Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Toronto, City (C)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision] Remove	CanadaMore information: [Country] Remove	OntarioMore information: [Province] Remove
	Counts	Counts	Counts
	Total	Total	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	2,794,356	36,991,981	14,223,942
Population, 2016¹	2,731,571	35,151,728	13,448,494
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	2.3	5.2	5.8
Total private dwellings²	1,253,238	16,284,235	5,929,250
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	1,160,892	14,978,941	5,491,201
Population density per square kilometre	4,427.8	4.2	15.9
Land area in square kilometres	631.10	8,788,702.80	892,411.76
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	2,794,355	36,991,980	14,223,945
0 to 14 years	384,295	6,012,795	2,251,795
0 to 4 years	123,550	1,831,195	683,515
5 to 9 years	129,040	2,054,900	764,430
10 to 14 years	131,710	2,126,705	803,850
15 to 64 years	1,933,075	23,957,760	9,334,440
15 to 19 years	134,810	2,012,975	801,455
20 to 24 years	185,650	2,202,255	895,600
25 to 29 years	243,955	2,421,510	975,400
30 to 34 years	246,785	2,518,835	981,210
35 to 39 years	213,810	2,511,345	948,030
40 to 44 years	185,820	2,399,405	890,160
45 to 49 years	175,875	2,304,170	894,580
50 to 54 years	184,060	2,368,350	941,270
55 to 59 years	191,380	2,647,330	1,040,160
60 to 64 years	170,935	2,571,580	966,575
65 years and over	476,985	7,021,430	2,637,710
65 to 69 years	141,550	2,210,970	813,215
70 to 74 years	118,910	1,847,585	691,280
75 to 79 years	81,880	1,260,930	469,485
80 to 84 years	62,790	840,545	325,110
85 years and over	71,855	861,395	338,620
85 to 89 years	42,430	525,445	205,480
90 to 94 years	22,155	258,035	101,430
95 to 99 years	6,400	68,380	28,000
100 years and over	875	9,535	3,705
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.8	16.3	15.8
15 to 64 years	69.2	64.8	65.6
65 years and over	17.1	19.0	18.5
85 years and over	2.6	2.3	2.4
Average age of the population	41.5	41.9	41.8
Median age of the population	39.6	41.6	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	1,160,890	14,978,940	5,491,200
Single-detached house	270,490	7,872,310	2,942,990
Semi-detached house	71,955	746,560	303,260
Row house	62,915	980,110	505,265
Apartment or flat in a duplex	47,810	821,490	181,030
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	162,245	2,738,020	548,785
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	542,625	1,596,155	984,665
Other single-attached house	2,770	34,880	10,220
Movable dwelling⁴	85	189,420	14,985
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	1,160,895	14,978,940	5,491,205
1 person	385,765	4,396,015	1,452,540
2 persons	353,415	5,124,800	1,798,040
3 persons	178,225	2,194,825	872,480
4 persons	147,360	2,002,455	825,445
5 or more persons	96,120	1,260,850	542,700
Number of persons in private households	2,761,285	36,328,475	14,031,750
Average household size	2.4	2.4	2.6
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	2,410,060	30,979,185	11,972,145
Married or living common-law	1,213,410	17,626,005	6,769,725
Married	1,020,980	13,725,625	5,738,390
Living common-law	192,430	3,900,375	1,031,340
Living common law - Never married	155,085	2,967,665	727,825
Living common law - Separated	5,745	123,830	55,440
Living common law - Divorced	29,020	721,715	220,445
Living common law - Widowed	2,580	87,165	27,625
Not married and not living common-law	1,196,645	13,353,180	5,202,420
Not married and not living common law - Never married	853,580	9,025,865	3,515,215
Not married and not living common law - Separated	67,320	741,135	333,775
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	154,535	1,921,880	695,630
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	121,210	1,664,295	657,800
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	733,225	10,262,925	3,969,670
2 persons	362,160	5,306,105	1,936,595
3 persons	174,070	2,147,825	877,660
4 persons	141,635	1,953,035	811,380
5 or more persons	55,360	855,960	344,035
Average size of census families	2.9	2.9	2.9
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	1.8	1.8
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	733,220	10,262,925	3,969,670
Total couple families	580,590	8,576,585	3,291,560
Married couples	484,435	6,627,310	2,776,165
With children⁶	288,375	3,481,775	1,571,480
Without children	196,060	3,145,535	1,204,680
Common-law couples	96,155	1,949,275	515,395
With children⁶	24,805	808,645	189,835
Without children	71,350	1,140,630	325,560
Total one-parent families	152,635	1,686,340	678,110
in which the parent is a woman+	127,560	1,302,670	538,450
in which the parent is a man+	25,075	383,670	139,660
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	2,761,290	36,328,475	14,031,750
Total - Persons in census families	2,108,975	29,478,475	11,601,460
Married spouses or common-law partners	1,161,175	17,153,165	6,583,120
Parents in one-parent families	152,635	1,686,340	678,110
Children⁶	795,165	10,638,965	4,340,235
In a two-parent family	560,345	8,024,590	3,281,460
In a one-parent family	234,820	2,614,375	1,058,775
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	652,310	6,850,005	2,430,295
Living alone	385,765	4,396,015	1,452,540
Living with other relatives⁷	93,005	927,345	388,780
Living with non-relatives only	173,540	1,526,645	588,970
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	1,160,895	14,978,945	5,491,200
One-census-family households without additional persons	608,930	8,932,695	3,347,195
Couple-family households	493,770	7,627,195	2,841,660
With children⁶	265,950	3,789,795	1,517,365
Without children	227,825	3,837,400	1,324,295
One-parent-family households	115,160	1,305,500	505,535
Multigenerational households⁸	40,515	441,745	221,120
Multiple-census-family households⁹	9,920	94,235	45,215
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	41,030	450,415	184,430
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	74,730	663,835	240,700
One-person households	385,765	4,396,015	1,452,540
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	2,377,950	30,336,135	11,782,845
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,267,990	29,241,810	11,294,815
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	41,200	41,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,268,960	29,256,180	11,300,805
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	36,800	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,971,475	26,045,500	10,010,415
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	35,200	36,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,628,895	21,127,615	8,153,180
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	37,200	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,073,950	25,401,740	10,239,835
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	9,800	8,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	215,780	3,185,840	1,054,225
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,720	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	751,475	8,373,550	3,327,770
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	2,377,950	30,335,920	11,782,820
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,268,720	29,242,935	11,296,770
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,050	54,450	56,350
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,269,665	29,257,325	11,302,690
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,080	44,920	46,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,972,460	26,047,020	10,011,345
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,300	50,240	52,700
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,628,885	21,127,690	8,153,185
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,100	50,280	52,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,074,670	25,397,565	10,242,610
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,500	11,170	10,640
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	214,715	3,179,395	1,052,985
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,470	7,050	6,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	751,260	8,346,145	3,321,155
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,060	8,920	9,300
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	2,377,945	30,335,920	11,782,825
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	764,215	9,912,810	3,865,695
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	63,600	67,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	95,900	77,200	82,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	628,025	8,426,645	3,112,160
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,200	18,400	17,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,080	29,160	28,520
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.6	82.2	82.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.6	66.8	67.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.5	17.8	17.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	1.4	1.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.9	5.4	5.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.4	4.7	4.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	2,377,950	30,336,130	11,782,845
Without total income	109,960	1,094,320	488,030
With total income	2,267,990	29,241,815	11,294,815
Under $10,000 (including loss)	211,890	2,434,730	977,950
$10,000 to $19,999	278,135	3,448,185	1,383,475
$20,000 to $29,999	383,760	4,635,650	1,752,040
$30,000 to $39,999	278,910	3,723,680	1,388,215
$40,000 to $49,999	221,305	3,290,715	1,190,885
$50,000 to $59,999	177,155	2,677,465	985,270
$60,000 to $69,999	138,600	2,073,335	782,980
$70,000 to $79,999	111,165	1,592,465	612,620
$80,000 to $89,999	90,210	1,239,395	477,445
$90,000 to $99,999	73,405	965,950	385,830
$100,000 and over	303,450	3,160,245	1,358,115
$100,000 to $149,999	174,940	2,102,630	897,615
$150,000 and over	128,510	1,057,615	460,495
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	2,377,950	30,336,130	11,782,845
Without after-tax income	108,985	1,079,955	482,035
With after-tax income	2,268,965	29,256,180	11,300,805
Under $10,000 (including loss)	219,695	2,561,695	1,025,995
$10,000 to $19,999	290,385	3,608,250	1,442,850
$20,000 to $29,999	427,315	5,294,505	1,967,040
$30,000 to $39,999	317,215	4,442,970	1,621,120
$40,000 to $49,999	254,390	3,798,710	1,384,490
$50,000 to $59,999	191,895	2,833,120	1,068,365
$60,000 to $69,999	144,175	2,020,895	782,135
$70,000 to $79,999	107,625	1,428,520	572,210
$80,000 to $89,999	85,860	1,027,015	457,650
$90,000 to $99,999	54,710	643,700	280,640
$100,000 and over	175,685	1,596,790	698,310
$100,000 to $124,999	72,650	792,455	344,450
$125,000 and over	103,035	804,335	353,860
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	2,377,950	30,336,130	11,782,845
Without employment income	749,060	9,208,520	3,629,670
With employment income	1,628,890	21,127,615	8,153,175
Under $5,000 (including loss)	233,535	2,951,135	1,218,885
$5,000 to $9,999	149,810	1,739,570	688,670
$10,000 to $19,999	182,800	2,498,120	928,840
$20,000 to $29,999	134,370	1,960,665	696,570
$30,000 to $39,999	131,130	1,903,100	677,110
$40,000 to $49,999	128,965	1,859,845	672,005
$50,000 to $59,999	117,230	1,640,805	611,665
$60,000 to $69,999	98,370	1,367,510	519,955
$70,000 to $79,999	81,720	1,099,625	419,875
$80,000 to $89,999	69,910	929,490	352,235
$90,000 to $99,999	61,540	760,035	316,750
$100,000 and over	239,510	2,417,710	1,050,620
$100,000 to $124,999	94,895	1,129,445	489,720
$125,000 and over	144,610	1,288,265	560,895
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	2,377,950	30,336,135	11,782,845
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,210,875	28,598,395	11,051,405
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	39,200	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,211,340	28,617,610	11,055,345
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	35,200	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,937,590	25,708,470	9,877,245
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	36,800	37,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,619,820	21,241,445	8,159,090
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	38,000	38,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,945,410	23,196,815	9,643,335
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,300	4,240	2,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	112,960	2,428,800	723,990
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,080	5,720	5,640
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	2,377,950	30,335,920	11,782,820
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,211,540	28,599,665	11,053,285
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,500	52,350	53,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,211,955	28,618,280	11,057,080
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,960	42,920	44,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,937,680	25,709,140	9,878,270
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	61,500	51,040	53,250
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,620,165	21,242,575	8,160,870
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,200	50,560	52,700
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,946,775	23,191,860	9,644,415
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,335	7,950	7,150
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	113,735	2,430,165	725,250
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,670	7,560	7,340
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	2,377,945	30,335,920	11,782,825
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	753,570	9,831,805	3,830,200
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,000	60,000	62,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,200	73,200	77,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	585,965	7,934,985	2,925,680
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	24,200	23,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	38,040	35,200	34,640
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.6	87.6	88.4
Employment income (%)	74.2	71.8	72.4
Government transfers (%)	9.4	12.3	11.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	1.2	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	1,160,895	14,978,940	5,491,205
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	84,000	91,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	74,000	73,000	79,500
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	385,765	4,396,015	1,452,540
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,200	41,600	43,600
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400	37,200	39,200
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	775,125	10,582,930	4,038,660
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000	105,000	111,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,000	91,000	97,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	1,160,890	14,978,940	5,491,200
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	121,200	106,300	116,000
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	96,000	87,700	95,300
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	385,525	4,394,500	1,451,915
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	63,850	53,350	57,200
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,200	44,360	47,320
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	775,365	10,584,445	4,039,285
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	149,800	128,200	137,000
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,300	105,700	112,500
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	1,160,890	14,978,940	5,491,200
Under $5,000	21,975	165,175	61,515
$5,000 to $9,999	10,700	91,750	30,860
$10,000 to $14,999	18,325	178,475	63,360
$15,000 to $19,999	23,970	274,140	96,980
$20,000 to $24,999	52,135	637,695	186,250
$25,000 to $29,999	40,010	505,875	168,345
$30,000 to $34,999	38,210	488,735	158,810
$35,000 to $39,999	39,540	560,950	175,890
$40,000 to $44,999	39,320	572,650	182,900
$45,000 to $49,999	39,335	559,155	182,945
$50,000 to $59,999	78,920	1,093,185	370,350
$60,000 to $69,999	77,155	1,044,715	364,585
$70,000 to $79,999	72,540	986,460	350,520
$80,000 to $89,999	68,900	921,205	332,395
$90,000 to $99,999	62,465	844,835	310,400
$100,000 and over	477,390	6,053,945	2,455,095
$100,000 to $124,999	126,785	1,753,485	662,625
$125,000 to $149,999	90,785	1,283,445	500,495
$150,000 to $199,999	112,045	1,545,935	630,420
$200,000 and over	147,770	1,471,075	661,550
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	1,160,890	14,978,940	5,491,200
Under $5,000	24,205	186,735	69,645
$5,000 to $9,999	10,965	95,195	32,100
$10,000 to $14,999	18,670	183,430	65,025
$15,000 to $19,999	25,555	289,545	101,865
$20,000 to $24,999	55,350	681,900	197,995
$25,000 to $29,999	44,335	589,110	190,225
$30,000 to $34,999	43,080	582,275	183,505
$35,000 to $39,999	45,405	666,675	204,300
$40,000 to $44,999	46,380	676,995	215,785
$45,000 to $49,999	47,410	655,100	217,105
$50,000 to $59,999	94,635	1,285,425	440,280
$60,000 to $69,999	90,850	1,223,830	430,860
$70,000 to $79,999	84,155	1,137,840	409,865
$80,000 to $89,999	76,730	1,039,375	385,295
$90,000 to $99,999	65,450	911,515	343,595
$100,000 and over	387,715	4,773,995	2,003,770
$100,000 to $124,999	125,030	1,757,035	685,485
$125,000 to $149,999	84,425	1,152,855	472,130
$150,000 and over	178,260	1,864,100	846,155
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	723,990	10,117,305	3,875,790
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000	105,000	111,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000	91,000	96,000
Average family size of economic families	3.0	3.0	3.1
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	238,385	3,929,500	1,361,615
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	91,000	95,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	79,000	83,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	2.0	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	313,995	4,311,315	1,770,030
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000	136,000	141,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000	116,000	121,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	4.1	4.1
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	138,855	1,547,920	610,815
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	70,000	73,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	64,000	67,500
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	2.7	2.7
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	559,305	5,922,660	2,041,505
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200	38,400	38,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	34,800	35,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	723,485	10,113,100	3,873,665
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	151,400	128,600	137,200
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,700	105,600	112,200
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	238,080	3,926,040	1,359,275
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	142,400	112,500	119,500
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,100	92,000	97,000
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	314,490	4,318,755	1,773,005
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	189,000	160,600	168,800
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,600	130,600	136,600
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	138,050	1,539,580	607,780
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,200	82,300	87,100
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,100	71,800	76,100
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	558,720	5,916,895	2,039,230
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	55,950	49,440	51,800
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,680	41,560	43,440
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	2,761,285	36,328,475	14,031,755
0 to 17 years	461,810	7,196,545	2,726,265
0 to 5 years	148,485	2,225,085	831,185
18 to 64 years	1,842,580	22,545,065	8,795,220
65 years and over	456,895	6,586,865	2,510,270
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	363,955	4,016,065	1,420,525
0 to 17 years	67,725	854,565	314,150
0 to 5 years	22,175	282,315	102,930
18 to 64 years	218,825	2,175,755	803,215
65 years and over	77,410	985,745	303,160
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.2	11.1	10.1
0 to 17 years (%)	14.7	11.9	11.5
0 to 5 years (%)	14.9	12.7	12.4
18 to 64 years (%)	11.9	9.7	9.1
65 years and over (%)	16.9	15.0	12.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	2,761,290	35,837,970	13,977,120
0 to 17 years	461,805	7,043,545	2,709,120
0 to 5 years	148,485	2,175,935	825,865
18 to 64 years	1,842,585	22,262,940	8,763,785
65 years and over	456,895	6,531,490	2,504,220
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	241,110	1,863,335	738,795
0 to 17 years	35,500	319,545	126,035
0 to 5 years	11,610	99,435	39,415
18 to 64 years	179,925	1,344,640	541,410
65 years and over	25,685	199,155	71,350
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	8.7	5.2	5.3
0 to 17 years (%)	7.7	4.5	4.7
0 to 5 years (%)	7.8	4.6	4.8
18 to 64 years (%)	9.8	6.0	6.2
65 years and over (%)	5.6	3.1	2.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	2,761,285	36,328,475	14,031,755
In bottom half of the distribution	1,385,785	18,164,550	6,516,085
In bottom decile	348,260	3,632,735	1,318,120
In second decile	287,815	3,632,975	1,283,940
In third decile	265,075	3,632,895	1,292,030
In fourth decile	245,925	3,632,745	1,296,710
In fifth decile	238,700	3,633,205	1,325,280
In top half of the distribution	1,375,505	18,163,925	7,515,670
In sixth decile	234,350	3,632,910	1,365,960
In seventh decile	236,815	3,632,765	1,415,070
In eighth decile	245,465	3,632,555	1,482,300
In ninth decile	268,615	3,632,930	1,581,535
In top decile	390,265	3,632,765	1,670,800
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	2,761,290	36,328,475	14,031,755
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.437	0.347	0.357
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.555	0.462	0.470
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.371	0.302	0.308
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.7	3.8	3.9
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	2,772,630	36,620,955	14,099,790
English only	2,409,655	25,261,655	12,196,575
French only	2,555	4,087,895	39,310
English and French	236,915	6,581,680	1,519,365
Neither English nor French	123,505	689,725	344,545
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	2,772,630	36,620,955	14,099,790
English	2,590,345	27,643,140	13,179,535
French	38,695	7,828,545	484,425
English and French	22,190	476,175	98,270
Neither English nor French	121,390	673,100	337,560
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	2,772,630	36,620,955	14,099,790
Single responses	2,588,520	35,145,265	13,430,605
Official languages	1,425,805	27,296,445	9,642,770
English	1,391,685	20,107,200	9,179,655
French	34,115	7,189,245	463,120
Non-official languages	1,162,715	7,848,820	3,787,835
Indigenous languages³⁹	265	148,895	14,475
Algonquian languages	225	97,125	13,545
Blackfoot	0	2,520	5
Cree-Innu languages	75	67,665	2,815
Atikamekw	0	5,500	10
Cree languages	70	53,070	2,800
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5	155	125
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	580	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	3,460	60
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	25	2,475	550
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	5,025	35
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	2,850	50
Cree, n.o.s.	30	38,535	1,975
Innu (Montagnais)	0	8,465	0
Naskapi	0	625	15
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	5,155	70
Mi'kmaq	10	4,910	60
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	245	10
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	140	21,775	10,645
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	865	35
Oji-Cree	5	9,310	4,240
Ojibway languages	135	11,605	6,365
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	20	470	280
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	5	65	65
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	1,880	25
Ojibway, n.o.s.	105	9,185	6,000
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	10	5
Athabaskan languages	5	12,885	30
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	12,785	30
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	625	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	120	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	8,060	15
Gwich'in	0	175	0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	1,505	10
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	400	5
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	5	270	5
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	840	0
Tahltan languages	0	150	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	65	0
Tahltan	0	80	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	1,390	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	35	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	465	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	25	0
Tutchone languages	0	120	0
Northern Tutchone	0	70	0
Southern Tutchone	0	25	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	25	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	120	0
Tlingit	0	50	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	45	0
Haida	0	45	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	33,790	510
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	560	10
Inuinnaqtun	0	335	5
Inuvialuktun	0	225	5
Inuktitut	15	33,200	505
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	30	5
Iroquoian languages	10	355	270
Cayuga	0	35	35
Mohawk	15	275	190
Oneida	0	45	40
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	10	5
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	30	0
Michif	5	485	20
Salish languages	0	1,095	10
Halkomelem	0	185	0
Lillooet	0	100	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	180	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	265	0
Squamish	0	25	0
Straits	0	95	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	185	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	55	0
Siouan languages	0	1,040	10
Assiniboine	0	70	0
Dakota	0	560	5
Stoney	0	365	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	45	5
Tsimshian languages	0	1,035	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	590	5
Nisga'a	0	325	0
Tsimshian	0	120	0
Wakashan languages	0	770	0
Haisla	0	85	0
Heiltsuk	0	300	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	150	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	220	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	20	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	60	5
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	180	65
Non-Indigenous languages	1,162,445	7,699,925	3,773,365
Afro-Asiatic languages	70,715	698,355	310,765
Berber languages	115	27,490	855
Kabyle	75	24,760	580
Tamazight	30	2,340	215
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	395	60
Chadic languages	205	1,985	635
Hausa	190	1,315	560
Mina	15	675	70
Coptic	40	1,015	535
Cushitic languages	12,110	49,410	27,575
Bilen	130	2,020	930
Oromo	875	5,905	1,540
Somali	11,020	40,730	24,700
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	80	755	405
Semitic languages	58,240	618,450	281,160
Amharic	7,465	25,685	12,490
Arabic	32,985	508,410	214,230
Aramaic languages	5,335	27,690	24,105
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	4,195	17,220	15,665
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	945	8,860	7,480
Aramaic, n.o.s.	195	1,600	960
Harari	700	1,220	970
Hebrew	4,210	19,495	11,630
Maltese	1,090	4,425	4,120
Tigrigna	6,310	31,075	13,360
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	140	450	255
Austro-Asiatic languages	28,750	192,985	84,300
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,230	19,525	7,065
Vietnamese	27,445	173,000	77,085
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	75	460	140
Austronesian languages	102,870	565,375	208,395
Bikol	330	2,115	685
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,385	8,215	2,735
Cebuano	2,750	18,945	5,900
Fijian	10	605	40
Hiligaynon	2,140	9,690	3,775
Ilocano	9,165	33,520	14,680
Indonesian	1,905	11,910	5,440
Kankanaey	245	1,100	375
Kinaray-a	185	670	275
Malagasy languages	20	2,085	125
Merina	5	1,245	30
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	835	95
Malay	195	1,330	540
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	875	5,615	1,910
Pangasinan	450	2,050	750
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	82,185	461,150	168,845
Waray-Waray	270	1,625	590
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	755	4,740	1,710
Creole languages	2,720	78,235	11,690
Haitian Creole	720	52,435	5,160
Jamaican English Creole	150	600	435
Krio	100	795	290
Morisyen	565	6,125	1,990
Sango	0	580	45
Creole, n.o.s.	765	15,550	2,690
Creole languages, n.i.e.	420	2,135	1,080
Dravidian languages	67,995	244,165	185,145
Kannada	1,185	6,240	4,335
Malayalam	7,290	54,050	32,805
Tamil	52,905	152,850	126,640
Telugu	6,450	30,045	20,715
Tulu	115	615	415
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	50	370	235
Georgian	1,095	2,180	1,650
Hmong-Mien languages	10	565	480
Indo-European languages	571,820	4,124,860	2,119,610
Albanian	9,195	29,265	20,720
Armenian	7,615	33,720	14,680
Balto-Slavic languages	105,980	648,810	377,895
Baltic languages	2,645	10,560	7,425
Latvian	1,165	4,430	3,050
Lithuanian	1,480	6,130	4,370
Slavic languages	103,340	638,250	370,475
Belarusian	135	720	440
Bulgarian	3,830	19,035	8,565
Czech	2,410	20,025	9,060
Macedonian	5,090	14,795	13,620
Polish	20,795	160,170	106,275
Russian	33,770	197,905	104,310
Rusyn	20	500	225
Serbo-Croatian	19,275	116,735	77,145
Bosnian	1,295	13,820	7,140
Croatian	4,990	43,500	28,385
Serbian	12,630	57,425	40,465
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	365	1,995	1,160
Slovak	2,765	15,255	8,675
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,425	7,965	5,520
Ukrainian	13,740	84,705	36,340
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	65	440	285
Celtic languages	195	2,150	795
Irish	95	665	225
Scottish Gaelic	35	425	170
Welsh	50	825	320
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	230	80
Germanic languages	17,060	463,400	167,265
Frisian	30	1,570	970
High German languages	12,605	301,570	102,915
German	10,700	272,865	89,075
Pennsylvania German	10	9,065	8,895
Swiss German	305	7,575	2,390
Yiddish	1,600	12,060	2,555
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,005	138,655	56,725
Afrikaans	450	12,270	2,865
Dutch	2,430	80,315	41,240
Low German, n.o.s.	0	8,670	1,930
Low Saxon	5	1,270	440
Plautdietsch	20	33,200	8,610
Vlaams (Flemish)	100	2,935	1,630
Scandinavian languages	1,375	20,275	6,440
Danish	535	9,945	3,370
Icelandic	50	905	175
Norwegian	190	3,535	800
Swedish	610	5,890	2,090
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	40	1,330	225
Greek	23,540	93,335	47,970
Indo-Iranian languages	207,390	1,659,505	884,995
Indo-Aryan languages	150,130	1,358,645	715,085
Assamese	115	545	325
Bengali	31,335	87,580	54,990
Gujarati	27,090	138,985	95,785
Hindi	22,300	152,825	87,035
Kacchi	1,575	6,930	3,880
Kashmiri	90	745	460
Konkani	745	3,425	2,595
Marathi	3,025	14,145	9,460
Nepali	3,275	23,425	12,430
Oriya languages	495	1,775	1,325
Odia	305	1,125	830
Oriya, n.o.s.	190	645	490
Punjabi (Panjabi)	21,230	666,585	260,075
Rohingya	15	545	290
Sindhi	550	3,985	2,670
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,260	18,000	11,040
Urdu	34,460	235,290	170,955
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	575	3,865	1,760
Iranian languages	57,210	300,555	169,765
Baluchi	90	555	335
Kurdish	1,865	16,485	9,120
Parsi	125	555	330
Pashto	4,390	19,520	12,780
Persian languages	50,490	262,625	146,700
Dari	10,715	57,220	34,340
Iranian Persian	34,575	179,425	97,135
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,200	25,975	15,230
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	245	815	495
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	50	305	145
Italic (Romance) languages	200,780	1,194,290	605,070
Catalan	120	905	285
Italian	50,995	319,505	194,125
Portuguese	60,360	240,680	153,750
Romanian	10,510	93,160	38,955
Spanish	78,575	538,870	217,245
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	225	1,165	710
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	65	385	205
Japanese	6,740	43,850	12,880
Korean	32,805	170,400	75,220
Mongolian	310	1,850	535
Niger-Congo languages	14,070	108,295	42,470
Akan (Twi)	3,640	13,120	9,325
Bamanankan	50	1,855	185
Edo	550	1,685	1,165
Éwé	125	1,955	485
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	205	3,520	480
Ga	165	815	510
Ganda	645	1,890	1,195
Gikuyu	150	760	460
Igbo	790	5,175	2,385
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	325	7,380	1,920
Lingala	215	4,260	825
Luba-Kasai	20	520	135
Mòoré	10	515	60
Mwani	85	695	345
Ndebele	100	920	335
Rundi (Kirundi)	240	8,660	2,705
Shona	370	3,605	1,580
Soninke	155	505	195
Sotho-Tswana languages	100	520	230
Swahili	2,255	16,000	6,445
Wojenaka	20	1,030	60
Wolof	145	4,890	460
Yoruba	2,495	15,015	7,335
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,220	13,000	3,655
Nilo-Saharan languages	360	6,920	1,935
Dinka	35	1,865	325
Nuer	10	1,090	320
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	240	3,395	1,125
African, n.o.s.	70	575	165
Sign languages	430	6,955	2,775
American Sign Language	365	4,965	2,360
Quebec Sign Language	0	990	35
Sign languages, n.i.e.	70	1,005	385
Sino-Tibetan languages	233,845	1,309,825	632,250
Chinese languages	227,685	1,292,640	621,980
Hakka	2,475	9,765	6,215
Mandarin	112,620	679,255	327,470
Min Dong	485	1,310	1,015
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,475	27,805	10,290
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,750	8,880	4,190
Yue (Cantonese)	103,530	553,380	267,425
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,240	11,610	5,080
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	110	630	300
Tibeto-Burman languages	6,080	16,600	10,000
Burmese	540	3,305	1,540
Kuki-Chin languages	5	870	440
Karenic languages	215	4,520	1,765
S'gaw Karen	175	3,900	1,530
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40	615	235
Tibetan	5,155	7,025	5,785
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	165	890	460
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	80	585	275
Tai-Kadai languages	1,745	22,350	8,265
Lao	600	11,485	4,570
Thai	1,065	10,455	3,535
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	75	410	165
Turkic languages	13,515	53,520	32,270
Azerbaijani	1,280	4,490	2,870
Kazakh	145	540	255
Turkish	11,225	44,190	26,740
Uyghur	265	1,355	720
Uzbek	395	1,805	1,080
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	205	1,150	610
Uralic languages	12,495	68,180	42,270
Estonian	1,495	4,485	3,450
Finnish	1,090	12,200	7,650
Hungarian	9,915	51,500	31,170
Other languages, n.i.e.	170	1,060	460
Multiple responses	184,110	1,475,690	669,185
English and French	12,390	291,325	96,260
English and non-official language(s)	149,250	921,480	494,610
French and non-official language(s)	3,630	117,910	15,710
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,875	52,880	16,770
Multiple non-official languages	14,965	92,095	45,835
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	2,772,630	36,620,955	14,099,790
English	1,485,800	20,920,835	9,630,975
French	9,195	6,456,960	188,560
Non-official language	369,860	2,402,180	1,124,950
Indigenous³⁹	40	50,460	2,630
Non-Indigenous	369,820	2,351,720	1,122,315
English and French	33,080	953,760	274,675
English and non-official language(s)	809,180	4,835,815	2,647,980
French and non-official language(s)	2,020	395,320	14,065
English, French and non-official language(s)	27,745	455,760	117,430
Multiple non-official languages	35,750	200,320	101,145
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	2,772,630	36,620,955	14,099,790
Single responses	2,569,065	35,057,615	13,384,695
Official languages	1,855,810	30,421,050	11,165,425
English	1,839,730	23,376,200	10,910,560
French	16,070	7,044,855	254,870
Non-official languages	713,255	4,636,560	2,219,265
Indigenous languages³⁹	80	85,835	5,710
Algonquian languages	70	50,135	5,430
Blackfoot	0	980	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	38,255	1,230
Atikamekw	0	4,345	0
Cree languages	25	26,700	1,220
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	50	30
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	560	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	2,545	15
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	665	135
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	1,455	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	830	15
Cree, n.o.s.	10	20,585	1,015
Innu (Montagnais)	0	6,710	0
Naskapi	0	505	5
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	2,650	20
Mi'kmaq	0	2,595	20
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	55	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	40	8,250	4,185
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	230	5
Oji-Cree	5	4,540	1,985
Ojibway languages	40	3,480	2,195
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	145	95
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	25	25
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	390	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	2,925	2,070
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	7,260	15
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	7,230	15
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	220	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	30	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	5,255	0
Gwich'in	0	35	5
Slavey-Hare languages	0	705	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	200	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	115	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	395	0
Tahltan languages	0	10	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	5	0
Tahltan	0	5	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	755	5
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	165	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	10	0
Northern Tutchone	0	5	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	40	10
Tlingit	0	10	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	15	0
Haida	0	10	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	27,295	150
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	145	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	95	0
Inuvialuktun	0	50	0
Inuktitut	0	27,140	150
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	10	0
Iroquoian languages	5	100	75
Cayuga	0	15	10
Mohawk	5	65	50
Oneida	0	15	15
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	5	0
Michif	0	150	15
Salish languages	0	260	5
Halkomelem	0	50	0
Lillooet	0	35	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	35	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	85	0
Squamish	0	5	0
Straits	0	30	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	15	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Siouan languages	0	240	5
Assiniboine	0	10	0
Dakota	0	120	0
Stoney	0	90	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	15	0
Tsimshian languages	0	220	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	120	0
Nisga'a	0	85	0
Tsimshian	0	10	0
Wakashan languages	0	70	0
Haisla	0	10	0
Heiltsuk	0	5	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	20	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	25	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	15	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	85	5
Non-Indigenous languages	713,175	4,550,725	2,213,555
Afro-Asiatic languages	39,890	395,840	181,660
Berber languages	45	11,295	365
Kabyle	25	10,180	220
Tamazight	10	840	100
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	280	45
Chadic languages	125	835	355
Hausa	115	635	325
Mina	10	200	30
Coptic	20	545	255
Cushitic languages	7,140	30,375	16,105
Bilen	95	1,645	800
Oromo	495	3,890	840
Somali	6,515	24,410	14,230
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	30	425	230
Semitic languages	32,565	352,790	164,590
Amharic	3,940	14,030	6,405
Arabic	18,060	285,915	124,865
Aramaic languages	4,345	20,740	18,120
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	3,485	12,935	11,870
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	730	6,585	5,550
Aramaic, n.o.s.	130	1,220	705
Harari	385	680	515
Hebrew	1,630	8,515	4,925
Maltese	275	795	770
Tigrigna	3,870	21,860	8,870
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	60	250	120
Austro-Asiatic languages	19,895	127,730	55,990
Khmer (Cambodian)	730	10,650	3,855
Vietnamese	19,130	116,785	52,080
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	35	300	55
Austronesian languages	62,525	326,245	115,225
Bikol	145	760	255
Bisaya, n.o.s.	735	4,125	1,355
Cebuano	1,575	10,195	3,140
Fijian	5	200	20
Hiligaynon	1,235	5,015	1,960
Ilocano	5,385	18,350	8,105
Indonesian	685	4,150	1,990
Kankanaey	130	585	210
Kinaray-a	85	320	110
Malagasy languages	0	725	45
Merina	0	330	15
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	390	35
Malay	60	280	130
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	455	3,030	990
Pangasinan	160	680	250
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	51,355	275,045	95,635
Waray-Waray	120	680	230
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	395	2,100	785
Creole languages	1,485	35,195	6,165
Haitian Creole	400	22,610	2,640
Jamaican English Creole	80	300	195
Krio	50	360	140
Morisyen	430	3,640	1,425
Sango	0	295	30
Creole, n.o.s.	350	7,120	1,325
Creole languages, n.i.e.	175	870	420
Dravidian languages	49,945	169,705	129,245
Kannada	520	3,060	2,165
Malayalam	4,505	35,390	20,855
Tamil	40,825	112,335	93,165
Telugu	4,055	18,470	12,805
Tulu	25	240	145
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	205	110
Georgian	765	1,335	1,040
Hmong-Mien languages	0	215	185
Indo-European languages	319,375	2,264,155	1,136,460
Albanian	4,390	14,110	9,880
Armenian	5,090	21,970	8,590
Balto-Slavic languages	53,790	303,480	181,290
Baltic languages	705	2,495	1,640
Latvian	285	880	535
Lithuanian	425	1,615	1,105
Slavic languages	53,085	300,985	179,650
Belarusian	40	215	145
Bulgarian	1,940	10,315	4,100
Czech	805	5,680	2,555
Macedonian	2,275	6,105	5,535
Polish	8,710	65,140	45,800
Russian	21,060	125,780	66,045
Rusyn	5	290	120
Serbo-Croatian	9,715	53,150	35,980
Bosnian	595	6,480	3,450
Croatian	1,815	14,925	9,990
Serbian	7,150	31,110	22,145
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	150	640	400
Slovak	1,475	5,015	3,070
Slovene (Slovenian)	335	1,375	1,000
Ukrainian	6,720	27,825	15,235
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	95	65
Celtic languages	25	555	140
Irish	15	310	65
Scottish Gaelic	0	105	25
Welsh	5	100	45
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	40	15
Germanic languages	2,160	140,450	40,600
Frisian	0	270	85
High German languages	1,530	103,780	28,670
German	1,290	86,820	20,680
Pennsylvania German	0	7,270	7,180
Swiss German	60	1,750	560
Yiddish	185	7,950	250
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	430	33,710	11,190
Afrikaans	125	6,095	1,175
Dutch	290	8,100	4,055
Low German, n.o.s.	0	4,965	1,265
Low Saxon	0	490	185
Plautdietsch	0	13,845	4,415
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	220	95
Scandinavian languages	195	1,940	620
Danish	55	615	210
Icelandic	0	175	30
Norwegian	30	260	70
Swedish	110	890	310
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	740	40
Greek	11,130	38,300	19,065
Indo-Iranian languages	134,850	1,167,370	601,605
Indo-Aryan languages	96,005	962,820	487,535
Assamese	50	215	145
Bengali	20,505	56,750	34,830
Gujarati	18,045	92,005	63,145
Hindi	12,995	91,930	52,420
Kacchi	770	3,055	1,655
Kashmiri	35	270	145
Konkani	190	880	640
Marathi	1,470	7,460	4,975
Nepali	2,235	16,835	8,910
Oriya languages	270	795	655
Odia	170	525	420
Oriya, n.o.s.	95	270	230
Punjabi (Panjabi)	14,450	520,390	198,670
Rohingya	10	410	220
Sindhi	240	2,110	1,390
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,750	9,665	5,795
Urdu	22,650	158,040	113,020
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	340	2,015	930
Iranian languages	38,835	204,420	114,005
Baluchi	75	330	195
Kurdish	1,045	10,380	5,560
Parsi	60	280	170
Pashto	3,230	13,215	8,670
Persian languages	34,250	179,745	99,095
Dari	7,145	36,190	21,150
Iranian Persian	23,600	125,840	67,320
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	3,500	17,715	10,625
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	170	475	310
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	125	65
Italic (Romance) languages	107,915	577,735	275,210
Catalan	50	370	105
Italian	21,040	92,755	58,670
Portuguese	35,625	118,730	74,745
Romanian	4,755	48,090	17,755
Spanish	46,355	317,365	123,690
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	100	425	240
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	190	90
Japanese	3,105	20,055	5,875
Korean	23,115	125,525	53,585
Mongolian	185	1,050	290
Niger-Congo languages	5,745	38,600	16,065
Akan (Twi)	1,925	6,000	4,370
Bamanankan	30	560	80
Edo	135	365	270
Éwé	35	470	120
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	95	1,315	220
Ga	65	260	170
Ganda	200	555	345
Gikuyu	35	105	70
Igbo	215	1,530	660
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	130	2,720	775
Lingala	95	1,520	330
Luba-Kasai	5	90	35
Mòoré	0	70	10
Mwani	30	160	80
Ndebele	40	295	115
Rundi (Kirundi)	130	3,780	1,375
Shona	95	1,035	450
Soninke	85	235	105
Sotho-Tswana languages	35	130	55
Swahili	1,005	7,055	2,775
Wojenaka	5	290	35
Wolof	50	1,945	165
Yoruba	935	5,395	2,640
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	355	2,720	835
Nilo-Saharan languages	125	3,155	820
Dinka	10	900	125
Nuer	10	645	185
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	80	1,465	460
African, n.o.s.	25	140	45
Sign languages	860	12,160	5,010
American Sign Language	635	8,175	3,920
Quebec Sign Language	0	1,475	50
Sign languages, n.i.e.	225	2,520	1,035
Sino-Tibetan languages	172,010	967,965	469,325
Chinese languages	167,280	955,685	461,870
Hakka	1,075	3,625	2,540
Mandarin	86,150	530,945	253,860
Min Dong	330	775	650
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,270	13,945	4,890
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,130	5,750	2,765
Yue (Cantonese)	74,845	393,430	193,955
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,430	6,985	3,090
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	45	225	110
Tibeto-Burman languages	4,700	11,990	7,310
Burmese	330	2,075	960
Kuki-Chin languages	5	660	305
Karenic languages	145	3,400	1,275
S'gaw Karen	110	2,960	1,105
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	30	440	170
Tibetan	4,120	5,395	4,540
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	100	465	225
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	30	290	145
Tai-Kadai languages	770	10,120	3,995
Lao	275	5,955	2,395
Thai	450	3,955	1,520
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	45	210	85
Turkic languages	8,360	32,490	19,965
Azerbaijani	690	2,200	1,445
Kazakh	10	105	40
Turkish	7,155	27,970	17,160
Uyghur	185	850	490
Uzbek	225	950	580
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	90	410	250
Uralic languages	4,940	18,790	12,465
Estonian	325	615	485
Finnish	155	1,880	1,140
Hungarian	4,460	16,295	10,835
Other languages, n.i.e.	75	390	195
Multiple responses	203,565	1,563,345	715,095
English and French	7,520	230,955	59,725
English and non-official language(s)	188,260	1,123,355	624,265
French and non-official language(s)	1,050	125,525	6,475
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,630	56,805	12,185
Multiple non-official languages	4,100	26,705	12,445
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	2,772,630	36,620,955	14,099,790
None	2,031,410	31,053,450	11,528,735
English	269,945	1,956,965	903,960
French	26,595	571,040	189,420
Non-official language	341,655	2,248,130	1,136,770
Indigenous³⁹	325	63,565	9,310
Non-Indigenous	341,325	2,184,565	1,127,465
English and French	3,695	86,185	16,580
English and non-official language(s)	43,120	323,845	140,865
French and non-official language(s)	13,575	134,565	52,565
English, French and non-official language(s)	895	11,870	2,920
Multiple non-official languages	41,745	234,905	127,975
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	2,761,290	36,328,480	14,031,755
Official languages	2,637,775	35,644,660	13,688,615
English	2,635,255	31,628,570	13,650,230
French	238,505	10,563,235	1,550,545
Non-official languages	1,536,605	10,724,700	5,058,180
Indigenous languages³⁹	870	243,155	29,850
Algonquian languages	715	163,815	26,775
Blackfoot	0	6,680	0
Cree-Innu languages	190	105,850	5,205
Atikamekw	0	6,815	15
Cree languages	185	87,875	5,155
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	10	420	335
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	895	10
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	4,880	200
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	50	4,675	1,165
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	25	12,005	135
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	5,110	95
Cree, n.o.s.	75	61,000	3,340
Innu (Montagnais)	0	10,745	20
Naskapi	0	1,035	20
Eastern Algonquian languages	55	10,035	295
Mi'kmaq	55	9,245	250
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	820	35
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	500	42,865	21,560
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	1,950	135
Oji-Cree	15	15,305	6,260
Ojibway languages	480	26,160	15,530
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	95	2,035	1,295
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	10	215	210
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	3,625	115
Ojibway, n.o.s.	385	20,720	14,155
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	165	95
Athabaskan languages	25	20,390	115
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	20,135	105
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	1,550	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	270	0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	11,560	50
Gwich'in	0	295	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	2,330	15
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	775	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	415	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	1,210	15
Tahltan languages	0	480	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	245	0
Tahltan	0	235	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	2,140	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	135	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	870	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	175	0
Tutchone languages	0	320	0
Northern Tutchone	0	135	0
Southern Tutchone	0	140	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	50	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	290	25
Tlingit	10	150	10
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	110	0
Haida	0	245	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	40	42,795	1,000
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	1,140	25
Inuinnaqtun	0	795	25
Inuvialuktun	0	350	0
Inuktitut	40	41,680	970
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	70	15
Iroquoian languages	50	2,055	1,625
Cayuga	0	230	210
Mohawk	45	1,605	1,220
Oneida	0	210	210
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	65	35
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	215	0
Michif	10	1,905	135
Salish languages	10	5,305	65
Halkomelem	0	1,415	0
Lillooet	0	600	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	510	25
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	1,090	10
Squamish	0	350	0
Straits	0	325	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	705	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	360	20
Siouan languages	0	2,965	65
Assiniboine	0	370	20
Dakota	0	1,530	15
Stoney	0	925	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	325	30
Tsimshian languages	0	2,665	25
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	1,135	10
Nisga'a	0	1,110	20
Tsimshian	0	465	0
Wakashan languages	10	2,205	20
Haisla	0	295	0
Heiltsuk	0	335	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	820	10
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	700	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	55	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	645	70
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	855	245
Non-Indigenous languages	1,535,860	10,485,595	5,029,345
Afro-Asiatic languages	119,095	1,100,035	481,620
Berber languages	305	42,835	1,570
Kabyle	180	37,415	950
Tamazight	115	4,735	475
Berber languages, n.i.e.	45	1,330	215
Chadic languages	610	7,090	2,210
Hausa	560	5,080	2,005
Mina	40	2,010	200
Coptic	215	3,690	2,130
Cushitic languages	19,090	71,930	41,520
Bilen	175	2,745	1,335
Oromo	1,725	9,635	2,950
Somali	17,155	59,005	36,825
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	225	1,400	815
Semitic languages	101,800	1,015,485	443,215
Amharic	13,295	48,305	22,815
Arabic	59,680	838,045	342,860
Aramaic languages	7,625	39,655	33,950
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	6,015	23,865	21,640
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,380	13,285	11,170
Aramaic, n.o.s.	350	3,195	1,685
Harari	1,090	2,000	1,610
Hebrew	19,995	83,205	47,380
Maltese	1,620	6,535	6,055
Tigrigna	9,440	45,970	19,755
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	285	1,760	685
Austro-Asiatic languages	40,125	260,030	115,355
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,830	28,390	10,085
Vietnamese	38,420	232,800	105,800
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	135	910	275
Austronesian languages	143,975	793,275	292,100
Bikol	730	4,260	1,345
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,845	10,990	3,410
Cebuano	4,725	33,045	11,100
Fijian	90	1,765	210
Hiligaynon	3,700	16,385	6,435
Ilocano	16,205	61,680	26,205
Indonesian	2,890	19,815	8,175
Kankanaey	380	1,950	620
Kinaray-a	175	860	310
Malagasy languages	35	3,885	270
Merina	10	2,355	35
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	1,565	235
Malay	1,720	10,770	4,370
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,620	10,555	3,390
Pangasinan	860	4,455	1,610
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	135,600	737,565	271,450
Waray-Waray	920	4,520	1,810
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	3,135	20,140	6,850
Creole languages	9,055	184,840	36,585
Haitian Creole	1,995	134,895	14,220
Jamaican English Creole	1,175	4,875	3,385
Krio	220	1,955	650
Morisyen	1,540	15,345	5,645
Sango	10	1,535	270
Creole, n.o.s.	3,305	31,220	10,235
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,235	9,585	4,065
Dravidian languages	98,850	359,485	272,060
Kannada	3,625	18,420	12,930
Malayalam	11,165	77,910	48,025
Tamil	77,785	237,890	192,890
Telugu	11,850	54,685	38,190
Tulu	320	1,765	1,225
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	240	970	685
Georgian	1,355	3,015	2,170
Hmong-Mien languages	10	720	555
Indo-European languages	801,510	5,849,775	2,941,400
Albanian	11,050	38,345	26,725
Armenian	9,595	44,500	19,610
Balto-Slavic languages	132,695	820,305	470,080
Baltic languages	3,550	13,890	9,715
Latvian	1,655	6,020	4,215
Lithuanian	1,905	7,895	5,520
Slavic languages	129,955	809,985	462,520
Belarusian	485	2,825	1,630
Bulgarian	4,900	24,210	11,310
Czech	3,625	28,625	13,130
Macedonian	7,660	23,015	21,070
Polish	27,850	204,460	134,980
Russian	52,840	309,235	155,340
Rusyn	30	680	295
Serbo-Croatian	25,500	155,775	102,885
Bosnian	3,320	25,380	13,895
Croatian	9,415	73,845	48,075
Serbian	18,040	83,735	58,045
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	715	3,085	1,850
Slovak	3,675	20,905	11,725
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,900	10,650	7,235
Ukrainian	21,345	131,655	58,355
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	85	770	500
Celtic languages	1,350	10,485	4,115
Irish	990	5,360	2,345
Scottish Gaelic	140	2,170	715
Welsh	135	2,170	810
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	95	910	285
Germanic languages	39,895	658,705	257,270
Frisian	55	2,835	1,750
High German languages	31,620	453,995	175,485
German	27,540	419,195	158,120
Pennsylvania German	0	10,565	10,370
Swiss German	575	10,465	3,485
Yiddish	3,915	20,155	6,100
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	6,385	191,840	78,435
Afrikaans	2,095	29,670	9,255
Dutch	4,115	107,985	55,040
Low German, n.o.s.	20	10,555	2,185
Low Saxon	0	1,310	595
Plautdietsch	50	41,165	10,245
Vlaams (Flemish)	205	3,985	2,040
Scandinavian languages	2,975	37,500	12,565
Danish	1,020	14,700	5,175
Icelandic	95	1,475	390
Norwegian	535	8,860	2,385
Swedish	1,530	14,620	5,340
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	95	1,275	480
Greek	36,620	145,060	76,320
Indo-Iranian languages	302,620	2,263,825	1,244,895
Indo-Aryan languages	236,745	1,918,570	1,049,480
Assamese	230	1,155	725
Bengali	41,750	120,605	76,980
Gujarati	42,425	209,415	143,240
Hindi	107,170	761,425	436,125
Kacchi	3,300	15,085	8,140
Kashmiri	280	1,830	1,085
Konkani	2,005	8,950	6,745
Marathi	8,290	35,230	24,775
Nepali	5,580	30,660	17,110
Oriya languages	1,010	3,235	2,545
Odia	605	1,710	1,430
Oriya, n.o.s.	410	1,550	1,130
Punjabi (Panjabi)	41,430	942,170	397,865
Rohingya	40	765	370
Sindhi	1,355	8,385	5,595
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,370	33,050	21,630
Urdu	65,035	414,870	295,175
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,665	11,320	5,965
Iranian languages	70,200	370,520	210,370
Baluchi	160	985	520
Kurdish	3,275	24,035	13,870
Parsi	230	1,000	525
Pashto	7,095	31,695	20,790
Persian languages	62,515	326,285	183,830
Dari	14,995	78,220	47,640
Iranian Persian	42,785	222,160	122,305
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,490	30,345	16,615
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	450	1,830	1,040
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	420	2,135	1,300
Italic (Romance) languages	296,705	2,054,885	922,975
Catalan	335	2,855	770
Italian	84,335	547,655	312,800
Portuguese	80,170	336,865	208,575
Romanian	12,920	116,520	48,315
Spanish	138,770	1,171,450	401,205
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	725	4,890	2,355
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	250	1,965	910
Japanese	14,220	98,070	30,705
Korean	38,895	203,885	90,475
Mongolian	415	2,545	745
Niger-Congo languages	32,875	267,520	106,850
Akan (Twi)	6,410	26,240	17,570
Bamanankan	240	4,950	760
Edo	1,305	4,945	3,210
Éwé	345	4,645	1,195
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	305	7,840	1,010
Ga	520	3,255	1,870
Ganda	1,490	4,650	2,760
Gikuyu	365	1,850	1,080
Igbo	2,020	18,365	8,115
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	655	13,515	4,020
Lingala	1,665	25,720	7,315
Luba-Kasai	175	2,695	1,050
Mòoré	40	2,085	235
Mwani	150	1,080	520
Ndebele	210	2,425	855
Rundi (Kirundi)	540	14,825	4,895
Shona	715	7,280	3,040
Soninke	245	1,010	290
Sotho-Tswana languages	270	1,305	630
Swahili	7,620	57,295	24,360
Wojenaka	75	2,820	260
Wolof	485	12,940	1,495
Yoruba	7,235	50,935	24,375
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	3,620	43,625	12,825
Nilo-Saharan languages	555	11,090	3,210
Dinka	55	2,815	470
Nuer	10	1,490	585
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	490	6,815	2,155
African, n.o.s.	305	2,760	835
Sign languages	2,860	49,535	18,990
American Sign Language	2,575	37,620	16,685
Quebec Sign Language	20	6,195	380
Sign languages, n.i.e.	370	7,450	2,600
Sino-Tibetan languages	275,670	1,550,930	747,160
Chinese languages	267,745	1,528,860	734,190
Hakka	3,630	14,830	8,760
Mandarin	162,950	987,300	467,415
Min Dong	645	1,825	1,450
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	7,830	51,755	18,020
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,730	13,660	6,720
Yue (Cantonese)	134,810	724,925	352,135
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,245	11,720	5,200
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	200	1,185	515
Tibeto-Burman languages	8,080	22,300	13,135
Burmese	875	5,935	2,570
Kuki-Chin languages	55	1,140	600
Karenic languages	225	5,705	2,255
S'gaw Karen	155	5,030	1,970
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	70	845	385
Tibetan	6,655	9,160	7,475
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	445	1,940	980
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	220	1,220	565
Tai-Kadai languages	2,865	33,705	12,655
Lao	1,045	17,630	7,370
Thai	1,840	18,575	6,200
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	170	800	335
Turkic languages	20,920	91,375	52,195
Azerbaijani	2,425	9,875	5,910
Kazakh	325	1,415	710
Turkish	18,110	78,500	44,815
Uyghur	240	1,660	825
Uzbek	790	3,290	2,095
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	370	2,150	1,075
Uralic languages	14,670	85,055	52,025
Estonian	1,680	5,315	4,010
Finnish	1,405	15,325	9,455
Hungarian	11,650	64,625	38,690
Other languages, n.i.e.	575	5,545	2,145
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,761,285	36,328,480	14,031,750
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	22,925	1,807,250	406,585
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	21,475	1,743,165	389,955
First Nations (North American Indian)	13,800	1,048,405	251,030
Métis	7,440	624,220	134,615
Inuk (Inuit)	240	70,540	4,310
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	645	28,855	7,115
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	800	35,225	9,515
Non-Indigenous identity	2,738,365	34,521,230	13,625,165
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,761,285	36,328,480	14,031,750
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	7,730	831,720	172,535
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	2,753,555	35,496,755	13,859,215
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	1,160,890	14,978,940	5,491,200
Owner	602,925	9,955,975	3,755,720
Renter	557,970	4,953,840	1,724,970
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	69,130	10,510
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	1,160,890	14,978,940	5,491,200
Condominium	353,215	2,248,280	822,780
Not condominium	807,670	12,730,660	4,668,425
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	1,160,890	14,978,940	5,491,200
No bedrooms	28,765	132,060	48,740
1 bedroom	330,340	2,124,485	769,570
2 bedrooms	334,320	3,829,965	1,205,540
3 bedrooms	268,505	4,982,900	1,918,935
4 or more bedrooms	198,960	3,909,525	1,548,420
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	1,160,890	14,978,940	5,491,200
1 to 4 rooms	617,005	4,662,125	1,579,320
5 rooms	152,950	2,323,910	775,580
6 rooms	113,715	2,037,185	791,100
7 rooms	90,775	1,796,855	708,205
8 or more rooms	186,440	4,158,855	1,636,990
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.9	6.1	6.2
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	1,160,890	14,978,940	5,491,200
One person or fewer per room	1,093,085	14,625,230	5,328,575
More than one person per room	67,805	353,715	162,625
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	1,160,890	14,978,940	5,491,200
Suitable	1,016,350	14,173,290	5,122,185
Not suitable	144,545	805,650	369,015
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	1,160,890	14,978,940	5,491,200
1960 or before	340,185	3,027,045	1,247,430
1961 to 1980	333,990	4,171,840	1,456,110
1981 to 1990	109,780	1,982,515	711,940
1991 to 2000	92,985	1,805,985	644,080
2001 to 2005	58,975	959,860	385,045
2006 to 2010	63,995	1,034,925	348,760
2011 to 2015	75,980	967,540	328,735
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	85,005	1,029,220	369,095
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	1,160,890	14,978,940	5,491,200
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	1,086,415	14,059,395	5,177,155
Major repairs needed	74,480	919,545	314,050
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	1,160,890	14,978,940	5,491,200
One-maintainer household	634,725	7,659,700	2,677,880
Two-maintainer household	447,155	6,631,755	2,506,110
Three-or-more-maintainer household	79,010	687,485	307,210
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	1,160,890	14,978,940	5,491,200
15 to 24 years	34,350	424,695	126,385
25 to 34 years	202,225	2,077,895	727,305
35 to 44 years	210,570	2,600,000	930,410
45 to 54 years	204,790	2,646,945	1,013,210
55 to 64 years	215,740	3,046,560	1,149,345
65 to 74 years	158,850	2,432,140	876,960
75 to 84 years	90,900	1,292,805	481,250
85 years and over	43,455	457,900	186,330
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	1,151,795	14,687,350	5,415,420
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	777,835	11,612,640	4,103,320
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	373,965	3,074,715	1,312,095
30% to less than 100%	321,675	2,742,920	1,169,040
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	1,160,895	14,978,940	5,491,205
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	522,150	4,379,420	1,802,285
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	315,735	2,728,995	1,150,405
Not suitable only	98,270	595,110	262,900
Major repairs needed only	39,905	645,465	201,870
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	33,670	135,770	74,930
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	21,965	199,355	80,990
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	10,015	64,095	25,420
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	2,595	10,630	5,765
Acceptable housing	638,740	10,599,520	3,688,915
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	1,099,505	14,355,555	5,272,360
In core need	215,225	1,451,025	639,805
Not in core need	884,285	12,904,530	4,632,550
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	602,915	9,807,720	3,718,255
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.6	60.0	59.7
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.6	14.8	17.7
% in core housing need⁶³	10.8	5.3	6.4
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,740	1,240	1,440
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,038	1,498	1,700
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000	472,000	700,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,131,000	618,500	807,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	557,975	4,936,850	1,722,000
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	14.2	11.7	13.7
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.0	33.2	38.4
% in core housing need⁶³	29.3	20.0	24.9
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500	1,070	1,300
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,562	1,209	1,408
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	69,130	10,510
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	5.9	8.7
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	284	324
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	327	380
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	2,761,285	36,328,475	14,031,755
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	6,060	985,200	169,090
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	5,870	963,705	166,095
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	4,835	763,230	136,445
Métis single ancestry	975	146,010	27,835
Inuit single ancestry	60	54,475	1,810
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	190	21,490	3,000
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	170	17,665	2,660
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	15	2,430	175
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	1,070	115
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	320	50
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	24,150	1,219,285	351,395
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	23,505	1,183,350	342,985
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	17,670	801,630	246,415
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,665	362,130	93,245
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	170	19,595	3,325
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	645	35,930	8,405
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	605	31,815	7,595
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	2,785	535
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	1,005	215
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	330	60
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	2,731,070	34,124,000	13,511,270
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	2,761,285	36,328,475	14,031,755
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	2,284,055	33,143,225	12,633,260
Canadian citizens aged under 18	413,995	6,784,875	2,554,125
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,870,055	26,358,355	10,079,140
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	477,230	3,185,250	1,398,490
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	2,761,285	36,328,475	14,031,755
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,329,905	27,042,120	9,437,320
Immigrants⁸¹	1,286,140	8,361,505	4,206,585
Before 1980	222,935	1,540,610	860,305
1980 to 1990	156,460	924,320	506,195
1991 to 2000	273,985	1,511,475	852,765
2001 to 2010	290,400	1,930,525	941,630
2011 to 2021⁸²	342,360	2,454,570	1,045,695
2011 to 2015	144,320	1,126,330	461,010
2016 to 2021	198,040	1,328,240	584,680
Non-permanent residents⁸³	145,240	924,850	387,850
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,286,140	8,361,505	4,206,585
Under 5 years	91,030	748,265	375,395
5 to 14 years	203,840	1,438,440	734,680
15 to 24 years	247,955	1,594,290	840,165
25 to 44 years	605,575	3,783,335	1,851,675
45 years and over	137,730	797,180	404,670
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,286,140	8,361,505	4,206,585
Americas	210,980	1,203,180	629,550
Brazil	10,175	48,450	23,125
Colombia	8,695	80,570	32,520
El Salvador	6,495	49,450	21,780
Guyana	31,025	85,530	77,635
Haiti	1,660	99,945	11,375
Jamaica	42,650	145,360	122,770
Mexico	9,340	90,585	33,380
Peru	4,105	31,420	11,455
Trinidad and Tobago	18,280	65,035	52,750
United States of America	25,220	256,090	111,390
Other places of birth in Americas	53,330	250,760	131,370
Europe	266,210	1,967,620	1,049,725
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,910	35,925	21,150
Croatia	4,200	36,675	24,270
France	5,820	121,525	15,240
Germany	8,915	126,470	54,275
Greece	16,510	54,715	31,650
Hungary	6,135	31,050	18,530
Italy	37,700	204,065	135,640
Netherlands	2,130	75,830	39,490
Poland	18,245	135,030	88,785
Portugal	34,360	128,795	95,490
Romania	11,200	86,770	40,475
Russian Federation	15,820	81,840	44,165
Serbia⁸⁶	7,740	31,925	22,295
Ukraine	15,845	81,135	43,070
United Kingdom⁸⁷	35,585	464,135	239,485
Other places of birth in Europe	41,100	271,725	135,725
Africa	88,020	821,735	287,920
Algeria	940	79,660	4,355
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	2,130	33,110	10,220
Egypt	6,420	73,710	39,345
Eritrea	6,485	31,385	14,200
Ethiopia	10,900	41,715	19,415
Morocco	2,385	81,775	8,105
Nigeria	10,015	81,290	37,420
Somalia	10,190	32,500	20,335
South Africa, Republic of	6,000	51,590	21,540
Other places of birth in Africa	32,555	314,995	112,985
Asia	716,885	4,307,000	2,225,590
Afghanistan	12,920	62,450	38,580
Iran⁸⁸	37,190	182,940	103,795
Iraq	11,350	84,130	63,255
Lebanon	6,490	95,725	38,170
Syria⁸⁹	8,240	97,590	45,685
Turkey	8,500	35,270	20,795
China⁹⁰	129,755	715,835	355,955
Hong Kong⁹¹	36,850	213,855	108,480
Korea, South⁹²	27,505	138,355	62,750
Taiwan	7,985	65,365	18,105
Philippines	132,980	719,580	268,580
Viet Nam	31,675	182,095	86,315
Bangladesh	27,135	70,090	46,260
India	102,155	898,050	495,750
Pakistan	34,140	234,105	165,530
Sri Lanka	47,895	136,240	112,730
Other places of birth in Asia	54,130	375,340	194,855
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	4,045	61,965	13,810
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	198,040	1,328,240	584,680
Americas	25,025	154,490	68,450
Brazil	4,200	19,895	8,725
Colombia	1,195	11,455	4,260
Haiti	275	10,550	1,550
Jamaica	3,145	15,155	9,970
Mexico	2,330	17,150	5,810
United States of America	5,125	39,875	17,945
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,535	7,060	3,400
Other places of birth in Americas	7,215	33,350	16,795
Europe	20,690	134,425	47,295
France	1,940	27,175	3,225
Germany	650	5,365	1,685
Ireland⁹⁶	1,365	6,355	2,225
Italy	835	4,240	1,770
Russian Federation	2,240	10,905	5,150
Ukraine	2,490	14,515	6,035
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,615	22,755	8,000
Other places of birth in Europe	8,550	43,120	19,200
Africa	18,720	206,965	64,910
Algeria	210	15,745	1,130
Burundi	125	4,935	1,790
Cameroon	500	11,795	1,585
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	360	8,915	2,275
Côte d'Ivoire	235	7,915	1,085
Egypt	995	12,120	6,370
Eritrea	2,775	16,330	7,145
Ethiopia	1,955	9,385	3,480
Morocco	520	12,835	1,890
Nigeria	4,535	40,360	16,570
Somalia	1,575	6,315	3,345
South Africa, Republic of	675	8,510	2,915
Sudan⁹⁷	480	4,690	2,095
Tunisia	120	8,155	820
Other places of birth in Africa	3,650	38,960	12,405
Asia	132,735	823,205	401,940
Afghanistan	3,180	12,730	7,225
Bangladesh	4,760	13,185	7,710
China⁹⁰	18,525	118,035	54,645
Hong Kong⁹¹	655	6,495	2,620
India	40,200	246,995	139,660
Iran⁸⁸	5,225	25,650	13,215
Iraq	2,265	17,715	12,940
Israel	640	4,850	2,270
Japan	860	4,445	1,460
Jordan	385	4,635	2,610
Korea, South⁹²	3,120	20,985	6,935
Lebanon	960	9,980	4,365
Nepal	1,235	4,890	2,445
Pakistan	5,740	36,255	23,970
Philippines	24,905	151,490	45,235
Saudi Arabia	1,870	9,560	6,110
Sri Lanka	2,710	8,480	5,895
Syria⁸⁹	4,680	63,130	30,180
Turkey	2,670	10,150	7,060
United Arab Emirates	940	8,405	5,310
Viet Nam	2,395	14,725	6,020
Other places of birth in Asia	4,810	30,410	14,075
Oceania and other⁹³	875	9,160	2,090
Australia	720	6,535	1,620
Other places of birth⁹⁸	160	2,625	470
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	2,761,285	36,328,480	14,031,755
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,462,090	9,606,595	4,725,795
Second generation¹⁰¹	741,035	6,393,310	3,180,170
Third generation or more¹⁰²	558,160	20,328,565	6,125,785
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	1,063,205	6,820,895	3,346,285
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	532,155	3,673,705	1,669,195
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	240,950	1,556,675	697,905
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	291,205	2,117,030	971,295
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	323,950	2,016,010	1,037,680
Refugees¹⁰⁸	186,825	1,039,275	587,735
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	20,280	91,900	51,675
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	1,063,205	6,820,895	3,346,285
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	102,210	416,105	262,835
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	111,095	705,405	289,330
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	24,490	183,250	79,320
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	65,870	377,130	179,715
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	5,180	39,540	19,030
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	754,355	5,099,470	2,516,055
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	2,761,285	36,328,480	14,031,750
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,537,285	9,639,205	4,817,360
South Asian	385,440	2,571,400	1,515,295
Chinese	296,225	1,715,770	820,245
Black	265,005	1,547,870	768,740
Filipino	170,355	957,355	363,650
Arab	42,040	694,015	284,215
Latin American	92,455	580,235	249,190
Southeast Asian	53,905	390,340	167,845
West Asian	69,320	360,495	212,185
Korean	42,190	218,140	99,425
Japanese	13,210	98,890	31,420
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	42,435	172,885	124,120
Multiple visible minorities	64,700	331,805	181,025
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,224,000	26,689,275	9,214,395
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	2,761,290	36,328,475	14,031,755
Canadian	165,640	5,677,205	1,621,655
English	244,995	5,322,830	2,347,685
Irish	226,865	4,413,120	1,999,985
Scottish	211,175	4,392,200	1,937,010
French, n.o.s.¹²²	85,715	3,985,945	1,039,385
German	107,475	2,955,695	1,058,075
Chinese	297,725	1,713,870	821,835
Italian	167,460	1,546,390	905,105
Indian (India)	182,115	1,347,715	764,435
Ukrainian	61,560	1,258,635	342,260
Dutch	34,360	988,585	478,860
Polish	85,255	982,820	461,090
Québécois	2,620	981,635	28,035
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	66,395	938,950	462,995
Filipino	161,495	925,490	355,680
French Canadian	15,450	906,315	199,845
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	32,230	691,260	221,315
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	9,350	632,340	160,660
Métis	7,420	560,335	131,780
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	35,895	551,910	182,785
Russian	56,130	548,140	187,460
Norwegian	8,670	466,500	62,840
Welsh	23,795	455,720	188,980
Portuguese	85,165	448,305	300,600
American	21,905	353,495	129,750
Spanish	44,625	342,040	143,840
Swedish	9,415	334,505	68,260
Hungarian	25,910	320,150	149,040
Acadian	3,935	305,170	34,125
Pakistani	41,705	303,260	212,650
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	50,400	301,955	149,265
Jewish	74,080	282,015	155,180
Punjabi	11,980	279,950	119,085
Vietnamese	42,190	275,530	122,735
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	18,385	263,710	110,250
Greek	51,985	262,140	143,065
Jamaican	62,015	249,070	201,945
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	39,880	226,220	110,750
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,380	219,855	20,025
Korean	42,195	217,650	100,025
Romanian	20,010	215,885	86,435
Lebanese	11,530	210,605	80,345
Iranian	37,895	200,465	109,410
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	15,030	200,340	73,665
Danish	7,120	196,945	52,170
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	3,925	194,840	61,790
Sikh	4,850	194,640	77,805
Austrian	11,700	189,535	63,920
Belgian	4,575	182,175	56,860
Haitian	2,820	178,990	17,930
Hindu	26,510	166,160	106,970
Mexican	15,440	155,495	54,725
Mennonite	1,740	155,095	38,095
Swiss	6,710	145,570	56,510
Finnish	7,710	144,055	76,275
Sri Lankan	43,495	132,410	105,765
Croatian	12,420	130,820	79,240
Japanese	17,115	129,425	42,250
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	25,660	120,125	83,435
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	2,195	111,605	21,650
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	4,345	110,735	31,395
Muslim	15,950	105,620	62,780
Egyptian	9,725	105,245	54,210
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	17,735	104,765	48,595
Tamil	35,070	102,170	86,580
Icelandic	2,560	101,990	13,915
Colombian	10,340	100,555	39,420
Moroccan	3,905	99,980	12,300
Czech	7,745	98,925	39,400
Syrian	6,785	98,250	42,525
Guyanese	27,780	97,210	85,455
Afghan	18,760	96,810	61,255
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	22,590	94,585	59,655
Serbian	17,775	93,360	64,415
Ojibway	2,405	92,220	52,770
Newfoundlander	3,370	91,670	29,950
Hong Konger	12,835	81,680	41,120
Ontarian	4,725	80,555	64,245
Persian	15,215	80,340	46,445
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	17,350	77,405	59,110
Turkish	15,770	76,745	43,555
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	285	76,675	6,160
Bangladeshi	26,650	75,425	47,195
Algerian	1,290	73,770	4,970
Brazilian	14,860	71,755	33,905
Nigerian	10,870	69,540	36,750
Armenian	11,885	68,850	30,860
Slovak	7,065	68,210	37,165
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	11,345	66,780	32,880
Somali	19,810	65,555	41,640
Taiwanese	7,955	64,020	17,960
Iraqi	7,490	59,300	42,980
Salvadorean	7,195	59,280	24,740
African Caribbean	15,300	59,050	43,475
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	13,395	58,870	32,785
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	7,875	58,840	38,000
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	14,565	57,195	39,165
Algonquin	625	56,070	20,910
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	14,825	52,085	42,575
Lithuanian	8,190	52,040	29,870
South African	5,505	49,840	21,965
Australian	3,480	46,765	14,775
Palestinian	4,020	45,905	30,365
Chilean	5,165	45,685	14,370
Congolese	2,705	45,260	12,815
Nova Scotian	1,170	44,720	10,195
Ethiopian	11,065	42,545	20,625
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	7,945	42,405	22,825
Peruvian	5,235	42,295	15,260
Yoruba	5,395	42,075	19,350
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,800	41,950	15,155
Berber	505	41,700	3,055
Albanian	12,250	41,620	29,575
Maltese	6,400	40,670	33,825
Macedonian	11,600	39,440	35,925
Slovenian	4,805	38,595	25,085
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,575	38,520	13,170
New Brunswicker	525	37,670	5,865
Gujarati	6,650	36,970	25,995
Eritrean	8,355	36,290	17,165
African Canadian	6,015	35,395	20,025
Israeli	7,415	35,345	20,570
Mohawk	1,275	33,330	20,595
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,750	33,135	12,115
Bulgarian	5,830	33,085	15,900
Albertan	165	32,575	1,185
Ghanaian	7,550	31,720	20,935
Barbadian	6,340	31,440	21,205
African American	4,410	31,430	16,380
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	2,855	30,565	16,400
Tunisian	485	30,465	2,430
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	4,710	30,220	15,800
Cuban	4,760	30,065	14,785
Bosnian	3,255	28,490	16,065
Venezuelan	4,130	28,395	12,885
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	50	28,225	1,010
Latvian	4,915	28,140	16,070
Bengali	9,230	26,675	16,665
Cameroonian	1,020	26,535	4,295
Guatemalan	2,980	26,460	10,175
Indonesian	3,330	26,330	10,645
Laotian	1,670	25,875	10,870
Ilocano	6,220	25,575	10,560
Northern Irish	2,625	25,200	14,875
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	2,180	24,420	10,135
British Columbian	165	24,325	1,020
Ecuadorian	8,450	24,255	18,835
Franco Ontarian	795	24,110	18,755
Argentinian	4,015	23,500	11,950
Estonian	3,840	23,455	14,025
Kurdish	3,825	23,130	13,495
Fijian	545	23,020	2,345
Jatt	660	22,785	9,195
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	1,050	22,785	8,040
Coptic	1,645	22,570	14,845
Thai	2,220	22,275	7,850
Dominican	3,140	22,125	8,585
Nepali	3,310	21,975	11,585
Kabyle	60	20,565	570
Assyrian	4,055	19,685	17,080
Igbo	2,025	19,305	8,595
Byelorussian	2,725	18,850	9,730
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	55	18,745	285
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	265	18,545	3,445
Abenaki	45	18,420	1,300
Moldovan	1,170	18,190	4,295
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	300	17,955	5,550
New Zealander	1,235	17,755	4,865
Sudanese	2,195	17,485	9,200
Breton	140	17,465	650
Pennsylvania Dutch	750	17,315	12,085
Malaysian	2,720	17,050	7,360
Plains Cree	70	16,570	365
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,080	16,315	3,660
Huron (Wendat)	150	15,910	2,070
Saskatchewanian	170	15,780	1,755
Buddhist	2,880	15,660	8,440
Gaspesian	50	15,650	700
Norman	330	15,340	2,250
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	3,390	15,055	9,250
Ivorian	495	15,010	2,270
Saulteaux	130	14,265	735
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	560	14,260	6,980
Burundian	435	14,110	4,105
Tigrinya	2,450	13,910	5,290
Nicaraguan	2,135	13,840	6,575
Mauritian	1,430	13,755	5,050
Kenyan	2,195	13,565	6,970
Oji-Cree	75	13,525	7,300
Vincentian	4,130	13,245	9,080
Jordanian	1,365	13,225	9,040
Manitoban	170	13,095	1,505
Cape Bretoner	285	13,065	3,040
Rwandan	630	12,890	3,450
Grenadian	5,060	12,890	10,250
Malayali	1,850	12,490	8,100
Chaldean	1,270	12,115	10,280
Sinhalese	2,320	12,080	8,060
Mayan	1,250	11,710	4,085
Honduran	1,040	10,920	3,735
Cherokee	305	10,825	3,555
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	90	10,750	1,350
Indo-Caribbean	2,975	10,490	8,830
Flemish	470	10,275	3,565
United Empire Loyalist	800	10,015	6,730
Senegalese	300	9,955	1,155
Azerbaijani	2,375	9,915	6,235
Sicilian	1,005	9,835	5,840
Pashtun	1,755	9,825	6,385
Malay	1,715	9,795	3,910
Goan	2,105	9,700	7,930
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	940	9,455	3,150
Tibetan	6,335	9,350	7,380
Zimbabwean	745	9,165	3,780
Burmese	1,220	9,150	4,290
Mongolian	1,255	9,090	3,585
Azorean	1,470	8,970	6,085
Atikamekw	0	8,400	85
Bamileke	315	8,315	1,100
Indo-Guyanese	2,765	8,310	7,605
Ugandan	2,190	8,285	4,685
Oromo	1,785	8,255	3,015
Tanzanian	1,810	8,140	4,865
Yemeni	1,635	8,115	5,300
Central African	155	8,080	1,630
Libyan	575	7,945	4,200
Basque	355	7,745	1,515
Uruguayan	1,475	7,660	4,720
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	1,125	7,640	4,055
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	1,390	7,635	3,605
Igorot	1,125	7,535	2,245
Fulani	400	7,480	1,165
Woodland Cree	15	7,415	275
Guinean	290	7,390	1,120
St. Lucian	2,450	7,285	5,850
Prince Edward Islander	315	7,225	1,900
Maliseet	35	7,220	615
Beninese	470	6,810	1,325
Telugu	1,440	6,670	4,755
Roma	1,500	6,545	3,470
Costa Rican	890	6,500	2,735
African Nova Scotian	570	6,480	1,650
Malagasy	135	6,255	555
Kashmiri	890	6,165	3,905
Singaporean	860	6,060	2,320
Karen	265	6,050	2,365
Edo	1,250	5,985	3,515
Tajik	1,545	5,980	4,150
Amhara	1,985	5,945	3,135
Paraguayan	205	5,925	855
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	2,761,285	36,328,480	14,031,750
Buddhist	62,475	356,975	164,215
Christian	1,274,450	19,373,325	7,315,810
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	230,275	2,760,760	1,070,190
Anabaptist	1,415	144,145	57,795
Anglican	66,495	1,134,315	525,425
Baptist	22,180	436,940	165,400
Catholic	669,320	10,880,360	3,654,825
Christian Orthodox	110,665	623,010	329,850
Jehovah's Witness	8,550	137,255	48,290
Latter Day Saints	1,855	87,725	16,420
Lutheran	10,485	328,045	114,810
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	5,080	100,655	35,320
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	32,900	399,025	174,605
Presbyterian	24,760	301,400	202,275
Reformed	1,175	79,870	47,400
United Church	43,465	1,214,185	570,830
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	45,840	745,650	302,375
Hindu	171,980	828,195	573,700
Jewish	99,390	335,295	196,100
Muslim	264,155	1,775,715	942,990
Sikh	21,545	771,790	300,435
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	935	80,685	15,985
Other religions and spiritual traditions	20,730	229,015	88,845
No religion and secular perspectives	845,615	12,577,475	4,433,675
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	2,736,910	35,986,480	13,904,805
Non-movers	2,382,090	31,600,930	12,295,685
Movers	354,820	4,385,555	1,609,120
Non-migrants	261,975	2,572,400	914,170
Migrants	92,845	1,813,155	694,950
Internal migrants	52,170	1,519,200	570,275
Intraprovincial migrants	42,095	1,250,235	516,425
Interprovincial migrants	10,070	268,965	53,850
External migrants	40,675	293,955	124,670
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	2,637,900	34,504,330	13,349,180
Non-movers	1,664,210	21,061,090	8,361,770
Movers	973,695	13,443,240	4,987,410
Non-migrants	530,780	5,773,890	2,087,055
Migrants	442,910	7,669,355	2,900,355
Internal migrants	200,725	5,976,960	2,167,365
Intraprovincial migrants	157,040	5,055,615	1,938,720
Interprovincial migrants	43,685	921,345	228,640
External migrants	242,185	1,692,390	732,990
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,377,945	30,335,920	11,782,825
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	364,050	5,474,175	1,969,920
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	2,013,895	24,861,745	9,812,905
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,602,620	19,568,265	7,584,645
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	151,430	2,271,360	757,455
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,451,180	17,296,905	6,827,190
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,377,950	30,335,915	11,782,820
No certificate, diploma or degree	339,500	4,899,580	1,799,890
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	555,590	8,097,295	3,204,170
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,482,860	17,339,045	6,778,765
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	506,235	9,252,800	3,250,175
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	80,935	2,641,555	592,485
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	46,255	1,458,160	287,155
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	34,680	1,183,395	305,330
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	356,760	5,714,490	2,389,205
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	68,545	896,755	268,480
Bachelor's degree or higher	976,620	8,086,245	3,528,600
Bachelor's degree	615,160	5,295,360	2,307,685
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	62,665	556,510	224,820
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	24,940	214,105	90,530
Master's degree	238,415	1,740,605	786,440
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	35,445	279,660	119,125
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,602,615	19,568,260	7,584,645
No certificate, diploma or degree	137,130	1,931,855	667,665
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	304,135	4,501,365	1,770,810
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,161,345	13,135,045	5,146,170
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	370,020	6,703,100	2,356,375
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	53,060	1,886,510	384,770
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	30,330	1,050,285	184,665
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	22,730	836,220	200,110
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	268,055	4,193,505	1,787,580
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	48,905	623,090	184,030
Bachelor's degree or higher	791,330	6,431,940	2,789,795
Bachelor's degree	491,215	4,177,455	1,798,010
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	49,305	430,875	173,205
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	19,385	167,730	71,055
Master's degree	204,360	1,446,435	658,060
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	27,070	209,445	89,470
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,377,945	30,335,920	11,782,820
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	895,085	12,996,870	5,004,055
Education	67,760	1,113,015	358,255
13. Education	67,760	1,113,015	358,255
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	87,485	631,255	258,480
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	7,235	74,785	26,160
50. Visual and performing arts	80,250	556,470	232,325
Humanities	100,310	926,560	388,160
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	12,225	106,345	40,335
23. English language and literature/letters	29,600	184,600	99,000
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	25,940	316,050	112,250
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	2,610	18,935	10,520
38. Philosophy and religious studies	8,140	57,745	26,705
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,915	77,510	28,715
54. History	13,460	108,935	54,415
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	3,420	56,440	16,220
Social and behavioural sciences and law	235,830	2,016,125	928,970
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,165	29,430	12,940
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	33,725	233,400	106,350
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	26,820	344,150	154,370
22. Legal professions and studies	41,920	325,785	144,535
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	5,720	49,855	24,040
42. Psychology	31,470	327,965	142,265
45. Social sciences	92,005	705,540	344,465
Business, management and public administration	361,525	3,758,250	1,472,490
30.16 Accounting and computer science	550	5,335	2,340
44. Public administration and social service professions	24,100	272,240	123,510
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	336,875	3,480,675	1,346,635
Physical and life sciences and technologies	72,985	719,715	303,310
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	34,380	297,055	133,895
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	15,710	155,955	69,195
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	2,105	35,380	6,440
40. Physical sciences	18,470	196,620	80,200
41. Science technologies/technicians	2,325	34,710	13,585
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	94,200	804,230	367,845
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	70,775	643,145	284,925
25. Library science	3,770	43,085	16,090
27. Mathematics and statistics	16,295	99,360	56,120
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	3,355	18,640	10,705
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	223,100	3,506,120	1,274,815
04. Architecture and related services	20,870	135,020	61,850
14. Engineering	108,445	900,475	414,085
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	38,525	726,155	278,410
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	580	185
46. Construction trades	23,760	703,905	197,795
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	21,430	659,480	208,980
48. Precision production	10,040	380,505	113,510
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	17,550	407,545	132,765
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	10,125	262,580	86,885
03. Natural resources and conservation	7,430	144,960	45,885
Health and related fields	171,920	2,444,500	939,610
30.37 Design for human health	20	40	25
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	13,175	180,785	84,485
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	150,945	2,194,395	828,240
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	435	5,255	2,335
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	7,340	64,030	24,520
Personal, protective and transportation services	49,840	1,006,425	351,505
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	32,100	548,520	181,985
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	210	3,965	2,135
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	255	6,900	2,200
43. Security and protective services	10,390	227,835	110,890
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,885	219,205	54,295
Other¹⁷⁹	355	5,305	2,555
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,602,615	19,568,260	7,584,650
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	441,270	6,433,215	2,438,475
Education	46,545	742,175	242,725
13. Education	46,545	742,175	242,725
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	70,870	490,455	199,945
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	5,650	54,645	18,425
50. Visual and performing arts	65,220	435,815	181,520
Humanities	74,315	649,695	279,505
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	8,900	79,235	29,620
23. English language and literature/letters	22,195	134,815	71,745
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	19,740	216,725	83,455
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,840	12,910	7,195
38. Philosophy and religious studies	6,305	41,640	19,380
39. Theology and religious vocations	3,215	48,920	18,420
54. History	9,965	78,415	39,275
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,165	37,045	10,415
Social and behavioural sciences and law	189,885	1,588,720	729,685
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,445	23,895	10,515
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	28,960	196,475	88,895
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	20,265	270,970	119,090
22. Legal professions and studies	34,535	261,265	117,900
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	4,755	37,830	18,585
42. Psychology	24,385	249,205	107,035
45. Social sciences	73,530	549,090	267,660
Business, management and public administration	293,645	2,941,315	1,161,875
30.16 Accounting and computer science	435	3,995	1,785
44. Public administration and social service professions	19,060	213,140	98,675
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	274,155	2,724,175	1,061,420
Physical and life sciences and technologies	53,685	513,555	220,805
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	26,230	227,460	100,550
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	11,360	108,350	50,505
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,585	14,270	5,100
40. Physical sciences	12,950	140,510	55,565
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,565	22,960	9,090
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	79,160	667,305	304,045
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	61,940	554,185	244,700
25. Library science	2,225	27,610	9,860
27. Mathematics and statistics	12,265	70,940	40,875
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	2,730	14,565	8,610
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	168,335	2,611,205	932,505
04. Architecture and related services	16,260	105,845	48,030
14. Engineering	86,455	724,235	326,190
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	28,170	536,600	202,375
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	510	165
46. Construction trades	16,935	510,105	137,150
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	14,425	467,225	143,480
48. Precision production	6,060	266,690	75,115
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	13,890	314,120	100,525
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	7,600	199,335	64,365
03. Natural resources and conservation	6,285	114,780	36,155
Health and related fields	132,700	1,839,975	703,890
30.37 Design for human health	20	30	30
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	10,095	139,280	64,360
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	116,830	1,648,120	619,520
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	375	4,430	1,960
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	5,385	48,115	18,030
Personal, protective and transportation services	38,050	772,450	268,815
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	24,395	414,520	136,310
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	150	2,955	1,600
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	125	3,850	1,180
43. Security and protective services	8,240	183,025	89,470
49. Transportation and materials moving	5,140	168,105	40,255
Other¹⁷⁹	260	4,075	1,860
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	1,602,615	19,568,260	7,584,650
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	441,270	6,433,215	2,438,475
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	1,161,345	13,135,040	5,146,175
Location of study inside Canada	776,130	10,490,520	3,921,795
Same as province or territory of residence	707,130	9,251,025	3,634,290
Different than province or territory of residence	69,005	1,239,495	287,505
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	385,220	2,644,520	1,224,380
Americas	72,910	483,810	229,280
United States of America	39,810	279,005	140,770
Mexico	5,370	36,400	11,625
Cuba	1,325	8,345	3,715
Haiti	145	10,620	1,250
Jamaica	2,585	12,780	9,200
Brazil	8,995	40,050	17,755
Colombia	3,340	31,165	12,705
Peru	970	7,780	2,750
Venezuela⁹⁵	2,055	12,655	5,530
Other locations of study in Americas	8,310	45,000	23,985
Europe	74,860	543,725	224,050
Belgium	530	7,795	1,650
France	5,560	97,770	11,580
Germany	2,035	22,450	7,115
Netherlands	990	10,825	4,345
Switzerland	810	8,470	2,525
Hungary	1,035	5,160	2,960
Moldova¹⁸³	525	9,055	2,080
Poland	3,140	25,215	16,450
Romania	4,040	32,250	14,985
Russian Federation	6,665	36,095	19,185
Ukraine	6,705	36,405	18,225
Ireland⁹⁶	3,470	16,040	6,925
United Kingdom⁸⁷	22,330	151,900	72,655
Bosnia and Herzegovina	950	6,030	3,415
Italy	1,695	8,895	3,895
Serbia⁸⁶	2,530	8,745	5,750
Other locations of study in Europe	11,840	60,615	30,300
Africa	16,935	216,815	65,145
Nigeria	4,375	33,280	15,165
Algeria	355	33,230	1,550
Morocco	620	23,640	2,180
Tunisia	165	12,655	805
Egypt	2,370	30,255	17,195
South Africa, Republic of	1,630	19,060	6,770
Other locations of study in Africa	7,420	64,700	21,480
Asia	214,675	1,352,215	686,295
Iran⁸⁸	12,745	66,630	35,535
Iraq	1,590	16,515	12,270
Israel	1,820	11,355	6,675
Lebanon	1,600	19,565	7,235
Syria⁸⁹	1,330	16,405	7,515
Turkey	3,375	11,855	7,585
China⁹⁰	28,050	201,100	92,585
Taiwan	1,445	14,520	3,535
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,390	18,325	8,875
Japan	3,195	18,605	6,310
Korea, South⁹²	8,180	53,575	21,145
Philippines	54,175	305,795	109,885
Viet Nam	1,950	12,500	5,120
Bangladesh	10,280	25,000	16,250
Sri Lanka	4,275	15,085	11,075
India	57,290	405,850	245,655
Pakistan	10,330	75,155	53,750
Other locations of study in Asia	10,655	64,385	35,295
Oceania	5,840	47,960	19,605
Australia	5,000	38,525	16,965
New Zealand	795	7,785	2,445
Other locations of study in Oceania	45	1,655	200
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	2,377,950	30,335,915	11,782,820
In the labour force	1,518,420	19,310,345	7,399,200
Employed	1,308,110	17,321,695	6,492,895
Unemployed	210,305	1,988,645	906,310
Not in the labour force	859,530	11,025,575	4,383,620
Participation rate	63.9	63.7	62.8
Employment rate	55.0	57.1	55.1
Unemployment rate	13.9	10.3	12.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	2,377,945	30,335,920	11,782,820
Did not work¹⁸⁶	905,995	11,140,775	4,469,170
Worked	1,471,950	19,195,145	7,313,650
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	791,335	10,215,385	3,982,300
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	680,620	8,979,760	3,331,350
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.2	41.0	41.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	1,518,420	19,310,340	7,399,205
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835	486,865	212,505
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	1,463,580	18,823,480	7,186,695
Employee	1,223,655	16,103,455	6,109,070
Permanent position	1,020,130	13,431,685	5,166,275
Temporary position	203,525	2,671,765	942,795
Fixed term (1 year or more)	82,620	867,740	324,250
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	120,905	1,804,030	618,540
Self-employed¹⁹²	239,925	2,720,025	1,077,625
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	1,518,420	19,310,340	7,399,205
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835	486,865	212,505
All occupations¹⁹¹	1,463,580	18,823,480	7,186,695
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	24,775	254,760	95,240
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	315,270	3,303,180	1,328,155
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	159,770	1,587,980	685,390
3 Health occupations	105,465	1,504,100	543,565
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	181,940	2,322,345	871,260
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	83,130	596,785	232,200
6 Sales and service occupations	350,245	4,616,050	1,735,930
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	175,505	3,239,500	1,175,410
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	8,350	541,235	148,055
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	59,140	857,540	371,490
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	1,518,420	19,310,340	7,399,205
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835	486,865	212,505
All industries¹⁹¹	1,463,580	18,823,480	7,186,695
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,565	434,800	104,895
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,985	239,030	34,360
22 Utilities	6,115	147,750	55,230
23 Construction	83,035	1,469,085	538,340
31-33 Manufacturing	97,580	1,540,490	655,935
41 Wholesale trade	45,380	610,295	244,910
44-45 Retail trade	141,575	2,149,640	798,090
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	67,330	981,030	379,485
51 Information and cultural industries	60,845	400,460	169,120
52 Finance and insurance	123,495	815,225	399,030
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	41,040	343,940	152,050
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	205,880	1,571,160	681,235
55 Management of companies and enterprises	9,175	45,455	26,240
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	75,095	792,600	324,285
61 Educational services	107,480	1,413,320	531,260
62 Health care and social assistance	163,465	2,446,370	859,910
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	33,405	350,710	130,490
72 Accommodation and food services	82,155	1,085,270	390,675
81 Other services (except public administration)	61,015	797,935	283,115
91 Public administration	54,970	1,188,915	428,030
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	1,602,165	20,630,520	7,885,710
English	1,449,315	14,942,170	7,181,805
French	3,430	3,164,890	52,565
Non-official language	26,500	169,205	74,365
Indigenous³⁹	0	6,935	305
Non-Indigenous	26,495	162,265	74,060
English and French	29,995	1,682,510	285,005
English and non-official language(s)	87,670	570,220	275,330
French and non-official language(s)	70	20,935	355
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,010	69,340	10,820
Multiple non-official languages	2,175	11,265	5,475
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	1,602,165	20,630,520	7,885,710
Single responses	1,580,025	20,176,640	7,783,760
Official languages	1,533,090	19,866,180	7,649,065
English	1,525,910	15,879,850	7,555,160
French	7,180	3,986,330	93,910
Non-official languages	46,940	310,455	134,690
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	19,435	1,240
Algonquian languages	15	11,600	1,185
Blackfoot	0	60	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	9,115	155
Atikamekw	0	1,015	0
Cree languages	0	5,985	155
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	110	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	765	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	80	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	190	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	140	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	4,695	145
Innu (Montagnais)	0	1,955	0
Naskapi	0	155	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	835	0
Mi'kmaq	0	825	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	10	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	1,585	1,030
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	20	0
Oji-Cree	0	875	465
Ojibway languages	15	695	560
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	40	25
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	40	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	610	535
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	895	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	890	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	20	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	535	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	155	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	35	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	25	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	100	0
Tahltan languages	0	10	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	130	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	30	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	10	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	6,630	30
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	20	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	15	0
Inuvialuktun	0	10	0
Inuktitut	0	6,605	30
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	30	20
Mohawk	0	30	20
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	10	0
Michif	0	25	0
Salish languages	0	125	0
Halkomelem	0	35	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	30	0
Squamish	0	10	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	20	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	15	0
Siouan languages	0	30	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	10	0
Stoney	0	15	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	40	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	20	0
Nisga'a	0	10	0
Tsimshian	0	15	0
Wakashan languages	0	40	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	10	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	15	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	15	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	10	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	10	0
Non-Indigenous languages	46,925	291,025	133,450
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,075	9,265	4,830
Berber languages	0	45	0
Kabyle	0	30	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	10	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	120	415	210
Bilen	0	10	0
Oromo	10	40	10
Somali	110	365	190
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	950	8,785	4,615
Amharic	40	215	60
Arabic	570	7,190	3,735
Aramaic languages	155	460	410
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	120	330	320
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	90	85
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	40	0
Hebrew	145	585	315
Tigrigna	30	325	90
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	20	15
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,305	9,770	3,365
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	495	140
Vietnamese	1,285	9,260	3,225
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	15	0
Austronesian languages	880	4,760	1,530
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	45	0
Cebuano	20	95	55
Hiligaynon	0	15	0
Ilocano	35	165	40
Indonesian	10	170	65
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	15	10
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	790	4,205	1,330
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	50	25
Creole languages	10	390	50
Haitian Creole	0	375	35
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	10	0
Dravidian languages	1,310	3,010	2,660
Kannada	0	10	0
Malayalam	35	250	160
Tamil	1,260	2,685	2,440
Telugu	15	70	55
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	35	80	70
Indo-European languages	14,165	112,395	50,205
Albanian	105	315	270
Armenian	145	530	195
Balto-Slavic languages	2,190	10,085	6,865
Baltic languages	50	95	65
Latvian	30	50	30
Lithuanian	20	45	40
Slavic languages	2,145	9,995	6,790
Bulgarian	30	145	60
Czech	15	105	40
Macedonian	35	75	75
Polish	385	2,265	1,765
Russian	1,100	5,240	3,295
Serbo-Croatian	120	835	605
Bosnian	0	120	85
Croatian	0	155	135
Serbian	120	555	395
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	40	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	10	0
Ukrainian	440	1,265	910
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	15	15
Celtic languages	0	60	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	55	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	245	14,250	7,320
Frisian	0	15	0
High German languages	195	10,480	5,945
German	150	6,615	3,210
Pennsylvania German	0	2,560	2,555
Swiss German	0	255	135
Yiddish	50	1,050	50
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35	3,540	1,275
Afrikaans	0	65	25
Dutch	35	965	680
Low German, n.o.s.	0	560	55
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	1,940	515
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	10	0
Scandinavian languages	15	190	90
Danish	0	25	15
Icelandic	0	25	0
Norwegian	0	55	15
Swedish	10	90	50
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	25	0
Greek	230	875	355
Indo-Iranian languages	3,580	55,455	19,460
Indo-Aryan languages	1,935	48,020	15,015
Bengali	325	645	440
Gujarati	305	1,115	850
Hindi	200	2,235	1,145
Kacchi	0	15	0
Marathi	15	20	15
Nepali	40	275	150
Punjabi (Panjabi)	585	40,840	10,235
Sindhi	0	25	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	105	75
Urdu	455	2,725	2,080
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	20	15
Iranian languages	1,640	7,430	4,435
Kurdish	40	175	125
Pashto	50	130	85
Persian languages	1,540	7,110	4,210
Dari	115	800	415
Iranian Persian	1,305	5,715	3,415
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	120	595	380
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	10	10
Italic (Romance) languages	7,675	30,795	15,735
Catalan	0	15	0
Italian	425	1,625	1,005
Portuguese	3,740	6,970	5,645
Romanian	55	680	300
Spanish	3,460	21,455	8,765
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	45	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	35	0
Japanese	695	3,560	1,075
Korean	2,715	14,345	5,460
Mongolian	0	25	0
Niger-Congo languages	70	410	170
Akan (Twi)	20	30	30
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	25	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	30	15
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	20	0
Lingala	0	20	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	25	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	30	150	60
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	65	30
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	35	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	15	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	15	10
Sign languages	120	2,010	845
American Sign Language	115	1,590	795
Quebec Sign Language	0	285	10
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	135	40
Sino-Tibetan languages	23,815	128,375	61,525
Chinese languages	23,730	128,045	61,360
Hakka	20	45	45
Mandarin	14,385	76,040	37,260
Min Dong	20	35	35
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	485	150
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	20	0
Yue (Cantonese)	9,100	50,950	23,610
Chinese, n.o.s.	145	460	250
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	295	135
Burmese	0	60	15
Karenic languages	0	135	45
S'gaw Karen	0	120	35
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	15	0
Tibetan	80	90	80
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	30	25
Tai-Kadai languages	110	765	330
Lao	15	80	50
Thai	95	670	275
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	15	0
Turkic languages	460	1,345	970
Azerbaijani	15	35	35
Turkish	440	1,270	905
Uyghur	0	30	30
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	10	0
Uralic languages	165	485	350
Estonian	40	70	65
Finnish	20	90	55
Hungarian	100	330	230
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	20	10
Multiple responses	22,140	453,880	101,955
English and French	4,655	321,975	46,525
English and non-official language(s)	16,820	115,955	53,330
French and non-official language(s)	15	6,280	155
English, French and non-official language(s)	240	7,405	880
Multiple non-official languages	420	2,265	1,060
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	1,602,165	20,630,520	7,885,710
None	1,498,610	18,696,980	7,400,850
English	19,980	902,625	89,345
French	22,095	589,755	199,430
Non-official language	48,965	331,375	154,150
Indigenous³⁹	55	18,190	2,895
Non-Indigenous	48,905	313,185	151,255
English and French	50	2,940	270
English and non-official language(s)	2,320	33,125	7,395
French and non-official language(s)	2,260	22,615	7,510
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	360	50
Multiple non-official languages	7,875	50,740	26,705
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	1,308,110	17,321,700	6,492,895
Worked at home	510,240	4,214,860	1,929,760
Worked outside Canada	6,395	58,335	29,740
No fixed workplace address	142,290	2,201,745	765,180
Usual place of work	649,185	10,846,770	3,768,210
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	649,185	10,846,770	3,768,210
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	514,695	6,397,120	2,212,620
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	2,343,640	653,055
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	132,960	2,007,950	885,485
Commute to a different province or territory	1,530	98,060	17,050
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	791,470	13,048,510	4,533,390
Car, truck or van	482,480	10,950,750	3,790,545
Car, truck or van - as a driver	424,985	10,106,595	3,451,650
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	57,490	844,155	338,895
Public transit	207,680	1,000,510	390,140
Walked	60,615	672,815	208,380
Bicycle	15,750	138,615	37,665
Other method	24,945	285,820	106,655
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	791,470	13,048,510	4,533,390
Less than 15 minutes	130,355	4,178,570	1,283,185
15 to 29 minutes	251,795	4,546,195	1,527,580
30 to 44 minutes	222,015	2,487,010	934,230
45 to 59 minutes	88,655	910,610	375,215
60 minutes and over	98,655	926,120	413,180
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	791,470	13,048,510	4,533,390
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	43,645	938,820	351,800
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	113,320	2,274,845	797,475
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	167,655	3,435,740	1,066,580
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	181,860	2,711,355	938,175
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	148,245	1,661,340	632,825
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	136,755	2,026,405	746,530
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	471,030	7,335,800	2,781,415
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	45,395	897,205	349,875
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	425,635	6,438,595	2,431,540
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	339,085	5,372,330	2,047,210
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	34,720	682,190	268,250
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	22,430	467,685	179,995
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	12,290	214,500	88,260
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	304,365	4,690,140	1,778,960

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 25, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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