Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Oshawa, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	175,383	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	159,458	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	10.0	...	...	10.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	69,324	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	66,634	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,203.6	...	...	1,203.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	145.72	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	175,380	85,980	89,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	30,805	15,840	14,965	17.6	18.4	16.7
0 to 4 years	9,965	5,125	4,835	5.7	6.0	5.4
5 to 9 years	10,500	5,435	5,060	6.0	6.3	5.7
10 to 14 years	10,345	5,275	5,065	5.9	6.1	5.7
15 to 64 years	115,250	57,230	58,020	65.7	66.6	64.9
15 to 19 years	9,680	5,110	4,570	5.5	5.9	5.1
20 to 24 years	10,800	5,560	5,235	6.2	6.5	5.9
25 to 29 years	12,465	6,150	6,315	7.1	7.2	7.1
30 to 34 years	13,165	6,570	6,595	7.5	7.6	7.4
35 to 39 years	12,370	6,080	6,285	7.1	7.1	7.0
40 to 44 years	11,325	5,505	5,820	6.5	6.4	6.5
45 to 49 years	10,680	5,215	5,470	6.1	6.1	6.1
50 to 54 years	11,015	5,465	5,550	6.3	6.4	6.2
55 to 59 years	12,610	6,125	6,480	7.2	7.1	7.2
60 to 64 years	11,140	5,435	5,705	6.4	6.3	6.4
65 years and over	29,325	12,920	16,410	16.7	15.0	18.4
65 to 69 years	8,850	4,105	4,745	5.0	4.8	5.3
70 to 74 years	7,720	3,500	4,220	4.4	4.1	4.7
75 to 79 years	5,220	2,340	2,885	3.0	2.7	3.2
80 to 84 years	3,705	1,605	2,100	2.1	1.9	2.3
85 years and over	3,825	1,370	2,455	2.2	1.6	2.7
85 to 89 years	2,310	905	1,400	1.3	1.1	1.6
90 to 94 years	1,130	375	760	0.6	0.4	0.9
95 to 99 years	330	75	255	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.6	18.4	16.7	17.6	18.4	16.7
15 to 64 years	65.7	66.6	64.9	65.7	66.6	64.9
65 years and over	16.7	15.0	18.4	16.7	15.0	18.4
85 years and over	2.2	1.6	2.7	2.2	1.6	2.7
Average age of the population	40.3	39.2	41.5	40.3	39.2	41.5
Median age of the population	39.2	38.0	40.8	39.2	38.0	40.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	66,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	37,000	...	...	55.5	...	...
Semi-detached house	5,330	...	...	8.0	...	...
Row house	6,445	...	...	9.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,650	...	...	5.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	6,475	...	...	9.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	7,590	...	...	11.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	145	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	66,635	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	16,845	...	...	25.3	...	...
2 persons	21,080	...	...	31.6	...	...
3 persons	11,490	...	...	17.2	...	...
4 persons	10,010	...	...	15.0	...	...
5 or more persons	7,205	...	...	10.8	...	...
Number of persons in private households	174,010	85,445	88,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	144,580	70,145	74,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	76,220	38,050	38,175	52.7	54.2	51.3
Married	60,570	30,225	30,345	41.9	43.1	40.8
Living common-law	15,655	7,820	7,835	10.8	11.1	10.5
Living common law - Never married	11,055	5,555	5,500	7.6	7.9	7.4
Living common law - Separated	985	515	470	0.7	0.7	0.6
Living common law - Divorced	3,220	1,605	1,620	2.2	2.3	2.2
Living common law - Widowed	400	155	245	0.3	0.2	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	68,355	32,095	36,255	47.3	45.8	48.7
Not married and not living common law - Never married	44,730	24,240	20,485	30.9	34.6	27.5
Not married and not living common law - Separated	5,240	2,115	3,125	3.6	3.0	4.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	10,290	3,970	6,315	7.1	5.7	8.5
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	8,095	1,770	6,330	5.6	2.5	8.5
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	48,840	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	23,460	...	...	48.0	...	...
3 persons	11,505	...	...	23.6	...	...
4 persons	9,395	...	...	19.2	...	...
5 or more persons	4,480	...	...	9.2	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	48,845	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	37,290	...	...	76.3	...	...
Married couples	29,465	...	...	60.3	...	...
With children⁶	17,135	...	...	35.1	...	...
Without children	12,325	...	...	25.2	...	...
Common-law couples	7,830	...	...	16.0	...	...
With children⁶	3,480	...	...	7.1	...	...
Without children	4,345	...	...	8.9	...	...
Total one-parent families	11,555	...	...	23.7	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	9,195	...	...	18.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	2,360	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	174,010	85,445	88,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	143,080	70,170	72,915	82.2	82.1	82.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	74,575	37,240	37,335	42.9	43.6	42.2
Parents in one-parent families	11,550	2,355	9,190	6.6	2.8	10.4
Children⁶	56,950	30,570	26,385	32.7	35.8	29.8
In a two-parent family	38,545	20,440	18,100	22.2	23.9	20.4
In a one-parent family	18,410	10,125	8,280	10.6	11.8	9.3
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	30,930	15,280	15,650	17.8	17.9	17.7
Living alone	16,850	7,830	9,020	9.7	9.2	10.2
Living with other relatives⁷	5,570	2,350	3,215	3.2	2.8	3.6
Living with non-relatives only	8,515	5,095	3,420	4.9	6.0	3.9
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	66,635	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	39,410	...	...	59.1	...	...
Couple-family households	31,250	...	...	46.9	...	...
With children⁶	17,395	...	...	26.1	...	...
Without children	13,855	...	...	20.8	...	...
One-parent-family households	8,155	...	...	12.2	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,245	...	...	4.9	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	645	...	...	1.0	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	3,120	...	...	4.7	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,370	...	...	5.1	...	...
One-person households	16,850	...	...	25.3	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	143,235	69,630	73,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	137,040	66,335	70,705	95.7	95.3	96.1
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,800	35,600	39,600	44,800	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	137,100	66,365	70,735	95.7	95.3	96.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,000	33,200	36,400	40,000	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	118,075	58,750	59,325	82.4	84.4	80.6
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	40,800	26,000	32,800	40,800	26,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	98,605	51,470	47,135	68.8	73.9	64.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	38,800	28,400	33,200	38,800	28,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	126,140	60,110	66,025	88.1	86.3	89.7
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,500	8,500	12,500	10,500	8,500	12,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	14,960	6,835	8,120	10.4	9.8	11.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,920	5,760	6,000	5,920	5,760	6,000
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	44,225	21,310	22,920	30.9	30.6	31.1
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000	9,500	8,500	8,000	9,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	143,235	69,625	73,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	137,125	66,540	70,585	95.7	95.6	95.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,960	54,950	43,280	48,960	54,950	43,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	137,220	66,565	70,655	95.8	95.6	96.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,840	46,120	37,840	41,840	46,120	37,840
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	118,365	58,905	59,460	82.6	84.6	80.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,120	51,600	36,680	44,120	51,600	36,680
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	98,605	51,410	47,200	68.8	73.8	64.1
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,160	48,000	37,880	43,160	48,000	37,880
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	126,230	60,335	65,895	88.1	86.7	89.5
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,800	10,220	13,240	11,800	10,220	13,240
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	15,305	6,890	8,415	10.7	9.9	11.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,880	6,670	7,050	6,880	6,670	7,050
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	44,650	21,555	23,095	31.2	31.0	31.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,480	9,310	9,630	9,480	9,310	9,630
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	143,240	69,625	73,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	43,655	24,250	19,410	30.5	34.8	26.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,800	68,000	57,600	62,800	68,000	57,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,300	75,700	63,550	70,300	75,700	63,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	37,720	17,600	20,115	26.3	25.3	27.3
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,600	19,000	15,300	16,600	19,000	15,300
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,300	29,000	22,040	25,300	29,000	22,040
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	77.8	83.2	71.4	77.8	83.2	71.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	63.4	67.4	58.5	63.4	67.4	58.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	22.2	16.9	28.6	22.2	16.9	28.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	1.3	1.9	1.6	1.3	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.1	6.0	8.5	7.1	6.0	8.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.3	5.5	7.3	6.3	5.5	7.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	143,235	69,625	73,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	6,200	3,290	2,905	4.3	4.7	3.9
With total income	137,040	66,335	70,705	95.7	95.3	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	11,170	4,885	6,280	8.2	7.4	8.9
$10,000 to $19,999	17,490	7,575	9,910	12.8	11.4	14.0
$20,000 to $29,999	22,030	9,315	12,715	16.1	14.0	18.0
$30,000 to $39,999	18,220	7,510	10,710	13.3	11.3	15.1
$40,000 to $49,999	16,405	7,750	8,655	12.0	11.7	12.2
$50,000 to $59,999	13,055	6,455	6,605	9.5	9.7	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	9,640	5,045	4,590	7.0	7.6	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	7,530	4,180	3,345	5.5	6.3	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	5,470	3,280	2,190	4.0	4.9	3.1
$90,000 to $99,999	4,275	2,575	1,695	3.1	3.9	2.4
$100,000 and over	11,760	7,770	3,995	8.6	11.7	5.7
$100,000 to $149,999	8,785	5,515	3,265	6.4	8.3	4.6
$150,000 and over	2,975	2,250	725	2.2	3.4	1.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	143,235	69,625	73,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	6,135	3,260	2,875	4.3	4.7	3.9
With after-tax income	137,105	66,370	70,735	95.7	95.3	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	11,625	5,010	6,610	8.5	7.5	9.3
$10,000 to $19,999	18,230	7,955	10,280	13.3	12.0	14.5
$20,000 to $29,999	25,010	10,535	14,480	18.2	15.9	20.5
$30,000 to $39,999	21,505	9,505	12,000	15.7	14.3	17.0
$40,000 to $49,999	18,670	9,175	9,495	13.6	13.8	13.4
$50,000 to $59,999	13,540	6,980	6,565	9.9	10.5	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	9,435	5,250	4,185	6.9	7.9	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	6,465	3,830	2,635	4.7	5.8	3.7
$80,000 to $89,999	4,780	2,720	2,065	3.5	4.1	2.9
$90,000 to $99,999	2,775	1,730	1,045	2.0	2.6	1.5
$100,000 and over	5,070	3,685	1,380	3.7	5.6	2.0
$100,000 to $124,999	2,960	2,085	870	2.2	3.1	1.2
$125,000 and over	2,110	1,600	510	1.5	2.4	0.7
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	143,235	69,625	73,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	44,635	18,155	26,475	31.2	26.1	36.0
With employment income	98,605	51,470	47,135	68.8	73.9	64.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	17,635	9,365	8,275	17.9	18.2	17.6
$5,000 to $9,999	8,335	3,610	4,725	8.5	7.0	10.0
$10,000 to $19,999	11,805	5,365	6,445	12.0	10.4	13.7
$20,000 to $29,999	8,805	4,025	4,780	8.9	7.8	10.1
$30,000 to $39,999	8,165	3,870	4,300	8.3	7.5	9.1
$40,000 to $49,999	8,265	4,000	4,260	8.4	7.8	9.0
$50,000 to $59,999	7,555	3,900	3,655	7.7	7.6	7.8
$60,000 to $69,999	6,275	3,465	2,805	6.4	6.7	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	5,185	3,060	2,125	5.3	5.9	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	3,970	2,485	1,480	4.0	4.8	3.1
$90,000 to $99,999	3,740	2,215	1,530	3.8	4.3	3.2
$100,000 and over	8,870	6,115	2,760	9.0	11.9	5.9
$100,000 to $124,999	4,845	3,095	1,755	4.9	6.0	3.7
$125,000 and over	4,025	3,020	1,005	4.1	5.9	2.1
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	143,235	69,630	73,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	134,175	64,820	69,355	93.7	93.1	94.2
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	44,000	32,400	37,200	44,000	32,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	134,240	64,830	69,410	93.7	93.1	94.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	39,200	30,200	34,000	39,200	30,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	116,880	58,070	58,810	81.6	83.4	79.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	42,800	28,800	35,200	42,800	28,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	98,970	51,510	47,460	69.1	74.0	64.5
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	42,000	31,400	36,000	42,000	31,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	119,150	56,350	62,805	83.2	80.9	85.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,640	1,330	7,050	3,640	1,330	7,050
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	10,675	4,755	5,920	7.5	6.8	8.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,360	5,000	5,720	5,360	5,000	5,720
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	143,235	69,625	73,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	134,315	65,145	69,170	93.8	93.6	94.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,040	52,150	40,280	46,040	52,150	40,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	134,395	65,160	69,230	93.8	93.6	94.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	43,520	35,120	39,200	43,520	35,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	116,885	58,115	58,770	81.6	83.5	79.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,880	52,250	37,600	44,880	52,250	37,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	98,975	51,485	47,495	69.1	73.9	64.5
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,480	49,840	38,600	44,480	49,840	38,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	119,845	57,005	62,840	83.7	81.9	85.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,830	6,335	9,190	7,830	6,335	9,190
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	10,715	5,025	5,690	7.5	7.2	7.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,990	5,915	7,940	6,990	5,915	7,940
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	143,240	69,625	73,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	43,255	23,995	19,250	30.2	34.5	26.2
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	59,600	64,500	53,600	59,600	64,500	53,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	66,700	72,600	59,400	66,700	72,600	59,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	35,475	16,630	18,845	24.8	23.9	25.6
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,400	26,600	20,800	23,400	26,600	20,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,400	35,960	27,400	31,400	35,960	27,400
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	84.8	89.4	79.2	84.8	89.4	79.2
Employment income (%)	71.2	75.6	65.8	71.2	75.6	65.8
Government transfers (%)	15.2	10.6	20.7	15.2	10.6	20.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.6	1.2	0.9	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	66,635	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	16,850	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,000	...	...	42,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,000	...	...	38,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	49,790	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	66,635	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	100,700	...	...	100,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	86,200	...	...	86,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	16,815	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,680	...	...	49,680	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,440	...	...	42,440	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	49,815	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...	118,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	66,635	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	490	...	...	0.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	295	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	805	...	...	1.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,295	...	...	1.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,000	...	...	3.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,170	...	...	3.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,010	...	...	3.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,170	...	...	3.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,500	...	...	3.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,390	...	...	3.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,115	...	...	7.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,865	...	...	7.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,790	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,350	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,085	...	...	6.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	27,305	...	...	41.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,550	...	...	12.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,225	...	...	9.3	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	7,155	...	...	10.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	5,375	...	...	8.1	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	66,635	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	540	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	315	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	825	...	...	1.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,340	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,160	...	...	3.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,480	...	...	3.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,290	...	...	3.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,685	...	...	4.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,895	...	...	4.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,840	...	...	4.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,870	...	...	8.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,790	...	...	8.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	5,415	...	...	8.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	5,115	...	...	7.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,520	...	...	6.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,550	...	...	32.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,535	...	...	12.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,465	...	...	8.2	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,555	...	...	11.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	47,455	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	14,325	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...	78,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	20,835	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...	130,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	10,380	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...	70,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...	65,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	25,360	12,925	12,435	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	39,200	36,000	37,200	39,200	36,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,400	35,200	33,200	34,400	35,200	33,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	47,390	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,400	...	...	117,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,300	...	...	100,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,205	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,900	...	...	105,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,200	...	...	89,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	20,900	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	142,400	...	...	142,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...	121,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,240	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,300	...	...	72,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	25,320	12,950	12,370	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,280	46,840	43,640	45,280	46,840	43,640
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,000	39,880	38,120	39,000	39,880	38,120
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	174,010	85,445	88,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	36,575	18,830	17,745	21.0	22.0	20.0
0 to 5 years	11,980	6,190	5,795	6.9	7.2	6.5
18 to 64 years	109,135	54,000	55,140	62.7	63.2	62.3
65 years and over	28,305	12,620	15,680	16.3	14.8	17.7
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	17,750	8,310	9,445	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	4,860	2,540	2,320	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,720	910	815	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	10,005	4,785	5,220	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,890	990	1,900	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.2	9.7	10.7	10.2	9.7	10.7
0 to 17 years (%)	13.3	13.5	13.1	13.3	13.5	13.1
0 to 5 years (%)	14.4	14.7	14.0	14.4	14.7	14.0
18 to 64 years (%)	9.2	8.9	9.5	9.2	8.9	9.5
65 years and over (%)	10.2	7.8	12.1	10.2	7.8	12.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	174,010	85,445	88,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	36,575	18,830	17,745	21.0	22.0	20.0
0 to 5 years	11,980	6,185	5,795	6.9	7.2	6.5
18 to 64 years	109,135	53,995	55,135	62.7	63.2	62.3
65 years and over	28,300	12,620	15,685	16.3	14.8	17.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	7,660	4,155	3,510	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,355	700	655	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	425	230	200	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,795	3,235	2,565	...	...	...
65 years and over	515	225	290	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.4	4.9	4.0	4.4	4.9	4.0
0 to 17 years (%)	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7
0 to 5 years (%)	3.6	3.8	3.4	3.6	3.8	3.4
18 to 64 years (%)	5.3	6.0	4.7	5.3	6.0	4.7
65 years and over (%)	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	174,010	85,445	88,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	90,685	43,720	46,970	52.1	51.2	53.0
In bottom decile	16,980	8,450	8,535	9.8	9.9	9.6
In second decile	17,465	7,990	9,480	10.0	9.4	10.7
In third decile	18,380	8,690	9,695	10.6	10.2	10.9
In fourth decile	18,835	9,150	9,685	10.8	10.7	10.9
In fifth decile	19,015	9,440	9,580	10.9	11.0	10.8
In top half of the distribution	83,325	41,725	41,595	47.9	48.8	47.0
In sixth decile	18,280	8,990	9,290	10.5	10.5	10.5
In seventh decile	18,395	9,190	9,205	10.6	10.8	10.4
In eighth decile	17,735	8,960	8,770	10.2	10.5	9.9
In ninth decile	16,620	8,345	8,280	9.6	9.8	9.3
In top decile	12,290	6,245	6,050	7.1	7.3	6.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	174,010	...	...	174,010	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.299	...	...	0.299	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.432	...	...	0.432	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.263	...	...	0.263	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	174,390	85,665	88,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	161,340	80,115	81,225	92.5	93.5	91.5
French only	235	110	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	11,200	4,805	6,395	6.4	5.6	7.2
Neither English nor French	1,615	635	985	0.9	0.7	1.1
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	174,390	85,665	88,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	169,235	83,400	85,840	97.0	97.4	96.7
French	2,935	1,350	1,580	1.7	1.6	1.8
English and French	670	310	360	0.4	0.4	0.4
Neither English nor French	1,550	595	955	0.9	0.7	1.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	174,390	85,665	88,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	168,420	82,805	85,610	96.6	96.7	96.5
Official languages	141,555	69,920	71,640	81.2	81.6	80.7
English	138,675	68,600	70,070	79.5	80.1	79.0
French	2,880	1,315	1,570	1.7	1.5	1.8
Non-official languages	26,865	12,890	13,975	15.4	15.0	15.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	26,855	12,885	13,975	15.4	15.0	15.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,165	605	560	0.7	0.7	0.6
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,120	580	540	0.6	0.7	0.6
Amharic	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	955	510	445	0.5	0.6	0.5
Aramaic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tigrigna	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	295	135	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	270	120	150	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,025	835	1,195	1.2	1.0	1.3
Bikol	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,710	695	1,010	1.0	0.8	1.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	85	45	45	0.0	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,960	1,480	1,480	1.7	1.7	1.7
Kannada	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	545	295	250	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	2,100	1,020	1,075	1.2	1.2	1.2
Telugu	290	155	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	16,490	7,955	8,535	9.5	9.3	9.6
Albanian	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,035	1,320	1,710	1.7	1.5	1.9
Baltic languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,985	1,300	1,685	1.7	1.5	1.9
Belarusian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	200	100	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	1,400	590	810	0.8	0.7	0.9
Russian	390	165	225	0.2	0.2	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	325	170	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	150	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	470	185	285	0.3	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,150	500	655	0.7	0.6	0.7
Frisian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	685	285	400	0.4	0.3	0.5
German	675	280	390	0.4	0.3	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	385	175	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	355	160	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	415	190	225	0.2	0.2	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	7,575	3,865	3,715	4.3	4.5	4.2
Indo-Aryan languages	6,020	3,090	2,935	3.5	3.6	3.3
Assamese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	720	365	355	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	1,000	520	480	0.6	0.6	0.5
Hindi	650	360	290	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kacchi	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	730	375	350	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	2,560	1,285	1,275	1.5	1.5	1.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,555	775	775	0.9	0.9	0.9
Baluchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	345	175	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	1,175	580	600	0.7	0.7	0.7
Dari	815	395	415	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iranian Persian	255	120	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,160	2,000	2,155	2.4	2.3	2.4
Catalan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,245	630	615	0.7	0.7	0.7
Portuguese	1,000	505	500	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	225	100	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	1,685	770	910	1.0	0.9	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	300	145	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	515	250	270	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	185	95	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,195	1,055	1,135	1.3	1.2	1.3
Chinese languages	2,180	1,055	1,125	1.3	1.2	1.3
Hakka	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,260	615	645	0.7	0.7	0.7
Min Dong	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	835	390	440	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	140	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	95	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	425	195	235	0.2	0.2	0.3
Estonian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	365	165	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,975	2,855	3,115	3.4	3.3	3.5
English and French	900	375	520	0.5	0.4	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	4,445	2,180	2,265	2.5	2.5	2.6
French and non-official language(s)	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	340	165	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	174,390	85,665	88,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	142,395	70,325	72,070	81.7	82.1	81.2
French	770	350	415	0.4	0.4	0.5
Non-official language	6,465	3,095	3,365	3.7	3.6	3.8
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	6,465	3,090	3,365	3.7	3.6	3.8
English and French	2,100	905	1,195	1.2	1.1	1.3
English and non-official language(s)	21,110	10,295	10,815	12.1	12.0	12.2
French and non-official language(s)	85	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	860	385	475	0.5	0.4	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	605	275	335	0.3	0.3	0.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	174,390	85,665	88,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	168,390	82,740	85,645	96.6	96.6	96.5
Official languages	154,285	75,915	78,375	88.5	88.6	88.3
English	153,120	75,365	77,750	87.8	88.0	87.6
French	1,170	545	620	0.7	0.6	0.7
Non-official languages	14,105	6,830	7,275	8.1	8.0	8.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	14,100	6,825	7,275	8.1	8.0	8.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	560	270	290	0.3	0.3	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	540	260	280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Amharic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	475	235	240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	190	85	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	175	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	960	435	530	0.6	0.5	0.6
Bikol	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	845	380	465	0.5	0.4	0.5
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,070	1,010	1,060	1.2	1.2	1.2
Kannada	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	365	190	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	1,530	740	795	0.9	0.9	0.9
Telugu	160	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	7,945	3,870	4,075	4.6	4.5	4.6
Albanian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,170	530	640	0.7	0.6	0.7
Baltic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,165	530	640	0.7	0.6	0.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	600	275	325	0.3	0.3	0.4
Russian	205	95	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	140	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	4,815	2,415	2,405	2.8	2.8	2.7
Indo-Aryan languages	3,910	1,985	1,920	2.2	2.3	2.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	470	225	240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	645	330	310	0.4	0.4	0.3
Hindi	365	195	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	470	245	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	95	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Urdu	1,770	880	890	1.0	1.0	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	910	430	480	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	205	95	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	685	325	360	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	470	220	250	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	145	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,675	795	880	1.0	0.9	1.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	310	125	185	0.2	0.1	0.2
Portuguese	425	210	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	835	410	425	0.5	0.5	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	205	105	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	170	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,565	760	805	0.9	0.9	0.9
Chinese languages	1,560	760	800	0.9	0.9	0.9
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	980	485	495	0.6	0.6	0.6
Min Dong	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	535	255	285	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	130	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,005	2,920	3,080	3.4	3.4	3.5
English and French	500	215	290	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	5,250	2,605	2,650	3.0	3.0	3.0
French and non-official language(s)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	90	40	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	174,390	85,665	88,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	154,540	76,145	78,400	88.6	88.9	88.4
English	6,365	3,110	3,255	3.6	3.6	3.7
French	1,480	630	850	0.8	0.7	1.0
Non-official language	9,415	4,490	4,925	5.4	5.2	5.6
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,395	4,475	4,915	5.4	5.2	5.5
English and French	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	985	515	470	0.6	0.6	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	385	170	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,090	550	540	0.6	0.6	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	174,010	85,405	88,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	172,395	84,715	87,680	99.1	99.2	99.0
English	172,100	84,575	87,530	98.9	99.0	98.8
French	11,595	4,955	6,645	6.7	5.8	7.5
Non-official languages	37,890	18,125	19,765	21.8	21.2	22.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	37,865	18,120	19,745	21.8	21.2	22.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,920	1,000	920	1.1	1.2	1.0
Berber languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,860	985	875	1.1	1.2	1.0
Amharic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,625	890	740	0.9	1.0	0.8
Aramaic languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	50	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	125	35	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tigrigna	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	395	175	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	310	130	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,855	1,205	1,650	1.6	1.4	1.9
Bikol	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	115	40	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,710	1,125	1,590	1.6	1.3	1.8
Waray-Waray	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	90	30	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	555	260	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian Creole	200	100	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	4,520	2,270	2,255	2.6	2.7	2.5
Kannada	155	90	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	785	390	395	0.5	0.5	0.4
Tamil	3,355	1,675	1,685	1.9	2.0	1.9
Telugu	570	290	275	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	23,295	11,310	11,980	13.4	13.2	13.5
Albanian	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	75	45	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,655	1,575	2,080	2.1	1.8	2.3
Baltic languages	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,590	1,555	2,035	2.1	1.8	2.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	310	145	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	1,530	680	850	0.9	0.8	1.0
Russian	675	300	375	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	420	210	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	245	115	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	235	115	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	80	20	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	715	275	435	0.4	0.3	0.5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,760	770	990	1.0	0.9	1.1
Frisian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,165	515	650	0.7	0.6	0.7
German	1,150	510	645	0.7	0.6	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	515	205	310	0.3	0.2	0.3
Afrikaans	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	410	160	250	0.2	0.2	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	755	350	400	0.4	0.4	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	11,000	5,660	5,340	6.3	6.6	6.0
Indo-Aryan languages	9,400	4,850	4,550	5.4	5.7	5.1
Assamese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	970	540	430	0.6	0.6	0.5
Gujarati	1,380	710	675	0.8	0.8	0.8
Hindi	3,470	1,805	1,665	2.0	2.1	1.9
Kacchi	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	155	90	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	75	45	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,755	925	830	1.0	1.1	0.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	385	195	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Urdu	4,310	2,200	2,115	2.5	2.6	2.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,895	940	955	1.1	1.1	1.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	350	170	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	1,700	835	870	1.0	1.0	1.0
Dari	1,185	550	635	0.7	0.6	0.7
Iranian Persian	430	220	210	0.2	0.3	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	115	80	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,455	3,140	3,315	3.7	3.7	3.7
Catalan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,910	930	980	1.1	1.1	1.1
Portuguese	1,350	735	620	0.8	0.9	0.7
Romanian	320	145	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	3,210	1,495	1,720	1.8	1.8	1.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	100	35	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	460	220	240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,595	745	850	0.9	0.9	1.0
Akan (Twi)	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	200	110	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	210	95	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	255	130	125	0.1	0.2	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	490	240	245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	220	100	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	370	135	235	0.2	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	325	115	210	0.2	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,620	1,275	1,345	1.5	1.5	1.5
Chinese languages	2,605	1,270	1,340	1.5	1.5	1.5
Hakka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,860	900	960	1.1	1.1	1.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	45	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,125	535	585	0.6	0.6	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	220	115	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	195	110	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	510	220	290	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	435	195	235	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	174,010	85,410	88,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	5,325	2,430	2,895	3.1	2.8	3.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	4,995	2,225	2,770	2.9	2.6	3.1
First Nations (North American Indian)	3,070	1,390	1,685	1.8	1.6	1.9
Métis	1,855	815	1,045	1.1	1.0	1.2
Inuk (Inuit)	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	200	115	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	135	85	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	168,685	82,980	85,705	96.9	97.2	96.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	174,010	85,410	88,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,165	555	605	0.7	0.6	0.7
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	172,845	84,850	87,995	99.3	99.3	99.3
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	66,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	42,750	...	...	64.2	...	...
Renter	23,880	...	...	35.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	66,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	4,770	...	...	7.2	...	...
Not condominium	61,865	...	...	92.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	66,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	455	...	...	0.7	...	...
1 bedroom	6,740	...	...	10.1	...	...
2 bedrooms	13,395	...	...	20.1	...	...
3 bedrooms	26,810	...	...	40.2	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	19,240	...	...	28.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	66,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	15,030	...	...	22.6	...	...
5 rooms	10,365	...	...	15.6	...	...
6 rooms	11,095	...	...	16.7	...	...
7 rooms	9,955	...	...	14.9	...	...
8 or more rooms	20,185	...	...	30.3	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.4	...	...	6.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	66,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	65,285	...	...	98.0	...	...
More than one person per room	1,350	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	66,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	62,575	...	...	93.9	...	...
Not suitable	4,060	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	66,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	15,700	...	...	23.6	...	...
1961 to 1980	23,330	...	...	35.0	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,925	...	...	11.9	...	...
1991 to 2000	5,425	...	...	8.1	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,135	...	...	4.7	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,680	...	...	5.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,325	...	...	5.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,100	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	66,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	62,465	...	...	93.7	...	...
Major repairs needed	4,170	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	66,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	33,265	...	...	49.9	...	...
Two-maintainer household	29,045	...	...	43.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	4,320	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	66,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,400	...	...	2.1	...	...
25 to 34 years	9,225	...	...	13.8	...	...
35 to 44 years	12,245	...	...	18.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	12,245	...	...	18.4	...	...
55 to 64 years	13,825	...	...	20.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	9,845	...	...	14.8	...	...
75 to 84 years	5,500	...	...	8.3	...	...
85 years and over	2,350	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	66,345	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	48,015	...	...	72.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	18,330	...	...	27.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	16,945	...	...	25.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	66,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	23,980	...	...	36.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	16,170	...	...	24.3	...	...
Not suitable only	2,880	...	...	4.3	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,435	...	...	3.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	765	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,320	...	...	2.0	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	340	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	80	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	42,655	...	...	64.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	64,960	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	9,790	...	...	15.1	...	...
Not in core need	55,170	...	...	84.9	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	42,720	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	66.9	...	...	66.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	19.3	...	...	19.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	6.4	...	...	6.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,640	...	...	1,640	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,726	...	...	1,726	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	695,000	...	...	695,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	705,000	...	...	705,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	23,870	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.0	...	...	12.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	42.7	...	...	42.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	30.9	...	...	30.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300	...	...	1,300	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,400	...	...	1,400	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	174,010	85,410	88,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,515	620	900	0.9	0.7	1.0
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,490	610	885	0.9	0.7	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,105	440	660	0.6	0.5	0.7
Métis single ancestry	375	165	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	5,500	2,525	2,970	3.2	3.0	3.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	5,340	2,440	2,900	3.1	2.9	3.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,045	1,905	2,145	2.3	2.2	2.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,265	520	740	0.7	0.6	0.8
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	155	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	140	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	167,000	82,265	84,740	96.0	96.3	95.6
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	174,010	85,405	88,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	162,130	79,620	82,510	93.2	93.2	93.1
Canadian citizens aged under 18	35,000	17,935	17,070	20.1	21.0	19.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	127,130	61,685	65,445	73.1	72.2	73.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	11,880	5,790	6,090	6.8	6.8	6.9
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	174,010	85,405	88,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	132,890	65,610	67,285	76.4	76.8	75.9
Immigrants⁸¹	38,520	18,305	20,220	22.1	21.4	22.8
Before 1980	9,655	4,630	5,030	5.5	5.4	5.7
1980 to 1990	4,125	1,985	2,135	2.4	2.3	2.4
1991 to 2000	6,705	3,195	3,510	3.9	3.7	4.0
2001 to 2010	8,350	3,870	4,480	4.8	4.5	5.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	9,685	4,625	5,065	5.6	5.4	5.7
2011 to 2015	4,230	2,055	2,175	2.4	2.4	2.5
2016 to 2021	5,455	2,570	2,885	3.1	3.0	3.3
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,595	1,490	1,100	1.5	1.7	1.2
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	38,525	18,305	20,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,020	2,045	1,970	10.4	11.2	9.7
5 to 14 years	7,835	3,905	3,935	20.3	21.3	19.5
15 to 24 years	8,025	3,675	4,350	20.8	20.1	21.5
25 to 44 years	15,990	7,505	8,480	41.5	41.0	41.9
45 years and over	2,650	1,175	1,475	6.9	6.4	7.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	38,525	18,305	20,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	8,590	3,935	4,655	22.3	21.5	23.0
Brazil	175	70	105	0.5	0.4	0.5
Colombia	180	80	100	0.5	0.4	0.5
El Salvador	180	90	90	0.5	0.5	0.4
Guyana	1,305	585	720	3.4	3.2	3.6
Haiti	185	95	90	0.5	0.5	0.4
Jamaica	2,560	1,145	1,415	6.6	6.3	7.0
Mexico	155	70	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
Peru	70	45	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Trinidad and Tobago	1,065	540	530	2.8	3.0	2.6
United States of America	1,020	470	550	2.6	2.6	2.7
Other places of birth in Americas	1,700	745	950	4.4	4.1	4.7
Europe	10,470	4,915	5,550	27.2	26.9	27.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	55	30	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Croatia	120	65	50	0.3	0.4	0.2
France	105	45	60	0.3	0.2	0.3
Germany	765	350	415	2.0	1.9	2.1
Greece	285	145	140	0.7	0.8	0.7
Hungary	190	110	80	0.5	0.6	0.4
Italy	890	445	445	2.3	2.4	2.2
Netherlands	360	170	185	0.9	0.9	0.9
Poland	1,030	450	580	2.7	2.5	2.9
Portugal	590	335	260	1.5	1.8	1.3
Romania	290	115	170	0.8	0.6	0.8
Russian Federation	195	80	120	0.5	0.4	0.6
Serbia⁸⁶	130	55	75	0.3	0.3	0.4
Ukraine	300	115	190	0.8	0.6	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,010	1,925	2,090	10.4	10.5	10.3
Other places of birth in Europe	1,145	470	680	3.0	2.6	3.4
Africa	2,620	1,265	1,350	6.8	6.9	6.7
Algeria	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	270	95	175	0.7	0.5	0.9
Egypt	215	105	110	0.6	0.6	0.5
Eritrea	30	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	90	50	35	0.2	0.3	0.2
Nigeria	735	375	360	1.9	2.0	1.8
Somalia	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	275	145	130	0.7	0.8	0.6
Other places of birth in Africa	915	460	460	2.4	2.5	2.3
Asia	16,720	8,135	8,580	43.4	44.4	42.4
Afghanistan	865	435	430	2.2	2.4	2.1
Iran⁸⁸	315	170	145	0.8	0.9	0.7
Iraq	115	55	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lebanon	130	85	55	0.3	0.5	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	120	50	70	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkey	85	45	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
China⁹⁰	1,355	625	735	3.5	3.4	3.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	250	130	120	0.6	0.7	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	260	125	140	0.7	0.7	0.7
Taiwan	55	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	2,730	1,175	1,560	7.1	6.4	7.7
Viet Nam	265	115	145	0.7	0.6	0.7
Bangladesh	620	360	260	1.6	2.0	1.3
India	3,945	1,940	2,010	10.2	10.6	9.9
Pakistan	2,475	1,265	1,210	6.4	6.9	6.0
Sri Lanka	1,960	985	975	5.1	5.4	4.8
Other places of birth in Asia	1,165	565	595	3.0	3.1	2.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	125	45	75	0.3	0.2	0.4
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,455	2,565	2,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,010	470	535	18.5	18.3	18.5
Brazil	75	35	40	1.4	1.4	1.4
Colombia	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.3
Haiti	20	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.3
Jamaica	310	160	150	5.7	6.2	5.2
Mexico	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.3
United States of America	190	65	120	3.5	2.5	4.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	380	190	195	7.0	7.4	6.8
Europe	325	145	180	6.0	5.7	6.2
France	15	10	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	40	0	30	0.7	0.0	1.0
Ukraine	45	20	30	0.8	0.8	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	105	55	50	1.9	2.1	1.7
Other places of birth in Europe	95	45	50	1.7	1.8	1.7
Africa	675	320	350	12.4	12.5	12.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	20	10	0	0.4	0.4	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	80	35	50	1.5	1.4	1.7
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	45	25	20	0.8	1.0	0.7
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	410	215	190	7.5	8.4	6.6
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	10	0.3	0.4	0.3
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	65	20	45	1.2	0.8	1.6
Asia	3,435	1,620	1,815	63.0	63.2	62.9
Afghanistan	190	90	100	3.5	3.5	3.5
Bangladesh	135	80	55	2.5	3.1	1.9
China⁹⁰	220	85	135	4.0	3.3	4.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.5
India	1,685	835	855	30.9	32.6	29.6
Iran⁸⁸	25	15	15	0.5	0.6	0.5
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	10	15	0	0.2	0.6	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	30	20	15	0.5	0.8	0.5
Lebanon	25	15	10	0.5	0.6	0.3
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	315	140	180	5.8	5.5	6.2
Philippines	325	130	190	6.0	5.1	6.6
Saudi Arabia	60	30	35	1.1	1.2	1.2
Sri Lanka	125	65	60	2.3	2.5	2.1
Syria⁸⁹	95	40	60	1.7	1.6	2.1
Turkey	35	20	20	0.6	0.8	0.7
United Arab Emirates	25	15	15	0.5	0.6	0.5
Viet Nam	40	15	30	0.7	0.6	1.0
Other places of birth in Asia	50	25	30	0.9	1.0	1.0
Oceania and other⁹³	20	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.3
Australia	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.3
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	174,010	85,405	88,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	42,270	20,290	21,985	24.3	23.8	24.8
Second generation¹⁰¹	40,095	20,065	20,025	23.0	23.5	22.6
Third generation or more¹⁰²	91,645	45,050	46,590	52.7	52.7	52.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	28,865	13,675	15,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	13,360	6,725	6,640	46.3	49.2	43.7
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	5,365	3,235	2,130	18.6	23.7	14.0
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	7,990	3,485	4,505	27.7	25.5	29.7
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	10,105	4,150	5,955	35.0	30.3	39.2
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,860	2,560	2,295	16.8	18.7	15.1
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	550	240	305	1.9	1.8	2.0
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	28,865	13,675	15,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,840	1,485	1,350	9.8	10.9	8.9
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,630	1,145	1,485	9.1	8.4	9.8
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	640	330	310	2.2	2.4	2.0
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,465	705	765	5.1	5.2	5.0
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	155	75	80	0.5	0.5	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	21,120	9,930	11,190	73.2	72.6	73.7
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	174,010	85,410	88,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	50,280	24,800	25,480	28.9	29.0	28.8
South Asian	16,240	8,320	7,915	9.3	9.7	8.9
Chinese	3,125	1,510	1,610	1.8	1.8	1.8
Black	15,425	7,415	8,010	8.9	8.7	9.0
Filipino	4,325	2,000	2,325	2.5	2.3	2.6
Arab	1,250	665	585	0.7	0.8	0.7
Latin American	2,280	1,115	1,160	1.3	1.3	1.3
Southeast Asian	770	385	385	0.4	0.5	0.4
West Asian	2,125	1,080	1,045	1.2	1.3	1.2
Korean	465	245	220	0.3	0.3	0.2
Japanese	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,865	935	935	1.1	1.1	1.1
Multiple visible minorities	2,275	1,070	1,210	1.3	1.3	1.4
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	123,735	60,605	63,130	71.1	71.0	71.2
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	174,010	85,405	88,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	29,445	14,915	14,525	16.9	17.5	16.4
English	38,940	18,420	20,520	22.4	21.6	23.2
Irish	30,810	14,260	16,550	17.7	16.7	18.7
Scottish	30,415	14,600	15,810	17.5	17.1	17.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	11,220	5,250	5,970	6.4	6.1	6.7
German	11,470	5,725	5,740	6.6	6.7	6.5
Chinese	3,665	1,735	1,930	2.1	2.0	2.2
Italian	8,635	4,490	4,145	5.0	5.3	4.7
Indian (India)	7,445	3,775	3,675	4.3	4.4	4.1
Ukrainian	5,120	2,370	2,750	2.9	2.8	3.1
Dutch	5,405	2,580	2,825	3.1	3.0	3.2
Polish	5,785	2,820	2,965	3.3	3.3	3.3
Québécois	305	130	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	7,415	3,670	3,745	4.3	4.3	4.2
Filipino	4,545	2,075	2,465	2.6	2.4	2.8
French Canadian	2,170	1,075	1,095	1.2	1.3	1.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,855	1,395	1,460	1.6	1.6	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,320	1,050	1,265	1.3	1.2	1.4
Métis	1,805	775	1,025	1.0	0.9	1.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,210	1,075	1,135	1.3	1.3	1.3
Russian	1,580	760	820	0.9	0.9	0.9
Norwegian	795	375	420	0.5	0.4	0.5
Welsh	3,000	1,290	1,705	1.7	1.5	1.9
Portuguese	3,085	1,610	1,480	1.8	1.9	1.7
American	1,525	730	795	0.9	0.9	0.9
Spanish	1,800	845	960	1.0	1.0	1.1
Swedish	615	280	335	0.4	0.3	0.4
Hungarian	1,825	935	885	1.0	1.1	1.0
Acadian	640	290	350	0.4	0.3	0.4
Pakistani	3,220	1,675	1,545	1.9	2.0	1.7
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,595	1,280	1,315	1.5	1.5	1.5
Jewish	505	230	275	0.3	0.3	0.3
Punjabi	630	350	275	0.4	0.4	0.3
Vietnamese	435	200	240	0.2	0.2	0.3
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	680	360	320	0.4	0.4	0.4
Greek	1,840	905	935	1.1	1.1	1.1
Jamaican	5,315	2,550	2,765	3.1	3.0	3.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,050	510	540	0.6	0.6	0.6
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	255	120	135	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	450	240	210	0.3	0.3	0.2
Romanian	660	300	355	0.4	0.4	0.4
Lebanese	360	180	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	465	235	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	440	225	215	0.3	0.3	0.2
Danish	745	355	390	0.4	0.4	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	845	400	445	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sikh	265	110	155	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austrian	795	355	435	0.5	0.4	0.5
Belgian	460	260	200	0.3	0.3	0.2
Haitian	305	150	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindu	1,025	565	460	0.6	0.7	0.5
Mexican	345	170	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mennonite	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	410	170	245	0.2	0.2	0.3
Finnish	695	375	315	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sri Lankan	1,940	930	1,010	1.1	1.1	1.1
Croatian	580	315	270	0.3	0.4	0.3
Japanese	245	120	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	840	430	415	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	665	300	365	0.4	0.4	0.4
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	370	140	225	0.2	0.2	0.3
Muslim	825	435	390	0.5	0.5	0.4
Egyptian	325	165	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	595	290	310	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	1,325	670	655	0.8	0.8	0.7
Icelandic	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	190	90	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	90	40	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	310	155	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	195	110	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	1,980	990	990	1.1	1.2	1.1
Afghan	1,455	725	730	0.8	0.8	0.8
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,485	620	865	0.9	0.7	1.0
Serbian	320	155	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	450	205	245	0.3	0.2	0.3
Newfoundlander	925	505	425	0.5	0.6	0.5
Hong Konger	155	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	1,165	550	615	0.7	0.6	0.7
Persian	295	160	130	0.2	0.2	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,570	870	695	0.9	1.0	0.8
Turkish	240	145	95	0.1	0.2	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	665	405	260	0.4	0.5	0.3
Algerian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	225	105	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	700	350	350	0.4	0.4	0.4
Armenian	155	90	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	380	145	230	0.2	0.2	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	220	110	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iraqi	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	190	90	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	1,030	475	560	0.6	0.6	0.6
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	170	65	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	185	90	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,015	475	540	0.6	0.6	0.6
Algonquin	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	745	340	405	0.4	0.4	0.5
Lithuanian	350	200	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	405	195	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	130	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	165	110	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	190	90	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	265	135	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nova Scotian	200	95	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	110	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	270	150	125	0.2	0.2	0.1
Peruvian	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	375	220	150	0.2	0.3	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	885	375	505	0.5	0.4	0.6
Macedonian	625	300	325	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slovenian	240	115	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	215	105	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	200	90	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	90	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Eritrean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	435	200	235	0.2	0.2	0.3
Israeli	90	35	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mohawk	310	145	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	175	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	100	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	270	150	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
Barbadian	630	315	315	0.4	0.4	0.4
African American	350	165	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	165	45	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	260	125	140	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bosnian	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	145	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	210	75	135	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bengali	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	190	80	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	210	90	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	105	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Laotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	255	145	110	0.1	0.2	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	190	115	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	165	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	90	35	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	140	90	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	75	45	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Thai	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	85	50	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	45	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malaysian	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	130	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	65	45	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	200	100	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jordanian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	195	95	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayali	200	85	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cherokee	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Flemish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	120	40	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Senegalese	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	155	90	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	75	45	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malay	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	80	50	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	75	45	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ugandan	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	145	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Prince Edward Islander	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Singaporean	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tajik	100	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	174,010	85,410	88,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	820	375	445	0.5	0.4	0.5
Christian	89,390	41,195	48,200	51.4	48.2	54.4
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	14,930	6,975	7,955	8.6	8.2	9.0
Anabaptist	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	7,415	3,325	4,090	4.3	3.9	4.6
Baptist	2,800	1,240	1,560	1.6	1.5	1.8
Catholic	38,850	18,495	20,360	22.3	21.7	23.0
Christian Orthodox	2,495	1,100	1,400	1.4	1.3	1.6
Jehovah's Witness	530	220	310	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latter Day Saints	490	215	275	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lutheran	855	400	460	0.5	0.5	0.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	545	250	295	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	3,605	1,615	1,985	2.1	1.9	2.2
Presbyterian	1,765	790	970	1.0	0.9	1.1
Reformed	320	150	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Church	9,330	3,895	5,435	5.4	4.6	6.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	5,430	2,520	2,915	3.1	3.0	3.3
Hindu	6,465	3,310	3,160	3.7	3.9	3.6
Jewish	470	215	255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	10,135	5,280	4,855	5.8	6.2	5.5
Sikh	645	305	340	0.4	0.4	0.4
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,145	485	660	0.7	0.6	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	64,890	34,225	30,665	37.3	40.1	34.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	172,065	84,400	87,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	150,580	73,580	77,000	87.5	87.2	87.8
Movers	21,490	10,825	10,660	12.5	12.8	12.2
Non-migrants	9,845	4,880	4,970	5.7	5.8	5.7
Migrants	11,640	5,945	5,695	6.8	7.0	6.5
Internal migrants	10,695	5,450	5,250	6.2	6.5	6.0
Intraprovincial migrants	10,405	5,305	5,095	6.0	6.3	5.8
Interprovincial migrants	295	145	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
External migrants	945	495	450	0.5	0.6	0.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	164,055	80,365	83,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	93,745	45,445	48,300	57.1	56.5	57.7
Movers	70,310	34,920	35,390	42.9	43.5	42.3
Non-migrants	23,210	11,450	11,760	14.1	14.2	14.1
Migrants	47,095	23,465	23,630	28.7	29.2	28.2
Internal migrants	41,575	20,710	20,860	25.3	25.8	24.9
Intraprovincial migrants	39,520	19,590	19,935	24.1	24.4	23.8
Interprovincial migrants	2,050	1,125	925	1.2	1.4	1.1
External migrants	5,520	2,755	2,765	3.4	3.4	3.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	143,240	69,625	73,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	26,970	14,030	12,945	18.8	20.2	17.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	116,265	55,600	60,665	81.2	79.9	82.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	94,490	46,550	47,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	11,145	6,410	4,735	11.8	13.8	9.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	83,340	40,145	43,200	88.2	86.2	90.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	143,235	69,625	73,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	24,415	12,595	11,820	17.0	18.1	16.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	45,345	23,130	22,215	31.7	33.2	30.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	73,475	33,900	39,570	51.3	48.7	53.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	46,170	21,950	24,225	32.2	31.5	32.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	8,405	6,060	2,340	5.9	8.7	3.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,935	2,415	1,510	2.7	3.5	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,470	3,645	825	3.1	5.2	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	35,280	14,775	20,495	24.6	21.2	27.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,490	1,105	1,385	1.7	1.6	1.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	27,300	11,960	15,350	19.1	17.2	20.9
Bachelor's degree	19,085	8,085	11,005	13.3	11.6	15.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,710	745	965	1.2	1.1	1.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	435	180	255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Master's degree	5,505	2,610	2,895	3.8	3.7	3.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	575	340	230	0.4	0.5	0.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	94,490	46,555	47,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,635	5,590	4,045	10.2	12.0	8.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	27,500	14,905	12,590	29.1	32.0	26.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	57,355	26,060	31,300	60.7	56.0	65.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	35,170	16,640	18,530	37.2	35.7	38.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,785	4,165	1,620	6.1	8.9	3.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,725	1,690	1,035	2.9	3.6	2.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,060	2,475	580	3.2	5.3	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	27,610	11,700	15,915	29.2	25.1	33.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,775	775	1,000	1.9	1.7	2.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	22,185	9,415	12,765	23.5	20.2	26.6
Bachelor's degree	15,355	6,360	8,990	16.3	13.7	18.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,335	550	785	1.4	1.2	1.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	340	105	240	0.4	0.2	0.5
Master's degree	4,670	2,135	2,535	4.9	4.6	5.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	480	270	210	0.5	0.6	0.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	143,235	69,630	73,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	69,760	35,725	34,035	48.7	51.3	46.2
Education	3,425	780	2,645	2.4	1.1	3.6
13. Education	3,425	780	2,645	2.4	1.1	3.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,795	1,245	1,550	2.0	1.8	2.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	465	335	135	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,330	910	1,415	1.6	1.3	1.9
Humanities	3,470	1,280	2,190	2.4	1.8	3.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	325	50	275	0.2	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	810	195	620	0.6	0.3	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,050	340	705	0.7	0.5	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	125	85	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	455	280	175	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	485	270	215	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	125	20	105	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,795	2,475	7,315	6.8	3.6	9.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	110	15	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,130	485	645	0.8	0.7	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,180	130	2,050	1.5	0.2	2.8
22. Legal professions and studies	1,920	370	1,550	1.3	0.5	2.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	135	25	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
42. Psychology	1,530	275	1,255	1.1	0.4	1.7
45. Social sciences	2,780	1,170	1,615	1.9	1.7	2.2
Business, management and public administration	15,370	6,065	9,300	10.7	8.7	12.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,545	265	1,280	1.1	0.4	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,800	5,795	8,005	9.6	8.3	10.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,350	1,100	1,250	1.6	1.6	1.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	955	405	550	0.7	0.6	0.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	640	280	355	0.4	0.4	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	495	320	175	0.3	0.5	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	225	85	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,650	2,480	1,165	2.5	3.6	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,195	2,295	900	2.2	3.3	1.2
25. Library science	145	10	140	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	265	150	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	40	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	14,730	13,425	1,305	10.3	19.3	1.8
04. Architecture and related services	395	260	135	0.3	0.4	0.2
14. Engineering	3,020	2,500	520	2.1	3.6	0.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,760	3,400	360	2.6	4.9	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	3,190	3,080	105	2.2	4.4	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,860	2,745	115	2.0	3.9	0.2
48. Precision production	1,505	1,440	70	1.1	2.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,240	515	725	0.9	0.7	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	850	280	565	0.6	0.4	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	400	240	160	0.3	0.3	0.2
Health and related fields	11,410	1,905	9,505	8.0	2.7	12.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,050	540	515	0.7	0.8	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,250	1,315	8,930	7.2	1.9	12.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Personal, protective and transportation services	5,220	2,625	2,600	3.6	3.8	3.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,485	660	1,825	1.7	0.9	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,970	1,245	720	1.4	1.8	1.0
49. Transportation and materials moving	735	680	55	0.5	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	94,485	46,550	47,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	37,130	20,495	16,635	39.3	44.0	34.7
Education	2,405	475	1,930	2.5	1.0	4.0
13. Education	2,405	475	1,930	2.5	1.0	4.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,150	955	1,200	2.3	2.1	2.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	330	230	100	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,820	725	1,100	1.9	1.6	2.3
Humanities	2,515	910	1,610	2.7	2.0	3.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	250	30	215	0.3	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	615	150	465	0.7	0.3	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	720	245	475	0.8	0.5	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	315	190	130	0.3	0.4	0.3
54. History	380	200	180	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	65	0	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,935	1,970	5,960	8.4	4.2	12.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	85	15	75	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	975	415	560	1.0	0.9	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,735	100	1,635	1.8	0.2	3.4
22. Legal professions and studies	1,640	280	1,360	1.7	0.6	2.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	105	20	80	0.1	0.0	0.2
42. Psychology	1,215	215	1,000	1.3	0.5	2.1
45. Social sciences	2,180	920	1,260	2.3	2.0	2.6
Business, management and public administration	12,520	4,925	7,595	13.3	10.6	15.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,285	225	1,060	1.4	0.5	2.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,225	4,695	6,535	11.9	10.1	13.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,815	785	1,035	1.9	1.7	2.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	765	330	435	0.8	0.7	0.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	490	180	310	0.5	0.4	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	345	195	150	0.4	0.4	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	185	65	120	0.2	0.1	0.3
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,090	2,090	1,000	3.3	4.5	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,730	1,950	785	2.9	4.2	1.6
25. Library science	115	0	110	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	200	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,120	10,000	1,115	11.8	21.5	2.3
04. Architecture and related services	320	205	120	0.3	0.4	0.3
14. Engineering	2,430	1,950	480	2.6	4.2	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,915	2,620	300	3.1	5.6	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,350	2,255	90	2.5	4.8	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,055	1,975	80	2.2	4.2	0.2
48. Precision production	1,045	1,000	50	1.1	2.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	980	400	585	1.0	0.9	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	665	225	445	0.7	0.5	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	315	175	140	0.3	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	8,685	1,430	7,255	9.2	3.1	15.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	770	375	395	0.8	0.8	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,840	1,035	6,810	8.3	2.2	14.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	50	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,115	2,125	1,995	4.4	4.6	4.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,925	545	1,375	2.0	1.2	2.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,620	1,040	580	1.7	2.2	1.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	570	530	35	0.6	1.1	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	94,485	46,550	47,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	37,130	20,495	16,635	39.3	44.0	34.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	57,355	26,055	31,300	60.7	56.0	65.3
Location of study inside Canada	47,230	21,335	25,900	50.0	45.8	54.0
Same as province or territory of residence	44,845	20,185	24,660	47.5	43.4	51.4
Different than province or territory of residence	2,390	1,145	1,240	2.5	2.5	2.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	10,125	4,725	5,400	10.7	10.2	11.3
Americas	2,220	1,085	1,135	2.3	2.3	2.4
United States of America	1,155	605	550	1.2	1.3	1.1
Mexico	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cuba	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	270	115	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Brazil	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	435	215	220	0.5	0.5	0.5
Europe	1,630	810	820	1.7	1.7	1.7
Belgium	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	50	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Germany	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	195	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	45	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	685	375	310	0.7	0.8	0.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	245	120	125	0.3	0.3	0.3
Africa	690	315	375	0.7	0.7	0.8
Nigeria	290	140	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	120	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	190	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asia	5,400	2,455	2,945	5.7	5.3	6.1
Iran⁸⁸	125	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	40	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	340	145	195	0.4	0.3	0.4
Taiwan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	1,065	400	665	1.1	0.9	1.4
Viet Nam	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	215	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.3
Sri Lanka	175	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	2,185	1,060	1,120	2.3	2.3	2.3
Pakistan	750	365	385	0.8	0.8	0.8
Other locations of study in Asia	255	115	140	0.3	0.2	0.3
Oceania	180	60	120	0.2	0.1	0.3
Australia	160	50	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
New Zealand	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	143,235	69,625	73,610	...	...	...
In the labour force	87,550	45,430	42,120	...	...	...
Employed	74,250	39,160	35,090	...	...	...
Unemployed	13,300	6,270	7,025	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	55,685	24,195	31,490	...	...	...
Participation rate	61.1	65.2	57.2	61.1	65.2	57.2
Employment rate	51.8	56.2	47.7	51.8	56.2	47.7
Unemployment rate	15.2	13.8	16.7	15.2	13.8	16.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	143,235	69,630	73,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	58,485	25,785	32,700	40.8	37.0	44.4
Worked	84,750	43,840	40,905	59.2	63.0	55.6
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	44,780	24,965	19,815	31.3	35.9	26.9
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	39,965	18,875	21,090	27.9	27.1	28.7
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.7	41.5	39.8	40.7	41.5	39.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	87,550	45,435	42,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,555	1,770	1,785	4.1	3.9	4.2
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	83,995	43,660	40,335	95.9	96.1	95.8
Employee	74,040	37,700	36,340	84.6	83.0	86.3
Permanent position	63,820	32,560	31,265	72.9	71.7	74.2
Temporary position	10,215	5,140	5,075	11.7	11.3	12.0
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,530	1,790	1,735	4.0	3.9	4.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,690	3,355	3,340	7.6	7.4	7.9
Self-employed¹⁹²	9,955	5,960	3,995	11.4	13.1	9.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	87,550	45,435	42,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,555	1,770	1,785	4.1	3.9	4.2
All occupations¹⁹¹	83,995	43,660	40,335	95.9	96.1	95.8
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	500	325	180	0.6	0.7	0.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,165	4,460	9,705	16.2	9.8	23.0
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,245	4,905	1,340	7.1	10.8	3.2
3 Health occupations	6,435	1,035	5,400	7.4	2.3	12.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,590	2,845	6,745	11.0	6.3	16.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,105	930	1,175	2.4	2.0	2.8
6 Sales and service occupations	23,235	10,110	13,120	26.5	22.3	31.1
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	16,915	15,400	1,510	19.3	33.9	3.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,120	895	225	1.3	2.0	0.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,680	2,745	935	4.2	6.0	2.2
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	87,550	45,435	42,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,555	1,770	1,785	4.1	3.9	4.2
All industries¹⁹¹	83,995	43,660	40,335	95.9	96.1	95.8
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	405	210	190	0.5	0.5	0.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	135	105	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	1,550	1,220	335	1.8	2.7	0.8
23 Construction	7,700	6,975	725	8.8	15.4	1.7
31-33 Manufacturing	5,900	4,325	1,570	6.7	9.5	3.7
41 Wholesale trade	2,355	1,635	715	2.7	3.6	1.7
44-45 Retail trade	11,290	5,515	5,780	12.9	12.1	13.7
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,995	3,795	1,200	5.7	8.4	2.8
51 Information and cultural industries	1,905	1,125	785	2.2	2.5	1.9
52 Finance and insurance	3,905	1,670	2,230	4.5	3.7	5.3
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,680	885	795	1.9	1.9	1.9
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,595	2,985	2,610	6.4	6.6	6.2
55 Management of companies and enterprises	325	180	145	0.4	0.4	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	5,325	3,015	2,305	6.1	6.6	5.5
61 Educational services	6,060	1,900	4,155	6.9	4.2	9.9
62 Health care and social assistance	11,115	1,765	9,355	12.7	3.9	22.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,580	780	805	1.8	1.7	1.9
72 Accommodation and food services	4,775	2,020	2,760	5.5	4.4	6.6
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,435	1,635	1,795	3.9	3.6	4.3
91 Public administration	3,965	1,915	2,055	4.5	4.2	4.9
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	91,905	47,425	44,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	88,615	46,005	42,615	96.4	97.0	95.8
French	330	105	225	0.4	0.2	0.5
Non-official language	345	205	135	0.4	0.4	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	345	205	135	0.4	0.4	0.3
English and French	1,260	420	840	1.4	0.9	1.9
English and non-official language(s)	1,280	660	620	1.4	1.4	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	91,905	47,425	44,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	91,395	47,215	44,175	99.4	99.6	99.3
Official languages	90,775	46,880	43,895	98.8	98.9	98.7
English	90,275	46,730	43,535	98.2	98.5	97.9
French	500	145	355	0.5	0.3	0.8
Non-official languages	615	335	285	0.7	0.7	0.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	615	335	285	0.7	0.7	0.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	45	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	160	85	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	75	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
American Sign Language	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	295	175	120	0.3	0.4	0.3
Chinese languages	295	175	120	0.3	0.4	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	195	115	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	515	215	300	0.6	0.5	0.7
English and French	265	85	185	0.3	0.2	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	235	125	105	0.3	0.3	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	91,905	47,425	44,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	89,755	46,505	43,255	97.7	98.1	97.3
English	395	145	250	0.4	0.3	0.6
French	835	300	540	0.9	0.6	1.2
Non-official language	760	390	365	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	760	390	365	0.8	0.8	0.8
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	74,250	39,160	35,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	17,115	7,365	9,755	23.1	18.8	27.8
Worked outside Canada	170	125	45	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	10,910	8,260	2,650	14.7	21.1	7.6
Usual place of work	46,050	23,405	22,645	62.0	59.8	64.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	46,050	23,405	22,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	17,860	7,195	10,670	38.8	30.7	47.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	15,700	8,485	7,215	34.1	36.3	31.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	12,425	7,700	4,725	27.0	32.9	20.9
Commute to a different province or territory	55	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	56,960	31,665	25,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	50,150	28,680	21,475	88.0	90.6	84.9
Car, truck or van - as a driver	45,375	26,515	18,860	79.7	83.7	74.6
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	4,780	2,165	2,610	8.4	6.8	10.3
Public transit	3,570	1,660	1,905	6.3	5.2	7.5
Walked	1,815	720	1,095	3.2	2.3	4.3
Bicycle	110	90	20	0.2	0.3	0.1
Other method	1,315	525	795	2.3	1.7	3.1
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	56,960	31,665	25,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	14,955	6,360	8,595	26.3	20.1	34.0
15 to 29 minutes	17,575	9,375	8,205	30.9	29.6	32.4
30 to 44 minutes	9,710	5,945	3,765	17.0	18.8	14.9
45 to 59 minutes	5,995	3,940	2,055	10.5	12.4	8.1
60 minutes and over	8,715	6,045	2,670	15.3	19.1	10.6
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	56,960	31,665	25,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	6,050	4,560	1,495	10.6	14.4	5.9
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	10,700	6,670	4,025	18.8	21.1	15.9
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	12,335	6,390	5,940	21.7	20.2	23.5
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,585	4,230	5,355	16.8	13.4	21.2
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,060	3,240	3,810	12.4	10.2	15.1
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	11,230	6,570	4,665	19.7	20.7	18.4
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	37,250	19,175	18,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,210	1,600	1,610	8.6	8.3	8.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	34,040	17,575	16,465	91.4	91.7	91.1
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	26,590	13,660	12,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,440	1,180	1,255	9.2	8.6	9.7
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,495	685	805	5.6	5.0	6.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	945	490	455	3.6	3.6	3.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	24,150	12,485	11,670	90.8	91.4	90.3

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed January 23, 2026).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2025-12-10

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