Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	OntarioMore information: [Province]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	14,223,942	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	13,448,494	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.8	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total private dwellings²	5,929,250	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	5,491,201	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	15.9	...	...	15.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	892,411.76	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	14,223,945	6,970,855	7,253,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	2,251,795	1,155,630	1,096,160	15.8	16.6	15.1
0 to 4 years	683,515	350,035	333,480	4.8	5.0	4.6
5 to 9 years	764,430	392,380	372,050	5.4	5.6	5.1
10 to 14 years	803,850	413,215	390,635	5.7	5.9	5.4
15 to 64 years	9,334,440	4,616,340	4,718,100	65.6	66.2	65.0
15 to 19 years	801,455	413,485	387,970	5.6	5.9	5.3
20 to 24 years	895,600	465,525	430,075	6.3	6.7	5.9
25 to 29 years	975,400	497,185	478,215	6.9	7.1	6.6
30 to 34 years	981,210	487,465	493,745	6.9	7.0	6.8
35 to 39 years	948,030	463,170	484,860	6.7	6.6	6.7
40 to 44 years	890,160	427,860	462,295	6.3	6.1	6.4
45 to 49 years	894,580	430,580	464,005	6.3	6.2	6.4
50 to 54 years	941,270	455,420	485,845	6.6	6.5	6.7
55 to 59 years	1,040,160	507,700	532,465	7.3	7.3	7.3
60 to 64 years	966,575	467,955	498,625	6.8	6.7	6.9
65 years and over	2,637,710	1,198,880	1,438,825	18.5	17.2	19.8
65 to 69 years	813,215	386,325	426,890	5.7	5.5	5.9
70 to 74 years	691,280	325,435	365,840	4.9	4.7	5.0
75 to 79 years	469,485	217,485	252,000	3.3	3.1	3.5
80 to 84 years	325,110	143,070	182,045	2.3	2.1	2.5
85 years and over	338,620	126,565	212,050	2.4	1.8	2.9
85 to 89 years	205,480	83,875	121,605	1.4	1.2	1.7
90 to 94 years	101,430	34,715	66,710	0.7	0.5	0.9
95 to 99 years	28,000	7,235	20,770	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	3,705	745	2,965	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.8	16.6	15.1	15.8	16.6	15.1
15 to 64 years	65.6	66.2	65.0	65.6	66.2	65.0
65 years and over	18.5	17.2	19.8	18.5	17.2	19.8
85 years and over	2.4	1.8	2.9	2.4	1.8	2.9
Average age of the population	41.8	40.7	42.8	41.8	40.7	42.8
Median age of the population	41.6	40.0	42.8	41.6	40.0	42.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	5,491,200	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	2,942,990	...	...	53.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	303,260	...	...	5.5	...	...
Row house	505,265	...	...	9.2	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	181,030	...	...	3.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	548,785	...	...	10.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	984,665	...	...	17.9	...	...
Other single-attached house	10,220	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	14,985	...	...	0.3	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	5,491,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	1,452,540	...	...	26.5	...	...
2 persons	1,798,040	...	...	32.7	...	...
3 persons	872,480	...	...	15.9	...	...
4 persons	825,445	...	...	15.0	...	...
5 or more persons	542,700	...	...	9.9	...	...
Number of persons in private households	14,031,750	6,887,760	7,143,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	11,972,145	5,815,220	6,156,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	6,769,725	3,384,485	3,385,240	56.5	58.2	55.0
Married	5,738,390	2,866,825	2,871,565	47.9	49.3	46.6
Living common-law	1,031,340	517,665	513,670	8.6	8.9	8.3
Living common law - Never married	727,825	366,175	361,650	6.1	6.3	5.9
Living common law - Separated	55,440	29,445	25,995	0.5	0.5	0.4
Living common law - Divorced	220,445	110,510	109,935	1.8	1.9	1.8
Living common law - Widowed	27,625	11,535	16,095	0.2	0.2	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	5,202,420	2,430,735	2,771,690	43.5	41.8	45.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	3,515,215	1,885,705	1,629,515	29.4	32.4	26.5
Not married and not living common law - Separated	333,775	139,675	194,100	2.8	2.4	3.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	695,630	266,865	428,765	5.8	4.6	7.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	657,800	138,495	519,305	5.5	2.4	8.4
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	3,969,670	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	1,936,595	...	...	48.8	...	...
3 persons	877,660	...	...	22.1	...	...
4 persons	811,380	...	...	20.4	...	...
5 or more persons	344,035	...	...	8.7	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	3,969,670	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	3,291,560	...	...	82.9	...	...
Married couples	2,776,165	...	...	69.9	...	...
With children⁶	1,571,480	...	...	39.6	...	...
Without children	1,204,680	...	...	30.3	...	...
Common-law couples	515,395	...	...	13.0	...	...
With children⁶	189,835	...	...	4.8	...	...
Without children	325,560	...	...	8.2	...	...
Total one-parent families	678,110	...	...	17.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	538,450	...	...	13.6	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	139,660	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	14,031,750	6,887,760	7,143,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	11,601,460	5,741,475	5,859,990	82.7	83.4	82.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	6,583,120	3,292,585	3,290,525	46.9	47.8	46.1
Parents in one-parent families	678,110	139,660	538,450	4.8	2.0	7.5
Children⁶	4,340,235	2,309,225	2,031,005	30.9	33.5	28.4
In a two-parent family	3,281,460	1,736,630	1,544,825	23.4	25.2	21.6
In a one-parent family	1,058,775	572,595	486,185	7.5	8.3	6.8
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	2,430,295	1,146,280	1,284,010	17.3	16.6	18.0
Living alone	1,452,540	651,180	801,365	10.4	9.5	11.2
Living with other relatives⁷	388,780	155,465	233,320	2.8	2.3	3.3
Living with non-relatives only	588,970	339,640	249,325	4.2	4.9	3.5
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	5,491,200	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	3,347,195	...	...	61.0	...	...
Couple-family households	2,841,660	...	...	51.7	...	...
With children⁶	1,517,365	...	...	27.6	...	...
Without children	1,324,295	...	...	24.1	...	...
One-parent-family households	505,535	...	...	9.2	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	221,120	...	...	4.0	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	45,215	...	...	0.8	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	184,430	...	...	3.4	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	240,700	...	...	4.4	...	...
One-person households	1,452,540	...	...	26.5	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	11,782,845	5,733,680	6,049,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,294,815	5,485,375	5,809,440	95.9	95.7	96.0
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	46,000	37,200	41,200	46,000	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,300,805	5,488,490	5,812,320	95.9	95.7	96.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	41,200	34,000	37,200	41,200	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,010,415	4,968,685	5,041,730	85.0	86.7	83.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	43,200	29,800	36,000	43,200	29,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,153,180	4,198,670	3,954,510	69.2	73.2	65.4
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	43,600	32,800	38,000	43,600	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,239,835	4,910,535	5,329,295	86.9	85.6	88.1
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,900	6,850	10,400	8,900	6,850	10,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,054,225	467,500	586,725	8.9	8.2	9.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,520	5,640	5,600	5,520	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,327,770	1,623,900	1,703,870	28.2	28.3	28.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,500	8,000	8,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	11,782,820	5,733,360	6,049,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,296,770	5,486,720	5,810,050	95.9	95.7	96.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,350	64,900	48,280	56,350	64,900	48,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,302,690	5,489,710	5,812,980	95.9	95.8	96.1
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,280	51,900	41,000	46,280	51,900	41,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,011,345	4,970,240	5,041,105	85.0	86.7	83.3
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,700	62,350	43,240	52,700	62,350	43,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,153,185	4,198,665	3,954,515	69.2	73.2	65.4
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,600	60,500	44,200	52,600	60,500	44,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,242,610	4,912,020	5,330,580	86.9	85.7	88.1
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,640	9,440	11,740	10,640	9,440	11,740
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,052,985	466,380	586,605	8.9	8.1	9.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,640	6,120	7,060	6,640	6,120	7,060
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,321,155	1,619,825	1,701,335	28.2	28.3	28.1
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,300	9,150	9,450	9,300	9,150	9,450
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	11,782,825	5,733,365	6,049,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	3,865,695	2,145,810	1,719,885	32.8	37.4	28.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	67,000	72,000	61,600	67,000	72,000	61,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,400	90,700	72,000	82,400	90,700	72,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	3,112,160	1,451,440	1,660,720	26.4	25.3	27.5
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,400	19,400	16,000	17,400	19,400	16,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,520	32,760	24,820	28,520	32,760	24,820
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.8	87.0	77.8	82.8	87.0	77.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.4	71.4	62.3	67.4	71.4	62.3
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.1	13.0	22.3	17.1	13.0	22.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.5	1.1	0.8	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.5	4.5	6.7	5.5	4.5	6.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.9	4.2	5.7	4.9	4.2	5.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	11,782,845	5,733,685	6,049,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	488,030	248,310	239,725	4.1	4.3	4.0
With total income	11,294,815	5,485,375	5,809,440	95.9	95.7	96.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	977,950	423,650	554,300	8.7	7.7	9.5
$10,000 to $19,999	1,383,475	596,755	786,720	12.2	10.9	13.5
$20,000 to $29,999	1,752,040	763,295	988,745	15.5	13.9	17.0
$30,000 to $39,999	1,388,215	609,735	778,480	12.3	11.1	13.4
$40,000 to $49,999	1,190,885	547,655	643,230	10.5	10.0	11.1
$50,000 to $59,999	985,270	468,060	517,205	8.7	8.5	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	782,980	396,770	386,210	6.9	7.2	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	612,620	331,080	281,545	5.4	6.0	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	477,445	271,290	206,150	4.2	4.9	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	385,830	218,395	167,435	3.4	4.0	2.9
$100,000 and over	1,358,115	858,695	499,415	12.0	15.7	8.6
$100,000 to $149,999	897,615	538,590	359,025	7.9	9.8	6.2
$150,000 and over	460,495	320,105	140,395	4.1	5.8	2.4
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	11,782,845	5,733,685	6,049,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	482,035	245,195	236,845	4.1	4.3	3.9
With after-tax income	11,300,805	5,488,490	5,812,315	95.9	95.7	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	1,025,995	440,280	585,715	9.1	8.0	10.1
$10,000 to $19,999	1,442,850	625,100	817,750	12.8	11.4	14.1
$20,000 to $29,999	1,967,040	859,195	1,107,840	17.4	15.7	19.1
$30,000 to $39,999	1,621,120	733,430	887,690	14.3	13.4	15.3
$40,000 to $49,999	1,384,490	655,400	729,090	12.3	11.9	12.5
$50,000 to $59,999	1,068,365	535,895	532,470	9.5	9.8	9.2
$60,000 to $69,999	782,135	422,645	359,495	6.9	7.7	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	572,210	325,895	246,315	5.1	5.9	4.2
$80,000 to $89,999	457,650	249,665	207,980	4.0	4.5	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	280,640	169,480	111,160	2.5	3.1	1.9
$100,000 and over	698,310	471,495	226,815	6.2	8.6	3.9
$100,000 to $124,999	344,450	223,970	120,480	3.0	4.1	2.1
$125,000 and over	353,860	247,525	106,335	3.1	4.5	1.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	11,782,845	5,733,685	6,049,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	3,629,670	1,535,015	2,094,650	30.8	26.8	34.6
With employment income	8,153,175	4,198,665	3,954,510	69.2	73.2	65.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	1,218,885	604,555	614,330	14.9	14.4	15.5
$5,000 to $9,999	688,670	304,845	383,825	8.4	7.3	9.7
$10,000 to $19,999	928,840	424,990	503,850	11.4	10.1	12.7
$20,000 to $29,999	696,570	325,510	371,065	8.5	7.8	9.4
$30,000 to $39,999	677,110	320,720	356,390	8.3	7.6	9.0
$40,000 to $49,999	672,005	320,925	351,080	8.2	7.6	8.9
$50,000 to $59,999	611,665	307,370	304,290	7.5	7.3	7.7
$60,000 to $69,999	519,955	278,350	241,605	6.4	6.6	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	419,875	237,375	182,500	5.1	5.7	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	352,235	207,090	145,150	4.3	4.9	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	316,750	176,135	140,615	3.9	4.2	3.6
$100,000 and over	1,050,620	690,800	359,820	12.9	16.5	9.1
$100,000 to $124,999	489,720	295,720	194,005	6.0	7.0	4.9
$125,000 and over	560,895	395,080	165,810	6.9	9.4	4.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	11,782,845	5,733,680	6,049,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	11,051,405	5,357,685	5,693,725	93.8	93.4	94.1
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	44,800	34,400	39,200	44,800	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	11,055,345	5,358,275	5,697,070	93.8	93.5	94.2
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	40,000	31,600	35,600	40,000	31,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	9,877,245	4,895,500	4,981,740	83.8	85.4	82.4
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	44,400	31,800	37,600	44,400	31,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	8,159,090	4,190,670	3,968,420	69.2	73.1	65.6
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	44,400	34,000	38,800	44,400	34,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	9,643,335	4,616,005	5,027,335	81.8	80.5	83.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,200	1,010	4,920	2,200	1,010	4,920
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	723,990	308,550	415,450	6.1	5.4	6.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	5,360	5,960	5,640	5,360	5,960
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	11,782,820	5,733,360	6,049,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	11,053,285	5,358,015	5,695,270	93.8	93.5	94.1
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,800	62,850	45,320	53,800	62,850	45,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	11,057,080	5,358,540	5,698,545	93.8	93.5	94.2
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,080	50,120	38,400	44,080	50,120	38,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	9,878,270	4,896,015	4,982,255	83.8	85.4	82.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,250	63,150	43,520	53,250	63,150	43,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	8,160,870	4,191,675	3,969,185	69.3	73.1	65.6
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,700	60,850	44,120	52,700	60,850	44,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	9,644,415	4,616,310	5,028,100	81.9	80.5	83.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,150	5,990	8,210	7,150	5,990	8,210
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	725,250	308,485	416,760	6.2	5.4	6.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,340	6,410	8,030	7,340	6,410	8,030
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	11,782,825	5,733,365	6,049,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	3,830,200	2,124,710	1,705,495	32.5	37.1	28.2
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,800	68,500	56,800	62,800	68,500	56,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,800	86,600	66,800	77,800	86,600	66,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	2,925,680	1,365,355	1,560,325	24.8	23.8	25.8
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	26,200	21,800	23,600	26,200	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,640	39,840	30,040	34,640	39,840	30,040
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	88.4	91.8	84.0	88.4	91.8	84.0
Employment income (%)	72.4	75.8	67.8	72.4	75.8	67.8
Government transfers (%)	11.6	8.2	16.0	11.6	8.2	16.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.3	0.9	0.6	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	5,491,205	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	79,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	1,452,540	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,600	...	...	43,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...	39,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	4,038,660	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	5,491,200	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	95,300	...	...	95,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	1,451,915	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	57,200	...	...	57,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,320	...	...	47,320	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	4,039,285	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	137,000	...	...	137,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,500	...	...	112,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	5,491,200	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	61,515	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	30,860	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	63,360	...	...	1.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	96,980	...	...	1.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	186,250	...	...	3.4	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	168,345	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	158,810	...	...	2.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	175,890	...	...	3.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	182,900	...	...	3.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	182,945	...	...	3.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	370,350	...	...	6.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	364,585	...	...	6.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	350,520	...	...	6.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	332,395	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	310,400	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	2,455,095	...	...	44.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	662,625	...	...	12.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	500,495	...	...	9.1	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	630,420	...	...	11.5	...	...
$200,000 and over	661,550	...	...	12.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	5,491,200	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	69,645	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	32,100	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	65,025	...	...	1.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	101,865	...	...	1.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	197,995	...	...	3.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	190,225	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	183,505	...	...	3.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	204,300	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	215,785	...	...	3.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	217,105	...	...	4.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	440,280	...	...	8.0	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	430,860	...	...	7.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	409,865	...	...	7.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	385,295	...	...	7.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	343,595	...	...	6.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	2,003,770	...	...	36.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	685,485	...	...	12.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	472,130	...	...	8.6	...	...
$150,000 and over	846,155	...	...	15.4	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	3,875,790	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	1,361,615	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	1,770,030	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,000	...	...	141,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...	121,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	610,815	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...	67,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	2,041,505	990,815	1,050,690	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,800	40,000	38,000	38,800	40,000	38,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	36,000	35,200	35,600	36,000	35,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	3,873,665	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	137,200	...	...	137,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,200	...	...	112,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	1,359,275	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	119,500	...	...	119,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	1,773,005	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	168,800	...	...	168,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,600	...	...	136,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	607,780	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,100	...	...	87,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,100	...	...	76,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	2,039,230	985,390	1,053,840	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,800	54,250	49,480	51,800	54,250	49,480
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,440	44,880	42,120	43,440	44,880	42,120
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	14,031,755	6,887,755	7,143,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	2,726,265	1,400,695	1,325,570	19.4	20.3	18.6
0 to 5 years	831,185	425,620	405,560	5.9	6.2	5.7
18 to 64 years	8,795,220	4,328,780	4,466,440	62.7	62.8	62.5
65 years and over	2,510,270	1,158,280	1,351,985	17.9	16.8	18.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	1,420,525	664,975	755,550	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	314,150	161,695	152,455	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	102,930	52,570	50,360	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	803,215	385,100	418,120	...	...	...
65 years and over	303,160	118,180	184,980	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.1	9.7	10.6	10.1	9.7	10.6
0 to 17 years (%)	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5
0 to 5 years (%)	12.4	12.4	12.4	12.4	12.4	12.4
18 to 64 years (%)	9.1	8.9	9.4	9.1	8.9	9.4
65 years and over (%)	12.1	10.2	13.7	12.1	10.2	13.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	13,977,120	6,860,325	7,116,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	2,709,120	1,391,825	1,317,290	19.4	20.3	18.5
0 to 5 years	825,865	422,885	402,980	5.9	6.2	5.7
18 to 64 years	8,763,785	4,313,030	4,450,755	62.7	62.9	62.5
65 years and over	2,504,220	1,155,470	1,348,745	17.9	16.8	19.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	738,795	379,035	359,760	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	126,035	64,885	61,150	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	39,415	20,100	19,315	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	541,410	283,705	257,710	...	...	...
65 years and over	71,350	30,450	40,900	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.3	5.5	5.1	5.3	5.5	5.1
0 to 17 years (%)	4.7	4.7	4.6	4.7	4.7	4.6
0 to 5 years (%)	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.8
18 to 64 years (%)	6.2	6.6	5.8	6.2	6.6	5.8
65 years and over (%)	2.9	2.6	3.0	2.9	2.6	3.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	14,031,755	6,887,760	7,143,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	6,516,085	3,131,205	3,384,880	46.4	45.5	47.4
In bottom decile	1,318,120	643,165	674,955	9.4	9.3	9.4
In second decile	1,283,940	594,495	689,440	9.2	8.6	9.7
In third decile	1,292,030	618,405	673,625	9.2	9.0	9.4
In fourth decile	1,296,710	628,155	668,555	9.2	9.1	9.4
In fifth decile	1,325,280	646,975	678,300	9.4	9.4	9.5
In top half of the distribution	7,515,670	3,756,555	3,759,115	53.6	54.5	52.6
In sixth decile	1,365,960	672,380	693,580	9.7	9.8	9.7
In seventh decile	1,415,070	700,525	714,550	10.1	10.2	10.0
In eighth decile	1,482,300	739,210	743,095	10.6	10.7	10.4
In ninth decile	1,581,535	794,505	787,030	11.3	11.5	11.0
In top decile	1,670,800	849,940	820,865	11.9	12.3	11.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	14,031,755	...	...	14,031,755	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.357	...	...	0.357	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.470	...	...	0.470	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.308	...	...	0.308	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	14,099,790	6,917,920	7,181,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	12,196,575	6,083,990	6,112,590	86.5	87.9	85.1
French only	39,310	17,190	22,125	0.3	0.2	0.3
English and French	1,519,365	678,385	840,975	10.8	9.8	11.7
Neither English nor French	344,545	138,355	206,185	2.4	2.0	2.9
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	14,099,790	6,917,920	7,181,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	13,179,535	6,510,015	6,669,520	93.5	94.1	92.9
French	484,425	227,550	256,875	3.4	3.3	3.6
English and French	98,270	45,480	52,790	0.7	0.7	0.7
Neither English nor French	337,560	134,870	202,685	2.4	1.9	2.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	14,099,790	6,917,920	7,181,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	13,430,605	6,594,620	6,835,990	95.3	95.3	95.2
Official languages	9,642,770	4,785,140	4,857,635	68.4	69.2	67.6
English	9,179,655	4,566,580	4,613,080	65.1	66.0	64.2
French	463,120	218,560	244,550	3.3	3.2	3.4
Non-official languages	3,787,835	1,809,480	1,978,355	26.9	26.2	27.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	14,475	6,735	7,740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	13,545	6,360	7,185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	2,815	1,365	1,455	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	2,800	1,360	1,440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	550	240	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	50	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	1,975	985	990	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10,645	4,955	5,690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	4,240	2,015	2,225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	6,365	2,920	3,445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	280	130	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	6,000	2,745	3,250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	510	200	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	505	195	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	270	100	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	190	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,773,365	1,802,745	1,970,620	26.8	26.1	27.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	310,765	156,145	154,620	2.2	2.3	2.2
Berber languages	855	480	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	580	315	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	215	130	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	635	350	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	560	315	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	535	265	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	27,575	12,405	15,170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	930	495	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	1,540	760	785	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	24,700	10,945	13,755	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	405	215	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	281,160	142,645	138,515	2.0	2.1	1.9
Amharic	12,490	5,745	6,740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	214,230	109,870	104,360	1.5	1.6	1.5
Aramaic languages	24,105	11,685	12,420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15,665	7,535	8,125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	7,480	3,655	3,820	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	960	485	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	970	430	540	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	11,630	6,255	5,375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	4,120	1,950	2,175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	13,360	6,585	6,775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	255	130	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	84,300	37,815	46,485	0.6	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	7,065	3,170	3,900	0.1	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	77,085	34,585	42,505	0.5	0.5	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	208,395	83,860	124,535	1.5	1.2	1.7
Bikol	685	300	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	2,735	1,115	1,625	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5,900	2,290	3,615	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	3,775	1,460	2,315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	14,680	5,995	8,680	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	5,440	2,345	3,095	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	375	160	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	275	115	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	95	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	540	220	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,910	875	1,040	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	750	320	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	168,845	67,675	101,175	1.2	1.0	1.4
Waray-Waray	590	240	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,710	690	1,020	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	11,690	5,335	6,355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	5,160	2,260	2,905	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	435	220	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	290	115	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	1,990	955	1,035	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	2,690	1,255	1,435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,080	500	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	185,145	93,855	91,285	1.3	1.4	1.3
Kannada	4,335	2,215	2,115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	32,805	17,970	14,835	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tamil	126,640	61,665	64,970	0.9	0.9	0.9
Telugu	20,715	11,690	9,030	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	415	205	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	235	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	1,650	890	760	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	480	225	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,119,610	1,032,375	1,087,230	15.0	14.9	15.1
Albanian	20,720	10,295	10,425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	14,680	7,060	7,620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	377,895	172,690	205,205	2.7	2.5	2.9
Baltic languages	7,425	3,050	4,370	0.1	0.0	0.1
Latvian	3,050	1,250	1,800	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	4,370	1,800	2,570	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	370,475	169,640	200,840	2.6	2.5	2.8
Belarusian	440	200	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	8,565	4,050	4,520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	9,060	4,035	5,025	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	13,620	6,490	7,130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	106,275	47,780	58,495	0.8	0.7	0.8
Russian	104,310	46,870	57,440	0.7	0.7	0.8
Rusyn	225	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	77,145	37,410	39,740	0.5	0.5	0.6
Bosnian	7,140	3,495	3,650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	28,385	13,465	14,925	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	40,465	19,915	20,555	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	1,160	545	610	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	8,675	3,910	4,765	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	5,520	2,350	3,175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	36,340	16,285	20,055	0.3	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	285	150	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	795	390	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	225	120	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	320	140	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	167,265	78,455	88,810	1.2	1.1	1.2
Frisian	970	465	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	102,915	47,630	55,285	0.7	0.7	0.8
German	89,075	40,865	48,205	0.6	0.6	0.7
Pennsylvania German	8,895	4,435	4,460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss German	2,390	1,125	1,265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	2,555	1,200	1,350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	56,725	27,350	29,375	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afrikaans	2,865	1,460	1,405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	41,240	19,735	21,505	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	1,930	965	970	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	440	210	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	8,610	4,275	4,340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vlaams (Flemish)	1,630	700	930	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	6,440	2,905	3,530	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	3,370	1,545	1,830	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	800	350	445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	2,090	930	1,160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	225	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	47,970	23,270	24,700	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	884,995	452,190	432,805	6.3	6.5	6.0
Indo-Aryan languages	715,085	367,815	347,270	5.1	5.3	4.8
Assamese	325	150	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	54,990	27,905	27,085	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	95,785	50,450	45,340	0.7	0.7	0.6
Hindi	87,035	45,590	41,445	0.6	0.7	0.6
Kacchi	3,880	1,760	2,120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	460	230	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	2,595	1,260	1,340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	9,460	4,875	4,585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	12,430	6,280	6,155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	1,325	690	630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	830	445	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	490	245	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	260,075	135,000	125,075	1.8	2.0	1.7
Rohingya	290	145	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	2,670	1,375	1,300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	11,040	5,400	5,645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	170,955	85,745	85,210	1.2	1.2	1.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,760	955	805	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	169,765	84,295	85,470	1.2	1.2	1.2
Baluchi	335	185	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	9,120	4,850	4,275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	330	180	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	12,780	6,585	6,195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	146,700	72,240	74,460	1.0	1.0	1.0
Dari	34,340	16,650	17,685	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	97,135	47,970	49,165	0.7	0.7	0.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15,230	7,615	7,615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	495	260	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	145	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	605,070	287,915	317,155	4.3	4.2	4.4
Catalan	285	140	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	194,125	92,875	101,255	1.4	1.3	1.4
Portuguese	153,750	73,670	80,080	1.1	1.1	1.1
Romanian	38,955	18,100	20,850	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	217,245	102,760	114,490	1.5	1.5	1.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	710	370	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	205	105	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	12,880	4,245	8,635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	75,220	34,160	41,065	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mongolian	535	235	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	42,470	19,960	22,515	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	9,325	4,405	4,915	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	185	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	1,165	475	685	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	485	235	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	480	245	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	510	235	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	1,195	560	635	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	460	180	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	2,385	1,220	1,170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,920	845	1,075	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	825	350	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	345	180	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	335	155	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,705	1,225	1,480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	1,580	710	875	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	195	115	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	230	85	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	6,445	3,010	3,440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	460	240	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	7,335	3,560	3,775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	3,655	1,710	1,940	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,935	955	985	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	325	165	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	320	150	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,125	555	570	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	165	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	2,775	1,480	1,300	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	2,360	1,235	1,125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	385	225	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	632,250	291,600	340,655	4.5	4.2	4.7
Chinese languages	621,980	286,570	335,410	4.4	4.1	4.7
Hakka	6,215	2,860	3,350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	327,470	150,700	176,770	2.3	2.2	2.5
Min Dong	1,015	525	495	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10,290	4,630	5,660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	4,190	1,890	2,300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	267,425	123,440	143,990	1.9	1.8	2.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	5,080	2,385	2,690	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	300	140	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10,000	4,905	5,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	1,540	755	790	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	440	200	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	1,765	875	895	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	1,530	755	775	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	235	115	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5,785	2,845	2,940	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	460	230	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	275	130	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	8,265	3,360	4,905	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	4,570	2,175	2,390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	3,535	1,120	2,420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	165	65	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	32,270	17,020	15,250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	2,870	1,545	1,325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	255	115	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	26,740	14,190	12,550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	720	360	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	1,080	520	565	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	610	290	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	42,270	19,005	23,265	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	3,450	1,510	1,940	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	7,650	3,210	4,445	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	31,170	14,290	16,875	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	460	220	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	669,185	323,300	345,885	4.7	4.7	4.8
English and French	96,260	45,030	51,235	0.7	0.7	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	494,610	242,470	252,140	3.5	3.5	3.5
French and non-official language(s)	15,710	7,085	8,620	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	16,770	7,725	9,045	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	45,835	20,990	24,845	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	14,099,790	6,917,920	7,181,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	9,630,975	4,782,040	4,848,935	68.3	69.1	67.5
French	188,560	89,335	99,230	1.3	1.3	1.4
Non-official language	1,124,950	528,060	596,895	8.0	7.6	8.3
Indigenous³⁹	2,630	1,260	1,375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,122,315	526,805	595,515	8.0	7.6	8.3
English and French	274,675	124,275	150,400	1.9	1.8	2.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,647,980	1,289,510	1,358,470	18.8	18.6	18.9
French and non-official language(s)	14,065	6,055	8,010	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	117,430	51,870	65,565	0.8	0.7	0.9
Multiple non-official languages	101,145	46,775	54,370	0.7	0.7	0.8
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	14,099,790	6,917,920	7,181,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	13,384,695	6,573,230	6,811,465	94.9	95.0	94.8
Official languages	11,165,425	5,509,035	5,656,395	79.2	79.6	78.8
English	10,910,560	5,389,445	5,521,125	77.4	77.9	76.9
French	254,870	119,590	135,275	1.8	1.7	1.9
Non-official languages	2,219,265	1,064,195	1,155,070	15.7	15.4	16.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	5,710	2,820	2,890	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5,430	2,695	2,735	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	1,230	620	605	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	1,220	620	605	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	135	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	1,015	530	485	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	4,185	2,060	2,120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	1,985	995	985	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	2,195	1,065	1,125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	2,070	1,005	1,065	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	150	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	150	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,213,555	1,061,375	1,152,180	15.7	15.3	16.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	181,660	88,245	93,420	1.3	1.3	1.3
Berber languages	365	195	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	220	115	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	355	180	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	325	165	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	255	125	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	16,105	7,125	8,980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	800	440	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	840	385	455	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	14,230	6,180	8,050	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	230	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	164,590	80,620	83,970	1.2	1.2	1.2
Amharic	6,405	2,865	3,545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	124,865	61,605	63,260	0.9	0.9	0.9
Aramaic languages	18,120	8,680	9,440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	11,870	5,645	6,225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5,550	2,685	2,865	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	705	345	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	515	225	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	4,925	2,505	2,415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	770	350	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	8,870	4,335	4,535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	55,990	25,430	30,560	0.4	0.4	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	3,855	1,705	2,150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	52,080	23,700	28,380	0.4	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	115,225	50,755	64,470	0.8	0.7	0.9
Bikol	255	115	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,355	600	760	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	3,140	1,380	1,760	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,960	860	1,100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	8,105	3,635	4,465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	1,990	930	1,055	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	990	455	535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	250	115	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	95,635	41,970	53,660	0.7	0.6	0.7
Waray-Waray	230	90	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	785	355	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	6,165	2,705	3,460	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	2,640	1,115	1,525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	195	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	140	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	1,425	685	735	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	1,325	565	760	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	420	195	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	129,245	64,385	64,855	0.9	0.9	0.9
Kannada	2,165	1,110	1,055	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	20,855	11,325	9,535	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamil	93,165	44,735	48,425	0.7	0.6	0.7
Telugu	12,805	7,095	5,710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	145	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	1,040	570	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	185	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,136,460	553,970	582,490	8.1	8.0	8.1
Albanian	9,880	4,875	5,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	8,590	4,035	4,545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	181,290	84,870	96,420	1.3	1.2	1.3
Baltic languages	1,640	700	940	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	535	225	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	1,105	470	630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	179,650	84,175	95,475	1.3	1.2	1.3
Belarusian	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	4,100	1,955	2,140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	2,555	1,180	1,375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5,535	2,590	2,945	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	45,800	21,280	24,515	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	66,045	30,625	35,420	0.5	0.4	0.5
Rusyn	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	35,980	17,375	18,610	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	3,450	1,670	1,780	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	9,990	4,660	5,335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	22,145	10,850	11,295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	400	195	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	3,070	1,470	1,600	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,000	420	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	15,235	7,100	8,135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	40,600	19,895	20,700	0.3	0.3	0.3
Frisian	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	28,670	14,000	14,665	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	20,680	10,015	10,670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	7,180	3,590	3,590	0.1	0.1	0.0
Swiss German	560	280	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	250	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	11,190	5,540	5,650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	1,175	595	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	4,055	2,000	2,050	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	1,265	630	640	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	185	85	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	4,415	2,185	2,235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	95	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	620	300	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	210	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	310	160	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	19,065	8,615	10,455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	601,605	304,195	297,410	4.3	4.4	4.1
Indo-Aryan languages	487,535	248,975	238,560	3.5	3.6	3.3
Assamese	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	34,830	17,260	17,570	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	63,145	32,735	30,405	0.4	0.5	0.4
Hindi	52,420	27,250	25,175	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	1,655	725	925	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	145	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	640	295	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	4,975	2,540	2,440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	8,910	4,555	4,355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	655	345	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	420	220	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	230	125	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	198,670	103,170	95,495	1.4	1.5	1.3
Rohingya	220	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	1,390	700	690	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5,795	2,870	2,925	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	113,020	55,810	57,215	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	930	470	455	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	114,005	55,190	58,815	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baluchi	195	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	5,560	2,815	2,740	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	8,670	4,315	4,360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	99,095	47,705	51,395	0.7	0.7	0.7
Dari	21,150	10,030	11,120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iranian Persian	67,320	32,510	34,810	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10,625	5,160	5,465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	310	170	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	275,210	127,365	147,850	2.0	1.8	2.1
Catalan	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	58,670	24,180	34,495	0.4	0.3	0.5
Portuguese	74,745	35,620	39,120	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	17,755	8,280	9,480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	123,690	59,125	64,570	0.9	0.9	0.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	240	110	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	5,875	2,485	3,390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	53,585	24,865	28,720	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	290	145	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	16,065	7,275	8,785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	4,370	1,945	2,425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	270	105	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	220	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	170	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	345	160	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	660	330	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	775	330	445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	330	135	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,375	630	750	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	450	195	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	105	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	2,775	1,250	1,525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	165	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	2,640	1,200	1,435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	835	400	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	820	380	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	185	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	460	220	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	5,010	2,900	2,115	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	3,920	2,240	1,680	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	1,035	625	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	469,325	219,365	249,965	3.3	3.2	3.5
Chinese languages	461,870	215,705	246,165	3.3	3.1	3.4
Hakka	2,540	1,170	1,370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	253,860	120,260	133,600	1.8	1.7	1.9
Min Dong	650	310	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,890	2,195	2,700	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,765	1,300	1,465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	193,955	88,915	105,040	1.4	1.3	1.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	3,090	1,495	1,595	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	7,310	3,585	3,720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	960	460	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	305	140	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	1,275	640	630	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	1,105	555	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	170	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	4,540	2,245	2,300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	225	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	145	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	3,995	1,875	2,120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	2,395	1,145	1,245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,520	700	820	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	85	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	19,965	10,165	9,800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	1,445	715	730	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	17,160	8,770	8,390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	490	250	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	580	285	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	250	125	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	12,465	5,690	6,780	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	485	180	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	1,140	500	640	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	10,835	5,000	5,835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	195	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	715,095	344,690	370,405	5.1	5.0	5.2
English and French	59,725	27,005	32,720	0.4	0.4	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	624,265	303,790	320,480	4.4	4.4	4.5
French and non-official language(s)	6,475	2,810	3,665	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	12,185	5,465	6,715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	12,445	5,620	6,825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	14,099,790	6,917,915	7,181,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	11,528,735	5,680,910	5,847,825	81.8	82.1	81.4
English	903,960	442,585	461,380	6.4	6.4	6.4
French	189,420	84,900	104,520	1.3	1.2	1.5
Non-official language	1,136,770	544,150	592,620	8.1	7.9	8.3
Indigenous³⁹	9,310	4,115	5,190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	1,127,465	540,035	587,425	8.0	7.8	8.2
English and French	16,580	7,565	9,020	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	140,865	70,400	70,470	1.0	1.0	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	52,565	22,740	29,820	0.4	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,920	1,450	1,465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	127,975	63,220	64,755	0.9	0.9	0.9
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	14,031,755	6,887,570	7,144,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	13,688,615	6,750,410	6,938,210	97.6	98.0	97.1
English	13,650,230	6,733,550	6,916,680	97.3	97.8	96.8
French	1,550,545	690,530	860,020	11.1	10.0	12.0
Non-official languages	5,058,180	2,428,200	2,629,980	36.0	35.3	36.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	29,850	13,765	16,080	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquian languages	26,775	12,415	14,355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5,205	2,540	2,670	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5,155	2,520	2,640	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	335	180	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	200	70	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	1,165	510	655	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	135	50	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	95	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	3,340	1,685	1,650	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	295	120	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	250	105	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	21,560	9,880	11,680	0.2	0.1	0.2
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	6,260	2,945	3,315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15,530	7,035	8,500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	1,295	510	785	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	210	80	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	115	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	14,155	6,465	7,690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	95	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	1,000	445	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	970	425	540	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	1,625	650	980	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	210	85	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	1,220	465	755	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	210	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	135	45	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	65	50	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	245	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	5,029,345	2,414,910	2,614,440	35.8	35.1	36.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	481,620	242,565	239,050	3.4	3.5	3.3
Berber languages	1,570	845	725	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	950	490	460	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	475	270	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	215	125	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	2,210	1,060	1,140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	2,005	955	1,045	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	200	105	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	2,130	1,000	1,130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	41,520	19,095	22,425	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bilen	1,335	750	585	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	2,950	1,400	1,550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	36,825	16,695	20,135	0.3	0.2	0.3
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	815	445	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	443,215	225,035	218,175	3.2	3.3	3.1
Amharic	22,815	11,015	11,800	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arabic	342,860	175,790	167,075	2.4	2.6	2.3
Aramaic languages	33,950	16,770	17,175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	21,640	10,590	11,045	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	11,170	5,565	5,605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	1,685	860	820	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	1,610	720	890	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	47,380	24,020	23,360	0.3	0.3	0.3
Maltese	6,055	2,840	3,210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	19,755	9,645	10,105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	685	410	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	115,355	52,805	62,550	0.8	0.8	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	10,085	4,540	5,535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	105,800	48,475	57,325	0.8	0.7	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	275	100	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	292,100	117,695	174,400	2.1	1.7	2.4
Bikol	1,345	565	785	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	3,410	1,370	2,040	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	11,100	4,270	6,835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	210	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	6,435	2,535	3,900	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	26,205	10,300	15,905	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	8,175	3,680	4,495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	620	255	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	310	130	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	270	115	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	4,370	1,965	2,410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	3,390	1,395	1,990	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	1,610	650	960	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	271,450	108,415	163,035	1.9	1.6	2.3
Waray-Waray	1,810	705	1,105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	6,850	2,845	4,005	0.0	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	36,585	16,590	19,990	0.3	0.2	0.3
Haitian Creole	14,220	6,345	7,875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	3,385	1,515	1,870	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	650	240	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5,645	2,735	2,910	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	270	105	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10,235	4,450	5,785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	4,065	1,960	2,105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	272,060	139,105	132,950	1.9	2.0	1.9
Kannada	12,930	6,720	6,215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	48,025	26,105	21,915	0.3	0.4	0.3
Tamil	192,890	96,245	96,645	1.4	1.4	1.4
Telugu	38,190	21,290	16,905	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tulu	1,225	655	570	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	685	285	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	2,170	1,110	1,060	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	555	280	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,941,400	1,441,975	1,499,430	21.0	20.9	21.0
Albanian	26,725	13,445	13,275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	19,610	9,460	10,150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	470,080	219,210	250,870	3.4	3.2	3.5
Baltic languages	9,715	4,055	5,665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	4,215	1,830	2,385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5,520	2,240	3,280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	462,520	216,100	246,420	3.3	3.1	3.4
Belarusian	1,630	685	950	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	11,310	5,545	5,765	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	13,130	6,040	7,090	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	21,070	10,020	11,045	0.2	0.1	0.2
Polish	134,980	61,800	73,180	1.0	0.9	1.0
Russian	155,340	72,230	83,115	1.1	1.0	1.2
Rusyn	295	155	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	102,885	50,515	52,365	0.7	0.7	0.7
Bosnian	13,895	6,925	6,970	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	48,075	23,410	24,670	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	58,045	28,685	29,355	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	1,850	950	905	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	11,725	5,340	6,385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	7,235	3,205	4,025	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	58,355	26,140	32,215	0.4	0.4	0.5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	500	255	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	4,115	2,125	1,990	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	2,345	1,300	1,045	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	715	330	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	810	360	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	285	160	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	257,270	123,000	134,270	1.8	1.8	1.9
Frisian	1,750	895	855	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	175,485	84,625	90,855	1.3	1.2	1.3
German	158,120	75,990	82,125	1.1	1.1	1.1
Pennsylvania German	10,370	5,150	5,220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss German	3,485	1,670	1,815	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	6,100	2,995	3,105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	78,435	37,515	40,920	0.6	0.5	0.6
Afrikaans	9,255	4,785	4,470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	55,040	25,820	29,215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	2,185	1,095	1,095	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	595	275	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10,245	5,150	5,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vlaams (Flemish)	2,040	910	1,135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	12,565	5,670	6,895	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	5,175	2,265	2,905	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	390	165	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	2,385	1,175	1,210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5,340	2,460	2,885	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	480	255	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	76,320	37,385	38,945	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	1,244,895	639,965	604,930	8.9	9.3	8.5
Indo-Aryan languages	1,049,480	542,040	507,440	7.5	7.9	7.1
Assamese	725	355	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	76,980	39,455	37,525	0.5	0.6	0.5
Gujarati	143,240	75,090	68,150	1.0	1.1	1.0
Hindi	436,125	227,165	208,965	3.1	3.3	2.9
Kacchi	8,140	3,695	4,450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	1,085	570	515	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	6,745	3,165	3,585	0.0	0.0	0.1
Marathi	24,775	12,710	12,065	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	17,110	8,645	8,465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	2,545	1,320	1,225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	1,430	775	655	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	1,130	560	575	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	397,865	208,905	188,955	2.8	3.0	2.6
Rohingya	370	155	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5,595	2,940	2,655	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	21,630	10,975	10,655	0.2	0.2	0.1
Urdu	295,175	149,300	145,875	2.1	2.2	2.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5,965	3,315	2,650	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	210,370	105,605	104,765	1.5	1.5	1.5
Baluchi	520	285	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	13,870	7,530	6,340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	525	310	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20,790	10,880	9,910	0.1	0.2	0.1
Persian languages	183,830	91,790	92,040	1.3	1.3	1.3
Dari	47,640	23,410	24,235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	122,305	61,280	61,015	0.9	0.9	0.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	16,615	8,475	8,140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	1,040	510	535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	1,300	715	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	922,975	437,590	485,385	6.6	6.4	6.8
Catalan	770	415	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	312,800	149,440	163,360	2.2	2.2	2.3
Portuguese	208,575	101,175	107,390	1.5	1.5	1.5
Romanian	48,315	22,450	25,865	0.3	0.3	0.4
Spanish	401,205	187,785	213,425	2.9	2.7	3.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	2,355	1,325	1,030	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	910	510	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	30,705	13,895	16,810	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	90,475	41,165	49,310	0.6	0.6	0.7
Mongolian	745	315	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	106,850	50,070	56,780	0.8	0.7	0.8
Akan (Twi)	17,570	8,065	9,510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	760	395	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	3,210	1,370	1,835	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	1,195	610	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	1,010	530	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	1,870	785	1,080	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	2,760	1,145	1,615	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	1,080	420	660	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	8,115	3,985	4,130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	4,020	1,705	2,315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	7,315	3,255	4,065	0.1	0.0	0.1
Luba-Kasai	1,050	480	570	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	235	135	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	520	265	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	855	380	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	4,895	2,250	2,650	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	3,040	1,345	1,695	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	290	185	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	630	265	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	24,360	11,850	12,510	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	260	130	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	1,495	740	755	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	24,375	11,775	12,600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	12,825	6,130	6,695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	3,210	1,560	1,645	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	470	255	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	585	260	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	2,155	1,040	1,115	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	835	415	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	18,990	7,515	11,475	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	16,685	6,460	10,225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	380	155	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	2,600	1,185	1,420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	747,160	348,570	398,590	5.3	5.1	5.6
Chinese languages	734,190	342,245	391,950	5.2	5.0	5.5
Hakka	8,760	4,120	4,640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	467,415	214,895	252,520	3.3	3.1	3.5
Min Dong	1,450	690	765	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	18,020	8,040	9,985	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	6,720	3,010	3,710	0.0	0.0	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	352,135	163,575	188,560	2.5	2.4	2.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	5,200	2,505	2,690	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	515	245	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	13,135	6,410	6,735	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	2,570	1,255	1,315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	600	265	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	2,255	1,120	1,135	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	1,970	1,005	965	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	385	170	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	7,475	3,675	3,800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	980	445	540	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	565	250	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	12,655	5,555	7,105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	7,370	3,450	3,915	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	6,200	2,485	3,720	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	335	135	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	52,195	27,335	24,860	0.4	0.4	0.3
Azerbaijani	5,910	3,215	2,695	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	710	320	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	44,815	23,570	21,245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	825	430	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	2,095	1,040	1,055	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,075	465	610	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	52,025	23,840	28,185	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	4,010	1,745	2,260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	9,455	4,035	5,420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	38,690	18,095	20,600	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	2,145	990	1,155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	14,031,750	6,887,570	7,144,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	406,585	195,100	211,495	2.9	2.8	3.0
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	389,955	187,485	202,470	2.8	2.7	2.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	251,030	120,545	130,485	1.8	1.8	1.8
Métis	134,615	64,850	69,765	1.0	0.9	1.0
Inuk (Inuit)	4,310	2,090	2,220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	7,115	3,225	3,890	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	9,515	4,385	5,130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	13,625,165	6,692,470	6,932,695	97.1	97.2	97.0
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	14,031,750	6,887,570	7,144,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	172,535	82,960	89,580	1.2	1.2	1.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	13,859,215	6,804,610	7,054,605	98.8	98.8	98.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	5,491,200	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	3,755,720	...	...	68.4	...	...
Renter	1,724,970	...	...	31.4	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	10,510	...	...	0.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	5,491,200	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	822,780	...	...	15.0	...	...
Not condominium	4,668,425	...	...	85.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	5,491,200	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	48,740	...	...	0.9	...	...
1 bedroom	769,570	...	...	14.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	1,205,540	...	...	22.0	...	...
3 bedrooms	1,918,935	...	...	34.9	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	1,548,420	...	...	28.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	5,491,200	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	1,579,320	...	...	28.8	...	...
5 rooms	775,580	...	...	14.1	...	...
6 rooms	791,100	...	...	14.4	...	...
7 rooms	708,205	...	...	12.9	...	...
8 or more rooms	1,636,990	...	...	29.8	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	5,491,200	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	5,328,575	...	...	97.0	...	...
More than one person per room	162,625	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	5,491,200	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	5,122,185	...	...	93.3	...	...
Not suitable	369,015	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	5,491,200	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	1,247,430	...	...	22.7	...	...
1961 to 1980	1,456,110	...	...	26.5	...	...
1981 to 1990	711,940	...	...	13.0	...	...
1991 to 2000	644,080	...	...	11.7	...	...
2001 to 2005	385,045	...	...	7.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	348,760	...	...	6.4	...	...
2011 to 2015	328,735	...	...	6.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	369,095	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	5,491,200	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	5,177,155	...	...	94.3	...	...
Major repairs needed	314,050	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	5,491,200	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	2,677,880	...	...	48.8	...	...
Two-maintainer household	2,506,110	...	...	45.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	307,210	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	5,491,200	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	126,385	...	...	2.3	...	...
25 to 34 years	727,305	...	...	13.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	930,410	...	...	16.9	...	...
45 to 54 years	1,013,210	...	...	18.5	...	...
55 to 64 years	1,149,345	...	...	20.9	...	...
65 to 74 years	876,960	...	...	16.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	481,250	...	...	8.8	...	...
85 years and over	186,330	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	5,415,420	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	4,103,320	...	...	75.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	1,312,095	...	...	24.2	...	...
30% to less than 100%	1,169,040	...	...	21.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	5,491,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	1,802,285	...	...	32.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	1,150,405	...	...	20.9	...	...
Not suitable only	262,900	...	...	4.8	...	...
Major repairs needed only	201,870	...	...	3.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	74,930	...	...	1.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	80,990	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	25,420	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	5,765	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	3,688,915	...	...	67.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	5,272,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	639,805	...	...	12.1	...	...
Not in core need	4,632,550	...	...	87.9	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	3,718,255	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.7	...	...	59.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.7	...	...	17.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	6.4	...	...	6.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,440	...	...	1,440	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,700	...	...	1,700	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	700,000	...	...	700,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	807,000	...	...	807,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,722,000	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.7	...	...	13.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	38.4	...	...	38.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.9	...	...	24.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300	...	...	1,300	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,408	...	...	1,408	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	10,510	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	8.7	...	...	8.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	324	...	...	324	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	380	...	...	380	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	14,031,755	6,887,570	7,144,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	169,090	81,790	87,305	1.2	1.2	1.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	166,095	80,470	85,625	1.2	1.2	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	136,445	65,890	70,555	1.0	1.0	1.0
Métis single ancestry	27,835	13,715	14,120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	1,810	860	955	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	3,000	1,320	1,675	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	2,660	1,165	1,495	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	175	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	351,395	168,170	183,220	2.5	2.4	2.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	342,985	164,410	178,575	2.4	2.4	2.5
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	246,415	118,170	128,245	1.8	1.7	1.8
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	93,245	44,675	48,575	0.7	0.6	0.7
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,325	1,570	1,755	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	8,405	3,760	4,640	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	7,595	3,465	4,125	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	535	205	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	215	80	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	13,511,270	6,637,605	6,873,660	96.3	96.4	96.2
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	14,031,755	6,887,565	7,144,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	12,633,260	6,196,980	6,436,280	90.0	90.0	90.1
Canadian citizens aged under 18	2,554,125	1,312,480	1,241,645	18.2	19.1	17.4
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	10,079,140	4,884,505	5,194,635	71.8	70.9	72.7
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	1,398,490	690,590	707,905	10.0	10.0	9.9
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	14,031,755	6,887,565	7,144,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	9,437,320	4,691,825	4,745,495	67.3	68.1	66.4
Immigrants⁸¹	4,206,585	1,984,980	2,221,605	30.0	28.8	31.1
Before 1980	860,305	403,270	457,030	6.1	5.9	6.4
1980 to 1990	506,195	241,800	264,390	3.6	3.5	3.7
1991 to 2000	852,765	399,470	453,295	6.1	5.8	6.3
2001 to 2010	941,630	439,390	502,240	6.7	6.4	7.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	1,045,695	501,050	544,645	7.5	7.3	7.6
2011 to 2015	461,010	216,545	244,470	3.3	3.1	3.4
2016 to 2021	584,680	284,505	300,175	4.2	4.1	4.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	387,850	210,765	177,085	2.8	3.1	2.5
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	4,206,585	1,984,980	2,221,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	375,395	188,360	187,030	8.9	9.5	8.4
5 to 14 years	734,680	369,755	364,925	17.5	18.6	16.4
15 to 24 years	840,165	375,990	464,175	20.0	18.9	20.9
25 to 44 years	1,851,675	869,160	982,515	44.0	43.8	44.2
45 years and over	404,670	181,710	222,955	9.6	9.2	10.0
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	4,206,585	1,984,980	2,221,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	629,550	280,635	348,910	15.0	14.1	15.7
Brazil	23,125	10,700	12,420	0.5	0.5	0.6
Colombia	32,520	14,630	17,890	0.8	0.7	0.8
El Salvador	21,780	10,575	11,200	0.5	0.5	0.5
Guyana	77,635	34,275	43,360	1.8	1.7	2.0
Haiti	11,375	5,000	6,380	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jamaica	122,770	52,770	70,000	2.9	2.7	3.2
Mexico	33,380	15,340	18,040	0.8	0.8	0.8
Peru	11,455	5,025	6,435	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	52,750	23,490	29,260	1.3	1.2	1.3
United States of America	111,390	49,035	62,355	2.6	2.5	2.8
Other places of birth in Americas	131,370	59,810	71,560	3.1	3.0	3.2
Europe	1,049,725	500,520	549,205	25.0	25.2	24.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	21,150	10,365	10,780	0.5	0.5	0.5
Croatia	24,270	11,860	12,405	0.6	0.6	0.6
France	15,240	7,305	7,930	0.4	0.4	0.4
Germany	54,275	25,665	28,610	1.3	1.3	1.3
Greece	31,650	15,385	16,265	0.8	0.8	0.7
Hungary	18,530	8,555	9,975	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italy	135,640	66,885	68,750	3.2	3.4	3.1
Netherlands	39,490	20,295	19,195	0.9	1.0	0.9
Poland	88,785	39,620	49,160	2.1	2.0	2.2
Portugal	95,490	46,635	48,855	2.3	2.3	2.2
Romania	40,475	18,690	21,780	1.0	0.9	1.0
Russian Federation	44,165	19,010	25,155	1.0	1.0	1.1
Serbia⁸⁶	22,295	10,790	11,505	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ukraine	43,070	19,255	23,820	1.0	1.0	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	239,485	115,580	123,910	5.7	5.8	5.6
Other places of birth in Europe	135,725	64,620	71,100	3.2	3.3	3.2
Africa	287,920	140,080	147,840	6.8	7.1	6.7
Algeria	4,355	2,160	2,195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10,220	4,585	5,640	0.2	0.2	0.3
Egypt	39,345	20,480	18,865	0.9	1.0	0.8
Eritrea	14,200	7,255	6,950	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ethiopia	19,415	9,050	10,365	0.5	0.5	0.5
Morocco	8,105	3,805	4,300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	37,420	18,840	18,580	0.9	0.9	0.8
Somalia	20,335	8,590	11,745	0.5	0.4	0.5
South Africa, Republic of	21,540	10,620	10,915	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other places of birth in Africa	112,985	54,690	58,290	2.7	2.8	2.6
Asia	2,225,590	1,056,605	1,168,985	52.9	53.2	52.6
Afghanistan	38,580	19,100	19,480	0.9	1.0	0.9
Iran⁸⁸	103,795	52,260	51,535	2.5	2.6	2.3
Iraq	63,255	31,725	31,525	1.5	1.6	1.4
Lebanon	38,170	19,650	18,515	0.9	1.0	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	45,685	22,995	22,695	1.1	1.2	1.0
Turkey	20,795	11,105	9,690	0.5	0.6	0.4
China⁹⁰	355,955	159,035	196,925	8.5	8.0	8.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	108,480	50,730	57,750	2.6	2.6	2.6
Korea, South⁹²	62,750	28,690	34,060	1.5	1.4	1.5
Taiwan	18,105	7,825	10,275	0.4	0.4	0.5
Philippines	268,580	109,035	159,545	6.4	5.5	7.2
Viet Nam	86,315	39,175	47,140	2.1	2.0	2.1
Bangladesh	46,260	23,520	22,740	1.1	1.2	1.0
India	495,750	249,975	245,780	11.8	12.6	11.1
Pakistan	165,530	83,050	82,475	3.9	4.2	3.7
Sri Lanka	112,730	54,625	58,100	2.7	2.8	2.6
Other places of birth in Asia	194,855	94,100	100,750	4.6	4.7	4.5
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	13,810	7,140	6,670	0.3	0.4	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	584,680	284,500	300,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	68,450	32,815	35,635	11.7	11.5	11.9
Brazil	8,725	4,095	4,625	1.5	1.4	1.5
Colombia	4,260	1,825	2,440	0.7	0.6	0.8
Haiti	1,550	705	845	0.3	0.2	0.3
Jamaica	9,970	5,205	4,770	1.7	1.8	1.6
Mexico	5,810	2,740	3,065	1.0	1.0	1.0
United States of America	17,945	8,895	9,045	3.1	3.1	3.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	3,400	1,500	1,900	0.6	0.5	0.6
Other places of birth in Americas	16,795	7,840	8,955	2.9	2.8	3.0
Europe	47,295	23,945	23,345	8.1	8.4	7.8
France	3,225	1,665	1,560	0.6	0.6	0.5
Germany	1,685	885	795	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	2,225	1,465	760	0.4	0.5	0.3
Italy	1,770	1,040	730	0.3	0.4	0.2
Russian Federation	5,150	2,010	3,135	0.9	0.7	1.0
Ukraine	6,035	2,675	3,360	1.0	0.9	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	8,000	4,820	3,180	1.4	1.7	1.1
Other places of birth in Europe	19,200	9,375	9,830	3.3	3.3	3.3
Africa	64,910	32,295	32,615	11.1	11.4	10.9
Algeria	1,130	545	585	0.2	0.2	0.2
Burundi	1,790	815	970	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cameroon	1,585	750	830	0.3	0.3	0.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	2,275	1,020	1,260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Côte d'Ivoire	1,085	495	595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egypt	6,370	3,230	3,145	1.1	1.1	1.0
Eritrea	7,145	3,795	3,350	1.2	1.3	1.1
Ethiopia	3,480	1,595	1,880	0.6	0.6	0.6
Morocco	1,890	910	980	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigeria	16,570	8,335	8,230	2.8	2.9	2.7
Somalia	3,345	1,775	1,570	0.6	0.6	0.5
South Africa, Republic of	2,915	1,455	1,460	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sudan⁹⁷	2,095	1,075	1,015	0.4	0.4	0.3
Tunisia	820	390	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	12,405	6,105	6,305	2.1	2.1	2.1
Asia	401,940	194,220	207,725	68.7	68.3	69.2
Afghanistan	7,225	3,550	3,675	1.2	1.2	1.2
Bangladesh	7,710	3,970	3,735	1.3	1.4	1.2
China⁹⁰	54,645	22,895	31,750	9.3	8.0	10.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,620	1,095	1,525	0.4	0.4	0.5
India	139,660	73,185	66,470	23.9	25.7	22.1
Iran⁸⁸	13,215	6,335	6,880	2.3	2.2	2.3
Iraq	12,940	6,415	6,525	2.2	2.3	2.2
Israel	2,270	1,175	1,100	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japan	1,460	345	1,115	0.2	0.1	0.4
Jordan	2,610	1,340	1,270	0.4	0.5	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	6,935	2,855	4,075	1.2	1.0	1.4
Lebanon	4,365	2,185	2,175	0.7	0.8	0.7
Nepal	2,445	1,240	1,200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pakistan	23,970	11,805	12,170	4.1	4.1	4.1
Philippines	45,235	19,170	26,070	7.7	6.7	8.7
Saudi Arabia	6,110	3,300	2,805	1.0	1.2	0.9
Sri Lanka	5,895	2,770	3,120	1.0	1.0	1.0
Syria⁸⁹	30,180	15,370	14,805	5.2	5.4	4.9
Turkey	7,060	3,835	3,225	1.2	1.3	1.1
United Arab Emirates	5,310	2,785	2,520	0.9	1.0	0.8
Viet Nam	6,020	2,205	3,815	1.0	0.8	1.3
Other places of birth in Asia	14,075	6,380	7,700	2.4	2.2	2.6
Oceania and other⁹³	2,090	1,230	855	0.4	0.4	0.3
Australia	1,620	985	640	0.3	0.3	0.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	470	250	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	14,031,755	6,887,570	7,144,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	4,725,795	2,259,845	2,465,955	33.7	32.8	34.5
Second generation¹⁰¹	3,180,170	1,594,980	1,585,195	22.7	23.2	22.2
Third generation or more¹⁰²	6,125,785	3,032,745	3,093,040	43.7	44.0	43.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	3,346,285	1,581,710	1,764,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	1,669,195	831,060	838,135	49.9	52.5	47.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	697,905	424,975	272,930	20.9	26.9	15.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	971,295	406,090	565,205	29.0	25.7	32.0
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	1,037,680	420,725	616,955	31.0	26.6	35.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	587,735	306,430	281,310	17.6	19.4	15.9
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	51,675	23,490	28,180	1.5	1.5	1.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	3,346,285	1,581,710	1,764,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	262,835	139,045	123,790	7.9	8.8	7.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	289,330	131,810	157,520	8.6	8.3	8.9
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	79,320	39,275	40,050	2.4	2.5	2.3
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	179,715	85,115	94,595	5.4	5.4	5.4
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	19,030	7,670	11,360	0.6	0.5	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	2,516,055	1,178,800	1,337,255	75.2	74.5	75.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	14,031,750	6,887,570	7,144,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	4,817,360	2,350,135	2,467,230	34.3	34.1	34.5
South Asian	1,515,295	779,270	736,020	10.8	11.3	10.3
Chinese	820,245	388,310	431,935	5.8	5.6	6.0
Black	768,740	365,800	402,940	5.5	5.3	5.6
Filipino	363,650	157,580	206,070	2.6	2.3	2.9
Arab	284,215	146,815	137,395	2.0	2.1	1.9
Latin American	249,190	119,360	129,830	1.8	1.7	1.8
Southeast Asian	167,845	79,270	88,580	1.2	1.2	1.2
West Asian	212,185	106,670	105,520	1.5	1.5	1.5
Korean	99,425	46,800	52,625	0.7	0.7	0.7
Japanese	31,420	13,690	17,730	0.2	0.2	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	124,120	59,280	64,835	0.9	0.9	0.9
Multiple visible minorities	181,025	87,280	93,750	1.3	1.3	1.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	9,214,395	4,537,435	4,676,955	65.7	65.9	65.5
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	14,031,755	6,887,570	7,144,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	1,621,655	815,240	806,415	11.6	11.8	11.3
English	2,347,685	1,145,055	1,202,630	16.7	16.6	16.8
Irish	1,999,985	952,395	1,047,595	14.3	13.8	14.7
Scottish	1,937,010	938,335	998,680	13.8	13.6	14.0
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,039,385	500,570	538,815	7.4	7.3	7.5
German	1,058,075	517,665	540,410	7.5	7.5	7.6
Chinese	821,835	388,045	433,795	5.9	5.6	6.1
Italian	905,105	453,765	451,335	6.5	6.6	6.3
Indian (India)	764,435	392,845	371,585	5.4	5.7	5.2
Ukrainian	342,260	164,565	177,690	2.4	2.4	2.5
Dutch	478,860	236,645	242,210	3.4	3.4	3.4
Polish	461,090	221,095	240,000	3.3	3.2	3.4
Québécois	28,035	13,475	14,555	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	462,995	225,610	237,385	3.3	3.3	3.3
Filipino	355,680	154,820	200,860	2.5	2.2	2.8
French Canadian	199,845	94,210	105,630	1.4	1.4	1.5
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	221,315	110,260	111,055	1.6	1.6	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	160,660	76,990	83,670	1.1	1.1	1.2
Métis	131,780	63,205	68,580	0.9	0.9	1.0
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	182,785	90,865	91,920	1.3	1.3	1.3
Russian	187,460	87,560	99,900	1.3	1.3	1.4
Norwegian	62,840	30,300	32,535	0.4	0.4	0.5
Welsh	188,980	89,555	99,425	1.3	1.3	1.4
Portuguese	300,600	149,460	151,145	2.1	2.2	2.1
American	129,750	62,895	66,855	0.9	0.9	0.9
Spanish	143,840	66,950	76,890	1.0	1.0	1.1
Swedish	68,260	31,655	36,600	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hungarian	149,040	72,070	76,970	1.1	1.0	1.1
Acadian	34,125	16,055	18,070	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pakistani	212,650	107,640	105,015	1.5	1.6	1.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	149,265	72,095	77,175	1.1	1.0	1.1
Jewish	155,180	77,755	77,425	1.1	1.1	1.1
Punjabi	119,085	62,110	56,985	0.8	0.9	0.8
Vietnamese	122,735	58,135	64,590	0.9	0.8	0.9
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	110,250	56,985	53,270	0.8	0.8	0.7
Greek	143,065	72,455	70,605	1.0	1.1	1.0
Jamaican	201,945	95,525	106,420	1.4	1.4	1.5
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	110,750	53,190	57,565	0.8	0.8	0.8
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	20,025	9,580	10,445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	100,025	47,215	52,810	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	86,435	41,425	45,005	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanese	80,345	40,555	39,790	0.6	0.6	0.6
Iranian	109,410	55,025	54,385	0.8	0.8	0.8
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	73,665	35,960	37,705	0.5	0.5	0.5
Danish	52,170	25,415	26,755	0.4	0.4	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	61,790	29,610	32,175	0.4	0.4	0.5
Sikh	77,805	40,720	37,085	0.6	0.6	0.5
Austrian	63,920	31,280	32,640	0.5	0.5	0.5
Belgian	56,860	28,120	28,745	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian	17,930	8,440	9,495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	106,970	56,425	50,545	0.8	0.8	0.7
Mexican	54,725	27,070	27,655	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mennonite	38,095	19,075	19,025	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	56,510	27,790	28,720	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	76,275	36,805	39,465	0.5	0.5	0.6
Sri Lankan	105,765	51,825	53,940	0.8	0.8	0.8
Croatian	79,240	39,340	39,900	0.6	0.6	0.6
Japanese	42,250	18,715	23,530	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	83,435	42,105	41,335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	21,650	10,225	11,420	0.2	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	31,395	15,385	16,005	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	62,780	31,910	30,865	0.4	0.5	0.4
Egyptian	54,210	28,345	25,855	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	48,595	23,670	24,920	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	86,580	43,270	43,310	0.6	0.6	0.6
Icelandic	13,915	6,875	7,045	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	39,420	18,730	20,690	0.3	0.3	0.3
Moroccan	12,300	5,935	6,365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	39,400	18,745	20,655	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syrian	42,525	21,170	21,365	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyanese	85,455	40,520	44,935	0.6	0.6	0.6
Afghan	61,255	30,315	30,940	0.4	0.4	0.4
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	59,655	27,150	32,505	0.4	0.4	0.5
Serbian	64,415	32,230	32,175	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ojibway	52,770	25,660	27,110	0.4	0.4	0.4
Newfoundlander	29,950	14,735	15,215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hong Konger	41,120	19,885	21,235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ontarian	64,245	31,915	32,335	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian	46,445	23,795	22,650	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	59,110	28,445	30,670	0.4	0.4	0.4
Turkish	43,555	22,580	20,970	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	6,160	2,810	3,350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	47,195	24,190	23,000	0.3	0.4	0.3
Algerian	4,970	2,450	2,510	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	33,905	16,455	17,450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	36,750	17,890	18,865	0.3	0.3	0.3
Armenian	30,860	15,245	15,610	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	37,165	18,390	18,780	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	32,880	15,745	17,135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	41,640	19,575	22,070	0.3	0.3	0.3
Taiwanese	17,960	8,150	9,810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	42,980	21,520	21,460	0.3	0.3	0.3
Salvadorean	24,740	11,925	12,815	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	43,475	19,070	24,405	0.3	0.3	0.3
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	32,785	15,515	17,265	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	38,000	19,570	18,430	0.3	0.3	0.3
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	39,165	17,615	21,555	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algonquin	20,910	9,815	11,090	0.1	0.1	0.2
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	42,575	19,380	23,200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lithuanian	29,870	14,165	15,705	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	21,965	11,055	10,910	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	14,775	7,780	6,995	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	30,365	15,605	14,755	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chilean	14,370	6,800	7,570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	12,815	5,870	6,945	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	10,195	5,000	5,190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	20,625	9,970	10,665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	22,825	10,645	12,180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	15,260	7,295	7,965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	19,350	9,870	9,475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	15,155	7,065	8,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	3,055	1,585	1,470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	29,575	14,865	14,715	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	33,825	16,710	17,110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	35,925	17,810	18,115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slovenian	25,085	12,325	12,760	0.2	0.2	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	13,170	6,310	6,855	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	5,865	2,750	3,115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	25,995	13,705	12,285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eritrean	17,165	8,390	8,770	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Canadian	20,025	9,540	10,485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	20,570	10,745	9,825	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mohawk	20,595	10,170	10,425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	12,115	5,600	6,505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	15,900	7,810	8,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	1,185	580	600	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	20,935	10,015	10,915	0.1	0.1	0.2
Barbadian	21,205	10,175	11,035	0.2	0.1	0.2
African American	16,380	7,985	8,395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	16,400	7,800	8,605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	2,430	1,240	1,190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	15,800	7,910	7,890	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	14,785	7,185	7,600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	16,065	8,070	7,995	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	12,885	6,015	6,865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	1,010	440	575	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	16,070	7,545	8,525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	16,665	8,635	8,030	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	4,295	2,060	2,230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	10,175	5,045	5,130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	10,645	4,835	5,820	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	10,870	5,165	5,695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	10,560	4,790	5,775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	14,875	7,390	7,480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	10,135	5,135	5,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	1,020	460	565	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	18,835	8,955	9,880	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	18,755	8,900	9,855	0.1	0.1	0.1
Argentinian	11,950	5,935	6,015	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	14,025	6,585	7,440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	13,495	7,445	6,050	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	2,345	1,080	1,265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	9,195	4,725	4,470	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	8,040	4,020	4,025	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	14,845	7,400	7,440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	7,850	3,215	4,640	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	8,585	4,185	4,400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	11,585	5,890	5,690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	570	255	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	17,080	8,360	8,720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	8,595	4,175	4,420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	9,730	4,630	5,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	285	110	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	3,445	1,675	1,760	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	1,300	590	710	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	4,295	2,065	2,225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	5,550	2,640	2,910	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	4,865	2,645	2,220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	9,200	4,570	4,630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	650	325	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	12,085	5,180	6,900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malaysian	7,360	3,380	3,990	0.1	0.0	0.1
Plains Cree	365	180	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	3,660	1,850	1,810	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	2,070	1,000	1,075	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	1,755	720	1,040	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	8,440	4,045	4,400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	700	335	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	2,250	1,330	925	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	9,250	4,355	4,895	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	2,270	1,040	1,230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	735	340	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	6,980	3,250	3,735	0.0	0.0	0.1
Burundian	4,105	1,940	2,165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	5,290	2,750	2,535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	6,575	3,055	3,520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	5,050	2,540	2,510	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	6,970	3,290	3,680	0.0	0.0	0.1
Oji-Cree	7,300	3,560	3,745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vincentian	9,080	4,010	5,070	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jordanian	9,040	4,825	4,215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manitoban	1,505	700	800	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	3,040	1,440	1,595	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	3,450	1,580	1,865	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	10,250	4,820	5,430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayali	8,100	4,245	3,860	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	10,280	5,185	5,090	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhalese	8,060	3,985	4,075	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	4,085	2,065	2,025	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	3,735	1,870	1,865	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	3,555	1,630	1,920	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	1,350	585	765	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	8,830	3,915	4,920	0.1	0.1	0.1
Flemish	3,565	1,770	1,790	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	6,730	3,345	3,390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	1,155	610	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	6,235	3,235	3,005	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	5,840	3,075	2,760	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	6,385	3,395	2,990	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	3,910	1,930	1,980	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	7,930	3,830	4,100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	3,150	1,535	1,615	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	7,380	3,630	3,745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Zimbabwean	3,780	1,780	2,005	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	4,290	1,980	2,310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	3,585	1,635	1,950	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	6,085	2,875	3,210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	1,100	570	530	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	7,605	3,425	4,180	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ugandan	4,685	2,225	2,460	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	3,015	1,570	1,445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	4,865	2,285	2,580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	5,300	2,585	2,715	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	1,630	770	860	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	4,200	2,155	2,050	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	1,515	835	680	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	4,720	2,335	2,390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	4,055	2,045	2,010	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	3,605	1,650	1,955	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	2,245	950	1,300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	1,165	605	565	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	275	150	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	1,120	530	590	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	5,850	2,660	3,190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	1,900	890	1,010	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	615	285	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	1,325	630	695	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	4,755	2,665	2,090	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	3,470	1,735	1,735	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	2,735	1,390	1,345	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	1,650	725	925	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	555	265	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	3,905	1,900	2,000	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	2,320	1,070	1,250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	2,365	1,185	1,180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	3,515	1,705	1,810	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	4,150	2,065	2,080	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	3,135	1,560	1,575	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	855	365	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	14,031,750	6,887,570	7,144,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	164,215	73,715	90,500	1.2	1.1	1.3
Christian	7,315,810	3,410,290	3,905,520	52.1	49.5	54.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	1,070,190	503,135	567,055	7.6	7.3	7.9
Anabaptist	57,795	28,065	29,725	0.4	0.4	0.4
Anglican	525,425	236,080	289,345	3.7	3.4	4.1
Baptist	165,400	75,170	90,230	1.2	1.1	1.3
Catholic	3,654,825	1,729,760	1,925,070	26.0	25.1	26.9
Christian Orthodox	329,850	158,655	171,200	2.4	2.3	2.4
Jehovah's Witness	48,290	20,680	27,610	0.3	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	16,420	7,710	8,710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	114,810	52,600	62,215	0.8	0.8	0.9
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	35,320	15,890	19,430	0.3	0.2	0.3
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	174,605	77,250	97,360	1.2	1.1	1.4
Presbyterian	202,275	91,710	110,560	1.4	1.3	1.5
Reformed	47,400	23,275	24,120	0.3	0.3	0.3
United Church	570,830	251,315	319,520	4.1	3.6	4.5
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	302,375	138,995	163,385	2.2	2.0	2.3
Hindu	573,700	295,980	277,720	4.1	4.3	3.9
Jewish	196,100	96,075	100,020	1.4	1.4	1.4
Muslim	942,990	474,965	468,025	6.7	6.9	6.6
Sikh	300,435	155,390	145,040	2.1	2.3	2.0
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15,985	7,400	8,580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	88,845	37,840	51,000	0.6	0.5	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	4,433,675	2,335,900	2,097,770	31.6	33.9	29.4
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	13,904,805	6,823,190	7,081,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	12,295,685	6,023,840	6,271,855	88.4	88.3	88.6
Movers	1,609,120	799,355	809,765	11.6	11.7	11.4
Non-migrants	914,170	454,180	459,990	6.6	6.7	6.5
Migrants	694,950	345,175	349,775	5.0	5.1	4.9
Internal migrants	570,275	282,115	288,165	4.1	4.1	4.1
Intraprovincial migrants	516,425	255,130	261,300	3.7	3.7	3.7
Interprovincial migrants	53,850	26,985	26,865	0.4	0.4	0.4
External migrants	124,670	63,060	61,610	0.9	0.9	0.9
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	13,349,180	6,539,010	6,810,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	8,361,770	4,077,100	4,284,665	62.6	62.4	62.9
Movers	4,987,410	2,461,910	2,525,505	37.4	37.6	37.1
Non-migrants	2,087,055	1,023,085	1,063,965	15.6	15.6	15.6
Migrants	2,900,355	1,438,815	1,461,540	21.7	22.0	21.5
Internal migrants	2,167,365	1,064,190	1,103,170	16.2	16.3	16.2
Intraprovincial migrants	1,938,720	949,475	989,250	14.5	14.5	14.5
Interprovincial migrants	228,640	114,715	113,925	1.7	1.8	1.7
External migrants	732,990	374,630	358,365	5.5	5.7	5.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	11,782,825	5,733,360	6,049,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	1,969,920	1,007,805	962,115	16.7	17.6	15.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	9,812,905	4,725,555	5,087,350	83.3	82.4	84.1
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	7,584,645	3,700,540	3,884,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	757,455	418,970	338,485	10.0	11.3	8.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	6,827,190	3,281,570	3,545,615	90.0	88.7	91.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	11,782,820	5,733,360	6,049,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,799,890	904,590	895,300	15.3	15.8	14.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	3,204,170	1,608,155	1,596,015	27.2	28.0	26.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	6,778,765	3,220,615	3,558,155	57.5	56.2	58.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,250,175	1,592,945	1,657,230	27.6	27.8	27.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	592,485	426,550	165,935	5.0	7.4	2.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	287,155	178,555	108,605	2.4	3.1	1.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	305,330	248,000	57,325	2.6	4.3	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	2,389,205	1,046,345	1,342,855	20.3	18.3	22.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	268,480	120,040	148,440	2.3	2.1	2.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	3,528,600	1,627,675	1,900,925	29.9	28.4	31.4
Bachelor's degree	2,307,685	1,034,000	1,273,685	19.6	18.0	21.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	224,820	99,320	125,500	1.9	1.7	2.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	90,530	45,085	45,445	0.8	0.8	0.8
Master's degree	786,440	377,795	408,640	6.7	6.6	6.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	119,125	71,465	47,655	1.0	1.2	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	7,584,645	3,700,540	3,884,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	667,665	367,715	299,945	8.8	9.9	7.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	1,770,810	938,035	832,775	23.3	25.3	21.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	5,146,170	2,394,785	2,751,385	67.8	64.7	70.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,356,375	1,142,180	1,214,195	31.1	30.9	31.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	384,770	276,165	108,600	5.1	7.5	2.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	184,665	114,510	70,155	2.4	3.1	1.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	200,110	161,655	38,450	2.6	4.4	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	1,787,580	784,340	1,003,235	23.6	21.2	25.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	184,030	81,665	102,360	2.4	2.2	2.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	2,789,795	1,252,610	1,537,190	36.8	33.8	39.6
Bachelor's degree	1,798,010	793,045	1,004,965	23.7	21.4	25.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	173,205	72,790	100,420	2.3	2.0	2.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	71,055	31,530	39,525	0.9	0.9	1.0
Master's degree	658,060	305,270	352,785	8.7	8.2	9.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	89,470	49,975	39,490	1.2	1.4	1.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	11,782,820	5,733,360	6,049,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	5,004,055	2,512,745	2,491,305	42.5	43.8	41.2
Education	358,255	79,480	278,775	3.0	1.4	4.6
13. Education	358,255	79,480	278,775	3.0	1.4	4.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	258,480	110,905	147,580	2.2	1.9	2.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	26,160	18,830	7,330	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	232,325	92,080	140,250	2.0	1.6	2.3
Humanities	388,160	139,895	248,265	3.3	2.4	4.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	40,335	8,230	32,110	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	99,000	27,245	71,755	0.8	0.5	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	112,250	37,775	74,470	1.0	0.7	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	10,520	3,610	6,915	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	26,705	14,590	12,115	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	28,715	17,275	11,440	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	54,415	28,500	25,910	0.5	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	16,220	2,670	13,555	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	928,970	308,755	620,210	7.9	5.4	10.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	12,940	2,725	10,220	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	106,350	42,040	64,305	0.9	0.7	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	154,370	12,575	141,795	1.3	0.2	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	144,535	50,355	94,180	1.2	0.9	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	24,040	7,835	16,205	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	142,265	33,385	108,885	1.2	0.6	1.8
45. Social sciences	344,465	159,850	184,620	2.9	2.8	3.1
Business, management and public administration	1,472,490	630,535	841,955	12.5	11.0	13.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	2,340	850	1,490	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	123,510	24,630	98,885	1.0	0.4	1.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	1,346,635	605,055	741,585	11.4	10.6	12.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	303,310	141,260	162,050	2.6	2.5	2.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	133,895	52,610	81,285	1.1	0.9	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	69,195	30,195	38,995	0.6	0.5	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	6,440	1,795	4,640	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	80,200	51,680	28,525	0.7	0.9	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	13,585	4,980	8,605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	367,845	240,245	127,600	3.1	4.2	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	284,925	198,705	86,220	2.4	3.5	1.4
25. Library science	16,090	2,620	13,475	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	56,120	31,880	24,245	0.5	0.6	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	10,705	7,040	3,660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	1,274,815	1,122,875	151,940	10.8	19.6	2.5
04. Architecture and related services	61,850	39,075	22,780	0.5	0.7	0.4
14. Engineering	414,085	329,125	84,960	3.5	5.7	1.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	278,410	247,630	30,775	2.4	4.3	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	185	35	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	197,795	193,595	4,205	1.7	3.4	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	208,980	204,525	4,450	1.8	3.6	0.1
48. Precision production	113,510	108,890	4,625	1.0	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	132,765	73,065	59,705	1.1	1.3	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	86,885	46,085	40,795	0.7	0.8	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	45,885	26,975	18,910	0.4	0.5	0.3
Health and related fields	939,610	194,715	744,900	8.0	3.4	12.3
30.37 Design for human health	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	84,485	41,350	43,135	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	828,240	139,360	688,880	7.0	2.4	11.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	2,335	585	1,750	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	24,520	13,410	11,110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	351,505	178,155	173,350	3.0	3.1	2.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	181,985	49,755	132,230	1.5	0.9	2.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	2,135	1,895	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	2,200	2,010	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	110,890	75,460	35,430	0.9	1.3	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	54,295	49,040	5,255	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	2,555	725	1,830	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	7,584,650	3,700,540	3,884,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	2,438,475	1,305,750	1,132,720	32.2	35.3	29.2
Education	242,725	50,715	192,005	3.2	1.4	4.9
13. Education	242,725	50,715	192,005	3.2	1.4	4.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	199,945	84,310	115,635	2.6	2.3	3.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	18,425	12,920	5,505	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	181,520	71,390	110,130	2.4	1.9	2.8
Humanities	279,505	97,835	181,670	3.7	2.6	4.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	29,620	5,455	24,165	0.4	0.1	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	71,745	19,350	52,390	0.9	0.5	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	83,455	27,595	55,860	1.1	0.7	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	7,195	2,395	4,805	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	19,380	10,610	8,765	0.3	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	18,420	11,085	7,335	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	39,275	19,895	19,380	0.5	0.5	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	10,415	1,445	8,970	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	729,685	232,410	497,275	9.6	6.3	12.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	10,515	2,085	8,430	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	88,895	34,255	54,645	1.2	0.9	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	119,090	8,825	110,265	1.6	0.2	2.8
22. Legal professions and studies	117,900	37,130	80,775	1.6	1.0	2.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	18,585	6,035	12,555	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	107,035	23,715	83,320	1.4	0.6	2.1
45. Social sciences	267,660	120,375	147,285	3.5	3.3	3.8
Business, management and public administration	1,161,875	487,235	674,650	15.3	13.2	17.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	1,785	655	1,130	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	98,675	18,325	80,355	1.3	0.5	2.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	1,061,420	468,255	593,165	14.0	12.7	15.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	220,805	97,905	122,895	2.9	2.6	3.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	100,550	38,595	61,955	1.3	1.0	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	50,505	21,085	29,425	0.7	0.6	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	5,100	1,410	3,690	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	55,565	33,765	21,800	0.7	0.9	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	9,090	3,055	6,035	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	304,045	200,360	103,685	4.0	5.4	2.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	244,700	170,900	73,800	3.2	4.6	1.9
25. Library science	9,860	1,740	8,120	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	40,875	22,115	18,760	0.5	0.6	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	8,610	5,605	3,005	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	932,505	805,990	126,515	12.3	21.8	3.3
04. Architecture and related services	48,030	29,245	18,785	0.6	0.8	0.5
14. Engineering	326,190	252,675	73,515	4.3	6.8	1.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	202,375	178,135	24,240	2.7	4.8	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	165	35	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	137,150	133,905	3,240	1.8	3.6	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	143,480	140,190	3,290	1.9	3.8	0.1
48. Precision production	75,115	71,805	3,310	1.0	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	100,525	52,065	48,460	1.3	1.4	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	64,365	31,780	32,585	0.8	0.9	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	36,155	20,290	15,875	0.5	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	703,890	148,295	555,600	9.3	4.0	14.3
30.37 Design for human health	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	64,360	31,305	33,055	0.8	0.8	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	619,520	107,760	511,760	8.2	2.9	13.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	1,960	375	1,580	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	18,030	8,855	9,175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	268,815	137,235	131,575	3.5	3.7	3.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	136,310	37,500	98,810	1.8	1.0	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	1,600	1,400	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	1,180	1,070	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	89,470	60,610	28,855	1.2	1.6	0.7
49. Transportation and materials moving	40,255	36,655	3,600	0.5	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	1,860	435	1,420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	7,584,650	3,700,540	3,884,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,438,475	1,305,750	1,132,720	32.2	35.3	29.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	5,146,175	2,394,790	2,751,385	67.8	64.7	70.8
Location of study inside Canada	3,921,795	1,818,550	2,103,240	51.7	49.1	54.1
Same as province or territory of residence	3,634,290	1,680,865	1,953,420	47.9	45.4	50.3
Different than province or territory of residence	287,505	137,685	149,820	3.8	3.7	3.9
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	1,224,380	576,235	648,140	16.1	15.6	16.7
Americas	229,280	113,350	115,930	3.0	3.1	3.0
United States of America	140,770	72,740	68,035	1.9	2.0	1.8
Mexico	11,625	5,075	6,545	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cuba	3,715	1,875	1,840	0.0	0.1	0.0
Haiti	1,250	620	630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	9,200	4,480	4,720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	17,755	8,105	9,645	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	12,705	5,495	7,205	0.2	0.1	0.2
Peru	2,750	1,050	1,700	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	5,530	2,340	3,190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	23,985	11,560	12,425	0.3	0.3	0.3
Europe	224,050	113,485	110,560	3.0	3.1	2.8
Belgium	1,650	885	765	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	11,580	6,190	5,390	0.2	0.2	0.1
Germany	7,115	3,880	3,240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	4,345	2,410	1,935	0.1	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	2,525	1,265	1,255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	2,960	1,425	1,535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	2,080	880	1,205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	16,450	7,365	9,090	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	14,985	7,380	7,605	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	19,185	8,720	10,460	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ukraine	18,225	8,245	9,985	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	6,925	3,920	3,000	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	72,655	39,105	33,550	1.0	1.1	0.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,415	1,600	1,820	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	3,895	2,230	1,660	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	5,750	2,910	2,840	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	30,300	15,075	15,225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Africa	65,145	31,940	33,205	0.9	0.9	0.9
Nigeria	15,165	7,355	7,810	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algeria	1,550	685	860	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	2,180	960	1,215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	805	375	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	17,195	8,445	8,755	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	6,770	3,545	3,225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	21,480	10,570	10,905	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asia	686,295	308,075	378,220	9.0	8.3	9.7
Iran⁸⁸	35,535	16,145	19,390	0.5	0.4	0.5
Iraq	12,270	6,020	6,250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Israel	6,675	3,365	3,310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	7,235	3,350	3,885	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	7,515	3,610	3,905	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	7,585	4,105	3,475	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	92,585	41,055	51,530	1.2	1.1	1.3
Taiwan	3,535	1,125	2,410	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	8,875	3,660	5,210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japan	6,310	2,145	4,160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	21,145	8,075	13,070	0.3	0.2	0.3
Philippines	109,885	38,390	71,495	1.4	1.0	1.8
Viet Nam	5,120	1,845	3,280	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	16,250	7,315	8,945	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lanka	11,075	5,125	5,950	0.1	0.1	0.2
India	245,655	121,625	124,035	3.2	3.3	3.2
Pakistan	53,750	24,970	28,780	0.7	0.7	0.7
Other locations of study in Asia	35,295	16,145	19,150	0.5	0.4	0.5
Oceania	19,605	9,380	10,220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australia	16,965	8,040	8,925	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	2,445	1,240	1,200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	200	100	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	11,782,820	5,733,360	6,049,460	...	...	...
In the labour force	7,399,200	3,847,325	3,551,880	...	...	...
Employed	6,492,895	3,416,955	3,075,940	...	...	...
Unemployed	906,310	430,365	475,940	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	4,383,620	1,886,035	2,497,580	...	...	...
Participation rate	62.8	67.1	58.7	62.8	67.1	58.7
Employment rate	55.1	59.6	50.8	55.1	59.6	50.8
Unemployment rate	12.2	11.2	13.4	12.2	11.2	13.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	11,782,820	5,733,360	6,049,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	4,469,170	1,946,590	2,522,580	37.9	34.0	41.7
Worked	7,313,650	3,786,770	3,526,880	62.1	66.0	58.3
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	3,982,300	2,219,290	1,763,015	33.8	38.7	29.1
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	3,331,350	1,567,480	1,763,870	28.3	27.3	29.2
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.1	41.9	40.1	41.1	41.9	40.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	7,399,205	3,847,325	3,551,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	212,505	102,580	109,925	2.9	2.7	3.1
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	7,186,695	3,744,745	3,441,950	97.1	97.3	96.9
Employee	6,109,070	3,071,915	3,037,155	82.6	79.8	85.5
Permanent position	5,166,275	2,627,415	2,538,865	69.8	68.3	71.5
Temporary position	942,795	444,505	498,290	12.7	11.6	14.0
Fixed term (1 year or more)	324,250	147,125	177,125	4.4	3.8	5.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	618,540	297,380	321,160	8.4	7.7	9.0
Self-employed¹⁹²	1,077,625	672,825	404,800	14.6	17.5	11.4
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	7,399,205	3,847,325	3,551,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	212,505	102,580	109,925	2.9	2.7	3.1
All occupations¹⁹¹	7,186,695	3,744,745	3,441,950	97.1	97.3	96.9
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	95,240	66,160	29,080	1.3	1.7	0.8
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	1,328,155	449,705	878,445	17.9	11.7	24.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	685,390	513,025	172,365	9.3	13.3	4.9
3 Health occupations	543,565	110,185	433,380	7.3	2.9	12.2
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	871,260	289,220	582,035	11.8	7.5	16.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	232,200	105,695	126,505	3.1	2.7	3.6
6 Sales and service occupations	1,735,930	782,170	953,760	23.5	20.3	26.9
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	1,175,410	1,063,670	111,740	15.9	27.6	3.1
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	148,055	111,985	36,075	2.0	2.9	1.0
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	371,490	252,930	118,560	5.0	6.6	3.3
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	7,399,205	3,847,325	3,551,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	212,505	102,580	109,925	2.9	2.7	3.1
All industries¹⁹¹	7,186,695	3,744,745	3,441,950	97.1	97.3	96.9
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	104,895	66,330	38,565	1.4	1.7	1.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	34,360	29,285	5,080	0.5	0.8	0.1
22 Utilities	55,230	41,785	13,445	0.7	1.1	0.4
23 Construction	538,340	466,825	71,515	7.3	12.1	2.0
31-33 Manufacturing	655,935	457,795	198,135	8.9	11.9	5.6
41 Wholesale trade	244,910	157,760	87,155	3.3	4.1	2.5
44-45 Retail trade	798,090	383,965	414,135	10.8	10.0	11.7
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	379,485	282,295	97,190	5.1	7.3	2.7
51 Information and cultural industries	169,120	98,930	70,190	2.3	2.6	2.0
52 Finance and insurance	399,030	185,100	213,935	5.4	4.8	6.0
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	152,050	80,630	71,420	2.1	2.1	2.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	681,235	384,400	296,835	9.2	10.0	8.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	26,240	12,465	13,780	0.4	0.3	0.4
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	324,285	183,445	140,835	4.4	4.8	4.0
61 Educational services	531,260	165,080	366,175	7.2	4.3	10.3
62 Health care and social assistance	859,910	163,580	696,335	11.6	4.3	19.6
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	130,490	67,705	62,785	1.8	1.8	1.8
72 Accommodation and food services	390,675	171,925	218,745	5.3	4.5	6.2
81 Other services (except public administration)	283,115	131,210	151,905	3.8	3.4	4.3
91 Public administration	428,030	214,245	213,785	5.8	5.6	6.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	7,885,710	4,072,735	3,812,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	7,181,805	3,743,490	3,438,320	91.1	91.9	90.2
French	52,565	18,880	33,680	0.7	0.5	0.9
Non-official language	74,365	39,275	35,090	0.9	1.0	0.9
Indigenous³⁹	305	160	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	74,060	39,120	34,940	0.9	1.0	0.9
English and French	285,005	121,875	163,125	3.6	3.0	4.3
English and non-official language(s)	275,330	141,295	134,035	3.5	3.5	3.5
French and non-official language(s)	355	150	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10,820	4,890	5,925	0.1	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	5,475	2,885	2,585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	7,885,710	4,072,735	3,812,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	7,783,760	4,024,730	3,759,025	98.7	98.8	98.6
Official languages	7,649,065	3,955,095	3,693,975	97.0	97.1	96.9
English	7,555,160	3,920,680	3,634,480	95.8	96.3	95.3
French	93,910	34,410	59,495	1.2	0.8	1.6
Non-official languages	134,690	69,640	65,050	1.7	1.7	1.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,240	610	630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	1,185	590	595	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,030	515	510	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	465	250	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	560	265	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	535	250	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	20	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	20	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	133,450	69,030	64,420	1.7	1.7	1.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,830	2,800	2,035	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	210	90	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	190	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,615	2,700	1,915	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,735	2,195	1,540	0.0	0.1	0.0
Aramaic languages	410	305	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	320	235	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	85	65	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	315	130	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,365	1,510	1,855	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	3,225	1,450	1,775	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,530	655	875	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,330	555	780	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,660	1,255	1,410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	160	95	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	2,440	1,150	1,295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	50,205	27,580	22,620	0.6	0.7	0.6
Albanian	270	155	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	195	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	6,865	3,075	3,790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	65	15	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	6,790	3,065	3,730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	75	60	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,765	815	950	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	3,295	1,335	1,965	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	605	360	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	85	65	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	135	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	395	220	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	910	435	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	7,320	3,975	3,345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	5,945	3,185	2,760	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	3,210	1,685	1,525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	2,555	1,400	1,150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	135	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,275	735	540	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	680	360	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	55	40	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	515	320	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	355	200	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	19,460	11,125	8,335	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	15,015	8,755	6,260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bengali	440	205	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	850	410	445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	1,145	545	600	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	150	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10,235	6,485	3,755	0.1	0.2	0.1
Sindhi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	75	60	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	2,080	975	1,105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	4,435	2,360	2,075	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	125	100	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	4,210	2,200	2,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	415	220	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	3,415	1,735	1,675	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	380	250	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	15,735	8,955	6,780	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,005	420	585	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	5,645	3,510	2,140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	300	155	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	8,765	4,860	3,910	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,075	400	675	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	5,460	2,620	2,835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	845	320	525	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	795	300	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	61,525	30,930	30,595	0.8	0.8	0.8
Chinese languages	61,360	30,840	30,520	0.8	0.8	0.8
Hakka	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	37,260	18,740	18,525	0.5	0.5	0.5
Min Dong	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	150	60	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	23,610	11,880	11,730	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	250	115	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	135	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	45	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	330	170	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	275	150	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	970	480	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	905	455	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	350	165	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	65	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	230	130	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	101,955	48,010	53,945	1.3	1.2	1.4
English and French	46,525	19,475	27,055	0.6	0.5	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	53,330	27,575	25,755	0.7	0.7	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	880	395	485	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,060	490	565	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	7,885,710	4,072,735	3,812,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	7,400,850	3,844,820	3,556,035	93.9	94.4	93.3
English	89,345	39,850	49,495	1.1	1.0	1.3
French	199,430	87,785	111,645	2.5	2.2	2.9
Non-official language	154,150	79,615	74,535	2.0	2.0	2.0
Indigenous³⁹	2,895	1,115	1,785	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	151,255	78,510	72,750	1.9	1.9	1.9
English and French	270	100	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	7,395	3,425	3,970	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	7,510	3,515	3,995	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	45	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	26,705	13,575	13,125	0.3	0.3	0.3
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	6,492,895	3,416,955	3,075,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	1,929,760	904,345	1,025,415	29.7	26.5	33.3
Worked outside Canada	29,740	19,860	9,875	0.5	0.6	0.3
No fixed workplace address	765,180	576,300	188,880	11.8	16.9	6.1
Usual place of work	3,768,210	1,916,445	1,851,765	58.0	56.1	60.2
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	3,768,210	1,916,445	1,851,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	2,212,620	1,041,890	1,170,730	58.7	54.4	63.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	653,055	340,750	312,310	17.3	17.8	16.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	885,485	523,590	361,890	23.5	27.3	19.5
Commute to a different province or territory	17,050	10,215	6,835	0.5	0.5	0.4
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	4,533,390	2,492,745	2,040,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	3,790,545	2,161,945	1,628,600	83.6	86.7	79.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	3,451,650	2,022,010	1,429,635	76.1	81.1	70.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	338,895	139,935	198,960	7.5	5.6	9.7
Public transit	390,140	163,395	226,745	8.6	6.6	11.1
Walked	208,380	94,020	114,370	4.6	3.8	5.6
Bicycle	37,665	26,230	11,440	0.8	1.1	0.6
Other method	106,655	47,160	59,495	2.4	1.9	2.9
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	4,533,390	2,492,745	2,040,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	1,283,185	621,485	661,700	28.3	24.9	32.4
15 to 29 minutes	1,527,580	823,940	703,640	33.7	33.1	34.5
30 to 44 minutes	934,230	555,195	379,030	20.6	22.3	18.6
45 to 59 minutes	375,215	226,980	148,230	8.3	9.1	7.3
60 minutes and over	413,180	265,140	148,040	9.1	10.6	7.3
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	4,533,390	2,492,745	2,040,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	351,800	257,455	94,350	7.8	10.3	4.6
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	797,475	512,385	285,090	17.6	20.6	14.0
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	1,066,580	572,020	494,565	23.5	22.9	24.2
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	938,175	426,175	511,995	20.7	17.1	25.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	632,825	298,665	334,160	14.0	12.0	16.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	746,530	426,045	320,485	16.5	17.1	15.7
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	2,781,415	1,429,175	1,352,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	349,875	176,750	173,120	12.6	12.4	12.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,431,540	1,252,420	1,179,120	87.4	87.6	87.2
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	2,047,210	1,053,155	994,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	268,250	135,205	133,045	13.1	12.8	13.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	179,995	88,815	91,175	8.8	8.4	9.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	88,260	46,390	41,870	4.3	4.4	4.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,778,960	917,950	861,010	86.9	87.2	86.6

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed November 17, 2025).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2024-08-02

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