,385
Catalan	770	415	355
Italian	312,800	149,440	163,360
Portuguese	208,575	101,175	107,390
Romanian	48,315	22,450	25,865
Spanish	401,205	187,785	213,425
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	2,355	1,325	1,030
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	910	510	405
Japanese	30,705	13,895	16,810
Korean	90,475	41,165	49,310
Mongolian	745	315	430
Niger-Congo languages	106,850	50,070	56,780
Akan (Twi)	17,570	8,065	9,510
Bamanankan	760	395	365
Edo	3,210	1,370	1,835
Éwé	1,195	610	580
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	1,010	530	480
Ga	1,870	785	1,080
Ganda	2,760	1,145	1,615
Gikuyu	1,080	420	660
Igbo	8,115	3,985	4,130
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	4,020	1,705	2,315
Lingala	7,315	3,255	4,065
Luba-Kasai	1,050	480	570
Mòoré	235	135	100
Mwani	520	265	255
Ndebele	855	380	475
Rundi (Kirundi)	4,895	2,250	2,650
Shona	3,040	1,345	1,695
Soninke	290	185	105
Sotho-Tswana languages	630	265	365
Swahili	24,360	11,850	12,510
Wojenaka	260	130	130
Wolof	1,495	740	755
Yoruba	24,375	11,775	12,600
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	12,825	6,130	6,695
Nilo-Saharan languages	3,210	1,560	1,645
Dinka	470	255	215
Nuer	585	260	325
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	2,155	1,040	1,115
African, n.o.s.	835	415	415
Sign languages	18,990	7,515	11,475
American Sign Language	16,685	6,460	10,225
Quebec Sign Language	380	155	225
Sign languages, n.i.e.	2,600	1,185	1,420
Sino-Tibetan languages	747,160	348,570	398,590
Chinese languages	734,190	342,245	391,950
Hakka	8,760	4,120	4,640
Mandarin	467,415	214,895	252,520
Min Dong	1,450	690	765
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	18,020	8,040	9,985
Wu (Shanghainese)	6,720	3,010	3,710
Yue (Cantonese)	352,135	163,575	188,560
Chinese, n.o.s.	5,200	2,505	2,690
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	515	245	275
Tibeto-Burman languages	13,135	6,410	6,735
Burmese	2,570	1,255	1,315
Kuki-Chin languages	600	265	330
Karenic languages	2,255	1,120	1,135
S'gaw Karen	1,970	1,005	965
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	385	170	215
Tibetan	7,475	3,675	3,800
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	980	445	540
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	565	250	315
Tai-Kadai languages	12,655	5,555	7,105
Lao	7,370	3,450	3,915
Thai	6,200	2,485	3,720
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	335	135	195
Turkic languages	52,195	27,335	24,860
Azerbaijani	5,910	3,215	2,695
Kazakh	710	320	395
Turkish	44,815	23,570	21,245
Uyghur	825	430	400
Uzbek	2,095	1,040	1,055
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,075	465	610
Uralic languages	52,025	23,840	28,185
Estonian	4,010	1,745	2,260
Finnish	9,455	4,035	5,420
Hungarian	38,690	18,095	20,600
Other languages, n.i.e.	2,145	990	1,155
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	14,031,750	6,887,570	7,144,185
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	406,585	195,100	211,495
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	389,955	187,485	202,470
First Nations (North American Indian)	251,030	120,545	130,485
Métis	134,615	64,850	69,765
Inuk (Inuit)	4,310	2,090	2,220
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	7,115	3,225	3,890
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	9,515	4,385	5,130
Non-Indigenous identity	13,625,165	6,692,470	6,932,695
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	14,031,750	6,887,570	7,144,185
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	172,535	82,960	89,580
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	13,859,215	6,804,610	7,054,605
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	5,491,200	...	...
Owner	3,755,720	...	...
Renter	1,724,970	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	10,510	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	5,491,200	...	...
Condominium	822,780	...	...
Not condominium	4,668,425	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	5,491,200	...	...
No bedrooms	48,740	...	...
1 bedroom	769,570	...	...
2 bedrooms	1,205,540	...	...
3 bedrooms	1,918,935	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	1,548,420	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	5,491,200	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	1,579,320	...	...
5 rooms	775,580	...	...
6 rooms	791,100	...	...
7 rooms	708,205	...	...
8 or more rooms	1,636,990	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	5,491,200	...	...
One person or fewer per room	5,328,575	...	...
More than one person per room	162,625	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	5,491,200	...	...
Suitable	5,122,185	...	...
Not suitable	369,015	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	5,491,200	...	...
1960 or before	1,247,430	...	...
1961 to 1980	1,456,110	...	...
1981 to 1990	711,940	...	...
1991 to 2000	644,080	...	...
2001 to 2005	385,045	...	...
2006 to 2010	348,760	...	...
2011 to 2015	328,735	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	369,095	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	5,491,200	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	5,177,155	...	...
Major repairs needed	314,050	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	5,491,200	...	...
One-maintainer household	2,677,880	...	...
Two-maintainer household	2,506,110	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	307,210	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	5,491,200	...	...
15 to 24 years	126,385	...	...
25 to 34 years	727,305	...	...
35 to 44 years	930,410	...	...
45 to 54 years	1,013,210	...	...
55 to 64 years	1,149,345	...	...
65 to 74 years	876,960	...	...
75 to 84 years	481,250	...	...
85 years and over	186,330	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	5,415,420	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	4,103,320	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	1,312,095	...	...
30% to less than 100%	1,169,040	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	5,491,205	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	1,802,285	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	1,150,405	...	...
Not suitable only	262,900	...	...
Major repairs needed only	201,870	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	74,930	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	80,990	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	25,420	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	5,765	...	...
Acceptable housing	3,688,915	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	5,272,360	...	...
In core need	639,805	...	...
Not in core need	4,632,550	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	3,718,255	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	6.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,440	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,700	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	700,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	807,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,722,000	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	38.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,408	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	10,510	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	8.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	324	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	380	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	14,031,755	6,887,570	7,144,185
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	169,090	81,790	87,305
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	166,095	80,470	85,625
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	136,445	65,890	70,555
Métis single ancestry	27,835	13,715	14,120
Inuit single ancestry	1,810	860	955
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	3,000	1,320	1,675
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	2,660	1,165	1,495
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	175	75	100
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	115	55	60
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	50	30	20
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	351,395	168,170	183,220
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	342,985	164,410	178,575
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	246,415	118,170	128,245
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	93,245	44,675	48,575
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,325	1,570	1,755
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	8,405	3,760	4,640
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	7,595	3,465	4,125
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	535	205	335
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	215	80	135
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	10	45
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	13,511,270	6,637,605	6,873,660
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	14,031,755	6,887,565	7,144,185
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	12,633,260	6,196,980	6,436,280
Canadian citizens aged under 18	2,554,125	1,312,480	1,241,645
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	10,079,140	4,884,505	5,194,635
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	1,398,490	690,590	707,905
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	14,031,755	6,887,565	7,144,185
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	9,437,320	4,691,825	4,745,495
Immigrants⁸¹	4,206,585	1,984,980	2,221,605
Before 1980	860,305	403,270	457,030
1980 to 1990	506,195	241,800	264,390
1991 to 2000	852,765	399,470	453,295
2001 to 2010	941,630	439,390	502,240
2011 to 2021⁸²	1,045,695	501,050	544,645
2011 to 2015	461,010	216,545	244,470
2016 to 2021	584,680	284,505	300,175
Non-permanent residents⁸³	387,850	210,765	177,085
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	4,206,585	1,984,980	2,221,610
Under 5 years	375,395	188,360	187,030
5 to 14 years	734,680	369,755	364,925
15 to 24 years	840,165	375,990	464,175
25 to 44 years	1,851,675	869,160	982,515
45 years and over	404,670	181,710	222,955
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	4,206,585	1,984,980	2,221,610
Americas	629,550	280,635	348,910
Brazil	23,125	10,700	12,420
Colombia	32,520	14,630	17,890
El Salvador	21,780	10,575	11,200
Guyana	77,635	34,275	43,360
Haiti	11,375	5,000	6,380
Jamaica	122,770	52,770	70,000
Mexico	33,380	15,340	18,040
Peru	11,455	5,025	6,435
Trinidad and Tobago	52,750	23,490	29,260
United States of America	111,390	49,035	62,355
Other places of birth in Americas	131,370	59,810	71,560
Europe	1,049,725	500,520	549,205
Bosnia and Herzegovina	21,150	10,365	10,780
Croatia	24,270	11,860	12,405
France	15,240	7,305	7,930
Germany	54,275	25,665	28,610
Greece	31,650	15,385	16,265
Hungary	18,530	8,555	9,975
Italy	135,640	66,885	68,750
Netherlands	39,490	20,295	19,195
Poland	88,785	39,620	49,160
Portugal	95,490	46,635	48,855
Romania	40,475	18,690	21,780
Russian Federation	44,165	19,010	25,155
Serbia⁸⁶	22,295	10,790	11,505
Ukraine	43,070	19,255	23,820
United Kingdom⁸⁷	239,485	115,580	123,910
Other places of birth in Europe	135,725	64,620	71,100
Africa	287,920	140,080	147,840
Algeria	4,355	2,160	2,195
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10,220	4,585	5,640
Egypt	39,345	20,480	18,865
Eritrea	14,200	7,255	6,950
Ethiopia	19,415	9,050	10,365
Morocco	8,105	3,805	4,300
Nigeria	37,420	18,840	18,580
Somalia	20,335	8,590	11,745
South Africa, Republic of	21,540	10,620	10,915
Other places of birth in Africa	112,985	54,690	58,290
Asia	2,225,590	1,056,605	1,168,985
Afghanistan	38,580	19,100	19,480
Iran⁸⁸	103,795	52,260	51,535
Iraq	63,255	31,725	31,525
Lebanon	38,170	19,650	18,515
Syria⁸⁹	45,685	22,995	22,695
Turkey	20,795	11,105	9,690
China⁹⁰	355,955	159,035	196,925
Hong Kong⁹¹	108,480	50,730	57,750
Korea, South⁹²	62,750	28,690	34,060
Taiwan	18,105	7,825	10,275
Philippines	268,580	109,035	159,545
Viet Nam	86,315	39,175	47,140
Bangladesh	46,260	23,520	22,740
India	495,750	249,975	245,780
Pakistan	165,530	83,050	82,475
Sri Lanka	112,730	54,625	58,100
Other places of birth in Asia	194,855	94,100	100,750
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	13,810	7,140	6,670
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	584,680	284,500	300,180
Americas	68,450	32,815	35,635
Brazil	8,725	4,095	4,625
Colombia	4,260	1,825	2,440
Haiti	1,550	705	845
Jamaica	9,970	5,205	4,770
Mexico	5,810	2,740	3,065
United States of America	17,945	8,895	9,045
Venezuela⁹⁵	3,400	1,500	1,900
Other places of birth in Americas	16,795	7,840	8,955
Europe	47,295	23,945	23,345
France	3,225	1,665	1,560
Germany	1,685	885	795
Ireland⁹⁶	2,225	1,465	760
Italy	1,770	1,040	730
Russian Federation	5,150	2,010	3,135
Ukraine	6,035	2,675	3,360
United Kingdom⁸⁷	8,000	4,820	3,180
Other places of birth in Europe	19,200	9,375	9,830
Africa	64,910	32,295	32,615
Algeria	1,130	545	585
Burundi	1,790	815	970
Cameroon	1,585	750	830
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	2,275	1,020	1,260
Côte d'Ivoire	1,085	495	595
Egypt	6,370	3,230	3,145
Eritrea	7,145	3,795	3,350
Ethiopia	3,480	1,595	1,880
Morocco	1,890	910	980
Nigeria	16,570	8,335	8,230
Somalia	3,345	1,775	1,570
South Africa, Republic of	2,915	1,455	1,460
Sudan⁹⁷	2,095	1,075	1,015
Tunisia	820	390	430
Other places of birth in Africa	12,405	6,105	6,305
Asia	401,940	194,220	207,725
Afghanistan	7,225	3,550	3,675
Bangladesh	7,710	3,970	3,735
China⁹⁰	54,645	22,895	31,750
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,620	1,095	1,525
India	139,660	73,185	66,470
Iran⁸⁸	13,215	6,335	6,880
Iraq	12,940	6,415	6,525
Israel	2,270	1,175	1,100
Japan	1,460	345	1,115
Jordan	2,610	1,340	1,270
Korea, South⁹²	6,935	2,855	4,075
Lebanon	4,365	2,185	2,175
Nepal	2,445	1,240	1,200
Pakistan	23,970	11,805	12,170
Philippines	45,235	19,170	26,070
Saudi Arabia	6,110	3,300	2,805
Sri Lanka	5,895	2,770	3,120
Syria⁸⁹	30,180	15,370	14,805
Turkey	7,060	3,835	3,225
United Arab Emirates	5,310	2,785	2,520
Viet Nam	6,020	2,205	3,815
Other places of birth in Asia	14,075	6,380	7,700
Oceania and other⁹³	2,090	1,230	855
Australia	1,620	985	640
Other places of birth⁹⁸	470	250	220
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	14,031,755	6,887,570	7,144,185
First generation¹⁰⁰	4,725,795	2,259,845	2,465,955
Second generation¹⁰¹	3,180,170	1,594,980	1,585,195
Third generation or more¹⁰²	6,125,785	3,032,745	3,093,040
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	3,346,285	1,581,710	1,764,575
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	1,669,195	831,060	838,135
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	697,905	424,975	272,930
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	971,295	406,090	565,205
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	1,037,680	420,725	616,955
Refugees¹⁰⁸	587,735	306,430	281,310
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	51,675	23,490	28,180
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	3,346,285	1,581,710	1,764,575
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	262,835	139,045	123,790
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	289,330	131,810	157,520
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	79,320	39,275	40,050
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	179,715	85,115	94,595
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	19,030	7,670	11,360
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	2,516,055	1,178,800	1,337,255
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	14,031,750	6,887,570	7,144,185
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	4,817,360	2,350,135	2,467,230
South Asian	1,515,295	779,270	736,020
Chinese	820,245	388,310	431,935
Black	768,740	365,800	402,940
Filipino	363,650	157,580	206,070
Arab	284,215	146,815	137,395
Latin American	249,190	119,360	129,830
Southeast Asian	167,845	79,270	88,580
West Asian	212,185	106,670	105,520
Korean	99,425	46,800	52,625
Japanese	31,420	13,690	17,730
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	124,120	59,280	64,835
Multiple visible minorities	181,025	87,280	93,750
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	9,214,395	4,537,435	4,676,955
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	14,031,755	6,887,570	7,144,185
Canadian	1,621,655	815,240	806,415
English	2,347,685	1,145,055	1,202,630
Irish	1,999,985	952,395	1,047,595
Scottish	1,937,010	938,335	998,680
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,039,385	500,570	538,815
German	1,058,075	517,665	540,410
Chinese	821,835	388,045	433,795
Italian	905,105	453,765	451,335
Indian (India)	764,435	392,845	371,585
Ukrainian	342,260	164,565	177,690
Dutch	478,860	236,645	242,210
Polish	461,090	221,095	240,000
Québécois	28,035	13,475	14,555
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	462,995	225,610	237,385
Filipino	355,680	154,820	200,860
French Canadian	199,845	94,210	105,630
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	221,315	110,260	111,055
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	160,660	76,990	83,670
Métis	131,780	63,205	68,580
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	182,785	90,865	91,920
Russian	187,460	87,560	99,900
Norwegian	62,840	30,300	32,535
Welsh	188,980	89,555	99,425
Portuguese	300,600	149,460	151,145
American	129,750	62,895	66,855
Spanish	143,840	66,950	76,890
Swedish	68,260	31,655	36,600
Hungarian	149,040	72,070	76,970
Acadian	34,125	16,055	18,070
Pakistani	212,650	107,640	105,015
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	149,265	72,095	77,175
Jewish	155,180	77,755	77,425
Punjabi	119,085	62,110	56,985
Vietnamese	122,735	58,135	64,590
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	110,250	56,985	53,270
Greek	143,065	72,455	70,605
Jamaican	201,945	95,525	106,420
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	110,750	53,190	57,565
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	20,025	9,580	10,445
Korean	100,025	47,215	52,810
Romanian	86,435	41,425	45,005
Lebanese	80,345	40,555	39,790
Iranian	109,410	55,025	54,385
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	73,665	35,960	37,705
Danish	52,170	25,415	26,755
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	61,790	29,610	32,175
Sikh	77,805	40,720	37,085
Austrian	63,920	31,280	32,640
Belgian	56,860	28,120	28,745
Haitian	17,930	8,440	9,495
Hindu	106,970	56,425	50,545
Mexican	54,725	27,070	27,655
Mennonite	38,095	19,075	19,025
Swiss	56,510	27,790	28,720
Finnish	76,275	36,805	39,465
Sri Lankan	105,765	51,825	53,940
Croatian	79,240	39,340	39,900
Japanese	42,250	18,715	23,530
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	83,435	42,105	41,335
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	21,650	10,225	11,420
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	31,395	15,385	16,005
Muslim	62,780	31,910	30,865
Egyptian	54,210	28,345	25,855
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	48,595	23,670	24,920
Tamil	86,580	43,270	43,310
Icelandic	13,915	6,875	7,045
Colombian	39,420	18,730	20,690
Moroccan	12,300	5,935	6,365
Czech	39,400	18,745	20,655
Syrian	42,525	21,170	21,365
Guyanese	85,455	40,520	44,935
Afghan	61,255	30,315	30,940
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	59,655	27,150	32,505
Serbian	64,415	32,230	32,175
Ojibway	52,770	25,660	27,110
Newfoundlander	29,950	14,735	15,215
Hong Konger	41,120	19,885	21,235
Ontarian	64,245	31,915	32,335
Persian	46,445	23,795	22,650
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	59,110	28,445	30,670
Turkish	43,555	22,580	20,970
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	6,160	2,810	3,350
Bangladeshi	47,195	24,190	23,000
Algerian	4,970	2,450	2,510
Brazilian	33,905	16,455	17,450
Nigerian	36,750	17,890	18,865
Armenian	30,860	15,245	15,610
Slovak	37,165	18,390	18,780
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	32,880	15,745	17,135
Somali	41,640	19,575	22,070
Taiwanese	17,960	8,150	9,810
Iraqi	42,980	21,520	21,460
Salvadorean	24,740	11,925	12,815
African Caribbean	43,475	19,070	24,405
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	32,785	15,515	17,265
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	38,000	19,570	18,430
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	39,165	17,615	21,555
Algonquin	20,910	9,815	11,090
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	42,575	19,380	23,200
Lithuanian	29,870	14,165	15,705
South African	21,965	11,055	10,910
Australian	14,775	7,780	6,995
Palestinian	30,365	15,605	14,755
Chilean	14,370	6,800	7,570
Congolese	12,815	5,870	6,945
Nova Scotian	10,195	5,000	5,190
Ethiopian	20,625	9,970	10,665
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	22,825	10,645	12,180
Peruvian	15,260	7,295	7,965
Yoruba	19,350	9,870	9,475
Cambodian (Khmer)	15,155	7,065	8,095
Berber	3,055	1,585	1,470
Albanian	29,575	14,865	14,715
Maltese	33,825	16,710	17,110
Macedonian	35,925	17,810	18,115
Slovenian	25,085	12,325	12,760
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	13,170	6,310	6,855
New Brunswicker	5,865	2,750	3,115
Gujarati	25,995	13,705	12,285
Eritrean	17,165	8,390	8,770
African Canadian	20,025	9,540	10,485
Israeli	20,570	10,745	9,825
Mohawk	20,595	10,170	10,425
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	12,115	5,600	6,505
Bulgarian	15,900	7,810	8,095
Albertan	1,185	580	600
Ghanaian	20,935	10,015	10,915
Barbadian	21,205	10,175	11,035
African American	16,380	7,985	8,395
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	16,400	7,800	8,605
Tunisian	2,430	1,240	1,190
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	15,800	7,910	7,890
Cuban	14,785	7,185	7,600
Bosnian	16,065	8,070	7,995
Venezuelan	12,885	6,015	6,865
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	1,010	440	575
Latvian	16,070	7,545	8,525
Bengali	16,665	8,635	8,030
Cameroonian	4,295	2,060	2,230
Guatemalan	10,175	5,045	5,130
Indonesian	10,645	4,835	5,820
Laotian	10,870	5,165	5,695
Ilocano	10,560	4,790	5,775
Northern Irish	14,875	7,390	7,480
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	10,135	5,135	5,005
British Columbian	1,020	460	565
Ecuadorian	18,835	8,955	9,880
Franco Ontarian	18,755	8,900	9,855
Argentinian	11,950	5,935	6,015
Estonian	14,025	6,585	7,440
Kurdish	13,495	7,445	6,050
Fijian	2,345	1,080	1,265
Jatt	9,195	4,725	4,470
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	8,040	4,020	4,025
Coptic	14,845	7,400	7,440
Thai	7,850	3,215	4,640
Dominican	8,585	4,185	4,400
Nepali	11,585	5,890	5,690
Kabyle	570	255	320
Assyrian	17,080	8,360	8,720
Igbo	8,595	4,175	4,420
Byelorussian	9,730	4,630	5,095
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	285	110	175
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	3,445	1,675	1,760
Abenaki	1,300	590	710
Moldovan	4,295	2,065	2,225
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	5,550	2,640	2,910
New Zealander	4,865	2,645	2,220
Sudanese	9,200	4,570	4,630
Breton	650	325	325
Pennsylvania Dutch	12,085	5,180	6,900
Malaysian	7,360	3,380	3,990
Plains Cree	365	180	185
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	3,660	1,850	1,810
Huron (Wendat)	2,070	1,000	1,075
Saskatchewanian	1,755	720	1,040
Buddhist	8,440	4,045	4,400
Gaspesian	700	335	365
Norman	2,250	1,330	925
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	9,250	4,355	4,895
Ivorian	2,270	1,040	1,230
Saulteaux	735	340	390
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	6,980	3,250	3,735
Burundian	4,105	1,940	2,165
Tigrinya	5,290	2,750	2,535
Nicaraguan	6,575	3,055	3,520
Mauritian	5,050	2,540	2,510
Kenyan	6,970	3,290	3,680
Oji-Cree	7,300	3,560	3,745
Vincentian	9,080	4,010	5,070
Jordanian	9,040	4,825	4,215
Manitoban	1,505	700	800
Cape Bretoner	3,040	1,440	1,595
Rwandan	3,450	1,580	1,865
Grenadian	10,250	4,820	5,430
Malayali	8,100	4,245	3,860
Chaldean	10,280	5,185	5,090
Sinhalese	8,060	3,985	4,075
Mayan	4,085	2,065	2,025
Honduran	3,735	1,870	1,865
Cherokee	3,555	1,630	1,920
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	1,350	585	765
Indo-Caribbean	8,830	3,915	4,920
Flemish	3,565	1,770	1,790
United Empire Loyalist	6,730	3,345	3,390
Senegalese	1,155	610	550
Azerbaijani	6,235	3,235	3,005
Sicilian	5,840	3,075	2,760
Pashtun	6,385	3,395	2,990
Malay	3,910	1,930	1,980
Goan	7,930	3,830	4,100
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	3,150	1,535	1,615
Tibetan	7,380	3,630	3,745
Zimbabwean	3,780	1,780	2,005
Burmese	4,290	1,980	2,310
Mongolian	3,585	1,635	1,950
Azorean	6,085	2,875	3,210
Atikamekw	85	35	45
Bamileke	1,100	570	530
Indo-Guyanese	7,605	3,425	4,180
Ugandan	4,685	2,225	2,460
Oromo	3,015	1,570	1,445
Tanzanian	4,865	2,285	2,580
Yemeni	5,300	2,585	2,715
Central African	1,630	770	860
Libyan	4,200	2,155	2,050
Basque	1,515	835	680
Uruguayan	4,720	2,335	2,390
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	4,055	2,045	2,010
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	3,605	1,650	1,955
Igorot	2,245	950	1,300
Fulani	1,165	605	565
Woodland Cree	275	150	125
Guinean	1,120	530	590
St. Lucian	5,850	2,660	3,190
Prince Edward Islander	1,900	890	1,010
Maliseet	615	285	335
Beninese	1,325	630	695
Telugu	4,755	2,665	2,090
Roma	3,470	1,735	1,735
Costa Rican	2,735	1,390	1,345
African Nova Scotian	1,650	725	925
Malagasy	555	265	290
Kashmiri	3,905	1,900	2,000
Singaporean	2,320	1,070	1,250
Karen	2,365	1,185	1,180
Edo	3,515	1,705	1,810
Tajik	4,150	2,065	2,080
Amhara	3,135	1,560	1,575
Paraguayan	855	365	490
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	14,031,750	6,887,570	7,144,185
Buddhist	164,215	73,715	90,500
Christian	7,315,810	3,410,290	3,905,520
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	1,070,190	503,135	567,055
Anabaptist	57,795	28,065	29,725
Anglican	525,425	236,080	289,345
Baptist	165,400	75,170	90,230
Catholic	3,654,825	1,729,760	1,925,070
Christian Orthodox	329,850	158,655	171,200
Jehovah's Witness	48,290	20,680	27,610
Latter Day Saints	16,420	7,710	8,710
Lutheran	114,810	52,600	62,215
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	35,320	15,890	19,430
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	174,605	77,250	97,360
Presbyterian	202,275	91,710	110,560
Reformed	47,400	23,275	24,120
United Church	570,830	251,315	319,520
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	302,375	138,995	163,385
Hindu	573,700	295,980	277,720
Jewish	196,100	96,075	100,020
Muslim	942,990	474,965	468,025
Sikh	300,435	155,390	145,040
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15,985	7,400	8,580
Other religions and spiritual traditions	88,845	37,840	51,000
No religion and secular perspectives	4,433,675	2,335,900	2,097,770
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	13,904,805	6,823,190	7,081,615
Non-movers	12,295,685	6,023,840	6,271,855
Movers	1,609,120	799,355	809,765
Non-migrants	914,170	454,180	459,990
Migrants	694,950	345,175	349,775
Internal migrants	570,275	282,115	288,165
Intraprovincial migrants	516,425	255,130	261,300
Interprovincial migrants	53,850	26,985	26,865
External migrants	124,670	63,060	61,610
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	13,349,180	6,539,010	6,810,170
Non-movers	8,361,770	4,077,100	4,284,665
Movers	4,987,410	2,461,910	2,525,505
Non-migrants	2,087,055	1,023,085	1,063,965
Migrants	2,900,355	1,438,815	1,461,540
Internal migrants	2,167,365	1,064,190	1,103,170
Intraprovincial migrants	1,938,720	949,475	989,250
Interprovincial migrants	228,640	114,715	113,925
External migrants	732,990	374,630	358,365
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	11,782,825	5,733,360	6,049,460
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	1,969,920	1,007,805	962,115
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	9,812,905	4,725,555	5,087,350
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	7,584,645	3,700,540	3,884,105
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	757,455	418,970	338,485
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	6,827,190	3,281,570	3,545,615
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	11,782,820	5,733,360	6,049,460
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,799,890	904,590	895,300
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	3,204,170	1,608,155	1,596,015
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	6,778,765	3,220,615	3,558,155
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,250,175	1,592,945	1,657,230
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	592,485	426,550	165,935
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	287,155	178,555	108,605
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	305,330	248,000	57,325
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	2,389,205	1,046,345	1,342,855
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	268,480	120,040	148,440
Bachelor's degree or higher	3,528,600	1,627,675	1,900,925
Bachelor's degree	2,307,685	1,034,000	1,273,685
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	224,820	99,320	125,500
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	90,530	45,085	45,445
Master's degree	786,440	377,795	408,640
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	119,125	71,465	47,655
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	7,584,645	3,700,540	3,884,105
No certificate, diploma or degree	667,665	367,715	299,945
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	1,770,810	938,035	832,775
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	5,146,170	2,394,785	2,751,385
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,356,375	1,142,180	1,214,195
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	384,770	276,165	108,600
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	184,665	114,510	70,155
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	200,110	161,655	38,450
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	1,787,580	784,340	1,003,235
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	184,030	81,665	102,360
Bachelor's degree or higher	2,789,795	1,252,610	1,537,190
Bachelor's degree	1,798,010	793,045	1,004,965
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	173,205	72,790	100,420
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	71,055	31,530	39,525
Master's degree	658,060	305,270	352,785
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	89,470	49,975	39,490
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	11,782,820	5,733,360	6,049,460
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	5,004,055	2,512,745	2,491,305
Education	358,255	79,480	278,775
13. Education	358,255	79,480	278,775
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	258,480	110,905	147,580
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	26,160	18,830	7,330
50. Visual and performing arts	232,325	92,080	140,250
Humanities	388,160	139,895	248,265
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	40,335	8,230	32,110
23. English language and literature/letters	99,000	27,245	71,755
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	112,250	37,775	74,470
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	10,520	3,610	6,915
38. Philosophy and religious studies	26,705	14,590	12,115
39. Theology and religious vocations	28,715	17,275	11,440
54. History	54,415	28,500	25,910
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	16,220	2,670	13,555
Social and behavioural sciences and law	928,970	308,755	620,210
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	12,940	2,725	10,220
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	106,350	42,040	64,305
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	154,370	12,575	141,795
22. Legal professions and studies	144,535	50,355	94,180
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	24,040	7,835	16,205
42. Psychology	142,265	33,385	108,885
45. Social sciences	344,465	159,850	184,620
Business, management and public administration	1,472,490	630,535	841,955
30.16 Accounting and computer science	2,340	850	1,490
44. Public administration and social service professions	123,510	24,630	98,885
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	1,346,635	605,055	741,585
Physical and life sciences and technologies	303,310	141,260	162,050
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	133,895	52,610	81,285
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	69,195	30,195	38,995
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	6,440	1,795	4,640
40. Physical sciences	80,200	51,680	28,525
41. Science technologies/technicians	13,585	4,980	8,605
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	367,845	240,245	127,600
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	284,925	198,705	86,220
25. Library science	16,090	2,620	13,475
27. Mathematics and statistics	56,120	31,880	24,245
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	10,705	7,040	3,660
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	1,274,815	1,122,875	151,940
04. Architecture and related services	61,850	39,075	22,780
14. Engineering	414,085	329,125	84,960
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	278,410	247,630	30,775
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	185	35	150
46. Construction trades	197,795	193,595	4,205
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	208,980	204,525	4,450
48. Precision production	113,510	108,890	4,625
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	132,765	73,065	59,705
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	86,885	46,085	40,795
03. Natural resources and conservation	45,885	26,975	18,910
Health and related fields	939,610	194,715	744,900
30.37 Design for human health	25	0	25
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	84,485	41,350	43,135
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	828,240	139,360	688,880
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	2,335	585	1,750
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	24,520	13,410	11,110
Personal, protective and transportation services	351,505	178,155	173,350
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	181,985	49,755	132,230
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	2,135	1,895	240
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	2,200	2,010	195
43. Security and protective services	110,890	75,460	35,430
49. Transportation and materials moving	54,295	49,040	5,255
Other¹⁷⁹	2,555	725	1,830
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	7,584,650	3,700,540	3,884,105
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	2,438,475	1,305,750	1,132,720
Education	242,725	50,715	192,005
13. Education	242,725	50,715	192,005
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	199,945	84,310	115,635
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	18,425	12,920	5,505
50. Visual and performing arts	181,520	71,390	110,130
Humanities	279,505	97,835	181,670
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	29,620	5,455	24,165
23. English language and literature/letters	71,745	19,350	52,390
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	83,455	27,595	55,860
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	7,195	2,395	4,805
38. Philosophy and religious studies	19,380	10,610	8,765
39. Theology and religious vocations	18,420	11,085	7,335
54. History	39,275	19,895	19,380
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	10,415	1,445	8,970
Social and behavioural sciences and law	729,685	232,410	497,275
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	10,515	2,085	8,430
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	88,895	34,255	54,645
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	119,090	8,825	110,265
22. Legal professions and studies	117,900	37,130	80,775
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	18,585	6,035	12,555
42. Psychology	107,035	23,715	83,320
45. Social sciences	267,660	120,375	147,285
Business, management and public administration	1,161,875	487,235	674,650
30.16 Accounting and computer science	1,785	655	1,130
44. Public administration and social service professions	98,675	18,325	80,355
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	1,061,420	468,255	593,165
Physical and life sciences and technologies	220,805	97,905	122,895
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	100,550	38,595	61,955
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	50,505	21,085	29,425
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	5,100	1,410	3,690
40. Physical sciences	55,565	33,765	21,800
41. Science technologies/technicians	9,090	3,055	6,035
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	304,045	200,360	103,685
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	244,700	170,900	73,800
25. Library science	9,860	1,740	8,120
27. Mathematics and statistics	40,875	22,115	18,760
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	8,610	5,605	3,005
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	932,505	805,990	126,515
04. Architecture and related services	48,030	29,245	18,785
14. Engineering	326,190	252,675	73,515
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	202,375	178,135	24,240
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	165	35	130
46. Construction trades	137,150	133,905	3,240
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	143,480	140,190	3,290
48. Precision production	75,115	71,805	3,310
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	100,525	52,065	48,460
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	64,365	31,780	32,585
03. Natural resources and conservation	36,155	20,290	15,875
Health and related fields	703,890	148,295	555,600
30.37 Design for human health	30	0	30
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	64,360	31,305	33,055
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	619,520	107,760	511,760
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	1,960	375	1,580
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	18,030	8,855	9,175
Personal, protective and transportation services	268,815	137,235	131,575
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	136,310	37,500	98,810
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	1,600	1,400	200
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	1,180	1,070	110
43. Security and protective services	89,470	60,610	28,855
49. Transportation and materials moving	40,255	36,655	3,600
Other¹⁷⁹	1,860	435	1,420
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	7,584,650	3,700,540	3,884,105
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,438,475	1,305,750	1,132,720
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	5,146,175	2,394,790	2,751,385
Location of study inside Canada	3,921,795	1,818,550	2,103,240
Same as province or territory of residence	3,634,290	1,680,865	1,953,420
Different than province or territory of residence	287,505	137,685	149,820
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	1,224,380	576,235	648,140
Americas	229,280	113,350	115,930
United States of America	140,770	72,740	68,035
Mexico	11,625	5,075	6,545
Cuba	3,715	1,875	1,840
Haiti	1,250	620	630
Jamaica	9,200	4,480	4,720
Brazil	17,755	8,105	9,645
Colombia	12,705	5,495	7,205
Peru	2,750	1,050	1,700
Venezuela⁹⁵	5,530	2,340	3,190
Other locations of study in Americas	23,985	11,560	12,425
Europe	224,050	113,485	110,560
Belgium	1,650	885	765
France	11,580	6,190	5,390
Germany	7,115	3,880	3,240
Netherlands	4,345	2,410	1,935
Switzerland	2,525	1,265	1,255
Hungary	2,960	1,425	1,535
Moldova¹⁸³	2,080	880	1,205
Poland	16,450	7,365	9,090
Romania	14,985	7,380	7,605
Russian Federation	19,185	8,720	10,460
Ukraine	18,225	8,245	9,985
Ireland⁹⁶	6,925	3,920	3,000
United Kingdom⁸⁷	72,655	39,105	33,550
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,415	1,600	1,820
Italy	3,895	2,230	1,660
Serbia⁸⁶	5,750	2,910	2,840
Other locations of study in Europe	30,300	15,075	15,225
Africa	65,145	31,940	33,205
Nigeria	15,165	7,355	7,810
Algeria	1,550	685	860
Morocco	2,180	960	1,215
Tunisia	805	375	430
Egypt	17,195	8,445	8,755
South Africa, Republic of	6,770	3,545	3,225
Other locations of study in Africa	21,480	10,570	10,905
Asia	686,295	308,075	378,220
Iran⁸⁸	35,535	16,145	19,390
Iraq	12,270	6,020	6,250
Israel	6,675	3,365	3,310
Lebanon	7,235	3,350	3,885
Syria⁸⁹	7,515	3,610	3,905
Turkey	7,585	4,105	3,475
China⁹⁰	92,585	41,055	51,530
Taiwan	3,535	1,125	2,410
Hong Kong⁹¹	8,875	3,660	5,210
Japan	6,310	2,145	4,160
Korea, South⁹²	21,145	8,075	13,070
Philippines	109,885	38,390	71,495
Viet Nam	5,120	1,845	3,280
Bangladesh	16,250	7,315	8,945
Sri Lanka	11,075	5,125	5,950
India	245,655	121,625	124,035
Pakistan	53,750	24,970	28,780
Other locations of study in Asia	35,295	16,145	19,150
Oceania	19,605	9,380	10,220
Australia	16,965	8,040	8,925
New Zealand	2,445	1,240	1,200
Other locations of study in Oceania	200	100	95
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	11,782,820	5,733,360	6,049,460
In the labour force	7,399,200	3,847,325	3,551,880
Employed	6,492,895	3,416,955	3,075,940
Unemployed	906,310	430,365	475,940
Not in the labour force	4,383,620	1,886,035	2,497,580
Participation rate	62.8	67.1	58.7
Employment rate	55.1	59.6	50.8
Unemployment rate	12.2	11.2	13.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	11,782,820	5,733,360	6,049,460
Did not work¹⁸⁶	4,469,170	1,946,590	2,522,580
Worked	7,313,650	3,786,770	3,526,880
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	3,982,300	2,219,290	1,763,015
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	3,331,350	1,567,480	1,763,870
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.1	41.9	40.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	7,399,205	3,847,325	3,551,880
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	212,505	102,580	109,925
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	7,186,695	3,744,745	3,441,950
Employee	6,109,070	3,071,915	3,037,155
Permanent position	5,166,275	2,627,415	2,538,865
Temporary position	942,795	444,505	498,290
Fixed term (1 year or more)	324,250	147,125	177,125
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	618,540	297,380	321,160
Self-employed¹⁹²	1,077,625	672,825	404,800
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	7,399,205	3,847,325	3,551,880
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	212,505	102,580	109,925
All occupations¹⁹¹	7,186,695	3,744,745	3,441,950
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	95,240	66,160	29,080
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	1,328,155	449,705	878,445
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	685,390	513,025	172,365
3 Health occupations	543,565	110,185	433,380
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	871,260	289,220	582,035
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	232,200	105,695	126,505
6 Sales and service occupations	1,735,930	782,170	953,760
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	1,175,410	1,063,670	111,740
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	148,055	111,985	36,075
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	371,490	252,930	118,560
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	7,399,205	3,847,325	3,551,880
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	212,505	102,580	109,925
All industries¹⁹¹	7,186,695	3,744,745	3,441,950
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	104,895	66,330	38,565
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	34,360	29,285	5,080
22 Utilities	55,230	41,785	13,445
23 Construction	538,340	466,825	71,515
31-33 Manufacturing	655,935	457,795	198,135
41 Wholesale trade	244,910	157,760	87,155
44-45 Retail trade	798,090	383,965	414,135
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	379,485	282,295	97,190
51 Information and cultural industries	169,120	98,930	70,190
52 Finance and insurance	399,030	185,100	213,935
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	152,050	80,630	71,420
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	681,235	384,400	296,835
55 Management of companies and enterprises	26,240	12,465	13,780
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	324,285	183,445	140,835
61 Educational services	531,260	165,080	366,175
62 Health care and social assistance	859,910	163,580	696,335
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	130,490	67,705	62,785
72 Accommodation and food services	390,675	171,925	218,745
81 Other services (except public administration)	283,115	131,210	151,905
91 Public administration	428,030	214,245	213,785
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	7,885,710	4,072,735	3,812,975
English	7,181,805	3,743,490	3,438,320
French	52,565	18,880	33,680
Non-official language	74,365	39,275	35,090
Indigenous³⁹	305	160	150
Non-Indigenous	74,060	39,120	34,940
English and French	285,005	121,875	163,125
English and non-official language(s)	275,330	141,295	134,035
French and non-official language(s)	355	150	210
English, French and non-official language(s)	10,820	4,890	5,925
Multiple non-official languages	5,475	2,885	2,585
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	7,885,710	4,072,735	3,812,975
Single responses	7,783,760	4,024,730	3,759,025
Official languages	7,649,065	3,955,095	3,693,975
English	7,555,160	3,920,680	3,634,480
French	93,910	34,410	59,495
Non-official languages	134,690	69,640	65,050
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,240	610	630
Algonquian languages	1,185	590	595
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	155	75	80
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	155	75	80
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	145	75	70
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,030	515	510
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	465	250	215
Ojibway languages	560	265	300
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	25	10	15
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	535	250	285
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	15	15
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	30	15	15
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	20	0	25
Mohawk	20	0	25
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	133,450	69,030	64,420
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,830	2,800	2,035
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	210	90	120
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	10	0
Somali	190	80	110
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	4,615	2,700	1,915
Amharic	60	25	35
Arabic	3,735	2,195	1,540
Aramaic languages	410	305	110
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	320	235	85
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	85	65	25
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	315	130	185
Tigrigna	90	45	40
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,365	1,510	1,855
Khmer (Cambodian)	140	60	80
Vietnamese	3,225	1,450	1,775
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,530	655	875
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	55	20	35
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	40	20	20
Indonesian	65	40	25
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,330	555	780
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0
Creole languages	50	25	25
Haitian Creole	35	15	20
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	2,660	1,255	1,410
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	160	95	65
Tamil	2,440	1,150	1,295
Telugu	55	10	45
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	70	35	35
Indo-European languages	50,205	27,580	22,620
Albanian	270	155	115
Armenian	195	90	105
Balto-Slavic languages	6,865	3,075	3,790
Baltic languages	65	15	60
Latvian	30	10	20
Lithuanian	40	0	40
Slavic languages	6,790	3,065	3,730
Bulgarian	60	25	30
Czech	40	10	25
Macedonian	75	60	15
Polish	1,765	815	950
Russian	3,295	1,335	1,965
Serbo-Croatian	605	360	250
Bosnian	85	65	15
Croatian	135	80	55
Serbian	395	220	180
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	20	0	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	910	435	475
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	7,320	3,975	3,345
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	5,945	3,185	2,760
German	3,210	1,685	1,525
Pennsylvania German	2,555	1,400	1,150
Swiss German	135	65	75
Yiddish	50	35	15
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,275	735	540
Afrikaans	25	10	15
Dutch	680	360	320
Low German, n.o.s.	55	40	10
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	515	320	195
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	90	45	40
Danish	15	0	15
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	15	10	0
Swedish	50	30	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	355	200	155
Indo-Iranian languages	19,460	11,125	8,335
Indo-Aryan languages	15,015	8,755	6,260
Bengali	440	205	235
Gujarati	850	410	445
Hindi	1,145	545	600
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	15	0	15
Nepali	150	70	75
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10,235	6,485	3,755
Sindhi	10	0	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	75	60	10
Urdu	2,080	975	1,105
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Iranian languages	4,435	2,360	2,075
Kurdish	125	100	25
Pashto	85	50	35
Persian languages	4,210	2,200	2,005
Dari	415	220	200
Iranian Persian	3,415	1,735	1,675
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	380	250	125
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Italic (Romance) languages	15,735	8,955	6,780
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,005	420	585
Portuguese	5,645	3,510	2,140
Romanian	300	155	140
Spanish	8,765	4,860	3,910
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	1,075	400	675
Korean	5,460	2,620	2,835
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	170	75	90
Akan (Twi)	30	10	20
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	15	10	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	60	35	30
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	30	15	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Sign languages	845	320	525
American Sign Language	795	300	490
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	10
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	15	30
Sino-Tibetan languages	61,525	30,930	30,595
Chinese languages	61,360	30,840	30,520
Hakka	45	20	25
Mandarin	37,260	18,740	18,525
Min Dong	35	20	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	150	60	90
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	23,610	11,880	11,730
Chinese, n.o.s.	250	115	135
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	135	80	55
Burmese	15	0	0
Karenic languages	45	35	15
S'gaw Karen	35	30	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	80	35	45
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Tai-Kadai languages	330	170	160
Lao	50	15	30
Thai	275	150	125
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	970	480	490
Azerbaijani	35	0	25
Turkish	905	455	450
Uyghur	30	20	15
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	350	165	180
Estonian	65	15	45
Finnish	55	20	35
Hungarian	230	130	100
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Multiple responses	101,955	48,010	53,945
English and French	46,525	19,475	27,055
English and non-official language(s)	53,330	27,575	25,755
French and non-official language(s)	155	70	85
English, French and non-official language(s)	880	395	485
Multiple non-official languages	1,060	490	565
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	7,885,710	4,072,735	3,812,975
None	7,400,850	3,844,820	3,556,035
English	89,345	39,850	49,495
French	199,430	87,785	111,645
Non-official language	154,150	79,615	74,535
Indigenous³⁹	2,895	1,115	1,785
Non-Indigenous	151,255	78,510	72,750
English and French	270	100	170
English and non-official language(s)	7,395	3,425	3,970
French and non-official language(s)	7,510	3,515	3,995
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	45	0
Multiple non-official languages	26,705	13,575	13,125
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	6,492,895	3,416,955	3,075,940
Worked at home	1,929,760	904,345	1,025,415
Worked outside Canada	29,740	19,860	9,875
No fixed workplace address	765,180	576,300	188,880
Usual place of work	3,768,210	1,916,445	1,851,765
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	3,768,210	1,916,445	1,851,765
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	2,212,620	1,041,890	1,170,730
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	653,055	340,750	312,310
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	885,485	523,590	361,890
Commute to a different province or territory	17,050	10,215	6,835
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	4,533,390	2,492,745	2,040,645
Car, truck or van	3,790,545	2,161,945	1,628,600
Car, truck or van - as a driver	3,451,650	2,022,010	1,429,635
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	338,895	139,935	198,960
Public transit	390,140	163,395	226,745
Walked	208,380	94,020	114,370
Bicycle	37,665	26,230	11,440
Other method	106,655	47,160	59,495
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	4,533,390	2,492,745	2,040,645
Less than 15 minutes	1,283,185	621,485	661,700
15 to 29 minutes	1,527,580	823,940	703,640
30 to 44 minutes	934,230	555,195	379,030
45 to 59 minutes	375,215	226,980	148,230
60 minutes and over	413,180	265,140	148,040
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	4,533,390	2,492,745	2,040,645
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	351,800	257,455	94,350
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	797,475	512,385	285,090
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	1,066,580	572,020	494,565
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	938,175	426,175	511,995
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	632,825	298,665	334,160
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	746,530	426,045	320,485
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	2,781,415	1,429,175	1,352,240
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	349,875	176,750	173,120
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,431,540	1,252,420	1,179,120
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	2,047,210	1,053,155	994,055
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	268,250	135,205	133,045
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	179,995	88,815	91,175
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	88,260	46,390	41,870
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,778,960	917,950	861,010

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 19, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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